Redmanship in Kentucky for Fifty Great Suns, by Past Sachem Frank L. Smith. -- a Project Gutenberg eBook

TO
MIANTONOMO TRIBE No. 1
IMPROVED O. R. M.
THE MOTHER TRIBE OF THE
GREAT COUNCIL
THIS BOOK IS
DEDICATED
IN F. F. & C.

PREFACE

I trust that no apology is necessary for the making of this book. It is merely a record of facts which if not soon presented in this tangible form might easily be blotted out forever.

As it is intended as a history and record of Redmanship in Kentucky only, I have made but brief mention of those intensely interesting events leading up to the establishment of the Great Council of the United States. They will be found recorded in the Official History of the Order in detail, and the reader is referred to its pages for the most complete information.

The records of Redmanship in Kentucky have been diligently searched, a careful digest made of them, and I believe the information herein contained may be regarded as authentic.

I am indebted to many brothers for kindly assistance in the compilation of these pages, and I wish to thank them one and all for the many courtesies shown me.

STYLE OF DATING

Prior to the year A. D. 1865, the Jewish style namely, the Year of the World, was observed by Red Men in dating their documents. At the Council held in G. S. 5626, this system was discontinued and G. S. D. (Great Sun of Discovery) was adopted, the year of 1492 being considered G. S. D. 1. For convenience it was determined that the Great Sun should commence on the first of the Cold Moon, to conform to the common era. 9

CHAPTER I.

THE FORE-HISTORY (1765-1833).

The history of the Improved Order of Red Men is so interwoven with the history of the struggles of the American Colonies for independence that to record the one is to repeat the other in a great measure.

The first settlers upon this continent were imbued with the spirit of freedom, and to gain this object left their mother country. The American shores became the asylum of the oppressed of all nationalities. They were not, however, thus easily to escape the hand of British tyranny. The British Government soon learned that the American colonists were a thrifty, prosperous people, strong and skilled in the arts and sciences and were rapidly gaining wealth. The temptation to tax these people for the maintenance of its government and army was too strong upon the mother country, and severe taxes were imposed; but the right of representation in the British Parliament was denied them.

This usurpation of power created the greatest dissatisfaction among the colonists, who repeatedly memorialized the English Government for relief, and for redress for their many wrongs, but without avail.

As early as 1765, it was the custom of the citizens of the city of Boston and vicinity to assemble and discuss the aggravating situation. Their favorite place of meeting was under the famous Liberty Tree, which stood at what is now the corner of Essex and Washington streets. These citizens had perfected a permanent organization, bound together by signed pledges to appose by all legitimate means the enforcement of the obnoxious "Stamp Act." It is not known that at that time they had any particular name for their organization, but Col. Barre, in a speech in the House of Commons, February 7, 1765, referred to American colonists in opposition to the stamp act as the "Sons of Liberty," and this name seems to have been applied to them from that time.

On the 13th of May, 1766, the news of the repeal of the stamp act was received in Boston and was celebrated under the Liberty Tree and on the Commons with great rejoicing. 10

The repeal of the stamp act, however, did not satisfy the patriots. While the excessive taxation that had been so oppressive and burdensome had been removed, the English Government still held to their right to tax the colonists, and did so tax them, though in a lighter degree.

The Sons of Liberty called a meeting on the afternoon of the 13th of May, 1767, at Faneuil Hall and prepared a petition to the Governor for the removal of a British warship from Boston harbor which was there for the purpose of enforcing the taxation laws.

A meeting was held March 6th, in Faneuil Hall, with nearly three thousand members present, Samuel Adams presiding, to protest against the presence of British soldiers in the city, the result of their presence being riot and bloodshed.

November 3, 1773, a meeting of the Sons of Liberty was called under the Liberty Tree to protest against the landing of certain ships supposed to be laden with taxable tea. Notice of the meeting was posted, and it bore at the bottom this legend: "Show me the man that dare take this down."

There is also a record of a meeting of the Sons of Liberty in the old tavern in Providence, R. I., at about the same time, November 3, 1773.

On the 16th of December, 1773, occurred the famous "Boston Tea Party," given under the auspices of the Sons of Liberty of Boston and Vicinity.

On March 1, 1776, the Sons of Liberty held their first meeting in Baltimore. Wm. Paca, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was the secretary. In Savannah, Ga., the first meeting was held July 14, 1774, when they concurred in the action of their Northern brethren. In 1765, the first meetings were held in South Carolina, and in New York meetings were held about concurrent with those in Massachusetts.

When first organized the Sons of Liberty had no thought of Independence, but were loyal to the British crown, though protesting against "taxation without representation."

Their motto was "FREEDOM," however, and as that could not be obtained under British rule, as a last resort they determined to be free and independent.

It is unnecessary to here record the many deeds of heroism performed by the Sons of Liberty, the "Liberty Boys," the "Minute Men" and the members thereof. They will be found emblazoned upon every page of the history of the American Revolution.

In many localities the Sons of Liberty adopted the title of "Sons of Saint Tamina," or "Saint Tamina Society," and set apart the first day of May as their anniversary. 11

We quote from the Official History of the Great Council of the United States, page 158, as follows:

"In this year, 1771, and for many years later, there existed in the town of Annapolis a society called the 'Saint Tamina Society,' who set apart the first day of May in memory of Saint Tamina, their patron saint, whose history is now lost in fable and uncertainty. It was usual, on the morning of this day, for the members of this society to erect in some public location in the city 'a May-pole,' and to decorate it in a most tasteful manner with wild flowers, gathered from the adjacent woods, and forming themselves in a ring around it, hand in hand, perform the 'war-dance' with many other customs which they had seen exhibited by the 'Children of the Forest.' It was also usual, on this day, for such of the citizens as chose to enter into the amusements, to wear a piece of buck-tail in their hats, or in some conspicuous part of their dress. General invitations were given out, and a large company usually assembled during the course of the evening, and whilst engaged in the midst of a dance, the company would be interrupted by the sudden intrusion of a number of the Saint Tamina Society, habited like Indians, who, rushing violently into the room, singing war songs and giving the 'whoop,' commenced dancing in the style of that people. After this ceremony, they made a collection of money, and retired evidently well pleased with their reception and entertainment."

At a later date the day for celebration was changed from the first day of May to the 12th, which is now observed as "St. Tamminy's Day."

After the close of the Revolutionary War, the object for which they had banded themselves together having been accomplished, the Sons of Liberty, or Saint Tamina Societies, became less prominent in public affairs, and it was the differences of opinion among the citizens as to the permanent form the government should take that brought them again to the front as a political organization with the addition to their motto of "FRIENDSHIP."

The Saint Tamina Societies, or Societies of St. Tammany, as they were variously called, became quite powerful in the political affairs of the young nation and were organized in all parts of the country from the close of the Revolutionary War up to as late as 1820.

The only record we find of this Society in Kentucky is in Ranck's History of Lexington, from which we quote the following:

"A St. Tammany Society was instituted in Lexington about this time, 1811, and continued to exist up to 1820. The 'Wigwam' was in the second story of a building which stood on the corner of Main and Broadway. The sons of St. Tammany often 12 paraded through the streets disguised as Indians, and magnificent in red paint, feathers, bows, tomahawks, and war clubs. It was one of the most noted Democratic organizations in the West. Thomas T. Barr, Richard Chinn, and others successively filled the office of 'Sachem.' We give verbatim one of the Society's orders, viz.:

St. Tammany's Day.—The Sons of St. Tammany, or Brethren of the Columbian Order, will assemble at the council fire of their great wigwam on Tuesday, the 12th of the month of Flowers, at the rising of the sun, to celebrate the anniversary of their patron saint.

A dinner will be provided at Bro. John Fowler's garden, to which the brethren will march in procession, where a long talk will be delivered by one of the order.

An adjourned meeting of the Society will be held on tomorrow evening, at the going down of the sun. By order of the Grand Sachem.

During the second war with Great Britain, Fort Mifflin, on the Delaware River, near Philadelphia, was garrisoned for a time by a military company composed of the sons of the leading citizens of Philadelphia. At Fort Mifflin, and among these volunteers originated the "Society of Red Men," about the year 1813. Their motto was "Freedom and Friendship," and they were a natural outgrowth from and sequence to the St. Tammany Societies.

The records of the Society of Red Men are abundant and the Great Council of the United States in its Official History of the Order traces its growth and decline in detail as well as its customs and ceremonies. It flourished until about the year 1828, when it began to decline, and in 1832 was about extinct. The elements of conviviality, which seems to have been inseparable from all fraternal organizations of that period, finally produced such a degeneration in the Society as to disgust the better element, and cause the reorganization in its present form, and the incorporation of the word "Improved" in its title.

CHAPTER II.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN (1833-1847).

In a pamphlet prepared by Bro. John F. Weishampel, Sr., containing a long talk delivered by him on Saint Tammany's Day, May 12, 1837, in the city of Baltimore, Md., he says:

"For some length of time prior to organizing the present Improved Order of Red Men, there existed in Baltimore, Md., a lodge, or society, called Red Men. They had their wigwam, or place of meeting, in the garret of a tavern. They met once a week, paid their dues, and initiated new members if any were on hand. After the business was over, the rest of the evening was spent in singing, telling yarns, making speeches, and convivial enjoyment, in which the decanter largely figured. The object of the society appeared to be only convivial entertainment. Several gentlemen who had been induced to join the lodge, but who did not favor such a course, withdrew as soon as they discovered the nature and object of the society, and it soon afterwards broke up."

Among those who had become members of the Red Men, though ignorant of its pernicious customs, were Geo. A. Peter and William T. Jones, as well as a number whose names it is unnecessary to record, yet admiring the beauties of its aboriginal ceremonies, determined to revive the society upon a basis of sobriety, virtue and mutual assistance in time of need.

Several preliminary meetings were held, at which plans, rules and regulations for its government were discussed and adopted, and the Tribe was duly organized under the title of Logan Tribe, No. 1, Order of Improved Red Men, having for their motto, "FREEDOM, FRIENDSHIP AND CHARITY."

The presiding chief was styled the Sachem, and the others graded as Sagamores, Prophet, Chief of Records, Keeper of Wampum, Guards of the Forest and Wigwam, Sanaps, Warriors and Braves. They also later prefixed the word "Worthy" to the titles of the chiefs.

Dates were computed according to the Jewish method, using the year of the world, or, as it was called, the "Grand Sun of the world." 14 A year was a "grand sun," and continued to be so styled until 1868, when it was changed to "great sun."

A calendar or table of nomenclature was established, practically the same as that now in use. The chiefs of the Tribes were elected every three moons, which continued to be the custom for many "grand suns."

After Logan Tribe had been in existence for about one great sun, and there had also been instituted Metamora Tribe, No. 2, it was deemed advisable to apply to the Maryland Legislature for a charter, so that the Tribe could be recognized as an important body. Brother John F. Weishampel, Sr., was appointed to draw up the petition, and in so doing prepared the papers in the name of the "Improved Order of Red Men," thus transposing the original title, "Order of Improved Red Men." None of members seemed to notice the alteration in the name and it therefore remained so.

Soon after the organization of Metamora Tribe, No. 2, it was deemed best to form a higher body, and therefore on the 20th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. 5595, the Grand Council of Maryland was organized.

Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3, was instituted three great suns later, and the Order was now firmly established and seemed on the high road to success and prosperity.

In September, 1841, a new Tribe was instituted under the name of Metamora Tribe, No. 4, the old Tribe, Metamora, No. 2, having forfeited its charter and become defunct. Metamora, No. 4, did not last long for a difficulty arose between the Tribe and the Great Council of Maryland, and the membership withdrew and formed the nucleus of the organization known as the Independent Order of Red Men, composed entirely of Germans.

Several additional Tribes were established by the Great Council of Maryland, and on November 4, 1845, there having previously been established three Tribes in the District of Columbia, the Great Council of Maryland granted a charter to the Great Council of the District of Columbia, and it was established on that day.

From this time on the Order spread, until there were Tribes in several Reservations, and on the 1st sleep of the 5th seven suns of Cold Moon, 5607, which in the common era corresponds to Monday, January 30, 1847, was instituted and organized the Great Council of the United States, which was and is recognized as the Supreme Body of the Improved Order of Red Men. 15

CHAPTER III.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF REDMANSHIP IN KENTUCKY BY THE GREAT COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, 1852.

We have but the briefest record of the introduction of Redmanship into the Reservation of Kentucky.

Worthy Great Incohonee Wm. Tucker, in his long talk to the Great Council of the United States in 5613 (1852), referred to the organization of Chickasaw Tribe, No. 1, of Newport, Kentucky, and Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2, of Covington. The date of the introduction of the Order into Kentucky was the 29th of Hot Moon, G. S. 5612, (June 29, 1852). The first Prophet of Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2, was A. J. Francis, afterwards sixteenth Great Incohonee of the G. C. U. S.

There were also established the following Tribes, though we have no record of the exact date of their institution:

CHAPTER IV.

THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY, 1854-1884.

Pursuant to a notice given, the Past Sachems of Chicasaw Tribe, No. 1, of Newport, Blackhawk Tribe, No. 2, of Covington, and Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3, of Newport, of the Improved Order of Red Men, assembled in Newport on the 9th of Sturgeon Moon, G. S. 5614, for the purpose of organizing a Great Council in the Reservation of Kentucky.

From Chicasaw Tribe, No. 1—Geo. W. Ford, P. A. C. Kemper, J. H. Barlow, G. D. Allen, Wm. Ostler, D. H. B. Coffin and C. J. Murdock.

From Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2—V. Schinkle, E. Reese, Uriah Schinkle, and A. J. Francis.

It is worthy of note that of the foregoing, 2Geo. W. Ford afterwards became the 9th Great Incohonee of the Great Council of the United States, and 3A. J. Francis the 16th.

The Great Council Fire was kindled in due form by the Worthy Great Incohonee George A. Peter, and the following named chiefs were elected or appointed and raised up:

It was ordered that Kentucky Tribe, No. 4, be notified of the institution of this Great Council and that it is now under its jurisdiction.

Kentucky Tribe was located in Louisville and it is probable that it did not join in the call for the institution of the Great Council.

It was agreed that the annual sessions of the Great Council be held in the hunting grounds of Newport, and the quarterly sessions in such place as a majority of the members present may determine from time to time.

Various committees were appointed, including one on Constitution and Laws, and the council fire was quenched, to be rekindled on the 19th sleep of Sturgeon Moon, on which date the Great Council met pursuant to adjournment, and the council fire was kindled with due solemnity.

No important business was transacted at this council other than the adoption of a code of Rules and By-Laws, and the council fire was quenched to be rekindled on the 26th sleep of Sturgeon Moon.

At this adjourned council Representatives to the Great Council of the United States were elected as follows: E. Reese, G. W. Ford, and U. Schinkle, and the council fire was quenched to be rekindled on the 2nd sleep of Traveling Moon, but did not meet until the 16th sun, when the council fire was kindled and routine business transacted.

At this session it was ordered that all Tribes in the jurisdiction be requested to surrender the charters they had received from the G. C. U. S., and apply to the Great Council of Kentucky for charters.

The next session was held in Covington, on the 15th of Cold Moon, 5615, when several Past Sachems presented credentials and were admitted.

A petition was received from pale faces residing in Alexandria praying for the institution of Choctaw Tribe, No. 5, in those hunting grounds, and a dispensation was granted to kindle the council fire.

The next session was held in the hunting grounds of Louisville, on the 16th sun of Plant Moon, 5615.

Worthy Great Sachem Geo. W. Ford stated that he had been appointed Vice Great Incohonee for the Southern States, and was soon to visit New Orleans for the purpose of instituting a Tribe there. 18

It was decided that a Brother elected Prophet of a Tribe at its institution was entitled to the honors of a Past Sachem without passing through the chairs.

1855.

SECOND GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council fire was kindled in ample form at Newport on the 16th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. 5615.

Past Sachems and representatives were admitted from Chickasaw Tribe, No. 1; Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2; Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3; Kentucky Tribe, No. 4; Choctaw Tribe, No. 5, and Tecumseh Tribe, No. 6, of Louisville. The records fail to show the date of the institution of this Tribe, but it must have been during the Great Sun 5614-5615, and was authorized to work in the German language.

Great Sachem Geo. W. Ford read the first long talk, an able and comprehensive document. He said: "The Grand Sun just past is the first of this Great Body. It has been one of great trial. The Great Manitou's face has been under a cloud, our corn patches have been barren and our vines brought forth no fruit; yet has not the faith of the Red Man faltered. The cloud is being lifted, our hearts are made glad, the corn and vine promise much, our squaws and pappooses shall not go hungry, and the wampum belt shall again be full. During the past Grand Sun two more Tribes have been added to our number—Choctaw Tribe, No. 5, at Alexandria, and Tecumseh Tribe, No. 6, at Louisville. In the absence of written law I have been governed by this alone, our motto, "Freedom, Friendship, and Charity. Freedom of thought in discussion; Friendship in our intercourse with the brotherhood, and 19 Charity towards our brothers' faults, frailties and the foibles of human nature." Speaking as he was to Past Sachems only, the following was not only timely then, but is still pertinent and should be heeded: "We would earnestly recommend that you attend regularly the councils of your respective Tribes, for to you it is natural to look for countenance and advice. It is a too common failing that when a brother has attained the highest post of honor for him to become remiss in his duties to his Tribe, for it is his duty to attend the kindling of his council fire upon every occasion, when health and private duties permit. It is essentially the province of all past officers to guide their respective Tribes in the right path, that they go not astray and follow the path of the evil spirit. Let this advice sink deeply into your hearts and penetrate fruitfully your understanding."

"Resolved: That this Great Council instruct its Representatives to the G. C. U. S. to call the attention of that body to the subject of establishing a chief's degree to be conferred upon the squaws of Red Men."

The Great Council fire was quenched, to be rekindled in the hunting grounds of Alexandria, on the 15th sun of Traveling Moon, G. S. 5616.

On the above date the council fire was rekindled. Since the quenching of the last council fire the Great Council of the United States had convened, and Past Great Sachem Geo. W. Ford had been elected Great Incohonee of that body, and he presided at this session of the Great Council of Kentucky.

Several Past Sachems presented credentials and were admitted, routine business was transacted and the council fire was quenched, to be rekindled in the hunting grounds of Covington, on the 21st sun of Cold Moon, G. S. 5616, on which date the Great Council reconvened, but transacted no important business other than a resolution to fine all Great Chiefs for non-attendance, and the council fire was quenched, to be rekindled in the hunting grounds of Louisville, on the 14th sun of Plant Moon, 5616.

At this adjourned session much business of only local interest, however, was transacted.

A resolution was adopted to kindle the Great Council fire semi-annually instead of quarterly, once in Louisville and once in Newport or Covington.

1856.

THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The council fire was kindled with due solemnities in the hunting grounds of Newport, on the 21st sun of Buck Moon, G. S. 5616.

Representatives were present from Chickasaw Tribe, No. 1; Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2; Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3, and Tecumseh Tribe, No. 6.

Great Sachem Elias Reese presented his long talk, regretting that he had not been able to institute any new Tribes, but reported the Order in a very healthy condition.

The finance committee reported total receipts for the Grand Sun, $374.40; expenses, $324.50; balance in the wampum belt, $49.90.

No business was transacted at this session worthy of being recorded on these pages, and after the Past Great Sachem had instructed the brethren in the secret work the Great Council fire was quenched, to be rekindled in the hunting grounds of Louisville, on the 13th sun of Cold Moon, G. S. 5617.

On the above date the Great Council reconvened, and representatives were admitted from Kentucky Tribe, No. 4; Tecumseh, No. 6, and Delaware, No. 7.

The Great Sachem reported that he had granted a dispensation for a new Tribe at Louisville, to be known as Delaware Tribe, No. 7, and that its first council fire had been kindled on the 2nd sun, Traveling Moon, G. S. 5617.

Reports were received in correct form from all Tribes except Chickasaw Tribe, No. 1, and Choctaw, No. 5, and as no further mention is made of No. 5 in subsequent records, it is probable that it was at this time defunct.

Past Great Sachem Elias Reese, Great Representative to G. C. U. S., made a lengthy report, stating at that time there were nine States having Great Councils, viz.: Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, District of Columbia, New Jersey, Ohio, Kentucky, Delaware, 21 and New York, and that hereafter the Great Council of the United States would be a representative body, exclusively. He also reported that P. G. I. Geo. W. Ford had been appointed Vice Great Incohonee for Louisiana, Tennessee and Texas.

1857.

FOURTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2, Covington, on the 13th of Buck Moon, G. S. 5617.

The long talks of the Great Chiefs were not copied in the proceedings, therefore no excerpts can be made from them.

A committee of three was appointed to draft a constitution for the government of Tribes under the jurisdiction of this Great Council. Previous to this time each Tribe had prepared its own constitution as well as by-laws, subject, however, to approval by the Great Council.

After transacting the usual routine business, the council fire was quenched, to be rekindled in the wigwam of Kentucky Tribe, No. 4, hunting grounds of Louisville, on the 11th of Cold Moon, G. S. 5618.

The Great Council reconvened, pursuant to adjournment, with all Great Chiefs present.

No business was transacted other than the payment of current bills and acting upon a new code of by-laws for the Great Council, and the council fire was quenched in due form. 22

1858.

FIFTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The council fire was kindled in the hunting grounds of Newport, on the 12th of Buck Moon, G. S. 5618, all Great Chiefs being present.

Past Sachems were present from Kentucky Tribe, No. 4, and Delaware, No. 7, but without credentials as representatives, and they were refused admission, whereupon they gave notice of an appeal to the G. C. U. S.

Great Sachem John Hughes, in his long talk, stated that the Order was in good condition and that efforts were being made to establish Tribes in Frankfort and Lexington. He complimented the Louisville brethren for their zeal. Among his rulings was one that a paleface being admitted under lawful age, by mistake, should remain a member of the Tribe which had adopted him.

Reports of the G. C. of R. and G. K. of W. showed the Great Council to be in debt to the Great Keeper of Wampum for 7 fathoms 1 foot and 9 inches.

Bros. Ruhl, Harig and Tyrack were elected Great Representatives to the G. C. U. S., and were instructed that if they desired to attend that Grand Body at their own expense they would be furnished with credentials.

After passing an order to borrow 50 fathoms from Tecumseh Tribe, No. 6, the Great Council fire was quenched, to be rekindled in the hunting grounds of Louisville, on the 12th of Cold Moon, G. S. 5619.

At the semi-grand sun session, Great Sachem John B. Davies was not present, owing to afflictions in his family, and Past Great Sachem A. J. Francis occupied his stump.

It was announced that Chickasaw Tribe, No. 1, of Newport, had become defunct and its members were desirous of uniting with some other Tribe, taking with them the property of former Chickasaw 23 Tribe in lieu of admission fee, and requested of the Great Council permission so to do. Acting Great Sachem ruled the request out of order, on the ground that the property of defunct Chickasaw Tribe did not belong to the members, but to the Great Council.

It was ordered that no Tribe shall be entitled to the pass-word, nor shall its chiefs be raised up until its reports and percentage have been placed in the hands of its Deputy Great Sachem.

The constitution was amended so as to provide for annual sessions only, to alternate between the cities of Louisville and Covington.

After levying an assessment of ten fathoms upon each Tribe under its jurisdiction, the council fire was quenched.

1859.

SIXTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The Grand Sun Council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2, hunting grounds of Covington, on the 11th of Buck Moon, G. S. 5619, Great Sachem John B. Davies presiding.

The Great Sachem, in a very brief talk, reported that Black Hawk, Pocahontas, Kentucky, Tecumseh, and Delaware Tribes were in a nourishing condition, a spirit of emulation pervading their wigwams.

Great Chief of Records J. N. Tyrack presented a very complete report, from which the following is gleaned: Amount in Great Council wampum belt, 142 fathoms; number of working Tribes, 6; members in good standing, 267; withdrawn by card, 9; adopted, 52; admitted by card, 3; rejected, 3; expulsions and suspensions, 40; deaths, 3; widows and orphans, 14; amount paid for relief of brothers, $258.50; for relief of widows and orphans, $53.75.

A constitution for the government of all Tribes in this reservation was adopted.

The Great Keeper of Wampum reported that all bills and claims had been paid and that there was a balance in the wampum belt of 18 inches.

1860.

SEVENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The Most Worthy Great Council of Kentucky kindled its seventh Grand Sun Council fire in the wigwam of Delaware Tribe, No. 7, hunting ground of Louisville, on the 9th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. 5620, Great Sachem A. C. Herig on his stump.

Representatives were admitted from Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2; Pocahontas, No. 3; Kentucky, No. 4; Tecumseh, No. 6, and Delaware, No. 7.

The Great Sachem's long talk reviewed the progress of the Order for the Grand Sun. He regretted that he had been unable to institute any new Tribes, and called the attention of the Great Council to the fact that there were in the possession of the Great Chief of Records the effects of defunct Tribes Chickasaw, No. 1, and Choctaw, No. 5, and urged that some action be taken to dispose of the same.

John Hughes, Chas. Amann, and Martin Borntraeger, Great Representatives to G. C. U. S.

The Great Chief of Records reported as follows: Amount on hand in wampum belt, 140 fathoms; number of working tribes, 5; adoptions, 37; rejections, 1; suspensions, 57; admitted by card, 7; withdrawn by card, 4; expulsions, 3; deceased, 4; members, 299; Past Sachems, 113; Tribes defunct, Chickasaw, No. 1.

Bro. Jas. N. Tyrack, Great Chief of Records, having resigned his chieftaincy, a special council was called to meet in the wigwam of Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3, at Newport, on the 18th of Worm Moon, G. S. 5621, at which Past Sachem Bernard Strube was elected and raised up to the stump of Great Chief of Records.

1861.

EIGHTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The eighth Grand Sun Council fire of the Most Worthy Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the hunting grounds of Newport, on the 9th of Buck Moon, G. S. 5621, M. W. Great Sachem Chas. Amann presiding.

In his long talk the Great Sachem said: "As all earthly joys are tinged with sorrow, these hunting grounds of our fathers are now clamorous with the wild and frantic war whoop. The pleasure of this meeting is alloyed with pain. Oh, how different is the scene presented from that of one Grand Sun ago. Everything then was bright and prosperous, and bid fair to be the golden harvest of ages. The fruits of the earth were abundant and our forest replete with game. * * * I cannot report that all the Tribes in this jurisdiction are in healthy condition, or that the most friendly relations exist around their council fires. There have been some grievances and misunderstandings between Tribes and our former Great Chief of Records which caused that Great Chief to resign. I visited all Tribes during my chieftaincy."

The Great Chief of Records, B. Strobe, reported as follows: Amount in wampum belt, 138 fathoms; number of working Tribes, 5; adoptions, 9; suspensions, 15; expulsions, 3; withdrawn by card, 4; admitted by card, 2; deceased, 4; number of members, 303; paid for relief of brothers, $341; for widows and orphans, $89.

The Great Council passed upon several appeal cases, ordered current bills paid, and the council fire was quenched.

1862.

NINTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Kentucky Tribe. No. 4, hunting grounds of Louisville, at the 9th run, rising of the 14th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. 5633, with Great Sachem W. D. Turner on his stump.

Past Sachems were admitted from Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2; Kentucky, No. 4; Tecumseh, No. 6, and Delaware, No. 7.

The following extract from the Great Sachem's long talk reveals the condition of the Order at this time: "The events of the past year, so fatal to the political and financial prosperity of the country, has not been without its influence upon the prosperity of our Order. It has prevented a great number of our chiefs from attending the meetings of this Great Council, also from attending their respective Tribes. * * * It is, however, our duty by all means in our power, to make every exertion to maintain the Order and to keep constantly in view of our respective Tribes the beautiful motto of our Order, and the necessity of being united."

Number of working Tribes, 5; members, 259; deceased, 3; rejected, 1; suspended, 23; expulsions, 2: withdrawn by card, 3; paid for relief of brothers, $227.50; paid for relief of widows and orphans, $99.00.

After passing bills and a resolution not to pay mileage for the ensuing two Grand Suns, the council fire was quenched.

1863.

TENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled and the council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2, hunting grounds of Covington, on the 17th sun of Sturgeon Moon, G. S. 5623, Great Sachem G. B. Kiteley presiding.

The Great Sachem said: "I am sorry that we were not able to meet at the appointed time, according to law, but owing to the declaring of martial law in Louisville, and the stoppage of all travel, it was utterly impossible for the brothers from any of the Tribes in Louisville to come here; hence the necessity of postponing the meeting until the present time. I instituted in Kentucky and Delaware Tribes a degree council, and would suggest the propriety of its being done by all the Tribes, as by so doing the brothers will get to know the unwritten work of the Order much better than they do at present. It affords me much pleasure to state that the Tribes are in much more flourishing condition than they have been for some time past."

Number of working Tribes, 5; adoptions, 21; rejections, 1; suspensions, 22; expulsions, 1; admitted by card, 3; deceased, 3; whole number of members, 245; paid for relief of brothers, $158; for relief of widows and orphans, $61.25.

Past Great Sachem A. J. Francis, in a feeling and appropriate manner, announced the death of Past Great Chief of Records, Jas. N. Tyrack, who died on July 16, 1862, in the city of Nashville, Tenn. Appropriate resolutions were passed.

A. J. Francis, W. D. Turner and E. Merkley, Great Representatives of G. C. U. S. 28

Past Great Incohonee Geo. S. Peters and the Great Chiefs of the Great Council of Ohio being present, they were invited to raise up the Great Chiefs-elect, which they did.

1864.

ELEVENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The eleventh Grand Sun Council of the Right Worthy Great Council of Kentucky, Imp'd O. R. M., was kindled in the wigwam of Kentucky Tribe, No. 4, hunting grounds of Louisville, at the 10th run, rising of the 11th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. 5624, Great Sachem Borntraeger presiding, and all the elective Great Chiefs being present.

The Great Sachem said: "Though it has not been our good fortune to add another to the number of Tribes already established in this State, I am happy to state that the initiations in some of the Tribes have been right numerous, and the receipts of wampum quite large. I hope that the bloody strife now raging in this our beautiful land may soon be ended and that the Great Spirit may spare you all for many a meeting of this Great Council."

Number of working Tribes, 5; initiations, 33; rejections, 7; suspensions, 11; expulsions, 1; withdrawn by card, 3; deceased, 4; whole number of members, 260; paid for relief of brothers, 499 fathoms; for widows and orphans, 132 fathoms; amount in the Great Council wampum belt, $220.66.

A communication was received from the Great Council of the United States warning the Great Council not to print odes, diplomas, cards, or other supplies, in violation of the laws of the Great Council of the United States. 29

The Great Council at this session liquidated its debt to Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2.

After passing a resolution instructing the Great Representatives to invite the Great Council of the United States to kindle its next Great Sun Council fire in the hunting grounds of Louisville, the council fire was quenched with due solemnity.

1865.

TWELFTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The twelfth Grand Sun Council fire of the Right Worthy Great Council of Kentucky, Improved Order of Red Men, was kindled in the wigwam of Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3, in the hunting grounds of Newport, on the 10th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. 5625, Great Sachem B. B. Wilder presiding.

The Great Sachem said: "The Order has not advanced as much as we fondly hoped it would when the administration was placed in our hands, yet, considering the disturbed condition of the public mind and the distracted affairs of our beloved country, which has alike kept the loyal and disloyal citizens in a constant fever of excitement, we can congratulate the Great Chiefs that the Order has not lost ground, but is steadily and surely advancing, and by the will and assistance of the Great Spirit of the Universe the civil strife and rebellion that has been raging for more than four Grand Suns has at last come to a close and we are once more to have the happiness and pleasure of peace."

Number of working Tribes, 5; initiations, 61; rejections, 6; suspensions, 7; expulsions, 3; withdrawn by card, 1; deceased, 5; reinstated, 16; whole number of members, 318; paid for relief of brothers, $510.50; for relief of widows and orphans, $84.00.

A. J. Francis, R. B. McCracken and A. Reese, Great Representatives to G. C. U. S. 30

Notice was received from the Great Council of the United States of the proposed change in the mode of dating, to substitute Grand Sun of Discovery, 1492, as the base, computing from that date as G. S. D. 1, instead of the Jewish method then in use, and the Great Representatives were instructed to vote against the proposed change.

The Great Chief of Records was instructed to devise and have printed a new form of Tribal Reports.

In secret session, Past Great Incohonee A. J. Francis exemplified the unwritten work.

It was resolved that the Representatives to the G. C. U. S. be requested to offer a resolution in that body by which the Representatives may in future be elected for two years instead of one.

Resolutions of respect were adopted on the death of Past Sachem John B. Emig, of Tecumseh Tribe, No. 6, of Louisville.

1866.

THIRTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The thirteenth Grand Sun Council fire of the Right Worthy Great Council of Kentucky, Imp'd O. R. M., was kindled in the wigwam of Kentucky Tribe, No. 4, hunting grounds of Louisville, at the 9th run, rising of the 9th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 375, Great Sachem Jacob Schenk presiding, and all the elective Great Chiefs present.

The Great Sachem in his admirable long talk said: "The mingling together of the honored brothers of the Order, the kind interchange of opinions upon the various topics introduced for consideration, the animated yet decorous discussion of various subjects, indicate too plainly for any doubt that our beloved Order is not only firmly established, but that a strong desire exists, not only to keep it in its present position, but if possible to advance it to one yet more deserving of respect. The law now is that no Tribe is entitled to the semi-annual pass-word, nor their chiefs-elect to installation until their reports are placed in the hands of the D. G. S. or the Great Chief of Records. I have been instructed by the Great Council of the United States of the change in the mode of dating, from Grand Sun 5626 to Grand Sun of Discovery 375. Also the law of representations in the G. C. U. S. has been changed as follows: State Great Councils shall have two Representatives for 500 members or less, and one for every additional 500 31 or fraction exceeding 300, who are to serve for two years, but at the first election one-half of the number are to be elected for one year, so that their terms expire alternately. Also the mode of taxation has been changed from a percentage basis to a per capita tax of 5 inches."

Number of working Tribes, 5; initiations, 55; rejections, 7; suspensions, 4; expulsions, 5; reinstatements, 6; deceased, 8; withdrawn by card, 8; admitted by card, 2; whole number of members, 350; Past Sachems, 97; Past Great Sachems, 10; paid for relief of brothers, $686; for relief of widows and orphans, $116; total Tribal receipts, $2212.75.

Representatives to G. C. U. S.—For two years, Chas. Hebel; for one year, A. J. Francis.

The constitution was amended so as to bring the Grand Sun Council fire "on the second sun of the fourth seven suns of Buck Moon."

A charter was granted to Toronto Degree Council, No. 1, of Louisville, which was instituted on the 8th of Flower Moon, G. S 5625.

A committee was appointed to draw up new constitutions for both Great Council and for Tribes.

1867.

FOURTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The fourteenth Grand Sun Council fire of the Right Worthy Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the wigwam of Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2, hunting grounds of Covington, at the rising of the 22nd sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 376, Great Sachem R. B. McCracken presiding. 32

Past Sachems were admitted from Black Hawk Tribe, No. 2; Pocahontas, No. 3; Tecumseh, No. 6, and Seneca, No. 9.

The Great Sachem in his long talk said: "I have the pleasure of informing you that two more Tribes have been added to our number. On the 15th sun of Sturgeon Moon I received a petition from a number of palefaces residing in Lexington asking for a dispensation to establish a Tribe in that city, and on the 29th of the same moon I visited Lexington in company with Past Great Sachem Chas. Amann, Past Great Incohonee A. J. Francis, and Great Sachem Chas. Reed, of Ohio, and established Osceola Tribe, No. 8. The following Chiefs were elected and raised up: James Crystal, Sachem; Thos. A. Hornsey, Sr. Sag.; B. P. Watkins, Jr. Sag.; A. W. Trebien, C. of R.; V. N. Gardner, K. of W.; D. A. King, Prophet.

On the 25th of Traveling Moon I received a petition from a number of Past Sachems and a few other brothers for a dispensation to establish a new Tribe in the city of Louisville, to be known as Seneca Tribe, No. 9. I requested Past Great Sachem Chas. Amann to institute the Tribe, which he did, and installed the following chiefs: P. S. Conrad Koch, Sachem; P. S. Christ Mayflor, Sr. Sag.; P. S. Jacob Lezinski, Jr. Sag.; P. S. Tebel, C. of R.; P. S. Ph. Leonhard, K. of W.; P. S. Isaac Lieber, Prophet.

The regalia and implements of the defunct Chickasaw Tribe, No. 1, I sold to the Tribe at Lexington."

Great Chief of Records Wm. Brigmann, not being present, sent his books and a partial report, which did not contain the statistics to date.

The following named Great Chiefs were elected and raised up for the ensuing Grand Sun:

Great Representatives to G. C. U. S.—Thos. W. Giedeon, two grand suns; Charles Amann, one grand sun.

It appeared from the report of the finance committee that certain wampum was in the hands of Great Chief of Records Brigmann not reported by him, and a committee was appointed to investigate the matter and get possession of the funds.

The death of Past Great Sachem A. C. Herig was announced and appropriate resolutions of respect were adopted. 33

Toronto Degree Council, No. 1, of Louisville, having outlived its usefulness, surrendered its dispensation to the Great Council and ceased to exist.

1868.

FIFTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The fifteenth Great Sun Council fire of the Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the wigwam of Osceola Tribe, No. 8, hunting grounds of Lexington, at the first run, setting of the 27th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 377, Great Sachem Andrew Schneider presiding. All the elective Great Chiefs were present.

The Great Sachem in his long talk said: "On the 12th sun, Plant Moon, I received an application from several palefaces for a charter for a new Tribe at Newport, to be known as Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10. The Tribe was instituted on the 19th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 377, and I would recommend that a charter be granted. On the 16th sun of Hunting Moon I received notice of the death of our beloved Past Great Sachem R. B. McCracken. He died on the 29th of Beaver Moon. The Great Spirit has taken him to his better forest and the Great Council has lost a good member. I would recommend that a certain fund be placed at the disposal of the Great Sachem so that he may be enabled to travel, visit Tribes and attend properly to the business of the Order."

The Great Chief of Records reported as follows: Number of Tribes, 8; members, 402; adopted, 64; rejected, 4; suspended, 13; expelled, 6; reinstated, 3; admitted by card, 2; withdrawn by card, 11; deceased, 5; Past Great Sachems, 12; Past Sachems, 114; Tribes instituted past great sun, 1.

Suitable resolutions were adopted on the death of Past Great Sachem R. B. McCracken.

The committee appointed to settle with former Great Chief of Records Brigmann reported having settled by accepting a secured note.

1869.

SIXTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The sixteenth Great Sun Council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Delaware and Seneca Tribes, in the hunting grounds of Louisville, on the 25th Buck Moon, G. S. D. 378, Great Sachem Thomas W. Giedeon and Great Chief of Records Chas. Hebel being the only Great Chiefs present.

The Great Sachem said: "During the past great sun I have granted dispensations to open two new Tribes. One in Bowling Green, hailing as Oswego Tribe, No. 11, on the 12th sun, Traveling Moon, G. S. D. 377. Past Great Sachems G. B. Kiteley and W. D. Turner, of Louisville, instituted the Tribe, to whom I am under many obligations for their kind services; also to Past Sachem Lezinski, Bro. Thos. Carnet, of Bowling Green, and Deputy Great Incohonee of Tennessee, in opening Matamora Tribe, No. 12, at Hopkinsville, on the 19th sun of Cold Moon, G. S. D. 378, and I now ask that charters be granted to them." The Great Sachem also made many valuable recommendations to the Great Council.

The Great Chief of Records reported: "Number of Tribes, 10; members, 548; adoptions, 139; rejections, 4; suspensions, 34; admitted by card, 3; withdrawn, 7; deceased, 4; Past Great Sachems, 9; Tribes instituted, 2.

For the first time bonds were required of the Great Chief of Records and the Great Keeper of Wampum.

The finance committee reported $356.74 in the hands of G. K. 35 of W. A. J. Francis, and $165.86 in the hands of G. C. of R. Charles Hebel."

Trustees—Thos. Giedeon, G. W. Reese and J. B. Davis, who were instructed to take steps to recover the wampum in the hands of former G. K. of W. A. J. Francis.

1870.

SEVENTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Pocahontas and Minnehaha Tribes, hunting grounds of Newport, on the 25th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 379, Great Sachem Edmund Merkley presiding.

Representatives were present from the following Tribes, which was probably the largest representation in the history of this Great Council: Blackhawk, No. 2, Covington; Pocahontas, No. 3, Newport; Kentucky, No. 4, Louisville; Tecumseh, No. 6, Louisville; Delaware, No. 7, Louisville; Osceola, No. 8, Lexington; Seneca, No. 9, Louisville; Minnehaha, No. 10, Newport; Oswego, No. 11, Bowling Green; Matamora, No. 12, Hopkinsville; and Hiawatha, No. 13, Covington.

The Great Sachem said: "The Improved Order of Red Men has become one of the most important among the benevolent institutions of the age. I believe without exception the utmost harmony and brotherly feeling prevails throughout the entire jurisdiction. I have granted dispensations for two new Tribes—Hiawatha, No. 13, of Covington, instituted on the 12th sun of Sturgeon Moon, G. S. D. 378, and Cherokee Tribe, No. 14, at Paris, on the 8th sun of Hot Moon, G. S. D. 379, and I would ask that charters be granted to both Tribes."

Great Chief of Records C. S. Betts, of Ohio, was a visitor and was welcomed to a seat by the Great Sachem. 36

A constitution governing Tribes under the jurisdiction of the G. C. was adopted, also uniform by-laws.

The Great Chief of Records reported as follows: Number of Tribes, 12; members, 611; adopted, 171; rejected, 8; suspended, 24; expelled, 16; admitted by card, 6; withdrawn, 14; deceased, 3; new Tribes, 2; Past Great Sachems, 10; Past Sachems, 118.

It was decided that the first Prophet of a Tribe is entitled to the honors of a Past Sachem.

It was agreed that former Great Keeper of Wampum A. J. Francis be given until the 15th of Corn Moon to pay his indebtedness to this Great Council.

The Great Prophet, at the request of the Great Sachem, said a prayer and the council fire was quenched.

1871.

EIGHTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council of Kentucky assembled in the wigwam of Oswego Tribe, No. 11, at Bowling Green, on the 25th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 380, and the council fire was kindled in ample form at the 9th run, Great Sachem John Steinhauer presiding.

From the Great Sachem's long talk: "The Order of Improved Red Men, as far as I can judge, is progressing, notwithstanding the desertion of two Tribes in Louisville, namely, Tecumseh, No. 6, and Delaware, No. 7. On the 16th sun of Cold Moon I visited Tecumseh, and on the 17th of the same moon I visited Delaware, which Tribes afterwards deserted, and as I understand joined the Independent Order. I received a communication from Deputy Great Sachem Alex Knapp stating their reasons for doing so, but it does not prove that they acted like honest men. I sent a communication to the Great Incohonee of the United States asking how 37 to proceed, but I did not receive an answer. I now leave the matter in the hands of the Great Council of Kentucky. On the 8th sun of Flower Moon I granted a dispensation for a Tribe to be instituted at King's Lodge, Calloway County, under the title of Minneola Tribe, No. 15. I deputized John T. Irion, of West Tennessee, to institute, which he did on the 6th sun, Hot Moon, G. S. D. 380, and raised up the following chiefs: W. M. P. Pool, Sachem; H. B. Landon, Sr. Sagamore; W. H. Clarke, Jr. Sagamore; J. C. Shelton, Prophet; S. F. Kirkeley, C. of R.; T. A. Hughes, Asst. C. of R.; D. G. Reed, K. of W. I would recommend that a charter be granted them."

The Great Chief of Records reported as follows: Tribes, 11; members, 550; adopted, 145; rejected, 7; suspended, 28; expelled, 17; admitted by card, 18; withdrawn by card, 4; deceased, 9; new Tribes, 1; Past Great Sachems, 6; Past Sachems, 85.

Various amendments to the constitution were offered and laid over one great sun for action.

The committee on state of the Order recommended that legal action be taken to recover the effects of Tecumseh Tribe, No. 6, and Delaware Tribe, No. 7, of Louisville.

The Great Chief of Records read an application for a charter for a Tribe in Maysville, and a charter was granted.

The Great Council went into committee of the whole and decided to prosecute the two deserting Tribes to the full extent of the law.

The Francis case was brought up and Brothers Glore and Kannard were appointed to assist the trustees in effecting a settlement.

The Great Prophet, at the request of the Great Sachem, repeated a prayer and the Great Council fire was quenched.

1872.

NINETEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in the wigwam of Kentucky and Seneca Tribes, hunting grounds of Louisville, and the council fire was kindled in ample form at the 9th run, rising of the 23d sun of 38 Buck Moon, G. S. D. 381, Great Sachem Jacob Lezinski presiding, all the elective Great Chiefs being present.

The Great Sachem said: "The Order in this jurisdiction is not making as rapid strides as it would if the beauties of it were more fully known. Some hunting grounds are extending their influence, while others are languishing for the want of some fraternal care. I most respectfully recommend to your earnest consideration the appointment of a suitable chief, one who has time and ability to visit all the Tribes in this reservation. It is impossible for any Great Chief without great pecuniary loss on his part to give that attention to the visiting of Tribes, which is almost absolutely necessary in what might be called the infancy of our Order in this jurisdiction. I am satisfied if this system of visiting was faithfully carried out it would increase our membership threefold and the Tribes in general gain by it. I appointed Bro. Kiteley a special deputy to institute Wyandotte Tribe, No. 16, at Maysville, which he did on the 10th of Sturgeon Moon, 380, and raised up the following chiefs: M. C. Russell, Sachem; E. A. Robinson, Sr. Sagamore; J. H. Hall, Jr. Sagamore; A. Brillstein, Prophet; Thomas A. Davis, C. of R.; A. B. Cochran, K. of W."

The Great Chief of Records reported that some mode should be adopted to compel Tribes to be more prompt in making their reports.

The death of Past Great Sachem Charles Amann was reported and suitable resolutions were passed.

After an exemplification of the secret work and a prayer by the Great Prophet the council fire was quenched.

1873.

TWENTIETH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in regular session in the wigwam of Hiawatha Tribe, No. 13, hunting grounds of Covington, on the 22nd sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 382, and the council fire was kindled in ample form at the 9th run, rising of the sun, Great 39 Sachem W. H. Glore presiding. All the elective Great Chiefs were present.

Representatives were admitted from the following Tribes: Nos. 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 16.

The Great Sachem said: "Our Order has not been as progressive for the past great sun as it might or ought to have been. We have not instituted a new Tribe, and the brothers have to a certain degree been very negligent, as well as myself, in the working and interest of the Order. I would suggest that some active brother be appointed by this Great Council, and make it his duty to visit every Tribe in the State at least once in every four moons, to build them up and give the secret work as laid down by the Great Council of the United States. At present Matamora Tribe, No. 12, at Hopkinsville, is suspended, and has been for some time back. I am sorry to say that Seneca Tribe, No. 9, at Louisville, has suspended."

The committee appointed at the lest session to wait upon A. J. Francis, late Great Keeper of Wampum, reported unable to make a settlement with him, and asked that another committee be appointed, which was done.

Resolved: That the Great Chief of Records be instructed to summons Brother A. J. Francis to appear before the Great Council at its next session, 1874, and show cause why he should not make proper settlement to this Great Council, or be expelled from all rights and privileges of the Great Council of Kentucky.

The Great Chief of Records reported as follows: Number of Tribes, 8; members, 540; adoptions, 109; reinstated, 3; admitted by card, 1; withdrawn by card, 10; expelled, 7; rejected, 8; deceased, 5; Past Sachems, 94.

1874.

TWENTY-FIRST GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council of Kentucky assembled in regular session in the wigwam of Wyandotte Tribe, No. 16, on the 28th sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 383, and the council fire was kindled in due form, Great Sachem Thos. A. Hornsey presiding. 40

Representatives were admitted from the following Tribes: Nos. 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 13 and 16.

The Great Sachem said: "Though we have been visited by pestilence since we last met together in council, we should return heartfelt thanks to the Great Spirit that so many of us are permitted to meet this sun around our council fire. I visited every Tribe in our reservation and I found them in good working condition, and my visitations have fully persuaded me that the frequent visits of the Great Sachem of the State to the various Tribes is of the very greatest importance. I deputized Great Prophet E. H. Mottley to visit Hopkinsville in endeavor to resuscitate Matamora Tribe, No. 12, but without success, and he took into his keeping the charge books and jewels of the Tribe."

The committee on the A. J. Francis matter reported that they had accepted his note for the amount, which would be due on the 20th of Corn Moon, 383, and the Great Sachem was instructed to sue in case the note was not paid.

A petition was received from various palefaces, colored citizens of Newport, praying for a charter to establish a Tribe. The petition was laid on the table.

The Great Chief of Records reported as follows: Number of Tribes, 8; members, 480; adoptions, 57; reinstated, 2; admitted by card, 4; withdrawn by card, 10; expelled, 28; suspended, 72; rejected, 4; deceased, 8; Past Sachems, 8.

The number of expulsions reported, not only at this, but at other councils, indicates that but little care was taken in the selection of the material of which the Tribes were composed.

The finance committee reported that there was $132 in the hands of the Great Chief of Records not accounted for, and the Great Keeper of Wampum not being present, nor his books, an adjustment could not be reached.

1875.

TWENTY-SECOND GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council met in the wigwam of Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10, hunting grounds of Newport, on the 27th sun of Buck 41 Moon, G. S. D. 384, the council fire being kindled in due form, Great Senior Sagamore J. F. Follett presiding, the Great Sachem being absent.

The Great Senior Sagamore in his long talk said: "By the surrender of the charter of Wyandotte Tribe, the Great Sachem, Thos. A. Davis, is an absentee from our council today, and I am illy prepared to entertain you with an account of the workings of our Order in the State during the past great sun. I can confidently, though with regret, say that the Order has retrograded to a considerable extent. Osceola Tribe, No. 8, of Lexington, surrendered shortly after our last Great Council, and Wyandotte Tribe, on the 8th sleep of Buck Moon, last past, and to the best of my knowledge none of those in existence can boast of doing deeds to add additional feathers in their crests. In the absence of facts whereupon to base an opinion, I am unable to offer any suggestion, except to recommend an effort individually to carry out the tenets of our Order, especially in the wigwam, and when the lessons of Freedom, Friendship and Charity shall have been thoroughly learned there, our associations with the outer world will certainly be more pleasant, and we can give our brothers in the forest as well as in the wigwam the warm grasp of friendship and another knot to the cord that binds us as brothers." The Great Senior Sagamore, continuing, called the attention of the Great Council to laxity of Tribes and individuals in obeying the laws, and recommended their revision. He cited several decisions made by him and dispensations granted. "On the sleep of the 27th sun of Plant Moon, G. S. D. 384, I granted a dispensation to Minnehaha Tribe to turn out in procession to assist in laving of the corner stone of a new market house in Newport. I did this at the earnest request of some of the members of the Tribe, believing at the time that whenever the fact of our existence was brought to the public notice it would be to the good of the Order. I have since been cured of the delusion. Finally, let it be borne in mind that the one thing needful in the Order and to maintain our organization is to elect chiefs who can and will do their duty, and see that the several Tribes of this jurisdiction maintain a proper discipline, and that ignorance, coupled with incompetency, shall not be the means of destroying our Order in the State of Kentucky. I thank you for listening to an ill excuse for what should be the journal of your Great Sachem."

The Great Chief of Records reported: "Cash in hands of Great Keeper of Wampum, $233.19; number of Tribes, 6; members, 415; adoptions, 14; suspensions, 57; expulsions, 26; reinstatements, 2; 42 admitted by card, 5; deceased, 5; Past Great Sachems, 7; Past Sachems, 79."

An extra session was called in the wigwam of Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10, on the 23d of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 385, when charges were preferred against Great Keeper of Wampum W. G. Stone for conduct unbecoming a Great Chief. There is no records of a trial, and probably the charges were not sustained, if there was one, for Bro. Stone was subsequently twice elected Great Chief of Records.

The Great Chief of Records was instructed to notify Brother A. J. Francis that he stood expelled from this Great Council, and that he also notify Brother Francis' Tribe of the fact.

Thus ingloriously comes to end the career of a brilliant Red Man. He had held every position of honor and trust that could have been conferred upon him. A. J. Francis successively held the positions of Great Chief of Records, Great Sachem, Great Incohonee of the G. C. U. S., Great Representative to G. C. U. S. for many Great Suns, and Great Keeper of Wampum of the Great Council of Kentucky for eleven Great Suns.

1876.

TWENTY-THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

We find no records of the session of this Great Sun, but from the records of the ensuing Great Sun we learn that the following chiefs were elected:

1877.

TWENTY-FOURTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3, hunting grounds of Newport, on the 24th sun of Buck moon, G. S. D. 386, Great Sachem C. H. Conn presiding.

The Great Sachem's Journal and the report of the Great Chief of Records are missing and no business is recorded except the election, which resulted as follows:

1878.

TWENTY-FIFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in the hunting grounds of Newport on the 22d sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 387, and the council fire was kindled in due form, Great Sachem Geo. Brunk presiding.

Past Great Sachem C. H. Conn was refused admission on the grounds that he was not a member of any Tribe at that time.

The long talk of the Great Sachem is not given, nor is the report of the Great Chief of Records.

A special session was held on the 26th of the Corn Moon following for the purpose of electing a Representative to the Great Council of the United States, vice Geo. Reese, resigned, and the Great Sachem, John N. Stauder, was elected.

1879.

TWENTY-SIXTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in Newport and the Great Council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Minnehaha Tribe, on the 22d sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 388, Great Sachem J. N. Stauder presiding.

The Great Chief of Records reported: Total number of Tribes, 3; membership, 88; amount in the Great Council wampum belt, $48.51.

No business was transacted except the election of chiefs, which resulted as follows:

1880.

TWENTY-SEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in the hunting grounds of Newport and the council fire was kindled in the wigwam of Miami Tribe, No. 17, on the 22d sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D., Great Sachem Chas. Maunder presiding.

1881.

TWENTY-EIGHTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in the wigwam of Miami Tribe, No. 17, hunting grounds of Newport, and the council fire was kindled on the 22d sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 390, Great Sachem Val. Wendroth presiding.

The Great Chief of Records reported: Number of Tribes, 3; Pocahontas, No. 3, having 24 members; Minnehaha, No. 10, having 24 members, and Miami, No. 17, having 37 members, a total membership of 85; amount in Great Council wampum belt, $10.21.

A special session was held on the 17th of Plant Moon, G. S. D. 391, when it was voted that a special committee be appointed to wait upon Blekly & Hugle and to inform them that the Great Council demanded a new note from A. J. Francis, with his wife as security.

1882.

TWENTY-NINTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in Newport on the 22d sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 391, when Great Sachem John Reed announced that as there were representatives present from but two 46 Tribes, no business could be transacted except to act upon credentials, and the Great Council adjourned to meet on the 30th sun of Sturgeon Moon, G. S. D. 391, on which date the Great Council met and the council fire was kindled in due form, Great Sachem John Reed presiding.

The committee on state of the Order reported: "We find but two Tribes in working order in this State and we hope the incoming Great Chiefs will have better encouragement and show a better prospect in our future Great Council than that in the past year."

1883.

THIRTIETH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in the wigwam of Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10, on the 22d sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 392, Great Sachem G. W. Reese presiding.

The per capita tax was ordered paid to the G. C. U. S., amounting to $16.80, and each Tribe was assessed $15.00.

1884.

THIRTY-FIRST GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Great Council assembled in the wigwam of Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10, on the 22d sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 393, and the council fire was kindled in regular form, Great Sachem G. W. Reese presiding. 47

Representatives present—Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10, Wm. Maunders; Miami Tribe, No. 17, Wm. Berger, A. Gross, J. Glick.

On motion Past Sachem S. F. Schell was made a Past Great Sachem of this Great Council.

The Great Chief of Records reported: Number of Tribes, 2; Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10, having 15 members, and Miami Tribe, No. 17, having 40, a total of 55 members; number of Past Sachems, 9.

An order was drawn to pay the per capita tax due the Great Council of the United States, amounting to $5.50.

Past Great Sachem Bets, of Ohio, being present, raised up the following named Great Chiefs:

No further business appearing before the Great Council, the council fire was quenched in F., F. & Co.

CHAPTER V.

KENTUCKY UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF OHIO, 1884-1894.

"Kentucky—Chickasaw Tribe, No. 1, of Newport, and Black Hawk, No. 2, of Covington, were both instituted in G. S. 5612, 1852. Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3, of Newport, and Kentucky, No. 4, of Louisville, were instituted in the following grand sun. The Great Council fire was lighted on the 9th of Sturgeon Moon, G. S. 5614, 1854. The Order in Kentucky flourished for many great suns, but finally began to lose interest and membership, and was not represented in the G. C. U. S. after G. S. D. 398. In G. S. D. 395, but one Tribe was reported in the State—Miami, No. 17, of Newport. The Great Council fire had long ceased to burn. In G. S. D. 397 Kentucky was placed under the jurisdiction of the Great Council of Ohio, and the standing of its Tribes on the 30th of Hot Moon, G. S. D. 401, is included in the statement given for that reservation. During its existence as a Great Council, Kentucky furnished two Great Incohonees to the G. C. U. S."

While under the jurisdiction of the Great Council of Ohio the following Tribes were instituted in Kentucky:

Shawnee Tribe, No. 18, was instituted at Winchester in G. S. D. 396 (1887), by B. W. Kline, a German living in Cincinnati, and holding a minor chieftaincy in the Great Council of Ohio. He visited Winchester on business, and being an enthusiastic Red Man, immediately set about the organization of a Tribe. In less than two days he had secured a list of petitioners, and in a couple of seven suns he returned and instituted Shawnee Tribe, No. 18, under the jurisdiction of the Great Council of Ohio. C. E. Lyddane was the first Sachem, who ten years later was Great Chief of Records for five great suns, and now ranks as a Past Great Sachem. After the Tribe was organized it received no further attention from the Great Council of Ohio, was never visited by any of its Great Chiefs, and was never represented in its Great Council. Red Men were very scarce and a visitor was a rare occurrence. However, 49 Shawnee grew and flourished and for several great suns held regular meetings. A loft of Haymakers was instituted and sometimes the fun was so fast and furious that the police threatened to interfere. The Tribe finally died of pure neglect and loneliness. It had considerable amount of wampum in its belt, which was parceled out to the members in good standing. The love of Redmanship did not die in the breast of its members, however, and when in G. S. D. 403 Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, was organized at Lexington, among its charter members were several of those who had belonged to old Shawnee, No. 18, and it was very little trouble a few seven suns later to kindle the council fire of Onequa, No. 2, amid the ashes of the old Tribe. Some of the members of old Shawnee have lapsed from the Order, some have passed to the Eternal Hunting Grounds, while others are still found around the council fire and are training a new generation in Freedom, Friendship and Charity.

Osceola, No. 19, at Ashland, on the 26th of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 399, with 15 charter members, Harry C. McKay being then Great Sachem. This Tribe is still in existence, and is one of the strongest in the reservation.

Mohawk, No. 20, at Louisville, on 1st Hot Moon, G. S. D. 400. At the institution of this Tribe it was hoped that Redmanship would be once more revived in Kentucky and would flourish, but the anticipation of its founders were not realized, as it lived but a short time and was never prosperous. 50

CHAPTER VI.

KENTUCKY UNDER A DEPUTY GREAT INCOHONEE, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TRIBES BY THE GREAT COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, 1894.

In the summer of G. S. D. 403, there came to the hunting grounds of Lexington J. B. Mendenhall, holding a commission as Deputy for Great Incohonee Andrew H. Paton. Mendenhall held a withdrawal card from Ninegret Tribe, No. 21, of New London, Conn. Where he received his honors as a Past Sachem is not known, as it is certain he was not known as a Past Sachem in Ninegret Tribe. During the autumn of this great sun Mendenhall began an active canvas for petitioners for a charter for a Tribe of Red Men in Lexington, and with the assistance of O. R. King, J. R. McConnell, and others he was abundantly successful, so that on the 15th of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 403, he had a list of 121 accepted applicants, including Past Great Sachem Thos. A. Hornsey, formerly a member of old Osceola, No. 8, of these hunting grounds, who deposited his withdrawal card from that Tribe. On the above date the Tribe was instituted in the Opera House by Great Incohonee A. H. Paton, of Massachusetts, assisted by Great Chief of Records of the G. C. U. S., Charles C. Conley, of Pennsylvania; Past Great Incohonee and National Exemplifier Thos. K. Donnalley, of Philadelphia; Great Sachem of Illinois, Wilson Brooks, of Chicago, and Past Great Sachem Judge Alfred Ellison, of Indianapolis, Ind. The work of the Adoption Degree was exemplified by the chiefs of the new Tribe, the National Exemplifier having been drilling them for several suns, and it is doubtful if the work done by the team at that time has ever been excelled in this reservation. Immediately the Tribe was instituted its members began active efforts to establish other Tribes in their vicinity, and under the leadership of Deputy Great Incohonee J. B. Mendenhall, Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, of Lexington, of which he was now a member, assisted in the institution of the following Tribes:

Onequa Tribe, No. 2, at Winchester, on the 29th of Cold Moon, G. S. D. 404, with 41 charter members, of whom 18 had previously 51 taken membership in Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, and became members of Onequa, No. 2, by the deposit of withdrawal cards. Many of these members had been formerly members of Old Shawnee Tribe, No. 18.

Wyandotte Tribe, No. 3, at Maysville, on the 3d of Hot Moon, G. S. D. 404, with 35 charter members, including many members of old Wyandotte Tribe, No. 16, one of whom was Past Great Sachem Thos. A. Davis.

Winona Tribe, No. 4, at Lexington, on the 24th of Hot Moon, G. S. D. 404, with 25 charter members.

Tecumseh Tribe, No. 5, at Harrodsburg, on the 27th of Hot Moon, G. S. D. 404, with 25 members.

Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, at Augusta, on the 1st of Beaver Moon, G. S. D. 404, with 41 charter members.

Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7, at Louisville, on the 6th of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 404. with 63 charter members.

Minnehaha Council, No. 2, Degree of Pocahontas, at Lexington, with a charter membership of 49, on the 28th of Worm Moon, 404.

Charters were issued to the foregoing by the Great Council of the United States.

In his long talk to the Great Council of the United States in Corn Moon, G. S. D. 404, Great Incohonee Andrew H. Paton said:

"More than forty great suns ago a Great Council fire was kindled in Kentucky, which was extinguished after burning somewhat feebly for about thirty great suns. In G. S. D. 397 the few members in the State were by this great Council placed under the jurisdiction of Ohio. The Order here, as it has in some of the other States we are trying to reorganize, had fallen into disrepute because of the carelessness, bad management, and vicious material which had been admitted into the Tribes. Although these characteristics had ceased to be, the Order was and is yet suffering in that State because of what had been, and the Great Council of Ohio found itself unable to overcome the prejudices which prevailed. Under these circumstances it seemed better to place the interests of the Order in Kentucky in charge of some one on the ground, who could give them personal oversight. By consent of our Board of Great Chiefs the Great Sachem of Ohio was visited, and at a meeting of the Great Chiefs of Ohio and several of its Representatives and ex-Representatives to this body, arrangements were made by which Ohio resigned its control of Kentucky except of the two Tribes, the fires of which were then burning. At the Great Sun Council of Ohio in Flower Moon, it was voted that its authority over these two Tribes should be withdrawn this Cold Moon. By 52 good fortune, an enthusiastic Red Man from Connecticut, Brother J. B. Mendenhall, had taken up his residence in Lexington, Kentucky, and arrangements were made with him to rebuild the Order in the State. In spite of many obstacles, and at much cost of labor and wampum, Brother Mendenhall has added five Tribes to the two existing at the time of his appointment, and of material which is an ornament to the fraternity. A Great Council of Kentucky is therefore also within sight. No member of the Order has made more sacrifices the past great sun for the Improved Order of Red Men than has Brother Mendenhall. He has spent his time, his efforts, and his wampum without stint and under circumstances which often gave good excuse to do otherwise."

On the 7th sun of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 404, Deputy Great Incohonee J. B. Mendenhall addressed a circular letter to all Tribes and Past Sachems in the Reservation of Kentucky, from which the following extracts are made:

"Your attention is again directed to my talk of the 11th sun of Beaver Moon, relative to the institution of the Great Council of Kentucky.

Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, adopted 106 pale faces last sleep, and I will institute Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7, at Louisville, Ky., on the 9th sleep of this moon, with about 70 charter members. This will give us a total of about 700 members and 50 past Sachems in good standing.

Every Past Sachem will therefore take notice and make a special effort to be present in the hunting grounds of Lexington on the 27th and 28th suns of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 404.

The council fire will be kindled at the 10th run, rising of the sun, and the Great Council Degree conferred upon all Past Sachems then in waiting, and the transaction of business will begin immediately thereafter.

Osceola Tribe, No. 18, Ashland, and Miami Tribe, No. 17, Newport, are now under my jurisdiction, and they will pay their per capita tax to the Great Council of Kentucky, as soon as instituted, instead of to the Great Council of Ohio."

The Great Chief of Records of the Great Council of the United States, in his report to the G. C. U. S. for G. S. D., gives the following statistics for the Tribes in Kentucky under the jurisdiction of the G. C. U. S., which does not include Miami, No. 17, and Osceola, No. 18:

Number of Tribes, 5; adopted, 267; admitted by card, 2; withdrawn by card, 20; Past Sachems, 26: total membership, 249.

CHAPTER VII.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY AND ITS RECORDS FROM 1895 to 1907.

In compliance with request of petitioners from various Tribes in Kentucky, Great Chief of Records of the Great Council of the United States, Charles C. Conley, acting Great Incohonee, and Past Great Sachem William C. Conley, of Pennsylvania, acting Great Chief of Records, appeared in the wigwam of Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, hunting grounds of Lexington, on the 27th sun of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 404, for the purpose of kindling the Great Council fire of Kentucky.

After appropriate remarks of instruction had been given by the two Great Chiefs, the following named Past Sachems, who responded to the call, were marked as present:

Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1—J. B. Mendenhall, John Armstrong, Oscar R. King, J. R. McConnell, Past Great Sachem T. A. Hornsey, Willie Walker, Henry Vogt, R. Eason, Frank L. Smith.

Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6—John I. Winter, W. E. Fite, J. W. Crumbaugh.

As Past Sachems McConnell, Diederich and Mendenhall had been admitted to other State Great Councils, the acting Great Incohonee appointed Past Sachem McConnell as Great Guard of the Forest, pro tem.; Past Sachem Diederich as Great Guard of the Wigwam, pro tem.; and Great Sannap, pro tem., was filled by Past Sachem Mendenhall.

The acting Great Incohonee, assisted by the acting Great Chief of Records and Past Sachem Mendenhall proceeded to constitute the Great Council of Kentucky, which was consummated at 12 o'clock high sun. 54

On Laws—P. G. S. Thos. A. Hornsey, Great Senior Sagamore J. R. McConnell and Great Junior Sagamore W. E. Fite.

On Credentials—Great Prophet J. Hull Davidson and Past Sachems E. G. Van Zandt and R. Eason.

The committee on Laws recommended that the laws of the Great Council of Pennsylvania be adopted by the Great Council of Kentucky, and after some slight amendments they were adopted.

The Committee on Credentials reported Past Sachems P. T. Farnsworth, of No. 1, John D. Walker, of No. 2 and Charles Scott, of No. 4 as being in the forest with proper credentials, and recommended they be admitted, and they were admitted and received the Great Council degree. It was voted that an appropriation of two hundred fathoms be made for the expense of the Great Chiefs for the ensuing term.

The Great Chief of Records was authorized to prepare an original design for a seal and to procure the seal as soon as possible.

Resolved: That in expression of its appreciation of the invaluable services performed by the Great Chief of Records of the Great Council of the United States, Charles C. Conley, acting Great Incohonee, and Past Great Sachem William C. Conley, of Pennsylvania, acting Great Chief of Records, who have so ably and courteously assisted and instructed the Great Council of Kentucky during its course of organization, the records of the Great Council shall contain this resolution expressive of its gratitude for their distinguished services.

The various bills and expenses incident to institution were ordered paid, leaving a balance in the wampum belt of seven fathoms, six feet and two inches. 55

It was voted to kindle the next council fire in the wigwam of Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, at Augusta.

Following are the statistics of the Order at the time of institution—Whole number of Tribes, 10; Tribes not reporting, 2; adopted, 265; admitted by card, 12; withdrawn by card, 4; suspensions, 10; rejections, 9; total membership, 638; Past Sachems, 71.

Council of the Degree of Pocahontas—Minneola, No. 1, at Ashland; Minnehaha, No. 2, at Lexington.

The Great Sachem announced the appointment of standing committees for the ensuing great sun, as follows—

Finance—J. Hull Davidson, No. 4; Thomas M. Russell, No. 3; John I. Winter, No. 6.

Law and Usage—W. E. Fite, No. 6; W. C. Diederich, No. 19; Willie Walker, No. 1.

Returns and Reports—R. Eason, No. 1; T. A. Hornsey, No. 1; John D. Walker, No. 4.

Board of Appeals—E. G. Van Zandt No. 7; W. C. Diederich, No. 19; J. W. Crumbaugh, No. 6.

1896.

SECOND GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The second Great Sun Council fire of the Great Council of Kentucky, Improved Order of Red Men was kindled in the wigwam of Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, at the 10th run rising of the 12th sun of Flower moon, G. S. D. 405, with Great Sachem J. B. Mendenhall presiding. All of the elective Great Chiefs were present except A. F. German, Great Keeper of Wampum.

The Great Sachem appointed the following named brothers as a committee on Credentials—John I. Winter, of No. 6, John Armstrong of No. 1 and J. W. Crumbaugh, of No. 6.

The committee on credentials reported representatives present with proper credentials from Tribes, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 17, and 19, and recommended that they be recognized and seated as the representatives from their respective Tribes, which was concurred in.

The committee also reported the following named Past Sachems as being in the forest for the first time with proper credentials and recommended that they be admitted and receive the Great Council Degree, which was agreed to:

Paughcaughnaughsinque, No. 6—J. W. McKibben, W. E. Hamilton, Thos. M. Gray and N. Feagan.

Past Sachem Michael Grau, of No. 17, having previously been admitted to the Great Council of Ohio, was also admitted to a seat in the Great Council of Kentucky.

The Great Sachem then began reading his long talk, and we make the following extracts therefrom:

"I herewith submit the report of my official actions between 27th Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 404, at which time this G. C. was instituted, and 11th Flower Moon, 405.

The Order in this reservation has enjoyed a season of prosperity, and the membership has, through hard work, been greatly increased. The following new Tribes have been instituted:

Shawnee, No. 9, Louisville, on the 10th of Worm Moon; Mohican, No. 11, Bowling Green, on the 24th of Plant Moon, and three Tribes will be instituted before the close of this moon.

All of our Tribes, with the exception of Miami, No. 17, and Tecumseh, No. 5, have greatly increased their membership, as will be seen from the report of the G. C. of R.

I regret to say that some opposition on the part of some of the members of Cherokee Tribe, No. 8, has been manifested in regard to fee paid to organizers, and this matter will, in all probability, be presented by their representatives for your consideration at this session.

Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7, labored under the impression that no other Tribe could legally be instituted in the hunting ground of Louisville without first obtaining their consent, and it was necessary for me to summon the Great Chiefs to meet with that Tribe on the sleep of the 28th of Snow Moon, and after considerable discussion the matter was amicably adjusted, and they have since prospered."

The Great Sachem then recounted appointment of Deputies for each Tribe, dispensations granted, decisions rendered and visitations made.

"That the salary of the Great Chief of Records be increased to three hundred fathoms." This was approved by the finance committee and concurred in by the Great Council.

That the Great Sachem be allowed to draw on the Great Keeper of Wampum for the expenses of that stump, from time to 57 time, as they may become necessary." This was agreed to after fixing the limit at one hundred fathoms.

"The work of a full great sun has been crowded into the short space of four and one-half moons, owing to the peculiar time of kindling our first Great Council fire.

The placing of the Great Council upon a footing to transact business has required me to cause to be printed not only the records of the first Great Council, but also the laws, blanks for dispensations, reports, credentials, stationery, etc., that will not have to be done again for many great suns.

Having been authorized by the Great Council to prepare an original design for a seal, I set about the same, and caused a skillful draftsman to carry out my ideas in an India ink drawing, from which seals were engraved on wood in two sizes, and a die sunk and the seal properly prepared. The design proved a difficult one to execute and was quite expensive, yet when I considered that it was to last for all time as the Great Seal of the Great Council of Kentucky, I felt warranted in making the expenditure, as the design has been highly commended by the Great Chiefs to whom it was submitted.

I beg to submit for the consideration of the Great Council the system I have adopted for listing, by means of a card catalogue, the entire membership of the Order in this reservation. I have caused to be printed two thousand cards like sample filed herewith. These cards are filled out, one for each member, with all the information obtainable as to the history and rank in the Order, and are filed alphabetically. This system, started from the institution of the Great Council and kept up to date from the semi-great sun's reports from Tribes, will enable the G. C. of R. at a moment's notice, by referring to the catalogue, to tell the Tribe to which any brother named may belong, when and where he was adopted, advanced, raised and exalted; also whether or no he is a Past Sachem, and if he has been admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky. It will also show if he has ever been suspended, reinstated, withdrawn, readmitted, etc., with dates in every case. In the future, I am of the opinion this will prove to be of inestimable value. I now have the catalogue of the Order in a complete state up to the first of Plant Moon.

In order that this system may be carried out in every particular, I have prepared a special report blank, which, if the Chiefs of Records of Tribes will be particular to comply with, will enable the list to be kept complete and accurate.

I have been unable to obtain any report for the last term from Tecumseh Tribe, No. 5, or even an answer to any of my letters, 58 though the last one was registered to insure its receipt by the C. of R."

1st. That the Card Catalogue system, as inaugurated by the G. C. of R., be approved and adopted.

2nd. That the report blank in connection therewith be approved and adopted, and Tribes be required to report in accordance therewith.

3rd. That each Tribe be required to place on file with the G. C. of R. a copy of their by-laws in printed form.

4th. That the price schedule of supplies as printed in the first records be approved and adopted.

5th. That the G. C. of R. be forbidden to furnish or supply any individual members of the Order with any supplies whatever, except it be a question book and necessary literature for the purpose of instituting new Tribes and charter supplies to new Tribes, and to Tribes only when ordered under the seal of the Tribe, and in no case unless paid for when ordered, in current funds.

These five recommendations were reviewed by the committee on the state of the Order, approved by them and were then adopted by the Great Council.

The following statistics are drawn from the report of the Great Chief of Records: Whole number of members at time of institution, 623; adopted since, 525; admitted by card, 3; reinstated, 2; suspended, 7; withdrawn, 4; number of members in Tribe failing to report, 17; whole number at present time, 1,125; rejected, 19; Past Sachems, 76; Past Great Sachems, 3; Tribes at institution, 10; Tribes instituted, 2; Tribes failing to report, 1; Tribes in good standing, 11; balance in hands of Great Keeper of Wampum, $117.02.

On State of the Order—H. H. Wilson, No. 1; J. W. McKibben, No. 6; W. C. Pelham, No. 3.

On Grievances—John I. Winter, No. 6; J. R. McConnell, No. 1; L. E. Pearce, No. 4.

The long talks of the various Great Chiefs were referred to the proper committees.

Telegrams of congratulation were ordered sent to the various Great Councils holding concurrent councils.

A special committee was appointed to make arrangements for having the Great Council photographed.

The Committee on Law and Usage recommended that the various 59 dispensations granted by the Great Sachem be approved, and they also reported having approved of the by-laws of several Tribes, and the report of the committee was concurred in.

The Committee on Charters recommended that charters be issued to Shawnee Tribe, No. 9, at Louisville, and Mohican Tribe, No. 11, at Bowling Green, which was approved.

The Committee on Returns and Reports reported having examined the reports of the various Tribes, and finding them correct in the main, recommended that they be approved, and the report was concurred in.

The Finance Committee reported having examined the reports of the Great Chief of Records and the Great Keeper of Wampum and found them correct, and their report was concurred in.

The Mileage Committee reported the mileage account of the Great Chiefs and Representatives, and their report was approved and warrants for the payment of the same were ordered drawn.

The foregoing were duly raised up at the proper time by Past Great Sachem J. Hull Davidson, of No. 4.

It was voted that the Great Council kindle its next council fire in the wigwam of Osceola Tribe, No. 19, at Ashland.

Great Sachem Mendenhall took occasion to officially thank Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, for its munificent gift of a Past Great Sachem's jewel in a few well chosen words.

The matter of the solution of the financial problem for the ensuing six moons was referred to a special committee as follows: John D. Walker, of No. 4; Chas. A. Lang, of No. 8; R. Eason, of No. 1.

It was voted that the Great Representatives be instructed to vote for and use their influence in favor of the anti-saloon law before the Great Council of the United States. Rep. Chas. A. Lang, of No. 8, wished to be recorded as voting nay. 60

The Special Committee on Finance recommended that the Great Chiefs be instructed to borrow five hundred fathoms to meet the necessary demands upon the Great Council, and their recommendation was adopted.

It was ordered that the Great Chiefs take immediate steps to incorporate the Great Council of Kentucky.

Rep. Chas. A. Lang, of No. 8, presented a complaint from Cherokee Tribe, No. 8, regarding the disposition of the fees collected from charter members of that Tribe, and it was ordered that the whole matter of the investigation of the differences between the Louisville Tribes and the Great Council of Kentucky be referred to the incoming Committee on Appeals and Grievances.

The bonds of the Great Chief of Records and the Great Keeper of Wampum were presented and approved.

Resolved: That organizers of Tribes in this reservation shall be allowed as commission and fee for services rendered in institution, one-half the fees collected from charter members, the said fee to be for his own use, and all other wampum collected, after deducting the necessary expenses of institution, such as traveling expenses of instituting chiefs, charter fee, etc., shall be paid into the wampum belt of the Tribe by the organizer, and he shall make an itemized statement of said expenses.

Resolved: That the thanks of the Great Council be extended to Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, for the use of their wigwam for the meeting of this Great Council, for the very efficient manner in which its members have entertained the members of this body, and to the kind ladies and citizens of Augusta for the elegant banquet given, as well as for all the numerous courtesies which we have received at their hands. We beg leave to assure them, one and all, who have in any way contributed to our pleasure while in their midst, that we shall ever look back with pleasure to our meeting in their beautiful city.

Great Sachem McConnell announced the following appointments on standing committees for the ensuing great sun:

Finance—Conrad Gensler, No. 19; J. Hull Davidson, No. 4; John I. Winter, No. 6.

Law and Usage—W. C. Diederich, No. 19; W. E. Fite, No. 6; Willie Walker, No. 1.

Returns and Reports—Chas. A. Lang, No. 8; R. Eason, No. 1; Thos. Cassida, No. 19.

Appeals and Grievances—L. E. Pearce, No. 4; Thos. M. Russell, No. 3; R. W. Jones, No. 2. 61

The council fire was then quenched, to be rekindled in the wigwam of Osceola Tribe, No. 19, at Ashland, at the 10th run, rising of the 11th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 406.

1897.

THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The third Great Sun Council fire of the Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the wigwam of Osceola Tribe, No. 19, on the 11th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 406, at the 10th run, 30th breath, rising of the sun, Great Sachem J. R. McConnell presiding. All Great Chiefs were present except John Armstrong, Great Keeper of Wampum, and N. Feagan, Great Guard of Wigwam.

The Great Junior Sagamore reported the credentials of the following named Past Sachems as being in proper form, and they being in waiting were introduced and instructed in the Great Council Degree.

Cherokee, No. 8—Chas. D. Meyer, James Schrepper, Albert Spies, Herman V. Cohn.

Osceola, No. 19—C. E. Horrocks, J. F. Horstman, Thos. F. Cassida, M. A. Rodgers.

The Great Sachem then read his long talk. Therein he reported the institution of the following Tribes.

Iroquois Tribe, No. 12—at Hopkinsville, on the 28th of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 405.

Seminole Tribe, No. 16, at Henderson, on the 25th of Sturgeon Moon, G. S. D. 405.

Calumet Tribe, No. 18, at Mt. Sterling, on the 14th of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 405.

A list of 128 questions had been propounded to the Great Sachem by Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, to which he made answers in his long talk, and they were reviewed by the Committee on Law and Usage, approving the Great Sachem's decisions in most cases and altering and reversing them in some instances. These decisions formed the digest of the Great Council of Kentucky at that time.

The Great Sachem said: "Having received due notice that Brother J. B. Mendenhall, of Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, had been expelled from all rights and privileges of said Tribe, I declared his office of Great Prophet and Great Representative to the G. C. U. S. vacant and appointed P. G. S. Thos. A. Hornsey, of No. 1, as Great Prophet, and Past Sachem Chas. A. Land, of No. 8, as Great Representative to the G. C. U. S.

On the 7th sun of Plant Moon I learned that Seminole Tribe, No. 16, had ceased to kindle its council fire, and was contemplating disposing of their rituals to pale faces. I therefore appointed Bro. G. B. Vargason, of Totewa Tribe, No. 14, as a special Deputy to visit Henderson and arrest their dispensation and secure all property of said Tribe, and to get possession of rituals at all hazards."

The Great Sachem also reported the expulsion of E. G. Van Zandt, of Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7.

He reported a list of dispensations granted, which were approved by the Great Council, after having been reviewed by the proper committee.

He also said: "On the second sun of Corn Moon, 405, I received appeal of E. G. Van Zandt from the action of Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7, in expelling him from the Order, which I have referred to the Board of Appeals. Also that of J. B. Mendenhall, from Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, which is in the hands of the Board of Appeals for their consideration.

During the past great sun one Tribe has ceased to kindle its council fire, that of Tecumseh Tribe, No. 5. Heroic efforts were made by Great Chief of Records F. L. Smith to keep their council fire burning, but to no purpose."

"That this Great Council define explicitly what is the legitimate expenses of organizer in instituting Tribes." This matter was referred 63 to a special committee, who reported a code of rules to govern organizers for the ensuing great sun, and to come up for consideration as an amendment to the by-laws of the Great Council at the next Great Sun Council.

"That Section 1, Article XVII, of the Constitution of Tribes be amended so as to read as follows: 'No person shall be adopted into a Tribe of the Order, except a free white male, of good moral character and standing, and of the full age of eighteen great suns.'" This matter was discussed at some length, and the Great Sachem finally ruled that it must lay over one great sun and would be in order at the next Great Sun Council.

"That the Chiefs of Records of this reservation be more prompt in forwarding their six moons' reports and per capita tax to the Great Chief of Records, immediately after the 31st sun, Worm Moon, and 30th of Corn moon of each six moons." This recommendation was concurred in by the Great Council.

"That Past Sachems be required to procure and wear regalia according to their rank as Past Sachems in this Great Council," and this recommendation was adopted.

"That the decisions of this Great Council be adopted as a code and digest for the government of Tribes in this reservation," which was agreed to.

"As new Tribes, after being instituted, are so often left with but a faint idea of the workings of the Order, that the Great Sachem, or some one properly qualified, visit them at least within six moons after institution, to instruct them in the work, or designate some Past Sachem for this work when he cannot do it himself." The recommendation was adopted.

"I recommend that the dispensation issued to Seminole Tribe, No. 16, be revoked, and that the incoming Great Sachem take proper steps to receive and recover all books and paraphernalia belonging to the Tribe, and the same measure in regard to Iroquois Tribe, No. 12." The subject matter was referred to the incoming Great Sachem with instructions to endeavor to revive the council brands before arresting the dispensations.

"I am pleased to report that there has been a marked improvement in the matter of reports from Tribes, yet several of the reports received are neither complete nor correct. As the Tribes and chiefs become more accustomed to their duties I believe this matter will adjust itself. The card catalogue is now nearly complete, containing the names of members of every Tribe in the reservation to date except Iroquois, No. 12, and Choctaw, No. 20. No report has ever been received from No. 12 at Hopkinsville, 64 and communications from brothers in those hunting grounds lead me to believe the Tribe is defunct. I received a report from Seminole Tribe, No. 16, of Henderson, for the term ending 30th of Corn Moon last, but no tax, there being none due from them at that time. Since then I have been unable to get any communication from their Chief of Records. Otego Tribe, No. 15, of Paducah, has made no report for the last six moons' term, and repeated speaking leaves to its C. of R. during the past moon have elicited no response. I have no other intimation that the Tribe is not in good condition.

At the last Great Sun Council I was empowered to have the Great Council incorporated, and the same has been done, and the articles legally recorded. Herewith I append the incorporation papers:"

Articles of Incorporation.

These Articles of Incorporation, formed and entered into to incorporate The Great Council of Kentucky of the Improved Order of Red Men, of the State of Kentucky, an order instituted for the purpose of affording relief to such of its members as may be suffering from sickness, distress or other causes, for the furtherance of the general welfare of the members thereof, for the better government of the Order, and for the more effectual accomplishment of the charitable objects which are to be furthered by the Order and this corporation.

1.—The name of the corporation shall be the Great Council of Kentucky of the Improved Order of Red Men.

2.—The object for which this corporation is formed is to perpetuate the legal existence of the Great Council of Kentucky of the Improved Order of Red Men, to have a corporation with the legal capacity to sue and be sued, to contract with and be contracted with, to pass the necessary laws for the government of the Tribes belonging to and under the jurisdiction of this Great Council, to purchase, hold, mortgage and sell real personal property, to incur debt sufficient to carry out its purposes, and to afford relief to such of its members as may be in distress, and to accomplish charitable aims as are consistent with the constitution and continued existence of the Improved Order of Red Men.

3.—Its principal office shall be located in the city of Lexington, county of Fayette, State of Kentucky.

4.—The private property of the members of the corporation shall not be subject to the debts of the corporation.

5.—No stock or shares shall be issued, and no dividends or profits shall be divided.

6.—The existence of the corporation shall commence from the 65 signing of these articles and the filing of same in the office of the Secretary of State of Kentucky; and the corporation shall continue in existence for a period of 25 years.

7.—The officers of this corporation for the present shall be J. R. McConnell, of Lexington, Great Sachem; W. E. Fite, of Augusta, Great Senior Sagamore; John I. Winter, of Augusta, Great Junior Sagamore; J. B. Mendenhall, Great Prophet; Frank L. Smith, of Lexington, Great Chief of Records; and John Armstrong, of Lexington, Great Keeper of Wampum; and they shall hold their offices for such terms as the corporation may by by-laws determine, and until their successors are elected in accordance with the said by-laws.

8.—That the said corporation shall from time to time establish, make and put into execution such constitution, by-laws, rules and regulations as may be passed from time to time by the Great Council, and may revoke, annul, alter and amend them at pleasure, provided that they be not repugnant to the constitution and laws of the United States, or of the State of Kentucky, or to the provisions of this act.

9.—That these articles be formed and this corporation made for the benefit of all persons who are now members in good standing of the Great Council of Kentucky of the Improved Order of Red Men, in the State of Kentucky, and they shall be members of said corporation without any further act on the part of those who sign these articles, and for their benefit from this corporation.

The Great Chief of Records, continuing his report, said: "On the 24th of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 405, I received the charter and effects of Tecumseh Tribe, No. 5, of Harrodsburg. At the last Great Council the Great Chiefs were authorized to borrow five hundred fathoms. No such loan was ever negotiated, and the G. C. of R. and the G. K. of W. were left to adjust matters as best they could. I issued Great Council notes to creditors to the total amount of $376.50, all of which are now paid, and the Great Council now has a small balance in its wampum belt, with all debts paid. Following are the statistics of the Order in this reservation to close of term ending 31st Worm Moon, G. S. D. 406:

Whole number of members as per last report, 1,142; adopted 66 since last report, 468; reinstated, 2; admitted by card, 17; suspended, 204; expelled, 4; withdrawn, 24; deceased, 9; present membership, 1,388; gain, 246; rejected, 17; Past Sachems, 116; Past Great Sachems, 4; number of Tribes at last report, 11; Tribes instituted, 6; defunct, 1; whole number of Tribes, 16; Tribes making no report, 3; Tribes in good standing, 13; balance in Great Council Wampum belt, $73.04."

The Board of Appeals reported that they had carefully examined the appeal of E. G. Van Zandt from the action of Hiawatha Tribe in expelling him, and sustained the action of the Tribe. Also in the appeal of J. B. Mendenhall, from the action of Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, in expelling him, the committee made the same finding.

A new law was proposed providing for the consolidation of two or more Tribes in the same hunting grounds.

The Finance Committee recommended, "That this Great Council issue mileage vouchers to the Representatives and Great Chiefs entitle to same, said mileage vouchers to be turned in as per capita tax by the Tribe of which the brother is a member," which was agreed to.

The Committee on Charters recommended that charters be issued to the following Tribes:

The Great Council then proceeded to the nomination and election of Great Chiefs, which resulted as follows, and they were raised with impressive ceremonies at the proper time by Past Great Sachem Thomas A. Hornsey.

An amendment to the general laws was proposed providing for 67 a penalty for Tribes failing to make reports in accordance with the law.

Much time was taken in the discussion of the many decisions of the Great Sachem, and they were finally adopted with some changes.

The Finance Committee then made the following report: "We have carefully examined that portion of Frank L. Smith's report which properly comes to our committee, and find the same true and correct—all vouchers being attached. We find the books and accounts of this Great Chief in excellent shape and we tender him our thanks for his help rendered this committee by the simplicity and fullness of his books and accounts and vouchers. We recommend the adoption of the Great Chief of Records' report. We have carefully examined the books and vouchers of the Great Keeper of Wampum, and find the same correct, and recommend the adoption of his report with this exception: We advise that the note dated Jan. 20, 1897, payable to the Elite Stationery Co., for $135.25, and on which there appears a credit of $85.00, be referred to the incoming Finance Committee." Action on the foregoing report was deferred until after the report of the Committee on State of the Order had been received.

The Committee on State of the Order recommended that the reports of the Great Chief of Records and the Great Keeper of Wampum be referred to the incoming Finance Committee for careful investigation, which was agreed to.

The following resolution was offered, which was made a special act for the ensuing great sun, to be considered at the next Great Council as an amendment to the general laws:

Resolved: That the Great Sachem, and he for his Deputy, give a bond to the amount of $500.00 with three good signatures, for the faithful performance and settlement of all expenses in organizing Tribes in this reservation.

An amendment to the constitution governing Tribes was proposed reducing the minimum age for eligibility to membership to 18 great suns.

The point was raised that at the last Great Council the salary of the Great Chief of Records was raised to three hundred fathoms, and that the act was not regular, it requiring an amendment to the by-laws to apply, and that the resolution would not hold for the next great sun. The Great Sachem ruled the point well taken, and on motion it was voted that the salary of the Great Chief of Records for the ensuing great sun be one hundred fathoms. 68

An amendment was offered to increase the salary of the Great Chief of Records to two hundred fathoms.

A special dispensation was ordered issued to Miami Tribe, No. 17, permitting said Tribe to kindle its council fires once each moon.

A special committee was appointed to formulate a code of laws to govern the organization of new Tribes.

It was unanimously voted to accept the invitation of Onequa Tribe, No. 2, of Winchester, to kindle the next Great Sun Council fire in its wigwam.

A vote of thinks was extended to Osceola Tribe, No. 19, for its hospitality in entertaining the Great Council.

The special committee on formulation of laws governing organizers presented a report embracing a code of laws, which was adopted for the ensuing great sun, to be considered at the next Great Council as an amendment to the general laws.

Finance—Chas. D. Meyer, of No. 8; C. M. Chasteen, of No. 4; L. E. Pearce, of No. 4.

Law and Usage—W. C. Pelham, of No. 3; C. E. Lyddane, of No. 2; O. R. King, of No. 1.

Returns and Reports—H. C. Rhodes, of No. 7; Willie Walker, of No. 1; Charles A. Lang, of No. 8.

Board of Appeals—T. B. Wright, of No. 11; Watt. M. Gay, of No. 18; Charles A. Lang, of No. 8.

The council fire was then quenched, to be rekindled in the wigwam of Onequa Tribe, No. 2, hunting grounds of Winchester, at the 10th run, rising of the 10th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 407.

1898.

FOURTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The fourth Great Sun Council fire of the Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the wigwam of Onequa Tribe, No. 2, hunting grounds of Winchester, at the 10th run, rising sun of the 10th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 407, all the elective Great Chiefs being present. Great Sachem W. E. Fite presided.

The Great Junior Sagamore reported the credentials of the following named Past Sachems as being correct, and they being in the forest were introduced and received the Great Council Degree:

Representatives' credentials were recognized from Tribes Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 18, 13, 21.

On Charters—Thos. A. Hornsey, of No. 1; H. V. Cohn, of No. 8; R. W. Jones, of No. 2.

State of the Order—Frank L. Smith, of No. 1; Ben C. Nunn, of No. 14; R. Eason, of No. 1.

The Great Sachem in his long talk said: "I have no flattering report to make; yet I thank the Great Spirit and many loyal brothers that the Order is in as good condition as it is, for Redmanship in Kentucky has had a fight for existence, instead of being buoyed up by the strong hand of co-operation and fraternal love."

He reported that on the 7th of Hunting Moon, 406, he received the resignation of Frank L. Smith as Great Chief of Records, which he accepted, and appointed Chas. D. Meyer, of No. 8, to fill out the unexpired term, and that Bro. Meyer qualified and was raised on the 11th sleep of Cold Moon in the wigwam of Cherokee Tribe, No. 8.

"While I have the honor of reporting to you but one new Tribe, yet I feel that one good Tribe is worth half a dozen that after a short time become a burden and a worry to the Great Council to keep them alive. On the sleep of the 9th sun, Buck Moon, G. S. D. 406, aided by our Great Senior Sagamore, Bro. John I. Winter, and the degree team of Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, I instituted Indianola Tribe, No. 21, at Minerva, with 24 charter members."

The Great Sachem recounted a list of dispensations granted and visitations made, showing that he had sat around the council fire of nearly every Tribe in the reservation.

That immediate and definite action be taken in regard to Otego 70 Tribe, No. 15, at Paducah; Iroquois Tribe, No. 12, at Hopkinsville, and Seminole Tribe, No. 16, at Henderson, as it is possible to save one or more of these Tribes if this Great Council sees fit to take the steps necessary to do so. It was ordered that the incoming Great Sachem visit these Tribes and endeavor to relight their council brands, and that an appropriation of 90 fathoms be made to cover his expenses.

"That this Great Council take such steps as will in the future prevent the organization of new Tribes and leaving them bankrupt. Too much attention cannot be given to this." With reference to this recommendation the Great Council at the proper time passed a code of laws governing the organization of new Tribes.

"We have examined the books and accounts of the Great Chief of Records, Chas. D. Meyers, and the Great Keeper of Wampum, John D. Walker, and find the same correct up to date. We recommend that the Great Chief of Records have a new set of books gotten up at the expense of the Great Council." They also recommended the payment of current accounts and mileage of Representatives and Great Chiefs, all of which was concurred in.

The amendment proposed at the previous Great Council providing for the giving of a bond by the Great Sachem in the sum of five hundred fathoms was brought up by the Committee on Law and Usage and decided to be inexpedient and unnecessary.

Laws governing the organization of new Tribes were adopted, which are in force at the present time and a part of the general laws.

The Committee on Law and Usage reported favorably on the following amendment to the general laws, and recommended its adoption, but the records do not show that any action was ever taken in the matter: "That the Great Chief of Records shall receive for his services the sum of two hundred fathoms per great sun, to be paid monthly."

The Committee on Law and Usage reported adversely on the proposed amendment to admit pale faces of eighteen great suns of age, and their recommendation was adopted and the proposed law defeated.

It was moved and seconded that Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas be allowed representation in this Great Council, but that the Representatives must be Past Sachems and pay their own expenses, but the motion was tabled.

The Great Council was invited to kindle its next Great Sun Council fire in the hunting grounds of Louisville, and the invitation was unanimously accepted.

It was moved and seconded that "Our Representatives to the 71 Great Council of the United States be instructed to vote against any liquor legislation," but the question was laid on the table.

The following amendment to the general laws was proposed to lay over one Great Sun for action: "Resolved: That the by-laws be changed by striking out Section 4, Article XX." This would have the effect of relieving Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas from paying per capita tax.

An amendment was proposed, to lay over one great sun for action, providing for the election of Great Chiefs on the second sun of the great sun session instead of the first.

It was voted that the Great Keeper of Wampum be authorized to borrow the necessary amount to pay the running expenses for the ensuing year.

Great Representative Thomas M. Russell, of No. 3, presented a report, from which we extract the following:

"The question of importance to our Great Council at the late session of the Great Council of the United States was the action of the Committee on Appeals in the Van Zandt case, which decision will be found in the records of the G. C. U. S. of G. S. D. 406, page 493, in which they sustain Mr. Van Zandt's appeal, giving as a reason for so doing that he did not receive the notices of the charges. I personally talked to Brother Gregory, chairman of the committee, and while he believed that Van Zandt had committed things unbecoming a Red Man, he said that the law was very plain and they could not deviate from it."

Number of members at last report, 1,174. adopted, 76; admitted by card, 9; reinstated, 23; suspended, 109: withdrawn, 16; expelled, 1; deceased, 3; present membership, 1,209; gain since last report, 38; pale faces rejected, 1; amount in Great Council wampum belt, $252.42.

Brother C. C. Conley, Great Chief of Records of the Great Council of the United States, was then introduced and received with the usual honors. After an appropriate address he proceeded to raise the elective and appointive Great Chiefs as follows:

Finance—W. S. Roberts, of No. 7; C. M. Chasteen, of No. 4; Louis Vissman, of No. 9.

Law and Usage—W. C. Pelham, of No. 3; E. E. Bennett, of No. 11; Ben C. Nunn, of No. 14.

State of the Order—G. A. Ellerkamp, of No. 9; George Hinesley, of No. 8; Samuel G. Dorr, of No. 11.

Returns and Reports—H. C. Rhodes, of No. 7; T. B. Wright, of No. 11; H. W. Ray, of No. 3.

Board of Appeals—L. E. Pearce, of No. 4; J. G. Sewell, of No. 7; George Dehler, of No. 8.

Appropriate resolutions of thanks were then adopted thanking Onequa Tribe, No. 2, for its hospitality and Brother C. C. Conley for his distinguished services and counsel during the burning of the council brand.

The council fire was then quenched, to be rekindled in the hunting grounds of Louisville, at the 10th run, rising of the 9th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 408.

1899.

FIFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The fifth Great Sun Council fire of the Great Council of Kentucky, Improved Order of Red Men, was kindled in the wigwam of Cherokee Tribe, No. 8, in the hunting grounds of Louisville, on the 9th sun of the Flower Moon, G. S. D. 408.

Representatives were present from Tribes Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14, 18, 19, 21.

Alonzo Walker was appointed official stenographer to report the proceedings of this Great Council.

Cherokee, No. 8—L. S. Leopold, W. S. Marshall, H. W. Stockhoff, L. P. Rammers.

Shawnee, No. 9—J. C. Boardman, H. W. Bohmer, B. W. Bierbaum, W. M. Evans, G. A. Ellerkamp, E. M. Miller.

The Great Sachem then presented his long talk, in which he said: "The Great Book says that whom the Great Spirit loves he chasteneth; the Red Men of Kentucky certainly stand very close to the big heart of the Great Spirit, having been greatly tried in the fires of ignorance, stupidity and greed. But, brothers, methinks I see behind the dark cloud that has long enveloped Kentucky Redmanship a silver lining, denoting the rising of the sun of prosperity. I believe the dross has been separated from the gold; I believe the day is not far distant when I shall see Kentucky Redmanship where it belongs numerically. To see my beloved Order on its proper plane in Kentucky will amply repay me for many weary day's labor in our vineyard."

The Great Sachem then recounted the appointments made and dispensations granted by him, as well as the decisions he had made, all of which were referred to the proper committees, as were also the long talks of the Great Chief of Records and the Great Keeper of Wampum.

The Committee on Law and Usage reported recommending that the Great Council concur in and adopt the recommendations of the Great Sachem, and the report was agreed to.

The amendment to the by-laws proposed at the last session, relieving Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas from taxation, was adopted.

The following proposed amendment was the cause of much discussion, but was finally defeated by a small margin:

"No brother shall be eligible to the Chieftaincy of Great Sachem unless he has served one term as an elective Chief of a Great Council; nor to the Chieftaincy of Great Prophet unless he has served in the Chieftaincy of Great Sachem."

An attempt was made to change the date for kindling the Great Sun Council fire, but without success.

The incoming Great Sachem was directed to take immediate steps to close up the affairs of Iroquois, Otego and Seminole Tribes, they each being reported defunct.

The Finance Committee made its report approving the accounts of the Great Chief of Records and Great Keeper of Wampum, and ordered mileage that was to be paid those entitled thereto. The committee strongly recommended that the Great Sachem visit every Tribe in the reservation.

Lexington was selected as the next hunting grounds in which to kindle the Great Sun Council fire. 74

A rising vote of thanks was extended to Great Chief of Records Lyddane for having waited until there was sufficient wampum in the belt before drawing his salary, in order that the per capita tax might be paid promptly.

The Committee on the State of the Order made its report, in which it noted the fact that there had been a diminution in the membership for the past great sun, but that, notwithstanding, the Order was in a healthy and vigorous condition. It recommended that the incoming Great Chiefs be more zealous in making official visitations.

Amendments to the general laws were offered, to lay over one great sun, to "admit pale faces 18 great suns of age," and also to grade the representation of Tribes according to their membership.

Bro. T. A. Hornsey, as the Senior Past Great Sachem present, raised the following named Great Chiefs:

Bro. H. C. Rhodes, of No. 7, Great Representative to the G. C. U. S. for two great suns.

Great Keeper of Wampum Walker announced that after all bills payable at this Great Council had been settled the wampum belt would be empty, but that there would be no debt.

After the Great Prophet had invoked the Great Spirit, the council fire was quenched.

SIXTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1900.

A special session of the Great Council was called at Louisville on the 5th sun of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 408, and the Council fire was kindled by special dispensation from the Great Incohonee in the absence of the Charter of the Great Council. Great Senior Sagamore Willie Walker presided.

The special session had been called for two purposes. First, to investigate charges that had been preferred against Great Sachem W. C. Diederich, accusing him of having conspired with certain 75 organizers to do illegal acts, and to have otherwise acted in violation of the law respecting the organization and institution of Tribes. Second, to adjust a dissention among the chiefs and members of Hiawatha Tribe.

After due investigation of the charges against Great Sachem Diederich, it was ordered that they be withdrawn, and the same being done, Great Sachem Diederich was conducted to his stump amidst applause.

After a thorough investigation of the affairs of Hiawatha Tribe, the same were adjusted, and the council fire of this special session was quenched.

Regular Session.

The sixth Great Sun Council Fire was kindled in the Hunting Grounds of Lexington, at the 10th run, rising of the 8th Sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 409.

All Great Chiefs were present and the representatives of 27 Tribes. The gross attendance was 95 Past Sachems.

Great Sachem W. C. Diederich then read his long talk, in which he said, "I entered upon the duties of the office with a firm determination to devote my best endeavor to the upbuilding of our beloved Order in the Great Reservation. Finding I had not much time to devote to the upbuilding of our Order, I had the pleasure of appointing Brother John B. VanZandt as my Organizer, and the progress he has made will be seen in his report. I have, during my term, had some unpleasantness. It has not all been smooth sailing, but now peace and harmony reign once more. I have tried to fulfil my obligations to the best of my ability and the Great Spirit has safely guided me through."

The Great Sachem reported having visited nearly every Tribe in the reservation, the institution of a number of new tribes, a few dispensations granted and decisions made.

The State Organizer, J. B. VanZandt reported the institution of 19 new tribes, as follows:—Hiokatoo, No. 5, Louisville; Wahoo, No. 10, Louisville; Wabee, No. 13, Louisville; Choctaw. No. 15, Louisville; Montezuma. No. 16, Louisville; Tecumseh, No. 12, Louisville; Mohawk, No. 20, Louisville; Chippewa, No. 22, Louisville; Delaware, No. 23, Lebanon; Black Hawk, No. 24, Springfield; Matamora, No. 25, St. Matthews; Wyoming, No. 26, Danville; Seneca, No. 27, Stanford; Dakota, No. 28, Junction City; Onondaga, 76 No. 30, Lancaster; Manitou, No. 31, Eminence; Iroquois, No. 32, Pittsburg; Massasoit, No. 33, LaGrange; Montauk, No. 35, East Bernstadt.

Great Chief of Records C. E. Lyddane in his long talk said:—"In no other reservation has Redmanship increased to such an extent during the past great sun as in Kentucky. Council Fires have been kindled in the metropolis, in the country towns and in the mining villages." From his report is gleaned the following: Number of members adopted, 1015; reinstated, 29; Admitted by card, 10; suspended, 176; withdrawn, 34; expelled, 3; deceased, 9; present membership, 2018; number of working tribes, 36; amount disbursed by tribes for relief, $1,525.36; for funeral benefits, $343.00; for other purposes, $7,386.80; total worth of tribes, $9,247.06.

W. C. Diederich, of No. 19, was elected Great Prophet, there being no other nominations.

G. A. Ellerkamp, of No. 9 was elected Great Senior Sagamore, with no other nominations.

W. C. Pelham, of No. 3 was elected Great Junior Sagamore, with O. R. King, of No. 1, S. C. Moore of No. 7 and John Ropke, of No. 8 also in nomination.

Louis Vissman, of No. 9 was elected Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns, E. E. Bennett, of No. 11 and J. R. McConnell, of No. 1 being also in nomination.

Danville was selected as the place for the kindling of the next council fire, Maysville and Owensboro being also in nomination.

After one of the most spirited races of the session, John Hafendorfer, of No. 14, was elected over J. B. VanZandt, of No. 9.

This was the first time an official Organizer had been selected by the Great Council, heretofore it having been considered entirely within the power of the Great Sachem to regulate the matter to suit himself, the theory being that the Great Sachem was the official Organizer, and it was his privilege to appoint such deputies as he thought proper.

An amendment to the laws was adopted permitting membership 77 of palefaces 18 great suns of age, with the proviso that such applications should bear the endorsement of parent or guardian.

A resolution was offered providing for representation of tribes in the Great Council according to membership, but the matter was laid on the table.

Charters were ordered issued to all Tribes instituted during the previous great sun.

On the recommendation of the Committee on Returns and Reports it was ordered that in the future the organizer of a new Tribe shall file a written report of its institution within one moon thereafter.

On the recommendation of the Committee on the State of the Order it was ordered that no "Supervisory District Deputy Great Sachems having authority over tribal Deputies be appointed."

The following resolution was unanimously adopted:—"The roll of Great Chiefs and Representatives shall be called at the close of each sun's session and no brother shall be entitled to mileage unless he shall answer thereto."

It was also ordered that the Great Sachem be required to visit every Tribe in the Reservation at least once during his term, and the finance committee was directed to set aside an amount sufficient to cover expenses incurred. This would be quite an expensive matter if followed in the present day, and the Great Sachem's term would have to be extended to cover more than one sun or it would be impossible for him to comply with the law.

Past Sachem Frank L. Smith was allowed a small fee for his services as Assistant Great Chief of Records, being the first recognition of such a sub-chieftaincy.

The Great Sachem ruled that representatives of Tribes not having been instituted two moons and not having paid tax were not entitled to mileage. The fiscal great sun at that time ended the 30th of Worm Moon, and the Great Sun Council was held then as now the second Tuesday in Flower Moon, and but few tribes were thus deprived of mileage for their representatives.

The Finance Committee recommended the allowance of mileage to 38 Great Chiefs and Representatives, amounting to $161.70, an average of $5.22 to each.

A controversy between Tippecanoe Tribe, No. 29 and Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7, regarding a claim of the latter against the former that certain Hiawatha members had taken membership in Tippecanoe without leave or license was adjusted by ordering that such members take cards from Hiawatha Tribe. It would seem that the matter should have been settled in a different manner, as it is 78 not possible for dual membership to exist, and the brothers in question were members of either one tribe or another, and as membership of a Red Man in another Tribe is impossible without the depositing of a card, it should have been ruled that the brothers were still members of Hiawatha Tribe and subject to its laws in every respect.

Past Great Sachem McConnell appointed Thos. M. Russell and Henry W. Ray, of No. 3, to raise the Great Junior Sagamore elect, W. C. Pelham, to his stump in the council chamber of his Tribe.

Former organizer J. B. VanZandt presented petitions for charters for Irondequoit Tribe, No. 38, at Hardinsburg and Choctaw Tribe, No. 39 at Bardstown, and it was ordered that charters be granted the tribes as soon as instituted.

On Finance.—John M. Shely, of No. 1; Chas. A. Hess, of No. 10; J. M. Martin, of No. 2.

On Laws and Usage.—Ben. C. Nunn, of No. 14; E. E. Bennett, of No. 11; Frank L. Smith, of No 1.

On Returns and Reports.—Henry W. Ray, of No. 3; W. E. Grubbs, of No. 28; Michael Grau, of No. 17.

On Appeals.—Wm. M. Evans, of No. 9; R. A. Chiles, of No. 18; H. V. Cohn, of No. 8.

On State of the Order.—John Ropke, of No. 8; W. A. Waters, of No. 24; J. W. Scobee, of No. 2.

After thanks had been given to Miantonomo Tribe for its courteous entertainment of the Great Council, and to Past Great Sachem Diederich for his services as Great Sachem, the Great Prophet said a prayer, and the Council Fire was quenched. 79

SEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1901.

Prior to the kindling of the council fire, the Great Council was called to order at the Opera House by Past Sachem V. Freeman, chairman of the local committee, and after an invocation by the Rev. J. O. Vaught, in a few well chosen remarks he introduced the Hon. William Jennings Price, who delivered an address of welcome, which was a beautiful word picture. This was appropriately responded to by Great Sachem Willie Walker, after which the guests were dismissed and the Seventh Great Sun Council Fire of the Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the Wigwam of Wyoming Tribe, No. 26, Hunting Grounds of Danville.

All of the Great Chiefs were present and twenty-six Past Sachems. Frank L. Smith was appointed Assistant Great Chief of Records.

The Great Council Degree was conferred upon forty-one Past Sachems in waiting, and thus the total attendance at the session was 78.

Great Sachem Willie Walker, in his long talk said—"The past great sun has wrought most magnificent results and shows what human desire and harmonious action can accomplish. Where the banner of thirty-six Tribes and one council of the Degree of Pocahontas hung in the breeze, there now triumphantly floats, kissed by the winds of heaven, thirty-one additional emblems, and one of the Degree of Pocahontas." He may well have been proud of his record, for not until five great suns had passed was it even equaled. He also said—"One of the most exalted things a man can do is to succor the distressed, feed the hungry and clothe the poor, and especially to care for the widows and orphans. We should by all means begin a fund for the establishment of a Widows' and orphans' Home for our Order. I suggest that a committee of five be appointed to formulate a plan by which we can establish this fund and that they report at this Council." This was the first mention in the Great Council of Kentucky of this subject, soon destined to be one of the most important objects of legislation, and Great Sachem Walker has the credit of its inception.

After having made several other important recommendations, given a list of his appointments of Deputies, a digest of decisions and opinions rendered, he closes with a glowing tribute to deceased Past Sachems John R. Shely, of No. 1; R. W. Jones, of No. 2 and Joe Gast, of No. 18.

Adopted since last report, 1564; reinstated, 38; admitted by card, 23; suspended, 266; withdrawn, 69; expelled, 22; deceased, 28; present membership, 3,196. Disbursed by Tribes for relief, $3,921.43; for burial of the dead, $1,065.00; for other purposes, $15,025.86; total worth of tribes, $13,478.09.

Great Keeper of Wampum John D. Walker reported there being $1,851.64 in the Great Council wampum belt.

The Great Sachem made appointments on the standing Committees as follows, to fill vacancies:—

Finance—W. S. Cramer, of No. 1; Lawrence Leopold, of No. 8; L. Vissman, of No. 9.

State of the Order—Henry Schwieters, of No. 8; J. R. McConnell, of No. 1; Jas. R. W. Smith, of No. 63.

Charters—R. F. Arnett, of No. 1; L. W. Zweydorf, of No. 7; S. T. Noe, of No. 24.

Gustav A. Ellerkamp, of No. 9, was elected Great Sachem, there being no other nominations.

H. J. McFarlan, of No. 33, was elected Great Junior Sagamore, other candidates being E. B. Ryan, of No. 4; Lee W. Zweydorf, of No. 7; O. R. King, of No. 1.

C. E. Lyddane, of No. 2 was re-elected Great Chief of Records without opposition.

Willie Walker, of No. 1, Lawrence S. Leopold, of No. 8 and John Hafendorfer, of No. 14 were elected Great Representatives to the Great Council of the United States.

It developed later that Kentucky was entitled to only two of the three Great Representatives elected, and thus credentials were not issued to Past Sachem Hafendorfer, he being the last to be elected.

Owensboro was selected as the next place for kindling the Great Council Fire, in the Wigwam of Totewa Tribe, No. 14.

Great Sachem Willie Walker announced that contributions had been received from Kentucky Tribes for the relief of the sufferers from the Galveston flood amounting to $242.50, which had been forwarded to the Relief Committee.

The Committee on Law and Usage recommended that there be some means adopted to bring about more uniformity in Tribal by-laws, and suggested that a model code be prepared as a guide to new tribes especially.

A resolution to amend the laws so as to allow Tribes representation according to membership was defeated.

Great Mishinewa Wm. A. Crader, for the special Committee appointed at the last Great Council to adjust the differences between Tecumseh Tribe, No. 29 and Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7 reported that the matter had been amicably settled.

Past Sachem John Hafendorfer, who had been elected State Organizer at the previous Great Sun Council presented a report, in which he stated he had appointed F. W. Jones as Chief Deputy Organizer, and that credit was due to Bro. Jones for the work that had been accomplished, thirty-one new Tribes having been instituted.

The Finance Committee reported having found the books and accounts of the Great Chief of Records and Great Keeper of Wampum correct, and made the following recommendations, all of which were concurred:—

That fifty fathoms be appropriated for the relief of the Galveston flood sufferers.

That mileage be allowed all members of Standing Committees. This was the first time members of the Standing Committees had been paid.

That the Great Sachem be authorized to appoint a State Exemplifier, and that $500.00 be appropriated for the use of the Great Sachem and the Exemplifier. The Great Sachem appointed Past Sachem Frank L. Smith, of No. 1 to this position, which he has held by re-appointment each Great Sun to the present time, 1908.

That a special Committee of three Past Sachems be appointed to investigate the matter of a Widows' and Orphans' Fund and report at the next Great Council. The Great Sachem appointed on this Committee, O. R. King, of No. 1; W. M. Evans, of No. 9; and H. V. Cohn, of No. 8, together with the incoming Great Sachem, ex-officio.

The Committee on Charters recommended that charters be issued to the following named tribes, they having been instituted during the past Great Sun: Cataraugus, No. 36, Livingston; Red Hawk, No. 40, Falmouth; Shabbona, No. 46; Somerset; Oconee, No. 47, Bloomfield; King Phillip, No. 48, Hustonville; Shingawassa, No. 50, Bardfordsville; Comanche, No. 51, New Haven; Ta wa-wa, No. 52, Vine Grove; Minewa, No. 53, Beaver Dam; Kentucky, No. 54, McHenry; Tioga, No. 55, Sturgis; Huron, No. 56, Versailles; Standwaitee, No. 57, Earlington; Blazing Arrow, 82 No. 58, Madisonville; Sagwa, No. 59, Lawrenceburg; Otego, No. 60, Paducah; Wichita, No. 61, Mayfield; Waukee, No. 62, Fulton; Pequod, No. 63, Louisville; Lotowana, No. 64, Midway; Maumee, No. 65, Paris; Sagamore, No. 66, Hickman; Black Foot, No. 67, Frankfort. Juanita Council, No. 3, D. of P., Louisville. No charter was issued to Minetonka Tribe, No. 49, it being reported defunct.

It was reported that Shawnee Tribe, No. 9 and Tecumseh Tribe, No. 12, both of Louisville, had consolidated, and it was ordered that a charter be issued to the new Tribe as Tecumseh Tribe No. 9.

A resolution to establish the minimum fee for adoption and degrees at ten farthoms ($10.00) was defeated.

Upon the recommendation of the Finance Committee, mileage was allowed to Great Chiefs, representatives and members of standing committees, sixty in number, amounting to $473.50, being an average of $7.89 per capita.

An amendment to the general laws fixing the minimum fee for adoption at eight fathoms was presented to be considered at the next Great Council.

The contract for printing proceedings was awarded to A. J. Domeck, of Louisville, at 75 cents per page.

An amendment to the general laws providing for the election of Great Chiefs by the "Australian Ballot", all Past Sachems to participate, the election to take place in the wigwams of the various Tribes was presented to lay over one Great Sun. This proposed law was styled by its opponents the "Goebel" law of Redmanship.

It was ordered that portraits of all deceased Past Sachems, members of this Great Council, be printed in the records, together with a memorial.

The Great Chief of Records was instructed to prepare a roster of all members of the Great Council, to be kept in a book provided for that purpose, and to have it present at each Great Council.

It was the sense of the Great Council that the Great Council of the United States be invited to kindle its next Great Sun Council Fire in the Reservation of Kentucky.

Upon assuming his stump, Great Sachem Ellerkamp was presented 83 with a handsome Great Sachem's regalia by Past Sachem F. L. Smith, in behalf of his many friends and Brothers.

The Great Sachem announced the appointment of Great Chiefs as follows, and they were raised in due form:

An amendment to the laws was offered providing that organizers should submit a list of all proposed charter members of a new Tribe, to all Tribes in the same hunting grounds where same was to be instituted in hunting grounds already containing one or more tribes. Consideration was deferred one great sun.

The Great Sachem announced the following standing committees for the ensuing great sun:—

Finance—Henry Schwieters, of No. 8; M. M. Harbeson, of No. 7; Henry W. Ray, of No. 3.

Law and Usage—Wm. A. Crader, of No. 9; Frank L. Smith, of No. 1; L. D. Owen, of No. 8.

Returns and Reports—N. G. Mothershead, of No. 57; C. S. Hill, of No. 23; E. E. Reno, of No. 41.

Appeals—M. H. McCorkle, of No. 43; F. A. Gould, of No. 10; D. R. Breeding, of No. 50.

State of Order—A. J. Domeck, of No. 16; C. A. Melone, of No. 9; Chas. A. Wheeler, of No. 48.

After extending a hearty vote of thanks to the Chiefs and members of Wyoming Tribe, No. 26 for the many courtesies shown the Great Council, the council fire was quenched.

EIGHTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1902.

This Council Fire was kindled in the wigwam of Totewa Tribe, No. 14, Hunting Grounds of Owensboro, at the tenth run, 45th breath, rising of the 13th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 411. All of the elective Great Chiefs were present.

Previous to the kindling of the Council Fire welcoming exercises were held in the Court House, where Past Sachem S. W. Bedford, of No. 14, as chairman, introduced Mayor Yewell and Bro. LaVega Clement, who delivered addresses of welcome responded to by Great Sachem Ellerkamp, when the meeting adjourned to the council chamber of Totewa Tribe.

The Great Sachem made appointments as follows to fill vacancies in the appointive Great Chiefs:— 84

The Great Sachem stated that he had been requested to appoint a Chief's Degree member of No. 14 as official stenographer of the Great Council, but the brother not being a Past Sachem, he could not be admitted. A motion being made that the Great Council Degree be conferred upon the Brother in question, the Great Sachem ruled the matter out of order.

It was then ordered that the Great Council go into the nomination and election of an Assistant Great Chief of Records. Prior to this session, the Assistant to the Great Chief of Records had been appointed by that Great Chief.

Frank L. Smith, of No. 1 and J. G. Sewell, of No. 7 were placed in nomination, but Past Sachem Sewell declining to serve if elected, the remaining candidate was elected by acclamation.

The following were appointed a Credential Committee—Great Junior Sagamore H. J. McFarlan, assisted by Con Trouth, of No. 7; H. H. Denhardt, of No. 11, and C. M. Chasteen, of No. 4. This Committee reported recommending the admission of 47 Past Sachems in waiting, and the recognition of the representatives of 37 Tribes. The total attendance at this Great Council was 101.

"To my regret I am compelled to say, that the growth of the Order is not as phenomenal as that of the two previous great suns when a gain of 1500 members was made, but still I am proud to state that, what a few moons ago seemed a probable loss in membership is reverted into a gain, and where the membership one year ago was 3269 we now have 3525 members. Since last Great Council Delaware Tribe, No. 23, at Lebanon, Ononga Tribe, No. 34 at Covington, Red Hawk No. 40 at Somerset, Tawawa, No. 52 at Vine Grove, Sagwa, No. 59, at Lawrenceburg, Wichita, No. 61, at Mayfield, Waukee, No. 62 at Fulton, and Black Hawk, No. 24, at Springfield have become defunct. After due investigation to ascertain the cause of so many Tribes quenching their council fires, I find that the most of the trouble can be found in the following three causes: First, lack of proper instruction; Second, the organizer did not exercise enough care when soliciting charter members for new tribes, placing therein members objectionable to a majority; Third, Tribes numerically and financially weak would overreach themselves in the matter of buying paraphernalia, then finding themselves involved would attempt to give a pow-wow, and instead of bettering themselves would plunge deeper in debt and dissolution would follow. To the credit of Bro. F. W. Jones it 85 must be said that he exercised splendid judgement as to the character of the charter members of the tribes he instituted during the past great sun."

The Great Sachem enumerates his visitations, appointments of Deputies, and decisions rendered. From the recommendations offered by that Great Chief we quote the following:—

"The Articles of Incorporation need to be revised and I would urge immediate attention to this matter.

The fee for adoption in Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas should be fixed. The laws are at present vague.

The Great Council should empower the Great Sachem to appoint an instructor or Exemplifier, and fix his compensation. A little wampum invested in this manner will materially enlighten and strengthen weak and tottering Tribes."

The Great Sachem recounted the memorial services held by the Louisville Tribes on the death by assassination of President Wm. McKinley, and paid tribute also to the memory of Past Sachems Wm. A. Metcalf, of No. 1 and Thos. Wendroth, of No. 17, who had passed to the great beyond since last Great Council.

The institution of fifteen new Tribes by State Organizer F. W. Jones is recounted, and also of two Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas.

Minewa, No. 53, of Beaver Dam with Kentucky, No. 54, of McHenry, the council fire of the former being quenched forever.

Pequod, No. 63, with Hiawatha, No. 7, both of Louisville, the Council fire of No. 63 being quenched forever.

Red Jacket, No. 44, with Hiawatha, No. 7, both of Louisville, quenching forever the council fire of Red Jacket, No. 44.

Tippecanoe, No. 29, with Cherokee, No. 8, both of Louisville, the former going of existence.

Tecumseh No. 9, which had already absorbed Shawnee No. 9 and Tecumseh No. 12, with Cherokee, No. 8, the former quenching its council fire forever.

An extended review is made of the efficient work done by Special Deputy Great Sachem Wm. A. Crader in visiting weak and defunct Tribes, endeavoring to revive where possible, and where not possible closing the Tribes by quenching their council fires forever.

Great Keeper of Wampum John D. Walker made his report showing balance in wampum belt of $2,537.37.

The Great Chief of Records presented his Long Talk, from which we make the following extracts: Members adopted since last report, 1221; admitted by card, 110; reinstated, 35; suspended, 513; expelled, 2; withdrawn, 55; deceased, 25; disbursed by Tribes for

relief, $5,247.45; for burial of the dead, $1,050.00; for other purposes, $17,152.19; amount invested by Tribes, $7,742.08; total worth of Tribes, $17,079.23.

The election of Great Chiefs was then entered into, with the following results:—

W. C. Pelham, of No. 3, being the only nominee for Great Sachem was elected by acclamation.

Horace J. McFarlan, of No. 33, was elected Great Senior Sagamore without opposition.

H. H. Denhardt, of No. 11, was elected Great Junior Sagamore on the third ballot, other candidates being W. A. Crader, of No. 8, L. L. Bebout, of No. 60, and O. R. King, of No. 1.

C. E. Lyddane, of No. 2, being the only candidate, was unanimously elected Great Chief of Records.

S. C. Moore, of No. 7 was elected Great Keeper of Wampum, there being no other nominee. John D. Walker, the former encumbent having served five great suns successively was given the honors of a Past Great Sachem, and he declined to be a candidate for re-election.

Past Great Sachems G. A. Ellerkamp and John D. Walker were elected Great Representatives for two great suns each. Other candidates in nomination being F. W. Jones, of No. 14 and John Hafendorfer, of No. 14.

The Great Sachem announced the following appointments to fill vacancies on Committees:—

Appeals—J. M. Clifford, of No. 10; Ben H. Schrader, of No. 5; W. B. Eason, of No. 1.

Charters—J. G. Sewell, of No. 7; C. A. Woolfolk, of No. 7; L. L. Bebout, of No. 60.

It was ordered that the matter of organization of new Tribes for the ensuing Great Sun be left in the hands of the Great Sachem, he to appoint such organizer or organizers as he might deem for the best interests of the Order.

Maysville was unanimously selected as the place for kindling the next Great Sun Council Fire.

The special Committee appointed at the last Great Sun Council to present a plan for the establishment of a Widows' and Orphans' Fund presented a report embodying the text of a law and recommended 87 its adoption, but its consideration was deferred one great sun that the matter might be referred back to the tribes for thorough discussion therein. The bill, as recommended by this Committee was adopted four great suns later with some slight modifications.

The Committee on Law and Usage reported having prepared a model code of by-laws for the use of Tribes, and they having been promulgated by the Great Sachem were already in use by many Tribes.

A law was enacted establishing the minimum fee for adoption at eight fathoms, it formerly being three fathoms.

An amendment to the law was adopted requiring organizers to submit a list of all candidates for charter membership to all tribes in the same hunting grounds.

The Great Representatives to the Great Council of the United States made a written report, which was the first time this had been done.

State Organizer Jones reported having instituted fourteen new Tribes, and gave data in regard to each.

It was ordered that the Great Representatives invite the Great Council of the United States to kindle its Great Sun Council Fire in 412 in the hunting grounds of Louisville.

The bill proposed at the previous Great Sun Council, providing for the election of Great Chiefs in the Council Chambers of Tribes, by the "Australian" ballot, was reported on adversely by the Committee on Law and Usage, and thus the so-called "Goebel" bill was defeated.

On the recommendation of the Committee on Laws and Usage, it was ordered by the Great Council that Tribes must pay benefits to a disabled brother as long as his disability should continue. It had been the custom of Tribes to provide by a by-law to that effect that benefits should cease after a stated period. The ruling also provided that the minimum amount of benefits to be paid should be a sum equal to the dues of the brother that might accrue during his disability, or in other words, enough to keep the brother in good standing. Later the Great Council of the United States fixed the minimum amount at one fathom per seven suns.

A resolution was adopted requiring the financial Great Chiefs to give bond in an indemnity bonding company, and that the Great Keeper of Wampum should be paid a salary of fifty fathoms per Great Sun.

The Finance Committee, among other recommendations offered the following which were agreed to:—

That the Assistant Great Chief of Records be allowed fifty fathoms for his services. 88

That the printing for the ensuing Great Sun be awarded to the "American Red Man" at 95 cents per page.

That five hundred fathoms be appropriated for the use of the Great Sachem for the best interests of the Order.

The minimum fee for adoption in Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas was fixed at one fathom.

Charters were granted the following new Tribes:—Otawa, No. 68, Olive Hill; Powhatan, No. 69, Carrollton; Sioux, No. 70, Louisville; Little Ha Ha, No. 71, Owenton; Morning Star, No. 72, Fordsville; Warsaw, No. 73, Rockport; Floating Canoe, No. 76, Richmond; Shawnee, No. 77, Georgetown; Grand Glaze, No. 79, Monterey; Ptocawa, No. 80, Louisville; Yosemite, No. 81, Louisville; Appalachia, No. 82, Pineville; Passyunk, No. 83, Harrodsburg; Spotted Wolf, No. 84, Coalton; Red Cloud, No. 85, Warsaw; Big Eagle, No. 86, Sanders; Alfaretta Council, No. 4, Louisville; Prairie Flower, No. 5, Newport.

On the recommendation of the Finance Committee mileage was allowed the Great Chiefs, Representatives, and Members of Standing Committees, amounting to $610.47, being paid to 68 individuals, an average of $8.97 per capita.

An amendment was proposed to be considered at the next Great Sun Council advancing the minimum fee for adoption to fifteen fathoms.

A resolution was adopted instructing the Great Representatives to endeavor to have a change made in the grip.

An emblematic Tomahawk was ordered presented to Totewa Tribe, No. 14, in commemoration of the present session of the Great Council in its wigwam.

It was ordered that a committee of two be appointed to prepare new Articles of Incorporation, and the Great Sachem appointed Lawrence S. Leopold, of No. 8, and H. J. McFarlan, of No. 33.

Great Representative Lawrence Leopold presented a ring to Great Sachem Ellerkamp in behalf of the Past Sachem's Association of Louisville.

Past Great Sachem W. C. Diederich, senior Past Great Sachem present raised the Great Chiefs elect as follows:—

The Great Sachem announced the following as members of Standing Committees for the ensuing great sun:—

Law and Usage—Frank L. Smith, of No. 1; W. A. Crader, of No. 8; Geo. C. Wolf, of No. 77.

Returns and Reports—Robert Lee Page, of No. 80; N. G. Mothershead, of No. 57; Forsee D. Lee, of No. 71.

Appeals—Louis Vissman, of No. 8; C. H. Bateman, of No. 50; Sebastian Stone, of No. 56.

State of the Order—L. L. Bebout, of No. 60; J. H. Kemper, of No. 18; L. E. Herrell, of No. 54.

After Past Sachem Frank L. Smith, of No. 1 had exemplified the unwritten work of the Order, the Council Fire was quenched to be rekindled in the wigwam of Wyandotte Tribe, No. 3, hunting grounds of Maysville, G. S. D. 412.

1903.

NINTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

Previous to the kindling of the council fire an excellent program of welcome was rendered, including musical selections by the Red Men's Band, and addresses by Past Great Sachem John I. Winter, Past Great Incohonee Thomas K. Donnalley, of Pennsylvania, and Great Sachem Pelham.

At the 10th run, rising of the 12th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 412, the ninth Great sun council fire was kindled in ample form, all elective and appointed Great Chiefs being present, as well as 78 Past Sachems.

D. N. Zimmerman, of No. 4 and Thomas M. Russell, of No. 3, were appointed to assist Great Junior Sagamore Denhardt in the examination of credentials, which committee soon reported the presence of fifty-six Past Sachems in the forest for the first time, and they were admitted to seats in the Great Council, making the total attendance 134.

The roll call of representatives disclosed the presence of the representatives of fifty-seven Tribes out of sixty-three.

An election for Assistant Great Chief of Records was then entered into, and Past Sachem Frank L. Smith was chosen, the opposing candidate being P. P. Doll, of No. 8. 90

Great Sachem Pelham presented his long talk in print, the first time it had been done, which met with the approval of all.

"I am proud to say the condition of the Order in this Reservation is prosperous and progressive. Probably fifteen hundred names have been added to the roster of membership during the past great sun, and with few exceptions the Tribes and Councils are on the hunt for palefaces with that enthusiasm and energy that knows no such word as fail."

In regard to Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas he said:—"This branch of the Order appears to have been almost entirely neglected by former Great Councils of this Reservation. The tax formerly assessed against members of Councils was repealed by this Great Council at its fifth session, and I find no mention of them in the Records since.

Experience has shown that the Tribe and Council are each benefited by the presence of the other, and the membership of both are alike interested in the upbuilding of their local branches and in the advancement of the interests of the Order generally.

Under the care of this Great Council are five Councils who are entirely at sea in the matter of laws for their government; and it would surely be wise in this body to formulate a code for their benefit.

Diligent inquiry failing to furnish me with the name of any person who would undertake the business of organizing Tribes in this Reservation, I therefore tried to find some one in each locality who would undertake to organize a Tribe nearby. As a direct result, ten new Tribes were instituted, the organizers being in each case persons living in the near locality of the new Tribes."

The method thus inaugurated by Great Sachem Pelham has been pursued by his successors to the present, with results never equaled by any Reservation in the history of the Order.

As usual he recounts the dispensations granted, decisions made, and announces the inauguration by the Great Council of the United States of the Orphan's Guardian Fund.

"I appointed Past Sachem Frank L. Smith Exemplifier for the Reservation at large, and sent him on an extended trail, and he visited and exemplified the work to forty-one tribes in two moons. It is to be regretted that the amount of the appropriation for this purpose would not permit the visitation of every Tribe in the Reservation. That the visits and instructions were highly appreciated is attested by numerous letters from the Tribes, and they clearly remonstrate the great importance of following up the institution of a Tribe by proper instruction and encouragement, either by a neighboring Tribe or by a Great Chief or Exemplifier." 91

He reported the following tribes as being defunct:—Delaware, No. 23, Lebanon; Seneca, No. 27, Stanford; Narragansett, No. 43, Middlesboro; Shabbona, No. 46, Somerset; Sagamore, No. 66, Hickman; Nokomis, No. 74, Franklin.

"That a code of laws be prepared for the government of Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas of this Reservation."

"That the horse be adopted as the Totem of this Reservation as recommended by our Great Representatives at Norfolk last Corn Moon."

On Charters—John H. Ropke, of No. 8; Chas. Wheeler, of No. 48; G. W. Griffith, of No. 11.

Lewis L. Bebout, of No. 60 was elected Great Junior Sagamore on the second ballot, O. R. King, of No. 1, L. D. Owen, of No. 8, and D. H. Russell, of No. 10 being also in nomination.

Henry W. Ray, of No. 3 was unanimously elected Great Chief of Records, Henry Schwieters, of No. 8 being also nominated but declined to make the race. C. E. Lyddane, who had held the chieftaincy for five consecutive great suns was not a candidate for re-election, and he was awarded the honors of a Past Great Sachem.

W. C. Pelham, of No. 3, Chas. A. Hess, of No. 10 and John H. Buschemeyer, of No. 8 were elected Great Representatives for two Great Suns each, other candidates in nomination being Lawrence S. Leopold, of No. 8; W. C. Diederich, of No. 19; Willie Walker, of No. 1; J. Robin Garr, of No. 7; John H. Ropke, of No. 8.

Great Keeper of Wampum S. C. Moore reported balance in the Great Council wampum belt as being $2,853.10.

It was agreed by unanimous vote to kindle the next Great Sun Council fire in the wigwam of Otego Tribe, No. 60, hunting grounds of Paducah.

An amendment to the laws was adopted fixing the minimum fee for adoption at four fathoms. It had been fixed at eight fathoms by the previous Great Council, and it was proposed at this time to increase it to fifteen fathoms, but with the result of fixing it at the first named figure where it has remained to the present. Much 92 confusion was caused by the misunderstanding of the term "adoption fee" many supposing it to be the total fee for membership, including all three degrees. It was here defined as meaning the fee for the "adoption" or first degree of Redmanship.

The Great Chief of Records presented his long talk from which the following data is obtained:—Adopted, 2158; admitted by card, 133; reinstated, 44; suspended, 467; expelled, 16; withdrawn by card, 61; deceased, 40; present membership, 5,053; disbursed by Tribes for relief, $6,633.94; for burial of the dead, $1,604.00; for other purposes, $18,085.74; invested by Tribes, $6,705.10. total worth of Tribes, $28,280.65.

The Finance Committee reported having found the books and accounts of the Great Chief of Records and Great Keeper of Wampum in correct form, and made the following recommendations, which were concurred in:—

That Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas be assessed five in. per Great Sun for each female member, for the benefit of the Orphans' Guardian Fund of the Great Council of the United States.

That the Great Sachem and Exemplifier be allowed the sum of $1,000 for the ensuing great sun.

That the printing of the Record be awarded to the Louisville Anzeiger Co. at $1.10 per page.

That the Assistant Great Chief of Records be allowed fifty fathoms for services rendered.

Past Great Incohonee Thos. K. Donnalley, of Pennsylvania, representing the Great Incohonee of the Great Council of the United States, Thomas G. Harrison, of Indiana, addressed the Great Council and exemplified the unwritten work of the Order.

The Committee on State of the Order expressed the sentiments of all in the following:—"Throughout the entire reservation there is universal complaint at the carelessness and delay in getting the proceedings of the last Great Council in hands of the various Tribes." Although the copy had been furnished promptly to the printer, the book in question had not been delivered until just prior to the present session.

The Committee on Returns and Reports, of which Robert Lee Page was chairman paid the following tribute to Great Sachem Pelham:—"Under his guidance and administration the Order has prospered and grown in strength. His advice and decisions have been fair and impartial and his conduct such as to meet with the approbation of the entire membership. His administration is one that will ever be remembered, and we feel that we cannot give him the praise he so richly deserves. We could with greater ease add 93 beauty to the lily or fragrance to the rose than we could adequately express our appreciation of Bro. Pelham."

The following resolution was adopted:—That the Horse's Head on an Indian Shield as recommended by the Great Council of the United States be adopted as the totem of this Great Council, and that this Great Council reserve unto itself the right to control the manufacture and disposal of the said Totem or jewel.

The Committee on Charters recommended that charters be granted to the following new Tribes, which was agreed to:—Kabo, No. 78, Petra; Eyota, No. 87, Ball's Landing; Swift Foot, No. 88, Campbellsburg; Tallalu, No. 89, Callaway; War Eagle, No. 90, Bedford; Idaho, No. 91, Four Mile; Tallapoosa, No. 92, Milton; Mingo, No. 93, Newport; Sago, No. 94, Germantown; Wissahickon, No. 95, Lockport; Iona Council, No. 6, D. of P., Pittsburg.

Great Prophet Ellerkamp offered the following suggestions, which were adopted:—

That memorial page or pages be printed in each great sun's record containing the names of all brothers deceased during the previous great sun.

That at the opening of each Great Council every representative be handed a copy of the last record and a copy of the manual.

That the Asst. Great Chief of Records prepare a page or pages containing all new laws and resolutions enacted and also all unfinished business.

It was ordered that the Great Chief of Records prepare and have printed a suitable form upon which Deputy Great Sachems shall hereafter make their reports.

That matter of deferred business, consisting of the report of the special Committee on Widow's and Orphan's Home Fund was taken up, and on motion of Past Sachem H. C. Yunker, of No. 7 was laid on the table.

An amendment to the laws was offered to lay over one great sun providing a penalty for electioneering.

Another to take the same course was offered providing for holding the Great Sun Council in Hot Moon instead of Flower Moon.

The Finance Committee recommended the payment of mileage to 78 Representatives, Great Chiefs and members of Committees, amounting to $753.53, being an average of $9.66 per member.

Past Great Incohonee Thomas K. Donalley proceeded to raise the Great Chiefs elect, appointing as Great Tocakon Past Great Sachem Willie Walker.

Finance—W. M. Evans, of No. 8; Henry Schwieters, of No. 8; O. R. King, of No. 1.

Law and Usage—L. D. Owen, of No. 8; W. C. Morgan, of No. 90; H. J. Northcutt, of No. 37.

Returns and Reports—Robert Lee Page, of No. 80; Forsee D. Lee, of No. 71; N. G. Mothershead, of No. 57.

State of the Order—Thos. M. Russell, of No. 3; C. H. Bateman, of No. 50; Louis Vissman, of No. 8.

Appeals—J. Robin Garr, of No. 7; C. A. Melone, of No. 8; John Hafendorfer, of No. 14.

Thanks of the Great Council were tendered Wyandotte Tribe, No. 3 for its hospitality, and after the Great Prophet had said a prayer, the Council Fire quenched in ample form.

1904.

TENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Tenth Great Sun Council Fire of the Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the wigwam of Otego Tribe, No. 60, at Owensboro, at the 11th run rising of the 10th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 413.

Prior to the kindling, introductory exercises were held as follows:—Addresses by Mayor Yeiser, and Judge R. V. Lightfoot, with responses by Bros. R. L. Page, S. C. Moore, and Great Minewa, Thos. J. Smith, representing the Great Incohonee.

At the kindling of the council fire there were present all the Great Chiefs, except Great Prophet, three Past Great Sachems and 75 Past Sachems.

Lee W. Zweydorf, of No. 7 and Ben H. Schrader, of No. 5 were appointed to assist the Great Junior Sagamore in the examination of Credentials.

Past Great Sachem Willie Walker of No. 1 was appointed Great Prophet for the session, Great Prophet Pelham being unable to be present.

Upon the recommendation of the Credential Committee fifty-seven 95 Past Sachems were admitted to seats in the Great Council, and the representatives of sixty-two Tribes were recognized. The attendance this session was 136.

It was agreed that Representatives of Tribes instituted so recently as not to be legally entitled to representation be allowed mileage.

The Great Sachem announced the following appointments on committees to fill vacancies:—

Charters—Claude B. Terrell, of No. 90; J. M. Clifford, of No. 10; Hugh Johnson, of No. 81.

A communication was read from Great Incohonee Thomas G. Harrison, expressing his regret at not being able to be present and appointing Great Minewa, Thomas J. Smith as his representative.

The Deputy or Acting Great Incohonee was announced in the Forest and Past Great Sachems Willie Walker, Ellerkamp and John D. Walker were appointed as escorts, when he was admitted with the usual honors.

Great Sachem McFarlan presented his long talk in print, from which the following extracts are made:—

"We have much for which to extend thanks to the Great Spirit who has so kindly 'blessed us with plenty' and 'rewarded our labors two-fold'; at least have we not to be content with present conditions which everywhere indicate that the affairs of the Order are in splendid condition; that the affairs of the Great Council are in safe hands and that the rank and file is made up of indefatigable and competent workers, who are filled with enthusiasm and an earnest desire to advance the Order to that high and prominent position which it must eventually occupy and which every Red Man wishes it to attain. From every source comes to me good tidings of noble work being carried on; of palefaces being adopted; of a search for a better understanding of the fundamental principles and laws of the Order; Peace and harmony; good fellowship and brotherhood. I believe we can safely say that during the next Great Sun our membership will be increased to the extent that we shall have a larger representation in the Great Council of the United States. I wish that I could say my administration was one of perfection.

"There have been sent to me words of encouragement; words of discouragement; words of hope; words of despair; words of praise; words of censure; but through all, gathering to himself the flowers of love, patience, kindness and sympathy, he has pressed on, giving 96 to you his sincerest and best efforts, and now, extending to his brothers his thanks for these flowers, he greets you in truth, in Freedom, Friendship and Charity."

The Great Sachem recounted the institution of ten new Tribes and two new Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas, as well as the relighting of the council brand of Sagwa Tribe, No. 69, at Lawrenceburg.

Concerning the Degree of Pocahontas he said:—"My report would be both inadequate and insufficient, indeed, should I fail to make some mention of the Degree of Pocahontas, now an important factor in our great American Order, and whose members are actuated and inspired to noble work by those cardinal principles we as Red Men hold so dear, Freedom, Friendship and Charity. The auxiliary is certainly becoming popular, and is now in a prosperous condition, and from information I can advisedly say that wherever it is established properly will prove a valuable adjunct to our work. I might add by way of suggestion or recommendation that it would be a wise move to establish as soon as practicable in this Reservation a Great Council of the Degree of Pocahontas, believing it is due them, and that much more good can come from this branch of the Order if they have the right and privilege extended them to counsel and legislate. * * * I note that the Great Incohonee in his report very pertinently remarks: 'This Degree deserves from the Great Council its wisest consideration, and no pains should be spared in any matters which may effect the interests and increase the usefulness of our Councils.'"

Cherokee Tribe, No. 8 and Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7, both of Louisville met with the misfortune to lose their charters and effects in the burning of the Masonic Temple on the 20th of Beaver Moon, G. S. D. 412, and the Great Sachem granted both Tribes dispensations to work without a charter until the Great Council should grant then new Charters.

On the 18th of Worm Moon, G. S. D. 413, by invitation of Great Sachem McFarlan, Great Incohonee Thos. G, Harrison made a visit to Kentucky, and a reception and banquet was given in his honor at the Louisville Hotel. More than two hundred guests were entertained, and the occasion was one of particular moment to Redmanship in this Reservation. In his Long Talk, the Great Sachem records extracts from many of the addresses, words of wisdom, encouragement and commendation.

From the Long Talk of Great Chief of Records Ray, the following statistics of the Order are taken:—Adopted since last report, 1152; admitted by card, 60; reinstated, 11; suspended, 594; expelled, 97 19; withdrawn, 50; deceased, 41; disbursed for relief, $9,015.29; for burial of the dead, $1,969.89; for other purposes, $14,396.12; invested by Tribes, $17,895.60; Total fund of Tribes, $35,589.28; number of working tribes, 73; number of Councils Degree of Pocahontas, 7.

The Great Keeper of Wampum reported the cash balance on hand as being $2,191.95.

An election for Assistant Great Chief of Records was then entered into with the result that Past Sachem Frank L. Smith, of No. 1 was re-elected, Past Sachem J. Robin Garr, of No. 99 being also in nomination.

A committee was appointed, Acting Great Incohonee Thos. J. Smith, presiding, to draft resolutions of sympathy and condolence on account of the recent death of the infant son of Great Sachem McFarlan, the following serving in that capacity:—N. G. Mothershead, of No. 57; C. P. Harding, of No. 5 and Claude B. Terrell, of No. 90.

The Great Council then went into the election of Great Chiefs with the following results:—

Lewis L. Bebout, of No. 60 was elected Great Senior Sagamore, there being no other nominations.

Dan H. Russell, of No. 10 was elected Great Junior Sagamore, other nominees being Robert Lee Page, of No. 80, and Ben C. Nunn, of No. 14, the latter asking that his name be withdrawn.

Henry W. Ray, of No. 3 was elected Great Chief of Records for the second time, without opposition.

S. C. Moore, of No. 7 was unanimously elected Great Keeper of Wampum for the third time. Dr. Harry J. Phillips was nominated for this position, but he refused to become a candidate.

Horace J. McFarlan, Robert Lee Page and Lawrence S. Leopold were elected Great Representatives for two great suns each, the other candidates in nomination being G. A. Ellerkamp, of No. 8; Ben H. Shrader, of No. 5; John D. Walker, and Willie Walker, of No. 1.

At the request of Acting Great Incohonee Thos. J. Smith, State Exemplifier, Frank L. Smith, the recognized custodian of the work in Kentucky exemplified the unwritten work of the Order.

Frankfort was unanimously accepted as the hunting grounds in which the next Great Sun Council fire should be kindled.

The Great Council of the United States having adopted a new Code of laws embracing a new Constitution governing State Great 98 Councils, it was ordered that the incoming committee on Law and Usage be augmented by the addition of two members, and they to prepare a new code of laws governing the Great Council of Kentucky and the Tribes under its jurisdiction, to report in print to the various Tribes, and their report to be reviewed at the next Great Sun Council.

The contract for the printing for the ensuing Great Sun was let to the Louisville Anzeiger Co. at $1.10 per page.

The amendment to the law laid over from last Great Council making electioneering a penal act was adopted.

The Great Council refused to change the time for holding the Great Sun Council from Flower Moon to Hot Moon.

It was ordered that each Past Great Sachem of the Great Council be presented with Past Great Sachem's Jewel, to cost no more than 25 fathoms each.

The Committee which had been previously appointed to prepare new Articles of Incorporation not having reported, the Great Sachem was authorized to appoint another Committee.

The Finance Committee recommended the payment of mileage to Great Chiefs, Representatives and members of standing committees, 82 in number, amounting to $1,403.19, averaging $17.11 each.

The Great Council then went into the Committee of the Whole for the consideration of amendments to the laws.

Upon the recommendation of the Finance Committee the following appropriations were made:—

A new code of laws governing the organization and institution of Tribes was adopted. Up to this time the matter of organization had been conducted much upon the "go as you please" plan, each Great Sachem using his own judgment in the matter. The adoption of definite laws governing this matter was a boon to following Great Sachems.

A regulation was adopted requiring financial chiefs of the Great Council and Tribes and Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas to be bonded in such indemnity company as might be selected by the Finance Committee from time to time.

An amendment was offered to be considered at the next Great Sun Council providing for the nomination and election of Great Chiefs on the second sun of the session instead of the first.

An amendment was offered defining the bounds of Deputy 99 Great Sachems, providing for districts, and for the holding of district meetings for the purpose of exemplification, but same was laid over for one great sun.

Upon the recommendation of the Committee on Charters the following named Tribes and Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas were granted charters:—Niagara, No. 96, Orangeburg; Kenawha, No. 97, Vanceburg; Pontiac, No. 98, Louisville; Wauneeka, No. 99, Louisville; Buffalo, No. 100, Sardis; Raritan, No. 101, Worthville; Modoc, No. 102, Louisville; Ute, No. 103, Torrent; Lackawanna, No. 4, Salt Lick; Catawba, No. 105, Prestonville; Tamina, No. 106, Jennings; Ramona Council, No. 7, Augusta; Hiawatha Council, No. 8, Fourmile; Mojave Council, No. 9, Maysville; Charters were also ordered issued to Cherokee, No. 8, and Hiawatha, No. 7, both of Louisville, both having been lost by fire.

It was ordered that a special committee be appointed to take charge of any orphan matters, to investigate, and take the proper steps to secure them the benefits of the Orphans' Guardian Fund. The Great Sachem appointed Ben C. Nunn, of No. 14; O. R. King, of No. 1; A. C. Fahrenberg, of No. 10.

Acting Great Incohonee Thomas J. Smith proceeded to raise the elective and appointive Great Chiefs, with the assistance of Past Great Sachem Willie Walker, of No. 1, Acting Great Tocakon.

The special committee on Orphans reported they had performed the duties intrusted to them and asked to be discharged, which was done, and it was ordered that the Great Sachem appoint another committee to continue the work ad interim.

Finance—H. J. Northcutt, of No. 37; Henry Schwieters, of No. 8; J. H. Kemper, of No. 18.

Law and Usage—George W. Hinesley, of No. 8; John W. Riley, of No. 11; Gustav A. Ellerkamp, of No. 8; O. R. King, of No. 1; J. W. Matthews, of No. 67. 100

Returns and Reports—T. J. Tierney, of No. 80; J. H. Adams, of No. 83; Hugh Johnson, of No. 81.

State of the Order—J. J. Freundlich, of No. 60; N. G. Mothershead, of No. 57; J. M. Clifford, of No. 10.

Appeals—C. H. Morris, of No. 33; C. P. Harding, of No. 5; John Hafendorfer, of No. 14.

After tendering a rising vote of thanks to Otego Tribe No. 60 for their more than hospitable treatment of the Great Council and its members while in their hunting grounds, and when the Great Prophet had said a prayer, the council fire was quenched.

1905.

ELEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The eleventh Great Sun Council fire of the Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the Council Chamber of Blackfoot Tribe, No. 67, Hunting Grounds of Frankfort, at the 11th run, 30th breath, rising of the 9th Sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 414. Previous to the kindling of the Council Fire addresses of welcome, with responses, interspersed with music, were delivered by Hon. James Darnell, Mayor; Great Sachem H. H. Denhardt; Bro. T. H. Crockett, of No. 67; Great Senior Sagamore L. L. Bebout. When the friends and guests had departed, the regular session began, all the elective Great Chiefs being present, and 90 Past Sachems.

To assist the Great Junior Sagamore in the examination of credentials the Great Sachem appointed W. M. Toomey, of No. 83; and Frank Wagner, of No. 14.

A communication was received from Great Incohonee J. W. Cherry, announcing that Great Guard of the Forest Jas. H. Cook had been commissioned to represent him at this session, and he being announced as being in the forest, Great Representatives Louis Vissman, John H. Buschemeyer and Robt. Lee Page were appointed to escort him into the Council Chamber.

Acting Great Incohonee James H. Cook was formally introduced and greeted with the honors of the Order.

It was agreed that the representatives of Tribes so recently instituted as not to be legally entitled to representation be admitted and allowed mileage.

Upon the recommendation of Great Junior Sagamore D. H. 101 Russell, 66 Past Sachems in waiting were introduced and received the Great Council Degree.

Upon the recommendation of the same Great Chief, the credentials of the representatives of 67 Tribes, and they being present were accorded seats as such in the Great Council.

Charters—J. C. Lykins, of No. 113; M. M. Redding, of No. 64; W. H. McDonald, of No. 111.

Great Sachem H. H. Denhardt, as was now the custom, presented his Long Talk in print, and the following extracts will be of interest:—

"As the members of the Great Council of Kentucky assemble in peace and harmony around this Great Sun's Council fire, we can congratulate ourselves upon the close of the most prosperous year in the history of the Order in Kentucky. From Paducah our runners swiftly to their Tribes returned spreading the spirit of true fraternity there engendered into every wigwam in our Reservation, and as a result the council fires of the various Tribes have been kept brightly burning; discord has been banished from their midst; and the braves and warriors have become accustomed to assemble not for the purpose of wrangling among themselves, of gaining some petty advantage over another brother or over another Tribe, but plans for the capturing of palefaces were discussed and as a result at least two thousand palefaces' scalps are dangling at the belts of our warriors and braves.

This Great Sun has been one fraught with many blessings and pleasures. The propitious sky has occasionally been obscured by a fleeting cloud, but the passing shadow only intensified the brightness that followed.

Through the sunshine and the shadows, the pleasures and trials, our beloved Order has grown until now it has taken rank as one of the most prosperous fraternal societies in Kentucky.

I have brought to the performance of the duties devolving upon me my best energies, my untiring efforts and all the zeal and industry I could command. It, no doubt, is true that I have not measured up to the full requirements of the high and important Chieftaincy to which your over-kindness has elevated me; I have, however, labored with an eye single to the advancement of our Order. I have tried to be diligent, sought to be impartial and endeavored to be zealous and faithful."

Concerning Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas he said:—"I have done what I could to promote the welfare of this most excellent 102 branch of our order. Some progress has been made, but still there is need of encouragement being given those who are striving to push forward the cause of this Degree."

He reported the institution of twenty-one new Tribes and two Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas, as well as the resuscitation of four Tribes and one Council D. of P.

Concerning the Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund he said:—"It seemed to be almost the unanimous opinion of those to whom I talked concerning this matter that the time for the creation of this fund had arrived even at the last Great Council; however, no action was taken. I believe that the movement to establish a Home for the Widows and Orphans of Kentucky Red Men is the greatest work ever undertaken by our beloved Order in Kentucky. When we establish a Home of this sort we are doing some real good in the world and that is what our Order exists for, and that is, or should be, the aim of every member of the Order."

After publishing a list of subscriptions to the Home Fund amounting to $438.30, and having recounted a long list of visitations, he said—

"The Angel of Death has laid his hand heavily on our Order during the past Great Sun. Mary McFarlan, wife of Horace J. McFarlan, Great Prophet of the Great Council of Kentucky, died on the 15th Sun of Buck Moon, G. S. D. 413.

Thomas Alden Hornsey, Past Great Sachem of the Great Council of Kentucky died on the 12th Sleep of Beaver Moon, G. S. D. 413.

Thomas H. Watts, Great Incohonee of the Great Council of the United States, died on the 29th Sun of Worm Moon, G. S. D. 414.

Past Sachem M. J. Madden, member of the Widows' and Orphans' Committee of this Great Council died on the 17th Sun of Worm Moon, G. S. D. 414."

After an account of dispensations granted, decisions made, and details of minor transactions, the Great Sachem closes with thanks to his associates and to the Great Council.

The Great Chief of Record's Long Talk affords the following information:—Adopted since last report, 1,994; admitted by card, 118; reinstated, 13; suspended, 643; expelled, 14; withdrawn, 81; deceased, 72; present membership, 6,993; disbursed for relief, $10,958.09; for burials, $3,436.31; for other purposes, $25,326.71; invested, $24,107.60; total fund of Tribes, $46,302.86; Tribes instituted since last report, 21; number of working Tribes 91.

The Great Keeper of Wampum reported the cash balance in the Great Council wampum belt as being $1,886.30; in the Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund, $438.30. 103

Dan. H. Russell, of No. 10 was elected Great Senior Sagamore without opposition.

H. H. Denhardt, of No. 11 was elected Great Prophet, by acclamation, there being no other nominees.

Robert Lee Page, of No. 80 was elected Great Junior Sagamore, Past Sachem J. W. Matthews, of No. 67 being also in nomination. J. H. Kemper of No. 18 had been nominated, but desired his name to be withdrawn.

Henry Wood Ray, of No. 3 was unanimously elected Great Chief of Records for the third consecutive term.

S. C. Moore, of No. 7 was, upon motion of O. R. King, of No. 1, who had been placed in nomination against him, unanimously re-elected Great Keeper of Wampum for the fourth consecutive term. Past Sachem King declined to be a candidate.

Gustav A. Ellerkamp, of No. 8; John H. Buschemeyer, of No. 8; W. A. Crader, of No. 8, and M. B. Wallerstein, of No. 60 were elected Great Representatives to the Great Council of the United States for two Great Suns each. Other candidates in nomination were Lawrence S. Leopold, of No. 8; Frank L. Smith, of No. 1 and C. P. Harding of No. 5.

The Great Council agreed unanimously to return to Frankfort one Great Sun hence and again kindle its Great Sun Council fire in the Capitol City.

Past Sachem Albert Miller of No. 1 presented the Great Council with a magnificent Great Sachem's Stump, carved from the solid wood in representation of a Chieftain's bust, decorated with feathers and emblems of the Order.

The Committee on Revision of the Laws, which had been appointed at the previous Great Council, now presented its report in print. Shortly after the adjournment one great sun ago, the committee had met, and realizing the magnitude of the work before them, expressed its belief that one brother could accomplish the desired result with less difficulty and in a shorter time than a number, and agreed to employ Past Sachem Frank L. Smith, of No. 1, to do the work, if he would undertake it. That chief accepting the commission, submitted his report to the full committee in Sturgeon Moon, G. S. D. 413, and with slight changes was adopted by the committee.

This report, embracing an entirely new code of law, founded upon the general plan outlined by the Great Council of the United States, making an entire separation of the legislative, executive and judicial departments, was now before the Great Council, which 104 went into the Committee of the Whole for its consideration. Upon the rising of the committee, the laws as presented by the Revision Committee were adopted, with the exception of that article relating to the establishment of the Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund. This article was made a special order of business, and was the subject of earnest debate.

Those opposing the adoption of the law were not adverse to the principle, but to the method of applying relief to the needy, their plan, which they wished to substitute for a Widows' and Orphans' Home, was the establishment of an Endowment Fund, the income from which should be used to defray the expenses of its beneficiaries in private homes rather than in an institution. After protracted debate, the law as presented by the Committee on Revision, establishing the Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund, with some slight technical alterations, was adopted by an almost unanimous vote. The law as finally adopted was almost identical with that presented at the previous Great Council and which was then tabled.

The Committee on Incorporation of the Great Council presented a verbal report, stating that articles had been prepared and would be submitted when properly recorded. The articles prepared by this committee, while published as preface to the new code of laws, were never recorded, and consequently never were in operation.

Upon the recommendation of the Committee, charters were ordered issued to the following named Tribes: Juanita, No. 107, Ghent; Kenton, No. 108, Artemus; Wautauga, No. 109, Bosworth; Wabash, No. 110, Nicholasville; Tchoupitoulas, No. 111, Barbourville; Winnebago, No. 112, Henderson; Ocono, No. 113, Campton; Tonawanda, No. 114, Grayson; Minnehaha, No. 115, Cropper; Saco, No. 116, West Liberty; Neponset, No. 117, Jackson; Akkeewassa, No. 118, Cannel City; Ganoga, No. 119, Gratz; Navajo, No. 120, Sandy Hook; Tacoma, No. 121, Hazel Green; Oseetah, No. 122, Redwine; Kinniconick, No. 125, Bowen; Seminole, No. 126, Denniston; Apache, No. 127, Robbins; Indianola Council, No. 10, D. of P., Carrollton. A new charter was also granted Calumet Tribe, No. 18, theirs having been destroyed by fire.

The Committee on Appeals rendered several decisions, which were approved, but it is not thought best to here record them, they being of a personal nature.

The Finance Committee recommended the payment of mileage to 100 Great Chiefs, Representatives and members of Standing Committees, amounting to $661.32, being an average of $6.6123 per member paid.

That committee recommended a Bonding Company; that the printing be awarded to the Louisville Anzeiger Co.; that the salary 105 of the Assistant Great Chief of Records be increased to $150.00; all of which were approved.

The Assistant Great Chief of Records now being an appointee of the Great Chief of Records, G. C. of R. Ray appointed Frank L. Smith, of No. 1, to that position.

The Great Chief of Records presented to the Great Council the set of jewels said to have been in use by the old Great Council of Kentucky at the time of its demise, they having been secured through the efforts of the members of Miami Tribe, No. 17, and Mingo Tribe, No. 93, both of Newport, and it was agreed they should be worn by the Chiefs of the present Great Council. The jewels, however, proved not to be Great Council Jewels, being of silver, but the regulation Tribal Jewels.

Acting Great Incohonee Jas. H. Cook, having appointed Past Great Sachem G. A. Ellerkamp as Great Tocakon, raised the following elective and appointive Great Chiefs:

Board of Appeals—Geo. W. Hinesley, of No. 8, three great suns; J. J. Freundlich, of No. 60, two great suns; O. R. King, of No. 1, one great sun.

Trustees of Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund—Henry C. Yunker, of No. 7, three great suns; G. W. Griffith, of No. 11, two great suns; C. Royalty, of No. 38, one great sun.

Finance—H. J. Northcutt, of No. 37; J. H. Kemper, of No. 18; T. J. Tierney, of No. 80.

Judiciary—J. W. Mathews, of No. 67; Jos. C. Lykins, of No. 113; N. G. Mothershead, of No. 57.

State of the Order—Sebastian Stone, of No. 56; W. H. McDonald, of No. 111; Ben C. Nunn, of No. 14.

Returns and Reports—J. M. Clifford, of No. 10; Duke White, of No. 3; C. F. Melton, of No. 70.

Past Great Sachem's Jewels were presented to the following Past Great Sachems: Thos. A. Davis, of No. 3; John I. Winter, 106 of No. 3; W. C. Diederich, of No. 19; Willie Walker, of No. 1; Gustav A. Ellerkamp, of No. 8; John D. Walker, of No. 1; W. C. Pelham, of No. 3; C. E. Lyddane, of No. 2; H. J. McFarlan, of No. 33; H. H. Denhardt, of No. 11.

After appropriate resolutions of thanks, and when the Great Prophet had invoked the Great Spirit, the council fire was quenched.

The Code of Laws as adopted at the Eleventh Great Sun Council was approved by the Judiciary Committee of the Great Council of the United States, entire, yet when that Great Council met in Great Sun Council in Corn Moon, G. S. D. 414, the committee recommended that its action be reversed in approving that part of the Laws of the Great Council of Kentucky relating to the establishment of the Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund. Appeal was taken to the Great Board of Appeals of the Great Council of the United States, and that Great Board ruled the whole matter in conflict with the Constitution of the Great Council of the United States, which Great Council reserved unto itself the exclusive right to legislate concerning the maintenance of orphans.

The effect of this ruling was to make nul and void all legislation by the Great Council of Kentucky concerning the Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund. The laws as enacted at the eleventh Great Council were again submitted to the Judiciary Committee of the Great Council of the United States, minus any reference to a Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund, and were then approved and published.

1906.

TWELFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Twelfth Great Sun Council fire of the Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the Legislative Hall of the State Capitol, hunting grounds of Frankfort, by courtesy of Blackfoot Tribe, No. 67, at the 11th run, 40th breath, rising of the 8th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 415.

Prior to the kindling of the council fire, addresses of welcome and responses were delivered by Gov. J. C. W. Beckham, Mayor E. E. Hume, Col. G. B. Harper, Great Sachem L. L. Bebout, Great Senior Sagamore D. H. Russell, Representative T. Hiter Crockett, Great Junior Sagamore Robert L. Page, Past Great Sachem H. H. Denhardt, and Wilson Brooks, Great Chief of Records of the Great Council of the United States.

After the visitors had retired, the council fire was kindled in 107 ample form, all elective Great Chiefs being present, seven Great Representatives, five Past Great Sachems and 112 Past Sachems.

Great Chief of Records Ray appointed F. L. Smith as Assistant Great Chief of Records.

Great Sachem Bebout appointed Claude B. Terrell, of No. 90, and Con. Trauth, of No. 7, to assist the Great Junior Sagamore in the examination of credentials. He also appointed Harry J. Richardson, of No. 3, to fill a vacancy on Committee on Returns and Reports, all other members of Standing Committees being present.

Upon the recommendation of the Credential Committee, 102 Past Sachems were admitted for the first time. The total attendance at this session was 204.

The roll call of representatives revealed the presence of a representative from each of 83 Tribes out of 109 entitled to representation.

Great Sachem Bebout presented his long talk in print, as usual, and the following extracts reveal the general condition of the Order at that time:

"Our runners have been busy in paying visitations to the various hunting grounds in this reservation, and from each hunting ground where a Tribe of our Order exists comes the glad tidings that our brothers are dwelling in peace and harmony.

No longer does the pale face nation look with distrust upon our warriors, but truly the "tomahawk has been buried" and the Red Men and pale face meet as friends.

I desire first of all to recall to your minds the motto of our beloved "Old Kentucky", "United we stand, divided we fall," and trust this may be adopted in our deliberations. The Improved Order of Red Men has a mission to perform among our fellow men that we alone can perform.

We are now permited to report the establishment and institution of more tribes within our borders, since the quenching of our last Great Sun Council fire than during any Great Sun since our Order has been in existence."

Great Sachem Bebout is in error. He reports the institution of 29 new Tribes, while during Willie Walkers administration (G. S. D. 409-410) 32 new Tribes were organized.

"Our representatives at our last Great Sun's Council placed upon the pages of our speaking book a law, in accordance with the fundamental teachings of our Order, which provided for the creation of a fund to be used in the establishment of a Home within our borders, which should be a shelter for the unfortunates of our Tribes, who may not be able to withstand the trials and hardships 108 which attend the unprotected in this busy, hustling commercial age in which we live.

In the Great Book of Life we find this expression, 'And a little child shall lead them.' How true this is in this instance. The little children of the membership of Irondequoit Tribe, No. 38, located at Hardinsburg, were the first contributors to this fund.

After the enactment of this law, with the other laws enacted by us, the whole was presented to the Judiciary Committee of the Great Council of the United States for their approval, and having received the approval of that committee were promulgated to the Tribes."

The fate of this measure has already been recorded on these pages, and the Great Council at this time found itself with an overwhelming sentiment in favor of the law as previously passed or a similar one, but without the power of enactment.

Continuing, the Great Sachem said: "Realizing that the desire of our membership is as strong, nay stronger than ever before, for the establishment of a Red Men's Widows' and Orphans' Home in our beloved State, I beg to suggest that your Representatives to the Great Council of the United States be instructed to request that Great Council to pass an enabling act which will permit you to put your desires into execution. This request, properly presented, will, in my opinion, appeal to our brothers, members of our noble order in other reservations, in such a way that your request will be unanimously granted."

After recounting a list of appointments, visitations made, decisions and opinions, the Great Sachem again speaks as follows:

"The members of the Great Council are perhaps aware of the organization of the Great Chief of Records Association of the United States. This organization meets annually at the same time and place of the Great Council of the United States, and is composed of the Great Chiefs of Records of the several reservations. It must be apparent to all that such an organization will be of material advantage to the Order, and I desire to recommend that the Great Council of Kentucky make an allowance and request our Great Chief of Records to attend and become a member of this organization.

Conforming to the organization of the Great Chief of Records Association of the United States, I would recommend the organization of a State Association of Chiefs of Records, to be composed of the Chiefs of Records of all the Tribes in the Reservation, and urge upon all Tribes the importance of such an organization, and to make proper appropriation of wampum for the expense of their Chief of Records in attending these meetings." 109

Regarding Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas, he said: "I feel that this branch of our work is neglected, and that we should make more effort to assist our sisters in their noble work. I would recommend that a permanent committee to be known as the 'Committee on Degree of Pocahontas' be appointed by the Great Sachem, and the matter of organization and other duties relating to this branch of our order be referred to this committee."

The following statistics are taken from the long talk of Great Chief of Records Henry W. Ray: Adopted since last report, 2,440; admitted by card, 62; reinstated, 45; suspended, 1,336; expelled, 11; withdrawn, by card, 67; deceased, 79; present membership, 7,651; number of Tribes instituted since last report, 29; number of working tribes, 109; disbursed by Tribes for relief, $13,508.73; for burial of dead, $3,513.55; for other purposes, $48,095.02; amount invested by Tribes, $35,472.24; total worth of Tribes $59,569.00.

The Great Council by a unanimous vote instructed its Great Representatives to apply to the Great Council of the United States for an "enabling act" or to so modify its laws as to permit State Great Councils to found Homes for their widows' and orphans. The resolution was offered by Great Senior Sagamore Russell.

A Committee, consisting of Past Great Sachems Willie Walker, Ellerkamp and McFarland was appointed to escort to the Council Chamber Great Chief of Records Wilson Brooks, who had been delegated to represent the Great Incohonee at this session. The committee performed its duties, and Acting Great Incohonee Wilson Brooks was received with due honors.

The Great Sachem appointed the following as a committee on Charters: H. H. Denhardt, of No. 11; D. A. Cross, of No. 60; J. G. Renaker, of No. 37.

Mention had been made by the Great Sachem in his long talk of the terrible disaster to the hunting grounds of San Francisco by earthquake, and of an appeal for aid for sufferers from same. The Great Chief of Records reported that subscriptions to the amount of $295.45 had been received and forwarded to the Great Sachem of the reservation of California.

As at the previous Great Sun's Council an entirely new Code of laws had been adopted, the Judiciary Committee (formerly Committee on Law and Usage) had been instructed to continue as a Committee on Revision, and at this session, quite a number of amendments were reported by that committee, tending to improve and "smooth up" the laws, and were adopted.

Another attempt was made to change the time for kindling the Great Sun Council fire from Flower Moon to Hot Moon but without success. 110

It was claimed that the Articles of Incorporation as printed in the new Code were faulty, and never having been recorded were not in force. The Great Representatives to the Great Council of the United States were appointed a Committee to prepare new Articles and to have them recorded.

A resolution was offered to amend the laws in such a manner that the voting franchise should be limited to Representatives of Tribes only. This resolution was laid over for one Great Sun, but caused great commotion, as heretofore all Past Sachems had been qualified to vote upon all questions and in the election for chiefs, except when the representative vote might be demanded on a measure of legislation.

The representatives to the Great Council of the United States were instructed to endeavor to have the laws of the G. C. U. S. amended so as to provide for biennial instead of annual sessions.

The Great Council went into the election of Great Chiefs with the following results:

Joe H. Kemper, of No. 18 was elected Great Junior Sagamore on the first ballot, W. H. McDonald, of No. 111 being also in nomination.

Henry Wood Ray, of No. 3 was elected Great Chief of Records for the Fourth consecutive term, Ben. C. Nunn, of No. 14, being also in nomination.

Herman V. Cohn, of No. 8 was elected Great Keeper of Wampum, S. C. Moore, of No. 7, who had filled the chieftaincy for four consecutive terms being defeated for re-election by a narrow margin.

L. L. Bebout, of No. 60, Lawrence S. Leopold, of No. 8 and H. J. McFarlan, of No. 33; were elected Great Representatives, the others in nomination being R. L. Page, of No. 80 and Willie Walker, of No. 1.

The Charter committee recommended the issuing of charters to the following named Tribes and Councils: Shawnee, No. 77, Georgetown; Tuscarora, No. 124, Tyrone; Antigo, No. 128, Claysville; Mendota, No. 131, Corinth; Oneida, No. 132, Cherokee; Paduke, No. 133, Murray; Logan, No. 134, Ewing; Wahbee, No. 135, Yocum; Wamsutta, No. 136, Dan; Tuscola, No. 137, Warfield; Connewago, No. 138, Fallsburg; Uppowoc, No. 139, Maytown; Uchees, No. 140, Rockdale; Tonnuluka, No. 141, Millers Creek; Nevada, No. 142, Flat Gap; Chickasaw, No. 143, Paintsville; 111 Algona, No. 144, East Bernstadt; Algonquin, No. 145, Berry; Shawnese, No. 146, Cave City; Elkatawa, No. 147, Ford; Natchez, No. 148, Glenwood; Oniska, No. 149, Middlesboro; Cohota, No. 150, Louisa; Ocono, No. 113, at Campton, to replace one destroyed by fire; Collo Kene Council, No. 11, D. of P.; Chanzeck, No. 129, of Lee City, and Lechawa, No. 130, of Mize, were not granted charters, their council fires having become extinct.

The Finance Committee reported mileage paid to 111 members, amounting to $752.38 being an average of $6.77¹/₂ per member.

Lexington was selected as the next place for kindling the Great Sun Council fire, Newport and Frankfort being in nomination.

The question on the limitation of franchise to representatives only was taken up and lost by a Tribal vote of 47 ayes to 16 nays, it requiring a four-fifths vote to pass the resolution.

The bill to limit the franchise was again offered to be considered at the next Great Suns Council.

Acting Great Incohonee Wilson Brooks then raised the Great Chiefs, appointing Past Great Sachem G. A. Ellerkamp as Great Tocakon.

Great Sachem Russell announced his appointments on Standing Committees as follows:

Trustee of Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund, for three Great Suns—Chintz Royalty, of No. 38.

Finance—Henry Schwieters, of No. 8; T. J. Tierney, of No. 80; Chas. A. Hess, of No. 10.

Judiciary—W. H. McDonald, of No. 111; R. A. Chiles, of No. 18; A. J. Steele, of No. 10.

State of the Order—Ben C. Nunn, of No. 14; Frank Hartman, of No. 5; L. Rosenfield, of No. 98.

Returns and Reports—Jacob Gross, of No. 5; Hugo Schultz, of No. 25; S. T. Rabold, of No. 11. 112

The appointments of the Great Sachem on Board of Appeals and Trustee of Widows' and Orphans' Home Fund were unanimously approved.

After appropriate resolutions of thanks to Blackfoot Tribe, and when the Great Prophet had said a prayer, the Great Council fire was quenched.

1907.

THIRTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

The Thirteenth Great Sun's Council fire of the Great Council of Kentucky was kindled in the Auditorium at Woodland Park, Hunting Grounds of Lexington, under the auspices of Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, at the 11th run, 30th breath, rising of the 14th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 416.

Before the council fire had been kindled addresses of welcome and response were delivered by Hon. Thos. H. Clay, acting for Mayor Combs, Great Sachem D. H. Russell, Chief Wallace Muir, of No. 1, and Past Sachem T. Hiter Crockett, of No. 67.

All of the Great Chiefs were present, eight Great Representatives, eight Past Great Sachems, and 153 Past Sachems.

Great Chief of Records Henry W. Ray appointed Frank L. Smith, of No. 1 as Assistant Great Chief of Records.

Great Sachem Russell appointed Past Sachem Sam Marcus, of No. 8 as a member of the Committee on Returns and Reports to fill a vacancy.

The same Great Chief appointed the following to constitute a Committee on Charters:—Con. Trouth, of No. 7; H. J. McFarlan, of No. 33; Geo. S. Wiemer, of No. 6.

Great Junior Sagamore Joe H. Kemper reported the presence of 131 Past Sachems in the Forest with proper credentials, and they were admitted and received the Great Council Degree. The total attendance at this Great Council was 268.

The roll call of representatives revealed the presence of the representatives of 110 Tribes out of 145 eligible to representation.

Great Incohonee W. A. S. Bird of the Great Council of the United States was admitted and received with the Grand Honors of the Order.

Great Sachem Russell presented his long talk in print, and the following quotations will be found of interest, revealing the condition of the Order at that time:—

"Our membership now numbers over eleven thousand, with forty-five new Tribes and three new Councils. Redmanship stands 113 in Kentucky unchallenged as one of the greatest benevolent fraternities of modern times, commanding the respect of all acquainted with its accomplishments, the admiration of all who know its purpose and the affection of all who participate around the council brands of our Tribes.

The oldest truly American fraternity has grown greater, stronger and better in our Reservation and its present position fills with pride those who have assisted in its marvelous growth during the past Great Sun, and every member must rejoice in his affiliation with such a powerful thoroughly American organization.

The Great Sachem, assisted by the brothers of all the Tribes in Jefferson County, organized a mammoth class adoption of 500 palefaces, and on the sleep of the 28th of Beaver Moon, G. S. D. 415, in the presence of Great Incohonee W. A. S. Bird, more palefaces were adopted than at any one time in the history of the Order in Kentucky."

The Great Sachem offered many recommendations for the consideration of the Great Council, in the nature of amendments to the laws, particularly regarding the matter of sick and funeral benefits, and among these recommendations the following:—concerning the clause forbidding electioneering:—"This portion of Kentucky Laws is unreasonable, inasmuch as it does not give to the members of our Order the privileges usually accorded to an American citizen. No harm can be done, and no wrong committed by the publicity of the personal wishes of a brother of our Order."

Great Sachem Russell records a vast amount of business transacted, decisions made, appointments, etc., and concludes the records of a remarkable administration as follows:—

"We come to this Great Council with every Tribe having reported and paid its per capita tax, and when the great number of Tribes in this reservation is considered, it is a remarkable condition, and it is due to the enthusiastic fraternal spirit that exists in the hearts of every Red Man in our Reservation.

The American Flag, the emblem of Freedom, renews in every Red Man's heart the true American spirit that was breathed into the souls of the Sons of Liberty and which later proclaimed for them their Independence.

The spirit of Liberty was the foundation of the greatest fraternity of modern times and this same spirit of freedom that prompted the Sons of Liberty has been given additional force by the presence of the Stars and Stripes in the council chambers of the various Tribes, and engenders more thorough fraternal and patriotic feeling than any one emblem. I suggest that the Great Council of Kentucky give each and every Tribe on the night of institution 114 this emblem of freedom, so this same spirit will be injected into the hearts of all the newly adopted brothers."

From the long talk of the Great Chief of Records the following statistics are taken:—adopted since last report, 2,853; admitted by card, 81; reinstated, 145; suspended, 1,623; expelled, 14; withdrawn by card, 95; deceased, 65; present membership, 8,933; Number of tribes last report, 109; new tribes, 31; tribes resuscitated, 5; tribes extinct since last report, 17; whole number of tribes Jan. 1st, 1907, 128. Disbursed for relief, $13,721.55; for burial of the dead, $2,941.50; for other purposes, $41,566.25; invested by Tribes, $49,872.96; Total worth of Tribes, $78,001.86.

The Great Council of the United States had, since the last session of the Great Council of Kentucky, adopted an enabling act, permitting State Great Councils to legislate for the care and maintenance of Widows, Orphans and Aged Red Men, and a bill was now introduced with the following title, being quite similar to the one previously enacted by the Great Council of Kentucky, but which had been declared unconstitutional by the supreme authority:—

"A bill, to provide for the support of Widows and Orphans of deceased Red Men, and of Aged Red Men, and the ultimate establishment of a Home for the same."

In one respect the bill was quite different from the former, in that it provided for the immediate relief of beneficiaries, a portion of the tax proposed to be levied to be set aside for that purpose.

As has been recorded on these pages, there were two factions in the Great Council, each eager for the adoption of relief laws, but with different ideas as to the application of the same. On the one side were those who desired the immediate establishment of a Home or Institution, while on the other was the party desiring the care and support of its beneficiaries within the homes of individuals. The bill now presented provided for the trial of the latter plan, while a fund was being accumulated for the adoption of the former in the future. After discussion in the Committee of the whole and protracted debate on the floor of the Great Council the bill was adopted by a Tribal vote of 85 ayes to 11 nays.

The per capita tax was increased from 60 inches per great sun to 80 inches, fifteen inches of which to be set aside for the relief fund, and 5 inches of this to be devoted to immediate relief if required.

Great Sachem Russell immediately appointed the three members of the Board of Trustees of the Widows', Orphans' and Aged Red Men's Relief Fund, as provided in the enactment, as follows:—H. C. Yunker, of No. 7 for one Great Sun; Ben Rosenthall, of No. 115 14 for two Great Suns and Sam Marcus, of No. 8 for three Great Suns, the Great Sachem and Great Chief of Records being also members of the Board ex-officio.

A bill was presented providing for the reduction of the commission to be paid to organizers of new Tribes, but it failed to pass.

The contract for printing for the ensuing great sun was awarded to the Louisville Anzeiger Company of Louisville.

Upon the recommendation of the Finance Committee mileage was paid to 147 Great Chiefs, Representatives and members of Standing Committees, amounting to $970.86, being an average of $6.77¹/₂ to each.

The old committee on Widows and Orphans reported having in its possession the sum of $472.68.

A bill was presented for future consideration providing for a maximum amount to be paid for benefits when the dues of the beneficiary are paid in advance, and a minimum when not so paid.

Great Sachem Russell was presented with a beautiful emblematic ring, on behalf of his many friends in the Order.

The famous "Disfranchisement Bill" was withdrawn and thus came to an end a measure which promised to cause much dissension.

The Committee recommended that charters be issued to the following named forty-five Tribes and three Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas, which was the largest number of Tribes ever instituted under the administration of any Great Sachem of Kentucky, and the only list excelling in number that under the administration of Willie Walker, in 1901. This record also excelled any record ever made by any other State Great Council.

Minnewa, No. 151, Whitehouse; Ontario, No. 152, Flat Lick; Black Eagle, No. 154, Gray; Rowena, No. 155, Hopkinsville; Stillwater, No. 156, Russellville; Delaware, No. 157, Blanche; Metacom, No. 158, Corbin; Shenandoah, No. 159, Logmont; Saranac, No. 160, Richardson; Iron Star, No. 161, Trosper; Yazoo, No. 162, Boston; Chicora, No. 163, Shepherdsville; Tuskeno, No. 164, Hellier; Ouray, No. 165, Oakdale; Geronimo, No. 166, London; Silver Arrow, No. 167, Lebanon Junction; Susquehanna, No. 168, Inez; Spotted Elk, No. 169, Island; White Bear, No. 170, Williamsburg; Red Crow, No. 171, Rockhold; Kill Buck, No. 172, Elizabethtown; Choctaw, No. 173, Wilton; Washtella, No. 174, Fonde; Wanalanset, No. 175, Sadieville; Cheyenne, No. 176, Chenoa; Kiowa, No. 177, Osie; Lackawaxen, No. 178, Borderland; Pewakee, No. 179, Luzerne; Uncas, No. 180, Bolts, Fork; Piute, No. 181, Culbertson; Maumee, No. 182, Graham; Cahoosic, No. 183, Leitchfield; Scioto, No. 184, Covington; 116 Kickapoo, No. 185, Big Clifty; Potomac, No. 186, Glasgow; Sequepah, No. 187, Drakesboro; Ohio, No. 188, Hartford; Conanchet, No. 189, Halsey; Tawawa, No. 190, Centertown; Owasso, No. 191, Cleaton; Bogohama, No. 192, Princeton; Mashingomisha, No. 193, Blaine; Oklahoma, No. 194, Chambers; Trade Water, No. 195, Dawson Springs; Wenonah Council, No. 12, Tyrone; Wahneta, Council, No. 13, Blanche; Nenemoosha Council, No. 41, Bell Jellico.

New Charters were also granted Petewa Tribe, No. 41, at Central City and Mohawk, No. 20, at Shelbyville.

W. H. McDonald, of No. 111 was elected Great Junior Sagamore on the second ballot, other candidates being H. J. Northcutt, of No. 184 and Harry J. Phillips, of No. 10.

Henry W. Ray, of No. 3 was unanimously elected Great Chief of Records for the fifth consecutive term.

Herman V. Cohn, of No. 8 was elected Great Keeper of Wampum without opposition for the second consecutive term.

Dan. H. Russell, of No. 10, W. A. Crader, of No. 8, John H. Boschemeyer, of No. 8 and H. H. Denhardt, of No. 11 were elected Great Representatives for two Great Suns each, and Chas. A. Hess, of No. 10 and H. J. McFarlan, of No. 33 for one Great Sun each, other candidates being Willie Walker, of No. 1; H. C. Rhodes, of No. 60; Louis Vissman, of No. 8.

Frankfort was selected as the place for kindling the next Great Sun Council fire, though the Finance Committee recommended St. Matthews.

Great Sachem Russell appointed members of the new Committee on Degree of Pocahontas, which had been created by an enactment, as follows: L. H. Roberts, of No. 10; Christ Schwitzer, of No. 17; Warren Wilson, of No. 91.

Great Sachem elect Page announced that he should consider the term of the appointees as having expired with his being raised to the Chieftaincy of Great Sachem, and would then appoint a new Committee.

Great Incohonee W. A. S. Bird, being obliged to leave, authorized Past Great Sachem G. A. Ellerkamp to raise the newly elected Great Chiefs. 117

The question of quorum was then raised, and it being found that not a quorum was present, further business could not be entertained, and Past Great Sachem Ellerkamp proceeded to raise the Chiefs, first appointing Past Great Sachem Willie Walker as Great Tocakon.

The Great Sachem announced the following appointments of Standing Committees:—

Finance—T. J. Tierney, of No. 80; Henry Schwieters, of No. 8; S. C. Moore, of No. 7.

Judiciary—Sebastian Stone, of No. 56; Joe C. Lykins, of No. 113; R. A. Chiles, of No. 18.

State of the Order—John M. Clifford, of No. 10; Wm. Stoeckel, of No. 93; Geo. S. Weimer, of No. 6.

Degree of Pocahontas—Warren Wilson, of No. 91; H. J. Northcutt, of No. 184; W. E. Coleman, of No. 78.

Returns and Reports—Claude B. Terrell, of No. 90; G. Michael, of No. 22; Chas. Stout, of No. 19.

After suitable resolutions of appreciation of the courtesies shown by Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, and when the Great Prophet had said a prayer, the council fire was quenched.

1908.

FOURTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

At the tenth run, rising of the 12th sun of Flower Moon, G. S. D. 417, there gathered in the Legislative Chamber of the State Capitol, the Past Sachems of the Kentucky Tribes, visiting and local Red Men, when, under the auspices of Blackfoot Tribe, No. 67, of Frankfort, addresses of welcome to the Great Council of Kentucky were delivered by Hon. Jas. T. Buford, in behalf of 118 Mayor Hume, Past Sachem T. Hiter Crockett, of No. 67, and Lieut. Governor Cox, responded to by Great Prophet D. H. Russell, and Great Junior Sagamore W. H. McDonald, of Barbourville.

At the close of the introductory ceremonies, and when the visitors had departed, the Great Sun Council fire was kindled in ample form, all Great Chiefs being present and all Great Representatives, eight past Great Sachems and two hundred and five Past Sachems.

Great Sachem Robert Lee Page appointed Past Great Sachem L. L. Bebout and Past Sachem Henry Yunker to assist Great Junior Sagamore W. H. McDonald in the inspection of credentials.

It being evident that the Legislative Hall was to small to accommodate the Great Council, it already being crowded with the old members, and the new not having been introduced, it was decided to adjourn to the Skating Rink, where the future sessions were held.

The record of the previous Great Council was approved as printed, when the Great Sachem presented his Long Talk, the Credential Committee not being ready to report. The document being in print was distributed and much interest was manifested in its perusal. The following extracts will be of especial interest:—

"My work is done—my labors over. It has been a Great Sun of labor, but a labor of love, and one that has the best efforts of my mind and heart.

I have sought to render efficient and faithful service, and, while the year has not been free from perplexities and responsibilities, I trust that I can return unsullied the regalia you bade me wear. It is an honor to wear the insignia of our Brotherhood—of the Fraternity which has done and is doing so much for man and country, but with power and influence come responsibilities, and this Great Order needs the care, support and helping hand of all who constitute its household.

To your efforts am I able to report the largest gain in membership and the largest number of new Tribes organized than ever before in the history of this Reservation. In fact, it has been said that Kentucky has made the best record of any Reservation in the United States. The Order has prospered beyond precedent or prophecy.

Pure religion and undefiled before the Great Spirit is this—To visit the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and to keep himself unspotted from the world."

"Inspired by this Spirit, animated by this faith, exemplifying these noble precepts by acts of helpfulness, Redmanship has, for many Great Suns, been a living power within this land, and at the 119 close of this Great Sun has the confidence of, and dwells in honor among a free, enlightened people.

We honor a wonderful past, and rejoice in a prosperous present, yet we know that the work of the Order has not ended, and that so long as time shall last, and the enemies of society endure, it will be necessary for this and similar Orders to exist. The need of good men, honest men, men who believe in manhood and in brotherhood, who know responsibilities and can assume them, was never greater than today. This Order has given us men who have lifted human burdens and have lived to help, aid and assist their fellow man.

We have a strong, vigorous and constantly expanding organization. The past with its lessons, its struggles, its successes, is ours. We live in sunlight now; fortune has favored us; the skies are bright with promise; surely at the close of this Great Sun, we can sincerely and honestly repeat:

Concerning the Long House, the Great Sachem said: "As yet, the manner of raising wampum for this purpose has not been decided upon. The location of the Long House in this Reservation means far more for the Kentucky Redman than we realize. It means that each Great Sun Louisville will be the Mecca for a large number of the most influential members of our Order. In addition to this, it will be of great financial benefit to the Red Men and paleface merchants of Kentucky's metropolis, and, while more directly beneficial to them, is indirectly beneficial to you. This, however, should not be considered in comparison to the good that will result to the Order here."

That a tax be levied for the purpose of raising a fund for the erection of a Long House in Louisville by the Great Council of the United States.

That some action should be taken whereby each member of the Order can be supplied with a copy of the laws.

That the time of holding the Great Sun Council should be changed from Flower Moon to Cold Moon.

That the law requiring the Chiefs of Tribes to be bonded through the chieftaincy of the Great Chief of Records be abolished. 120

That the salary of the incoming Great Chief of Records be increased from five hundred fathoms to nine hundred fathoms.

That a code of laws governing the Trustees of the Widows', Orphans' and Aged Red Men's Relief Fund be adopted.

After reciting a long list of opinions and decisions rendered, the Great Sachem enumerates the sixty-five Tribes and three Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas instituted during his administration, with dates, and names of Organizers and Instituting Chiefs.

After recounting the dispensations granted by himself and his Deputies, Great Sachem Page closed his admirable Long Talk as follows:

"In discharging my duties I have been made a better Red Man and a better man. I love my fellow-man more to-day than I did one Great Sun ago. I shall never cease to lend my humble aid and assistance to the cause of this great fraternity.

In conclusion I trust that in passing judgment upon my efforts and work you may be able to say: 'He hath done what he could, and in the best manner he knew how.'"

The following statistics are from the Long Talk of Great Chief of Records Henry W. Ray:—

Membership last report, 8,933; adopted, 4,486; admitted by card, 122; reinstated, 227; suspended, 1,647; expelled, 21; withdrawn by card, 109; deceased, 91; present membership, 11,950; number of Tribes last report, 128; tribes instituted, 58; extinct since last report, 6; whole number of Tribes Jan. 1, 1908, 180; gain in tribes, 52; disbursed by Tribes for relief, $16,904.12; for burial of dead, $4,103.30; amount invested by Tribes, $70,500.79; amount in wampum belts of Tribes, $33,075.79; total worth of Tribes, $103,576.78; expenses of Great Council for great Sun, $9,611.46; balance in Great Council wampum belt, $2,208.01.

The Great Representatives to the Great Council of the United States presented a report of the transactions of the Great Council of particular interest to the Great Council of Kentucky, and particularly as to the legislation in regard to the proposed Long House. The following was reported as having been adopted by the Great Council of the United States:

"Be it resolved by this Great Council of the United States: That a committee of three of its members be appointed to devise ways and means for the erection of the Long House, to be erected at Louisville, Kentucky, and to report at the next session of this Great Council. Be it further resolved, that said Committee shall consist of the present Great Incohonee as Chairman and two Past Great Incohonees to be selected by the Great Incohonee and to serve at no expense to this Great Council."

The Credential Committee then reported having approved of 121 the credentials of 175 Past Sachems who were in waiting in the Forest, the same were admitted and instructed in the Great Council Degree. The same Committee also approved of the Credentials of the representatives of 143 Tribes. The total attendance was 343 Past Sachems.

A speaking leaf was then read from Great Incohonee W. A. S. Bird, announcing the appointment of Past Great Sachem D. H. Russell as his special representative, and the credentials were acknowledged. Acting Great Incohonee Russell was then received with the usual honors.

Great Sachem Page announced the following appointments to fill vacancies on Standing Committees:—

Past Sachem Albert Miller, of No. 1 presented the Great Council with two emblematic Tomahawks his own handiwork.

Great Sachem Page appointed the following as a Committee on Charters:—N. G. Mothershead, of No. 57; Joe Woodruff, of No. 195; J. W. DeHart, of No. 8.

The Finance Committee reported the following recommendations which were concurred in:

That the books and accounts of the Great Chief of Records, the Great Keeper of Wampum and the Trustees of the Widows', Orphans' and Aged Red Men's Relief Fund, having been audited and found correct, be approved.

That the sum of two thousand fathoms be appropriated from the funds of this Great Council for the use of the Great Sachem in the performance of his duties.

That the Kentucky Red Man and American Red Man be declared to be the official journals of this Great Council, and that the sum of one hundred and fifty fathoms be appropriated to each.

That no appropriation be made for salary of Assistant Great Chief of Records for the ensuing great sun.

That Mileage be paid to the Great Chiefs, Representatives and Members of the Standing Committees, amounting $1,457.01, an average of $8.18 to each of 178 individuals.

The Judiciary Committee reported having approved of the by-laws of 53 Tribes and Councils.

The following amendment to the laws was unanimously adopted it being mandatory, in conformity to a requirement of the Great Council of the United States:—No paleface following the occupation of saloon keeper, bar tender, liquor dealer or professional 122 gambler shall be eligible to membership in a Tribe of the Improved Order of Red Men.

Great Senior Sagamore J. H. Kemper, who until this time had been absent, entered the Council Chamber and was given a fraternal reception.

The Great Chief of Records was authorized to have printed in convenient form the Constitution governing Tribes.

The Great Chief of Records was authorized and instructed to attend the sessions of the Great Chief of Records Association, at the expense of the Great Council.

A model code of by-laws was authorized, under which new Tribes are required to work at least six moons after instituted.

The law requiring the Great Chief of Records to notify all Tribes of all suspensions was repealed.

The law requiring the financial chiefs of Tribes to be bonded in a specified bonding company was repealed, leaving it to each Tribe to make its own selection of a Company.

The salary of the Great Chief of Records was increased from 500 to 900 fathoms per great sun.

An amendment was presented to provide for additional revenue for the purpose of erecting a Widows' and Orphans' Home, but action on same was deferred for one great sun.

The Board of Trustees of the Widows', Orphans' and Aged Red Men's Relief Fund reported a code of laws to govern that Body, and the disbursement of relief, which was unanimously adopted.

The report of the Secretary of that Board, Bro. Sam Marcus, shows, total amount in the Home Fund $1,122.51; total amount disbursed for relief, $73.00; total balance in relief fund, $312.07.

A bill was presented reducing the amount to be paid organizers to $2.00 for each paleface, but was defeated.

Lexington was selected as the place for the kindling of the next great sun council fire, Bowling Green and Elizabethtown being also in nomination.

Past Great Sachem L. L. Bebout in a characteristic speech presented Great Sachem Robert Lee Page with a beautiful and costly silver service, the joint gift of many Tribes and individuals. Great Sachem Page responded, expressing his heartfelt appreciation of the handsome tribute.

Great Junior Sagamore W. H. McDonald presented a Great Representative's sash to Acting Great Incohonee D. H. Russell, which that Great Chief accepted in appropriate terms.

Great Prophet Russell, in behalf of Past Sachem N. Bierman, 123 of Cherokee Tribe, No. 8, offered as a reward for faithful work for the Order an emblematic Ring to the member of the Order who shall bring into his Tribe the greatest number of new members in each Great Sun, counting from each Great Council.

The contract for the printing for the ensuing great sun was let to The Louisville Anzeiger Company, the Record being the base, at $1.00 per page.

The run having arrived for the election of Great Chiefs, the Great Sachem announced that when tellers were required to receive and count ballots, each candidate in nomination for Chieftaincy should have the privilege of appointing one of the tellers in his race.

Past Great Sachem H. H. Denhardt presiding, the election took place, resulting as follows:

W. H. McDonald, of No. 111 was elected Great Senior Sagamore, there being no other candidates in nomination.

Homer J. Northcutt, of No. 184 was elected Great Junior Sagamore, Wm. A. Grader, of No. 8, being also in nomination, and lost by small margin.

Frank L. Smith, of No. 1 was elected Great Chief of Records, other candidates in nomination being T. J. Tierney, of No. 80; J. M. Holstner, of No. 10 and C. F. Melton, of No. 81. Henry W. Ray, the retiring Great Chief of Records, having served for five consecutive great suns, was awarded the honors of a Past Great Sachem and declined to be a candidate for re-election.

Herman V. Cohn, of No. 8, was elected Great Keeper of Wampum for the third term, M. M. Redding, of No. 64 being also in nomination.

Four Great Representatives to the Great Council of the United States were elected, each to serve for two great suns as follows:—Past Great Sachem Robert Lee Page, of No. 80; L. L. Bebout, of No. 60; G. A. Ellerkamp, of No. 8 and Henry Wood Ray, of No. 3. Other candidates in nomination were Past Great Sachem H. J. McFarlan, of No. 33; Past Sachem Lawrence S. Leopold, of No. 8; Past Great Sachem John D. Walker, of No. 1; Past Sachem Chas. A. Hess, of No. 10.

A bill was presented and passed increasing the per capita tax to be levied upon Tribes to five feet each six moons, the additional ten inches to be set aside as a special fund to aid the Great Council of the United States in the erection of a Long House, or permanent headquarters in the hunting grounds of Louisville. 124

Great Sachem Page announced the appointment of Henry C. Yunker as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Widows', Orphans' and Aged Red Men's Relief Fund for three great suns.

Upon the recommendation of the Committee, charters were granted to the following named New Tribes and Councils:—Ogallala, No. 196, Polsgrove Landing; Nipsit, No. 197, Pilgrim; Suwanee, No. 198, Trinity; Shawmut, No. 199, Jattie; Merrimac, No. 200, Hammond; Adirondack, No. 201, Clifford; Walla Walla, No. 202, Calhoun; Creek, No. 203, Dayton; Arapahoe, No. 204, Providence; Brule, No. 205, Clay; Naugatuck, No. 206, West Naugatuck; Monon, No. 207, Stamping Ground; Saginaw, No. 208, Denton; Pewawbeek, No. 209, Hopper; Sangamon, No. 210, Manchester; Emahaka, No. 211, Morganfield; Weshaway, No. 212, Wofford; Agawam, No. 213, Catlettsburg; Manhattan, No. 214, Jellico; Wahnahton, No. 215, McCarr; Kearsarge, No. 216, Aberdeen; Tuscahoma, No. 217, Charley; Chicotah, No. 218, Dekoven; Incas, No. 219, Fletcher; Petaluma, No. 220, Lily; Samoset, No. 221, Majestic; Canonicus, No. 222, Gallup; Kennebec, No. 223, Meek; Watstika, No. 224, Marion; Santana, No. 225, Pikeville; Itaska, No. 226, Rumsey; Monadnock, No. 227, Slick Rock Creek; Ozark, No. 228, Elkhorn City; Tuskaloosa, No. 229, Benton; Ioka, No. 230, South Carrollton; Ninegret, No. 231, Elk Lick; Anawan, No. 232, Big Creek; Napanee, No. 233, Muddy Branch; Pocasset, No. 234, Uniontown; Waco, No. 235, Oneida; Kokomo, No. 236, Danleyton; Tonkawa, No. 237, Sebree; Tecumseh, No. 238, Tannery; Pokonoket, No. 239, Bush; Erie, No. 240, Fork Ridge; Kiowon, No. 241, Slaughtersville; Ramona, No. 242, Sawyer; Chicopee, No. 243, Bonanza; Washoan, No. 244, Onton; Horicon, No. 245, Morgantown; Alleghan, No. 246, Burnwell; Nokonan, No. 247, Ashbyburg; Beaver, No. 248, Allen; Kewanee, No. 249, Greenville; Genesee, No. 250, Hunnewell; Chessapeake, No. 251, Dixon; Tonikan, No. 252, Madisonville; Kenaway, No. 253, Harlan; Casco, No. 254, Beaver Dam; Canadawa, No. 255, Barnetts Creek; Atabaska, No. 256, Cromwell; Waukesha, No. 257, Teague; Cayuga, No. 258, Maplesville; Dekorra, No. 259, Ingram; Catawissa, No. 260, St. Charles. Councils of the Degree of Pocahontas:—Aletah, No. 15, Middlesboro; Minnewawa, No. 16, Jennings; Leola, No. 17, Georgetown.

A bill was presented, to lay over one great sun, providing for a reduction in the fee for admission by withdrawal card.

Acting Great Incohonee D. H. Russell, assisted by Past Great Sachem G. A. Ellerkamp, as Great Tocakon, raised the Great Chiefs as follows:—

Great Sachem Kemper announced the appointment of Past Sachem Geo. W. Hinesley, of No. 8 as a member of the Board of Appeals for three great suns.

Finance—Henry Schwieters, of No. 8; R. F. Arnett, of No. 1; Roy C. Scott, of No. 18.

Judiciary—Robert T. Crowe, of No. 33; Claude B. Terrell, of No. 90; Chas. A. Davis, of No. 111.

State of the Order—W. B. Dillon, of No. 166; R. S. Hunter, of No. 11; John J. Sandmann, of No. 70.

Degree of Pocahontas—J. M. Clifford, of No. 10; W. Fred Thomas, of No. 3; T. J. Tierney, of No. 80.

Returns and Reports—Sebastian Stone, of No. 56; V. M. Hainline, of No. 18; T. H. Sanders, of No. 89.

The thanks of the Great Council were extended to Robert Lee Page, for his dignified, fair and impartial rulings, and to Blackfoot Tribe for its hospitality.

Past Great Sachem's Jewels were presented to Henry Wood Ray and Robert Lee Page, and when the Great Prophet had said a prayer, the council fire was quenched. 126

CHAPTER VIII.

BRIEF REVIEW OF THE INSTITUTION OF EACH TRIBE IN KENTUCKY, WITH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ITS NAME WHERE POSSIBLE.

Miantonomo, No. 1. (Last Sachem of the Narragansetts, a nephew of Canonicus) Lexington. Instituted 5th Hunting Moon, 403, with 121 Charter members. Organized by J. B. Mendenhall and instituted by the Great Chiefs of the Great Council of the United States. Absorbed Winona Tribe, No. 4 by consolidation 3d Buck Moon, 417.

Onequa, No. 2. (Rocky Ford) Winchester. Instituted 29th Cold Moon, 404, with 41 Charter members. Organized and instituted by J. B. Mendenhall, the degree work being done by Miantonomo, No. 1, twenty-one of whose members became charter members of No. 2 by Card, and many of these had been members of old Shawnee Tribe, No. 18, the history of which see.

Wyandotte, No. 3. (Name of a Tribe of the Iroquois Nation. Huron is another name of the same Tribe, both being derived from the same Indian word "A-hon-an-dote." Wyandotte is the French version and Huron the English) Maysville. Instituted 3d Hot Moon, 404, with 35 Charter members. Organized by J. R. McConnell and instituted by J. B. Mendenhall, members of Miantonomo Tribe assisting in the degree work.

Winona, No. 4. (Same as "Wenonah", meaning "first born") Lexington. Instituted 24th Hot Moon, 404, by J. B. Mendenhall, with 25 Charter members. The tribe was quite prosperous for several great suns, but gradually declined and was absorbed by Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1 in 412.

Hiokatoo, No. 5. (Hi-o-ka-too) Louisville. Instituted 13th sun Buck Moon, 408, by J. B. VanZandt, with 77 charter members. Although suffering from mistreatment by the organizer, the tribe has been prosperous.

Tecumseh, No. 5. (A famous Shawnee Chief, signifying "he who walks over water") Harrodsburg. Instituted 27th Hot Moon, 404 by J. B. Mendenhall, with 25 Charter members. Surrendered its charter on the 24th Hunting Moon, 405. 127

Paughcaughnaughsinque, No. 6. Augusta. Instituted 1st Beaver Moon, 404, with 41 charter members, by J. B. Mendenhall. Has been prosperous from the beginning, and is now one of the strong tribes in the Reservation.

Hiawatha, No. 7. (A name made famous by Longfellow, the signification of which is "wise man") Louisville. Instituted 9th Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 404, with 63 charter members, by J. B. Mendenhall. The Tribe has had many vicissitudes, but has weathered them all, and is one of the strongholds of Redmanship in Kentucky. Absorbed by consolidation Pequod Tribe, No. 63 and Red Jacket, No. 44.

Cherokee, No. 8. (Tribe of the Iroquois stock, living South of the Ohio River) Louisville. Instituted 22nd Hunting Moon, 404 by J. B. Mendenhall. This Tribe has since absorbed by consolidation the following named tribes:—Tippecanoe, No. 29, Tecumseh, No. 9, Pawnee, No. 42. Tribe has from the start been one of the most vigorous in the Reservation, and is the largest, having at present 433 members.

Shawnee, No. 9. ("Southerner") Louisville. Instituted 10th Worm Moon, 405, by J. B. Mendenhall, and its charter was the first to be issued by the present Great Council of Kentucky. Consolidated with Tecumseh Tribe, No. 12 on the 22nd of Flower Moon, 410.

Tecumseh, No. 9. ("He who walks over the water") Founded by the consolidation of Shawnee Tribe, No. 9 and Tecumseh Tribe No. 12 on the 22nd sleep of Flower Moon, 410, and soon after consolidated with Cherokee Tribe, No. 8.

Wahoo, No. 10. ("Egg",) Louisville. Instituted 9th Sturgeon Moon, 408 with 89 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. Absorbed Wahbee, No. 15, by consolidation.

Mohican, No. 11. (Name of Tribe of New England Indians, signifying "Wolf") Bowling Green. Instituted 24th Plant Moon, 405 by Great Sachem J. R. McConnell. Although the tribe has met with several mishaps, it has never "faltered or proved false."

Iroquois, No. 12. (The name applied to the "Six Nations") Hopkinsville. Instituted 29th Flower Moon, 405 by Past Great Sachem J. B. Mendenhall. The tribe lived but a short time and was defunct in 406. Council brand was relighted by Past Great Sachem W. E. Fite on the 1st of Sturgeon Moon, 407, which burned but feebly and was defunct soon after. 128

Tecumseh, No. 12. ("He who walks over the water") Louisville. Instituted 5th Traveling Moon, 408, with 20 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. Consolidated with Shawnee, No. 9.

Wabee, No. 13. ("White") Louisville. Instituted 11th Corn Moon, 408 with 46 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. Consolidated after a few seven suns with Choctaw, No. 15.

Totewa, No. 14. ("To sink, dive, or go under water, to rise again as logs when carried over a water fall") Owensboro. Instituted 4th Buck Moon, 405 by Great Sachem J. R. McConnell, the work being done by Waukee Tribe, No. 150, of Evansville, Ind.

Otego, No. 15. Paducah. Instituted 21st Sturgeon Moon, 405. Organized by J. B. VanZandt and instituted by Great Sachem J. R. McConnell. Tribe was reported defunct in 406, and its Council brand was relighted by Past Great Sachem W. E. Fite on the 20th of Buck Moon, 407, but the tribe was reported defunct in 408.

Choctaw, No. 15. ("Charming voice." A numerous tribe of Indians) Louisville. Instituted 28th Corn Moon, 408 with 31 charter members, by J. B. VanZandt, but soon after consolidated with Wabee Tribe, No. 13.

Wabee, No. 15. ("White") Louisville. Instituted by the consolidation of Wabee Tribe, No. 13 and Choctaw Tribe, No. 15. This new Tribe soon after consolidated with Wahoo Tribe, No. 10.

Seminole, No. 16. ("Separatists" or "Run away people") Henderson. Instituted 25th Sturgeon Moon, 405 by Great Sachem J. R. McConnell, the work being done by the degree team of Waukee Tribe, No. 150 of Evansville, Ind. The tribe was reported defunct in 406. Council brand was relighted on the 4th of Sturgeon Moon, 407 by Past Great Sachem W. E. Fite, which burned fitfully for a few seven suns and then went out forever.

Montezuma, No. 16. Louisville. Instituted 4th Traveling Moon, G. S. D. 408, with 40 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. Consolidated with Sioux Tribe, No. 70 in Sturgeon Moon, 412.

Miami, No. 17. (Same as Maumee. "People who live in the Peninsular.") Newport. Instituted 25th Buck Moon, 385 (1876) by the Old Great Council of Kentucky, and was an offshoot from Minnehaha No. 10 and Pocahontas, No. 3. Was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Great Council of Ohio on the surrender of the Charter of the Old Great Council of Kentucky in 393 (1884) and at the institution of the present Great Council of Kentucky 129 was transferred back to its jurisdiction, having at that time fifteen members. This is the oldest tribe in Kentucky, and numbers among its members several aged brothers who have been in continuous good standing in the Order for more than a half century.

Calumet, No. 18. (Not properly an Indian word, but used to signify the "Pipe of Peace") Mt. Sterling. Instituted 14th sun Hunting Moon, 405 with 35 charter members by Great Sachem J. R. McConnell. The tribe has prospered from the start, and though once suffering the loss of everything but its wampum belt by fire, and though now not having a large membership, is healthy and vigorous.

Osceola, No. 19. (Name of a Chief of the Seminoles, signifying "Plentiful drinker of the black drink.") Ashland. Instituted 14th Hunting Moon, 399, with 15 charter members by Harry C. McKay, Great Sachem of the Great Council of Ohio, and was under the jurisdiction of that Great Council until transferred to the Great Council of Kentucky at its institution.

Choctaw, No. 20. ("Charming Voice") Corbin. Instituted 22nd Plant Moon, 406 by Great Sachem J. R. McConnell. Tribe lived but a short time and was reported defunct in 407. Visited by Past Sachem M. M. Redding in 413 in endeavor to relight its council brand but without success.

Mohawk, No. 20. ("Men eaters") Shelbyville. Instituted 8th Beaver Moon, 408 with 28 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. Reported defunct in 410 and visited by Past Sachem W. A. Crader in attempt to relight its council brand in Worm Moon, 411, but without success, that chief taking possession of the visible effects of the defunct Tribe. The Council Fire was rekindled by W. H. Gage on the 18th of Buck Moon, 415, and burned dimly for a season when it went out altogether. Was once more revived by Past Sachem M. M. Redding, but the tribe finally surrendered its charter in 417.

Indianola, No. 21. Minerva. Instituted 9th Buck Moon, 406 with 24 charter members by Great Sachem W. E. Fite assisted by the degree team of No. 6. The council fire burned brightly for several great suns and gave promise of becoming a strong and prosperous tribe, but reverses came, interest was lost and its charter was surrendered to Great Chief of Records Henry W. Ray in 416.

Chippewa, No. 22. (The proper spelling of this word is "Ojibway" a numerous tribe of the Algonquin family and signifies "he surmounts obstacles") Louisville. Instituted 16th Beaver 130 Moon, 408 with 28 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. While this tribe has never had a large membership it has always been successful.

Delaware, No. 23. (The Iroquois called this people "Sag-a-na-ga.") Lebanon. Instituted 28th Beaver Moon, 408 with 28 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. This tribe started out bravely and for a time did well. Giving a big pow-wow at which some wampum was made, led to its downfall, there being dissention concerning its disposal. Visited by Bro. Crader in 411 and found to be defunct at that time, that chief taking possession of its charter.

Black Hawk, No. 24. ("Muk-kud-da-ke-neu") Springfield. Instituted 8th Hunting Moon, 408 with 28 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. The council fire burned dimly for some time and soon went out altogether. Past Sachem Crader visited the tribe on the 28th of Snow Moon, 411 and succeeded in relighting its council brand, but when visited by Bro. Redding in 413 was found defunct and its affairs were wound up.

Matamora, No. 25. St. Matthews. Instituted 12th Hunting Moon, 408 by J. B. VanZandt with 20 charter members. This is one of the tribes instituted by VanZandt that has been prosperous. It owns its own wigwam, one of the most unique in the reservation, and its chiefs are active and vigorous.

Wyoming, No. 26. ("Large" or "extensive") Danville. Instituted 21st Hunting Moon, 408 with 48 charter members, by J. B. VanZandt. For several great suns the tribe flourished and entertained the Great Council in 410, but soon after began to wane. In 413 its council fire was relighted by Past Sachem M. M. Redding, but it did not thrive, and in 415 it surrendered its charter.

Seneca, No. 27. ("Great hill people") Stanford. Instituted 3rd Cold Moon, 409, with 63 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. The tribe prospered for a time, but in 411 was reported defunct. Past Sachem F. L. Smith visited Stanford on the 14th of Snow Moon, 412 and endeavored to relight the council brand but without success, and the charter and effects of the Tribe were surrendered to him on that sun. The Council brand was relighted by Past Sachem M. M. Redding in 413, but shortly after surrendered again.

Dakota, No. 28. ("Leagued, or United People") Junction City. Instituted 23d Cold Moon, 409, with 26 charter members, by J. B. VanZandt. There have been ups and downs in this Tribe, and its council fire has burned dimly at times, but it now burns brightly. 131

Tippecanoe, No. 29. ("At the great clearing") Louisville. Instituted in Cold Moon, 409, with 54 charter members by Great Sachem W. C. Diederich. Consolidated with Cherokee Tribe, No. 8.

Onondaga, No. 30. ("On the hills") Lancaster. Instituted 30th Cold Moon, 409 with 23 charter members, by J. B. VanZandt. Tribe was defunct in 411 and surrendered its charter to M. M. Redding in 413.

Manitou, No. 31. ("Spirit") Eminence. Instituted 16th Snow Moon, 409, with 32 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. The tribe lived but a short time and surrendered its charter to Past Sachem Morris, of LaGrange.

Iroquois, No. 32. (The name applied to the "Six Nations") Pittsburg. Instituted 19th Snow Moon, 409, with 23 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. The tribe has been prosperous from the start and is numbered among the strong tribes in the reservation.

Massasoit, No. 33. (Name of a noted chief of the Wampanoags.) LaGrange. Instituted 26th Snow Moon, 409 with 18 charter members by J. B. VanZandt. While a large majority of the Tribes instituted by VanZandt have gone to the bad, in this instance he "builded better than he knew" and old Massasoit stands among the leaders.

Ononga, No. 34. Covington. Instituted on the 26th Worm Moon, G. S. D. 409 by W. C. Peay. Lived but a short time. There is no record of its charter ever having been taken up.

Montauk, No. 35. ("The island country") East Bernstadt. Instituted 3d Plant Moon, 409 by J. B. VanZandt, with 26 charter members. Consolidated with Iroquois Tribe, No. 32 on the 20th of Hot Moon, 409.

Cataraugus, No. 36. ("Bad smelling shore") Livingston. Instituted 31st Flower Moon, 409 by J. B. VanZandt, with 17 charter members. Tribe was defunct in 411. Council brand was relighted by F. L. Smith on the 13th Cold Moon, 412. Charter surrendered to M. M. Redding in Sturgeon Moon, 413.

Oswego, No. 37. ("Where the valley widens.") Dry Ridge. Instituted 4th Plant Moon, 409 by W. C. Peay. The tribe has been successful and now owns its own wigwam, being the first in the Reservation to have its own wigwam dedicated by the Great Sachem.

Irondequoit, No. 38. ("A bay") Hardinsburg. Instituted in 409 by J. B. VanZandt. The tribe has weathered the blighting influence of its organizer and is thrifty. 132

Choctaw, No. 39. ("Charming voice") Bardstown. Instituted by J. B. VanZandt. Visited by W. A. Crader in Plant Moon, 411, who found the tribe had been defunct since 6th Hunting Moon, 410.

Red Hawk, No. 40. Somerset. Instituted by J. B. VanZandt in 409. Reported defunct in 410. Council fire revived on the 26th Sturgeon Moon, 413 and on that date consolidated with Shabbona, No. 46.

Petewa, No. 41. Central City. Instituted by F. W. Jones in 410. The Tribe has had its share of reverses, labor troubles in the Hunting Grounds being mainly responsible, but is yet a loyal tribe.

Pawnee, No. 42. Buechel. Instituted in 410 by F. W. Jones. At one time it seemed certain this would be a banner tribe, but it gradually declined and consolidated with Cherokee Tribe, No. 8 in Hunting Moon, 416.

Narragansett, No. 43. ("Other side river") Middlesboro. Instituted 22nd Hot Moon, 409 by J. B. VanZandt. Reported defunct in 411. Visited by F. L. Smith on the 16th Cold Moon, 412, who arrested and took possession of dispensation and supplies.

Red Jacket, No. 44. (Chief of the Senecas, his Indian name being Sa-ga-ye-wat-ha, signifying "he keeps them awake") Louisville. Instituted by F. W. Jones. Consolidated with Hiawatha Tribe.

Osage, No. 45. ("The strong") Lenoxburg. Instituted at Falmouth 28th Hot Moon, 409 by J. R. McConnell and W. C. Peay. Reported defunct in 411. Visited by Great Sachem W. C. Pelham 11th Hunting Moon, 411 who arrested charter and restored the same to petitioners, relighted the counsel brand and granted dispensation to remove the wigwam to Lenoxburg, from which hunting ground the tribe now hails. It owns a fine wigwam, nearly free from debt.

Shabbona, No. 46. (The Indian pronunciation of the French word "Shobonier") Somerset. Instituted in 409 by F. W. Jones. Soon after was defunct. Revived and consolidated with Red Hawk No. 40. Again became defunct. Council fire was relighted by M. M. Redding in Sturgeon Moon, 413, but it never burned brightly and charter was surrendered to M. M. Redding 23rd Sturgeon Moon, 416.

Oconee, No. 47. Instituted in 409 by F. W. Jones. Visited by W. A. Crader in Plant Moon, 411 in endeavor to revive the council brand but without success and he reported the tribe defunct. 133

King Phillip, No. 48. (Younger son of Massasoit) Hustonville. Instituted in 409 by O. J. Minor. The council fire burned brightly for a season, but gradually it smouldered and finally went out entirely, and its charter was surrendered to M. M. Redding 20th Buck Moon, 413.

Minnetonka, No. 49. West Point. Instituted 409 by F. W. Jones, but was soon defunct.

Shingawassa, No. 50. Bardfordsville. Instituted 31st Buck Moon, 409 by F. W. Jones with 24 charter members. Council Fire burned brightly for a time and it practically owned its own wigwam, but members moving away left it without quorum and it surrendered its charter in 416.

Comanche, No. 51. New Haven. Instituted 409 by F. W. Jones. Was soon defunct and its council fire was revived by W. A. Crader, but it burned but dimly and soon was extinct.

Tawawa, No. 52. Vine Grove. Instituted 11th Corn Moon, 409 by F. W. Jones. Visited by Crader in 411 and found to be defunct and all property was surrendered to him.

Minnewah, No. 53. (or "Menawa", Signifying "Great warrior") Beaver Dam. Instituted 409 by F. W. Jones. Consolidated with Kentucky Tribe, No. 54, at McHenry.

Kentucky, No. 54. ("At the head of the river" or "the dark and bloody ground") McHenry. Instituted 8th Corn Moon, 409 by F. W. Jones. Owns jointly with a Lodge of Odd Fellows a fine wigwam and is prosperous in every respect.

Tioga, No. 55. ("Swift current") Sturgis. Instituted 16th Traveling Moon, G. S. D. 409 by F. W. Jones. Has had a hard struggle, and its council fire burned so dimly in 416 that it was rekindled by Past Sachem David Moskovitz.

Huron, No. 56. (Name of a tribe of the Iroquois Nation. Wyandotte is another name of the same tribe, both being derived from the same Indian word "A-hon-an-dote". Wyandotte is the French Version and Huron the English.) Instituted 16th Traveling Moon, G. S. D. 409 by F. W. Jones, the Degree team of Miantonomo Tribe assisting. Its council brand is still burning, though but feebly.

Standwaitee, No. 57. Earlington. Instituted 10th Beaver Moon, 409 by F. W. Jones. The tribe has been vigorous from institution. 134

Blazing Arrow, No. 58. Madisonville. Instituted 10th Beaver Moon, 409 by F. W. Jones. Vigorous efforts were made to make this a strong tribe but without avail and its charter was surrendered on the 8th of Buck Moon, 412.

Sagwa, No. 59. Lawrenceburg. Instituted 15th Beaver Moon, 409, by F. W. Jones, but never prospered and its council fire was out in 410, but relighted in 413 by Past Sachem Julius Morris, but again went out. Was again relighted in 415, and is now in prosperous condition with over 100 members.

Otego, No. 60. Paducah. Instituted by John M. Clifford and F. W. Jones the 7th of Hunting Moon, 409. Several members of the Old Otego, No. 15 became charter members, and it was practically the relighting of the old council brand. The reorganization proved successful and the tribe is one of the strongest in the Reservation.

Wichita, No. 61. ("White Man") Mayfield. Instituted 21st Beaver Moon, 409 by J. M. Clifford, but its council fire soon went out. Was visited by W. A. Crader, who attempted to relight it but without success and he reported the tribe defunct in 411.

Waukee, No. 62. Fulton. Instituted 19th Beaver Moon, 409 by F. W. Jones. Reported defunct in 410. Visited by Crader in attempt to relight its council brand, but he reported it defunct in 411.

Pequod, No. 63. (Name of a Tribe of Indians in Connecticut) Instituted by F. W. Jones in 409. Soon after consolidated with Hiawatha Tribe, No. 7.

Lotowana, No. 64. Midway. Instituted 21st Snow Moon, 410 by Jones and Clifford. Tribe has been successful.

Maumee, No. 65. (People who live in the peninsula) Paris. Instituted 1st Worm Moon, 410 by Jones and Clifford. Absorbed by Miantonomo, No. 1 in 414.

Sagamore, No. 66. (Same as Sachem—"Councellor of the People") Hickman. Instituted by F. W. Jones in 410 with 25 charter members. Visited by W. A. Crader in 411 who found the tribe had been defunct since Buck Moon, 410, but he relighted the council brand on the 23rd of Plant Moon, 411. Tribe soon after became defunct.

Blackfoot, No. 67. (A tribe of Indians, probably of Algonquin stock) Frankfort. Instituted by F. W. Jones on 23rd Plant Moon, 135 410, with 57 charter members. Tribe has always been successful, and enjoys the distinction of having entertained the Great Council three times.

Otawa, No. 68. ("Traders") Olive Hill. Instituted 12th Hot Moon, 410 by F. W. Jones, with 21 charter members. Started off well, but was soon defunct. Council brand was relighted by M. M. Redding, and is now burning brightly.

Powhatan, No. 69. (Name of a great Virginia Chief, said to signify "at or near the falls of the stream"). Carrollton. Instituted 20th Hot Moon, 410 by F. W. Jones, assisted by Nick Pomice, with 32 charter members. Tribe was vigorous for a time, but lost many members by the institution of another tribe in the vicinity, though its council brand is still burning brightly.

Sioux, No. 70. (An abbreviation of the name given by the French to the Tribes of the Dakota Nation "Nadouessioux" and signifies "enemies"). Louisville. Instituted 21st Hot Moon, 410 by F. W. Jones with 27 charter members.

Little Ha-Ha, No. 71. Owenton. Instituted 12th Buck Moon, 410 by F. W. Jones, with 26 charter members. Consolidated with Big Eagle Tribe, No. 86 in Hunting Moon, 416.

Morning Star, No. 72. Fordsville. Instituted 17th Buck Moon, 417 by F. W. Jones with 20 charter members. Council fire revived by W. A. Crader in 411, but in 412 it was reported defunct.

Warsaw, No. 73. ("Far") Rockport. Instituted 17th Sturgeon Moon, 410 by F. W. Jones, with 25 charter members.

Nokomis, No. 74. Franklin. Instituted 2nd Sturgeon Moon, 410 by F. W. Jones with 20 charter members. Held but few councils. Rekindled by F. L. Smith in Buck Moon, 411, but was shortly afterwards defunct.

Silver Cloud, No. 75. Glasgow. Was never instituted. In Buck Moon, 410, F. W. Jones attempted to institute on a properly filed petition, but on account of a misunderstanding between Bro. Jones and the charter petitioners it was not done. In Buck Moon, 411, F. L. Smith visited Glasgow and returned charter fees to petitioners.

Floating Canoe, No. 76. Richmond. Instituted 2nd Corn Moon, 410 by F. W. Jones with 30 charter members. The tribe has thrived from institution. 136

Shawnee, No. 77. ("Southerner") Georgetown. Instituted 21st Sturgeon Moon, 410, by F. W. Jones, with 37 charter members. Charter was surrendered to M. M. Redding, in 413. An entirely new tribe under the same name and number was instituted 18th Sturgeon Moon, 414, by M. M. Redding.

Kabo, No. 78. Petra. Instituted 15th Buck Moon, 411 by W. T. Abbott, with 69 charter members. Organized by Chas. E. O'Neal.

Grand Glaze, No. 79. Monterey. Instituted 26th Corn Moon, 410, by John M. Clifford, with 22 charter members. The tribe has had a hard struggle, but its present 30 members are working hard to keep the tribe from retrograding.

Ptocawa, No. 80. Louisville. Instituted 5th Cold Moon, 411, by F. W. Jones, with 30 charter members. Tribe has from the start been vigorous and now numbers 211 Chiefs.

Yosemite, No. 81. ("Grizzly bear"—properly spelled Yo-se-me-ty) Louisville. Instituted 5th of Cold Moon, 411 by F. W. Jones, with 33 charter members. Another of the many thrifty Jefferson County Tribes, now numbering 154 members.

Appalachia, No. 82. ("The people on the other side") Pineville. Instituted 26th Snow Moon, 411 by F. W. Jones, with 52 charter members. The tribe has prospered though it would have been better had there not been so many charter members.

Passyunk, No. 83. Harrodsburg. Instituted 26th Worm Moon, 411 by F. W. Jones with 48 charter members. Though its membership is not now as large as formerly, it still is in healthy condition.

Spotted Wolf, No. 84. Coalton. Instituted 12th Plant Moon, 411 by Past Great Sachem W. C. Diederich. Tribe composed largely of miners, and has been and is a thrifty tribe.

Red Cloud, No. 85. (Head Chief of the Ogallala Sioux). Warsaw. Instituted 30th Flower Moon, 411 by Nick Pomice, with 20 charter members.

Big Eagle, No. 86. Sparta. Instituted at Sanders on 24th Flower Moon, 411 by Nick Pomice. Moved by Dispensation to Sparta on the 27th of Buck Moon, 411. Absorbed by consolidation Little Ha Ha Tribe, No. 71.

Eyota, No. 87. ("Greatest"). Balls Landing. Instituted 17th 137 Buck Moon, 411, by Forsee D. Lee with 25 charter members. Has had many trials but weathered them all.

Swift Foot, No. 88. Campbellsburg. Instituted 22nd Buck Moon, 411 at Turner's Station, by Nick Pomice, with 23 charter members. Moved by dispensation to Campbellsburg, and from there to English, but in neither of these places did it thrive, and soon became defunct.

Tallalu, No. 89. (Probably intended for "Tallula", signifying "leaping waters") Callaway. Instituted 20th Corn Moon, 411 by R. B. Rice, of Appalachia Tribe, No. 82. Has had a struggle and its council fire is not burning brightly, yet numbers among its members some valiant chiefs who will not allow it to become extinct.

War Eagle, No. 90. (The Indian word for War Eagle is "Keneu") Bedford. Instituted 11th Traveling Moon, 411, by Nick Pomice, with 22 charter members.

Idaho, No. 91. ("Sun-rise mountain") Fourmile. Instituted 15th Traveling Moon, 411, by R. B. Rice, with 33 charter members. Organized by J. G. Rollins.

Tallapoosa, No. 92. ("Stranger" or "New comer") Milton. Instituted 18th Traveling Moon, 411, by Nick Pomice, with 20 charter members.

Mingo, No. 93. (Not strictly an Indian word. The name was applied by the English to a Tribe of Iroquois stock.) Newport. Instituted 11th Hunting Moon, 411, by Val. J. Baader, of Miami, No. 17, with 22 charter members. Organized by E. N. Miller.

Sago, No. 94. ("Welcome") Germantown. Instituted 30th Cold Moon, 412, by Ben Harbeson, of Paughcaughnaughsinque, No. 6, with 22 charter members. Organized by Bros. Rigdon and Bell. Now kindles its council fires in a wigwam near Stonewall.

Wissahickon, No. 95. ("Cat fish stream") Lockport. Instituted 1st Plant Moon, 412, by Forsee D. Lee. A struggle was made for a time to keep the council fire burning, but an unfortunate local occurrence caused dissension, and it surrendered its charter.

Niagara, No. 96. ("The neck") Orangeburg. Instituted 6th Sturgeon Moon, 412, by Henry W. Ray, with 48 members. Organized by W. C. Wormald. First Prophet, W. W. Scott.

Kanawha, No. 97. ("River of the woods") Instituted 29th 138 Traveling Moon, 412, by Henry W. Ray, with 30 charter members. Organized by W. C. Wormald. Instituted at Vanceburg, where it never got a foothold, and its charter was transferred to Martin where it prospered wonderfully.

Pontiac, No. 98. (Name of an Ottawa Indian Chief, the signification of which is lost) Louisville. Instituted 18th Beaver Moon, 412, with 20 charter members at Highland Park. Tribe has never been vigorous and for several great suns its council fire has burned fitfully.

Wauneeka, No. 99. (Also spelled "Waneka", signifying "the son") Louisville. Instituted 9th Beaver Moon, 412, by W. A. Nash and J. R. Garr, with 145 charter members. First Prophet, Dr. B. A. Garr.

Buffalo, No. 100. Sardis. Instituted 16th Hunting Moon, 412, by Henry W. Ray, with 45 charter members. Organized by W. C. Wormald. The Tribe prospered for a time, but its council fire began to burn dimly in 416, and it surrendered its charter in 417.

Raritan, No. 101. ("Forked river") Worthville. Instituted 3d Traveling Moon, 412, with 25 charter members, but never got a foothold and soon after surrendered its charter.

Modoc, No. 102. Louisville. Instituted 17th Snow Moon, 413, by H. C. Yunker, with 41 charter members. Organized by B. W. Conner, who was its first Prophet.

Ute, No. 103. Zachariah. Instituted at Torrent 30th Worm Moon, 413, by Frank L. Smith, with 20 charter members. Organized by J. W. Steger. First Prophet Leonard Barnes.

Lackawanna, No. 104. ("The forked stream") Salt Lick. Instituted 11th Hot Moon, 413, by Frank L. Smith, with a small charter list. The Tribe has tried valiantly to overcome the handicap, but its council fire is about extinct.

Tamina, No. 106. (From "Tammany", the name given the Patron Saint of America) Instituted 2nd Flower Moon, 413, by Julius Morris, with 20 charter members. First Prophet I. M. Jennings.

Juanita, No. 107. (Spanish spelling of "Wauneta", signifying "winter camp". There is no such word as Ju-ni-a-ta, as it is a miss-spelling of the word here given.) Ghent. Instituted 7th 139 Hot Moon, 413, by Nick Pomice with 20 charter members. First Prophet J. H. Raison.

Kenton, No. 108. Bell-Jellico. Instituted at Artemus on the 18th Hot Moon, 413, by B. A. Thompson with 22 charter members. First Prophet W. H. Souder. Absorbed by consolidation Kotanta Tribe, No. 153 in 415.

Wautauga, No. 109. ("The river of islands") Bosworth. Instituted 10th Hot Moon, 413 by Warren Wilson, with 39 charter members. First Prophet E. T. Griffith. Tribe never prospered and soon after surrendered its charter.

Wabash, No. 110. ("White water") Instituted 1st Buck Moon, 413 by Frank L. Smith, with 21 charter members. Organized by M. M. Redding. First Prophet G. S. Woodward. Absorbed by Miantonomo, No. 1, in 415.

Tchoupitoulas, No. 111. Barbourville. Instituted 16th Sturgeon Moon, 413 by Warren Wilson, with 27 charter members. Organized by W. H. McDonald, who was its first Sachem. First Prophet, J. R. Smyth.

Winnebago, No. 112. ("People of the dirty water") Instituted 12th Corn Moon, 413 by H. H. Denhardt, with 31 charter members. Organized by H. W. Johnson. First Prophet J. A. Lyne.

Ocono, No. 113. Campton. Instituted 29th Corn Moon, 413 by Frank L. Smith. Organized by Jos. C. Lykins, who was its first Prophet.

Tonawanda, No. 114. ("Swift water") Instituted 8th Corn Moon, 413, by G. H. Wolfe, with 19 charter members. Organized by James Fitch. First Prophet C. W. S. Clarke.

Minnehaha, No. 115. ("Laughing water") Cropper. Instituted 17th Traveling Moon, 413 by Frank L. Smith, with 14 charter members. Organized by M. M. Redding. First Prophet W. B. Pollard.

Saco, No. 116. ("Pouring out") West Liberty. Instituted 8th Traveling Moon, 413, by Frank L. Smith, with 41 charter members. Organized by M. M. Redding. First Prophet C. W. Womack.

Neponset, No. 117. ("He walks in his sleep") Jackson. Instituted 21st Cold Moon, 414, by Frank L. Smith, with 33 charter members. Organized by C. T. Wilson. James Hargis was the first Sachem and J. S. Head, Jr. the first Prophet. Tribe flourished for a time, but local political dissensions caused it to surrender its charter to M. M. Redding in 416. 140

Akkeewassa, No. 118. Cannel City. Instituted 28th Cold Moon, 414, by Joseph C. Lykins, with 35 charter members. Organized by M. M. Redding. First Prophet F. M. Lykins.

Ganoga, No. 119 ("Oil flowing on the waters") Gratz. Organized in 414 by Forsee D. Lee. Council Fire never burned brightly and in a few seven suns went out forever.

Navajo, No. 120. (The name of a powerful Tribe of the Apache family) Sandy Hook. Instituted 11th Snow Moon, 414, by F. L. Smith, with 29 charter members. Ransome Caskey, of West Liberty was the organizer. W. M. Weddington, first Prophet. Charter surrendered in 416.

Tacoma, No. 121. ("Tall peak, almost to heaven") Hazel Green. Instituted 18th Snow Moon, 414, by Joseph C. Lykins, who was also the organizer. Wayne Long, first Prophet. Surrendered charter in 416.

Oseetah, No. 222. Redwine. Instituted 1st Worm Moon, 414, by F. L. Smith, with 21 charter members. Organized by Ransome Caskey. W. S. Thornberry, first Prophet.

Penobscott, No. 123. ("The Rocky or Stony place") Instituted 6th Worm Moon, 414 by Joseph C. Lykins. M. M. Redding was the organizer. The council brand was extinct in Worm Moon, 417, but was at that time relighted by H. L. Wheeler.

Tuscarora, No. 124. ("Shirt wearing people") Tyrone. Instituted 4th Sturgeon Moon, 414, by F. L. Smith, with 22 charter members. M. M. Redding was the organizer. S. E. Booth, First Prophet.

Kinniconick, No. 125. ("Tobacco") Bowen. Instituted 6th Plant Moon, 414, by O. R. King, of No. 1, with 39 charter members. Leonard Barnes, of No. 103 was the organizer. Morton Faulkner, first Prophet. The Tribe has met with many reverses, and surrendered its charter in Hunting Moon, 417.

Apache, No. 127. (Name of an Indian Tribe, and signified "men") Robbins. Instituted 13th Plant Moon, 414, by J. C. Lykins, with 17 charter members. Organized by J. A. Oldfield. G. E. Neal, First Prophet. Consolidated with Ekana No. 276 in Beaver Moon, 417.

Antigo, No. 128. Claysville. Instituted 1st Buck Moon, 414, 141 by J. T. Reed, of No. 78. Organized by W. E. Coleman of same Tribe, with 36 charter members. First Prophet, T. A. Clark.

Chanzeck, No. 129. Lee City. Instituted 2nd Sturgeon Moon, 414, by J. C. Lykins. Organized by C. D. Arnett, of No. 121, with 17 charter members. Council fire never burned brightly and was extinct in Worm Moon, 415.

Lechawa, No. 130. Mize. No record is obtainable of the institution of this Tribe. It became defunct almost immediately after its institution.

Mendota, No. 131. ("The mouth of the River") Corinth. Instituted 27th Hot Moon, 414, by F. L. Smith. Organized by M. M. Redding, with 41 charter members. First Prophet, J. D. Davis.

Oneida, No. 132. ("Granite people", or "People of the beacon stone") Cherokee. Instituted 26th Buck Moon, 414, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by W. A. Conn, with 32 charter members. First Prophet, J. O. McNeil.

Paduke, No. 133. Murray. Instituted 24th Buck Moon, 414, by Great Sachem L. L. Bebout. Organized by J. J. Freundlich, of No. 60, with 53 charter members. First Prophet, David L. Redden. The Tribe never prospered and was defunct in 416.

Logan, No. 134. (or "Tah-gah-jute", the name of a Cayuga Chief) Ewing. Instituted 2nd Sturgeon Moon, 414, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by Louis Feneburg. First Prophet, J. D. Wyatt.

Wahbee, No. 135. ("White") Yocum. Instituted 29th Sturgeon Moon, 414, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by John D. Cruey, with 28 charter members. First Prophet, J. D. Rose.

Tuscola, No. 137. ("A level Plane") Warfield. Instituted 18th Sturgeon Moon, 414, by H. W. Ray. Organized by W. A. Conn, with 32 charter members. First Prophet, W. M. Dawson.

Connewago, No. 138. ("A long strip" or "a long reach") Fallsburg. Instituted 31st Sturgeon Moon, 414, by H. W. Ray. Organized by Frank Witten, with 50 charter members. First Prophet C. W. Jones.

Uchees, No. 140. ("Corn") Rockdale. Instituted 17th Traveling Moon, 414, by F. L. Smith. Organized by M. M. Redding, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, D. W. Jackson. 142

Tonnuluka, No. 141. ("United people") Irvine. Instituted at Millers Creek, by F. L. Smith. Organized by John Watkins, of No. 103, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, Arkilles Kelley.

Nevada, No. 142. Flat Gap. Instituted 26th Traveling Moon, 414, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by Frank Witten, with 29 charter members. First Prophet, W. P. Williams.

Chickasaw, No. 143. (The name of a Tribe formerly in Alabama) Sitka. Instituted at Paintsville by Henry W. Ray. Organized by Frank Witten, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, I. H. Rowland.

Algona, No. 144. ("Algonquin waters") East Bernstadt. Instituted 31st Traveling Moon, 414, by F. L. Smith.

Algonquin, No. 145. ("People of the other side") Berry. Instituted 1st Hunting Moon, 414, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by M. M. Redding, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, R. P. Blair. Tribe never got a good start and surrendered its charter in 417.

Shawneese, No. 146. Cave City. Instituted 29th Cold Moon, 415, by Past Great Sachem H. H. Denhardt. Organized by M. M. Redding, with 30 charter members. Charter surrendered in 416.

Elkatawa, No. 147. Ford. Instituted 12th Snow Moon, 415, by F. L. Smith. Organized by M. M. Redding, with 17 charter members. First Prophet, C. A. Hazelrigg.

Natchez, No. 148. ("A hurrying man") Glenwood. Instituted 2nd Worm Moon, 415, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by E. G. Rook, with 36 charter members. First Prophet, Wm. Brainard.

Oniska, No. 149. Middlesboro. Instituted 7th Worm Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald, by whom it was organized with 22 charter members. First Prophet, A. M. DeBusk.

Cohota, No. 150. Louisa. Instituted 12th Plant Moon, 415, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by J. H. Ekers, with 37 charter members. First Prophet, R. B. Spencer.

Minnewa, No. 151. (Or "Menawa", signifying "great warrior") Instituted 22nd Hot Moon, 415, by H. W. Ray. Organized by Bert Price, with 33 charter members. First Prophet, Dave Osborne.

Ontario, No. 152. ("Beautiful prospect of rocks, hills and water") Flat Lick. Instituted 17th Buck Moon, 415, by W. A. 143 Crader. Organized by R. B. Miller, with 41 charter members. First Prophet, Henry C. Mills.

Ko-tan-ta, No. 153. Bell-Jellico. Instituted 1st Sturgeon Moon, 415, by W. A. Crader. Organized by Warren Wilson, with 30 charter members. First Prophet, J. C. Hembree. Consolidated with Kenton, No. 108. of Artemus, which Tribe moved to Bell-Jellico.

Black Eagle, No. 154. Grays. Instituted as Ogeechee, No. 154, on the 2nd Sturgeon Moon, 415, by W. A. Crader. Organized by Chas. Davis, with 31 charter members. First Prophet, John G. Stanberry.

Rowena, No. 155. Hopkinsville. Instituted 1st Sturgeon Moon, 415, by Great Sachem D. H. Russell. Organized by W. H. Gage, with 21 charter members. Charter revoked in Beaver Moon, 417.

Stillwater, No. 156. Russellville. Instituted 17th Sturgeon Moon, 415, by W. A. Crader. Organized by B. W. Conner, with 10 charter members. Council fire never burned but dimly, and its charter was revoked in Beaver Moon, 417.

Delaware, No. 157. (The Iroquois called this people "Sa-ga-na-ga") Blanche. Instituted 27th Sturgeon Moon, 415, by C. F. Melton. Organized by J. F. Slusher with 28 charter members. First Prophet G. B. Hubbrad.

Metacom, No. 158. Corbin. Instituted 24th Sturgeon Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by Chas. Davis, with 26 charter members. First Prophet, H. E. Bradshaw.

Shenandoah, No. 159. ("The stream passing by or through spruce-pines") Instituted 4th Corn Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by Warren Wilson with 41 charter members. First Prophet, Jacob Schultz.

Saranac, No. 160. Peach Orchard. Instituted 13th Corn Moon, 415, at Richardson, by F. L. Smith. Organized by B. B. Rule. First Prophet, G. W. Burton. Consolidated with Adirondack, No. 201, in Hunting Moon, 417.

Iron Star, No. 161. Trosper. Instituted 29th Traveling Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by Warren Wilson, with 36 charter members. First Prophet, Jas. Main.

Yazoo, No. 162. ("To blow on an instrument") Boston. Instituted 1st Hunting Moon, 415, by George Brown. Organized by 144 David Moskovitz, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, J. D. Edwards. Surrendered its charter in 417.

Chicora, No. 163. (Or "Che-curruh", last chief of the Pequakets.) Shepherdsville. Instituted 6th Traveling Moon, 415, by W. A. Crader. Organized by W. C. Wormald, with 22 charter members. First Prophet, Thos. E. Cochran.

Tuskeno, No. 164. Hellier. Instituted 19th Traveling Moon, 415, at Childers, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by W. E. Wiley, with 29 charter members. First Prophet, Thos. J. Garner.

Ouray, No. 165. (Name of a chief of the Utes) Oakdale. Instituted 15th Traveling Moon, 415, by W. A. Crader. Organized by Chas. L. Becker, with 24 charter members. First Prophet, J. W. DeHart. Consolidated with Sioux Tribe, No. 70, in 417.

Geronimo, No. 166. (Name of a chief of the Apache) London. Instituted 26th Traveling Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by A. C. Jowdy, with 27 charter members. First Prophet, C. J. Litteral.

Silver Arrow, No. 167. Lebanon Junction. Instituted 1st Beaver Moon, 415, by W. A. Crader. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 15 charter members. First Prophet, Thomas Snider.

Susquehanna, No. 168. ("The great bay river") Inez. Instituted 9th Beaver Moon, 415, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by Jas. A. Hobbs, with 27 charter members. First Prophet, U. G. Johnson.

Spotted Elk, No. 169. Island. Instituted 28th Hunting Moon, 415, by Ben C. Nunn. Organized by A. W. Oates, with 43 charter members. First Prophet, Geo. W. Rone.

White Bear, No. 170. Williamsburg. Instituted 20th Hunting Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by Chas. Davis, with 28 charter members. First Prophet, J. McKenzie Brown.

Red Crow, No. 171. Rockholds. Instituted 31st Hunting Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by Chas. Davis, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, W. E. Hemphill.

Kill Buck, No. 172. Elizabethtown. Instituted 15th Hunting Moon, 415, by E. D. Durham. Organized by W. C. Wormald, with 14 charter members. First Prophet, R. L. Brown.

Choctaw, No. 173. ("Charming voice") Wilton. Instituted 18th Hunting Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by 145 Warren Wilson, with 55 charter members. First Prophet, S. McLemore.

Washtella, No. 174. Fonde. Instituted 29th Hunting Moon, 415, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by L. E. Cline, with 27 charter members. First Prophet, S. B. Bryant.

Wanalanset, No. 175. Sadieville. Instituted 27th Hunting Moon, 415, by Frank L. Smith. Organized by M. M. Redding with 23 charter members. First Prophet, A. B. Davis.

Cheyenne, No. 176. ("Speaking a different language". A tribe speaking a different dialect from those around them.") Chenoa. Instituted 28th Hunting Moon, 415, by Warren Wilson. Organized by J. L. Riddle, with 23 charter members. First Prophet, Robt. Mason, Sr.

Kiowa, No. 177. ("The body") Osie. Instituted 8th Snow Moon, 416, at Irad, by L. E. Bradley, by whom it was organized, with 44 charter members. First Prophet, Andy Webb, Jr.

Lackawaxen, No. 178. ("Where the roads part") Borderland. Instituted 23d Snow Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by R. B. Parsley, with 29 charter members. First Prophet, Flem Kennard.

Pewakee, No. 179. Luzerne. Instituted 2nd Snow Moon, 416, by George Brown. Organized by A. W. Oates, with 35 charter members. First Prophet, W. M. Clark.

Uncas, No. 180. ("A war chief of the Mohicans") Bolts Fork. Instituted 12th Snow Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley, by whom it was organized. First Prophet, C. H. Higgins.

Piute, No. 181. Culbertson. Instituted 13th Worm Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley, who organized the same with 35 charter members. First Prophet, W. H. Rice.

Maumee, No. 182. ("People who live in the peninsula") Graham. Instituted 9th Worm Moon, 416, by Geo. Brown. Organized by Geo. Brown and R. W. Hooper, with 34 charter members. First Prophet, Ollis Hawes.

Cahoosic, No. 183. Leitchfield. Instituted 9th Worm Moon, 416, by L. H. Roberts. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 23 charter members. First Prophet, W. L. VanNorte.

Scioto, No. 184. Covington. Instituted 16th Worm Moon, by H. W. Ray, assisted by F. L. Smith. Organized by H. J. Northcutt, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, Jas. A. Brownfield. 146

Kickapoo, No. 185. ("Ghost of an otter". A branch of the Shawnee Tribe.) Instituted 19th Worm Moon, 416, by George Brown. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 15 charter members. First Prophet, John B. Jeffries.

Potomac, No. 186. ("They are coming by water") Glasgow. Instituted 25th Worm Moon, 416, by M. M. Redding. Organized by W. J. Poynter, with 24 charter members. First Prophet, W. J. Fisher.

Sequepah, No. 187. Drakesboro. Instituted 13th Plant Moon, 416, by George Brown. Organized by A. W. Oates, with 27 charter members. First Prophet, Chas. Green.

Ohio, No. 188. ("Beautiful river") Hartford. Instituted 6th Plant Moon, 416, by D. Moskovitz, who also organized the same with 20 charter members. First Prophet, U. G. Ragland.

Conanchet, No. 189. (Oldest Son of Miantonomo) Halsey. Instituted 13th Plant Moon, 416, by W. H. McDonald. Organized by Warren Wilson, with 29 charter members. First Prophet, J. W. Stillwell.

Tawawa, No. 190. ("People who are given to trading") Centertown. Instituted 18th Plant Moon, 416, by George Brown, by whom it was organized with 28 charter members. First Prophet, W. L. Richardson.

Bogohama, No. 192. Princeton. Instituted 10th Flower Moon, 416, by N. G. Mothershead. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, James W. Jewell.

Mashingomisha, No. 193. Blaine. Instituted 4th Flower Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by J. W. Elkins and J. B. Large, with 24 charter members. First Prophet, A. T. Burton.

Oklahoma, No. 194. ("Home for all Indians") Chambers. Instituted 30th Plant Moon, 416, by J. H. Kemper. Organized by Roy L. Vice, with 18 charter members. First Prophet, Chas. Cartright. Charter revoked in 417.

Tradewater, No. 195. Dawson Springs. Instituted 1st Flower Moon, 416, by N. G. Mothershead. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 24 charter members. First Prophet, Joe Woodruff.

Ogallala, No. 196. ("Cast in"—name of a band of the Sioux) Instituted 3d Buck Moon, 416, by J. W. Matthews. Organized by W. B. Gordon, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, E. B. Moore. 147

Nipsit, No. 197. ("Simple") Pilgrim. Instituted 15th Hot Moon, 416, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by Bertram Farley, with 22 charter members. First Prophet, Wade Stepp.

Suwanee, No. 198. (The South, or Southern People.—From Shawnee) Trinity. Instituted 6th Hot Moon, 416, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by Jas. Waldren, with 22 charter members. First Prophet, James Waldren.

Shawmut, No. 199. ("Tri-mountain") Jattie. Instituted 8th Hot Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Charley Rice, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, J. F. Guinn.

Merrimac, No. 200. ("Cat-fish") Hammons. Instituted 6th Buck Moon, 416, by Warren Wilson. Organized by Dave Jones, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, Wm. Cole.

Adirondack, No. 201. (Name of a tribe of Indians, signifying, "He eats bark") Clifford. Instituted 6th Buck Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by L. G. Wallis, with 27 charter members. First Prophet, A. M. See.

Walla Walla, No. 202. Calhoun. Instituted 22nd Hot Moon 416, by Ben C. Nunn. Organized by G. W. Rone, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, E. R. Glenn. Charter revoked 18th Traveling Moon, 417.

Creek, No. 203. (Or Muskogee—a numerous tribe) Dayton. Instituted 10th Buck Moon, 416, by Val. J. Baader. Organized by Wm. F. Baader. First Prophet, Harry C. Kohl.

Arapahoe, No. 204. (Name of an Indian tribe, signifying "tattooed people") Providence. Instituted 17th Hot Moon, 416, by N. G. Mothershead. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, John H. Taylor. Charter revoked and surrendered in 417.

Brule, No. 205. (Name of a brand of Sioux Indians.) Clay. Instituted 9th Buck Moon, 416, by N. G. Mothershead. Organized by D. Moskovitz, with 17 charter members. First Prophet, E. Blackwell.

Naugatuck, No. 206. ("One tree") West Naugatuck. Instituted 13th Buck Moon, 416, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by J. R. Elliott, with 30 charter members. First Prophet, Henderson Burgett.

Monon, No. 207. Stamping Ground. Instituted 22nd Buck 148 Moon, 416, by Frank L. Smith. Organized by M. M. Redding, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, J. T. True.

Saginaw, No. 208. ("At the mouth"—as of a river.) Denton. Instituted 3d Sturgeon Moon, 416, by John G. Riley. Organized by C. W. S. Clark, with 39 charter members. First Prophet, James O. Gallihugh.

Pewawbeek, No. 209. ("Iron") Hopper. Instituted 10th Sturgeon Moon, 416, by Warren Wilson. Organized by Dave Jones, with 23 charter members. First Prophet, James Bailey.

Sangamon, No. 210. Manchester. Instituted 2nd Sturgeon Moon, 416, by Warren Wilson. Organized by John F. Slusher with 20 charter members. First Prophet, D. G. Roach.

Emahaka, No. 211. Morganfield. Instituted 5th Sturgeon Moon, 416, by Nathan I. Oberdorfer. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, A. W. Clements.

Weshaway, No. 212. ("Elk") Instituted 10th Sturgeon Moon, 416, by Thos. McIlquham. Organized by Joseph Payne, with 33 charter members. First Prophet, L. M. Davis.

Agawam, No. 213. (Contracted from "Agawawaum," signifying "around the point") Catlettsburg. Instituted 10th Sturgeon Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Wm. Ashant, Ed Short and James Wittin, with 45 charter members. First Prophet, Jas. Hitchcock.

Manhattan, No. 214. ("The town of the island") Jellico. Instituted 14th Sturgeon Moon, 416, by Warren Wilson. Organized by John DeBoard, with 44 charter members. First Prophet, John King, Jr.

Wahnahton, No. 215. ("He who charges on the enemy") McCarr. Instituted 19th Sturgeon Moon, 416, by Henry W. Ray. Organized by J. R. Elliott, with 31 charter members. First Prophet, J. E. Dean.

Kearsarge, No. 216. ("The notched or peaked mountain") Aberdeen. Instituted 17th Sturgeon Moon, 416. Organized by Geo. W. Rone, with 48 charter members. First Prophet, P. W. Evans.

Tuscahoma, No. 217. Charley. Instituted 24th Sturgeon Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by L. G. Wallis, with 23 charter members. First Prophet, L. W. Spencer. 149

Chicotah, No. 218. Dekoven. Instituted 31st Sturgeon Moon, 416, by Porter B. Graham. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, J. P. Bishop.

Incas, No. 219. Fletcher. Instituted 2nd Corn Moon, 416, by J. R. Smyth. Organized by Chas. Davis with 25 charter members. First Prophet, John D. Stanberry.

Petaluma, No. 220. Lily. Instituted 6th Corn Moon, 416, by Warren Wilson. Organized by John F. Slusher, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, E. L. Harmon.

Samoset, No. 221. (Name of a chief noted in early New England history) Majestic. Instituted 7th Corn Moon, 416, by J. P. Young. Organized by R. B. Parsley, with 54 charter members. First Prophet, T. K. Lambert.

Canonicus, No. 222. (Chief of the Narragansetts.) Gallup. Instituted 29th Corn Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by L. G. Waller, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, J. P. McClure.

Kennebec, No. 223. ("Long water") Instituted 27th Corn Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by L. G. Waller, with 26 charter members. First Prophet, G. S. Perry.

Watstika, No. 224. Marrion. Instituted 17th Traveling Moon, 416, by Past Great Sachem L. L. Bebout. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, C. E. Weldon.

Santana, No. 225. Pikeville. Instituted 15th Beaver Moon, 416, by T. J. Garner, who also organized the Tribe with 27 charter members. First Prophet, J. S. Cline.

Itaska, No. 226. ("The source"—or "at the female breast") Rumsey. Instituted 2nd Beaver Moon, 416, by Willie Vernon. Organized by G. W. Rone, with 28 charter members. First Prophet, C. E. Bandy.

Monadnock, No. 227. ("The spirit's place") Slick Rock Creek. Instituted 19th Beaver Moon, 416, by Thos. J. Garner. Organized by T. M. Mounts, with 33 charter members. First Prophet Mattison Mounts.

Ozark, No. 228. Elkhorn City. Instituted 29th Beaver Moon, 416, by Thos. J. Garner. Organized by Wm. Maynor, with 23 charter members. First Prophet, Noah Mullins.

Tuskaloosa, No. 229. ("Black warrior") Benton. Instituted 150 14th Beaver Moon, 416, by Past Great Sachem L. L. Bebout. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 16 charter members. First Prophet, Clifton Treas.

Ioka, No. 230. ("Beautiful place") South Carrollton. Instituted 25th Beaver Moon, 416, by Willie Vernon. Organized by Geo. W. Rone, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, J. F. Walcott.

Ninegret, No. 231. (Sachem of the Niantiks, sometimes called "Nenekunat") Elk Lick. Instituted 11th Hunting Moon, 416, by Pat Kennon. Organized by Ward Woodward, with 28 charter members. First Prophet, H. N. Wagoner.

Anawan, No. 232. (From "awan", meaning "frog"—A Wampanoag chief.) Big Creek. Instituted 7th Hunting Moon, 416, by Thos. McIlquham. Organized by Hiram Hensley, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, L. L. Britton.

Napanee, No. 233. Muddy Branch. Instituted 30th Beaver Moon, 416, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Manuel Salyer, with 22 charter members. First Prophet, Ben Curnett.

Pocasset, No. 234. ("Where a strait widens out") Uniontown. Instituted 10th Hunting Moon, 416, by A. C. Foster. Organized by M. M. Redding, with 40 charter members. First Prophet A. E. Popham.

Waco, No. 235. ("A heron") Oneida. Instituted 25th Cold Moon, 417, by E. W. Hackney. Organized by H. F. Farmer, with 16 charter members. First Prophet, James Roberts.

Kokomo, No. 236. Danleyton. Instituted 25th Cold Moon, 417, by John G. Riley. Organized by Pyrphus Mead, with 27 charter members. First Prophet, J. B. Duncan.

Tonkawa, No. 237. Sebree. Instituted 24th Cold Moon, 417 by N. I. Oberdorfer. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 26 charter members. First Prophet, S. T. Sutton.

Tecumseh, No. 238. ("He who walks over water") Tannery. Instituted 25th Snow Moon, 417, by C. C. Irwin. Organized by C. N. Irwin, with 11 charter members. First Prophet, G. A. McCalley.

Pokonoket, No. 239. (Name of a Tribe of Algonquin stock in Rhode Island) Bush. Instituted 15th Snow Moon, 417, by Thos McIlquham. Organized by Geo. H. Vandeventer, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, S. W. Brock. 151

Erie, No. 240. ("Wild cat") Fork Ridge. Instituted 8th Snow Moon, 417, by L. E. Cline. Organized by Lee A. Turner. Charter revoked and surrendered in 417.

Kiowon, No. 241. Slaughtersville. Instituted 13th Snow Moon, 417, by N. I. Oberdorfer. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, A. A. Kenyon.

Ramona, No. 242. Sawyer. Instituted 5th Snow Moon, 417, by Chas. Davis. Organized by A. C. Henson, with 23 charter members. First Prophet, G. H. Earles.

Chicopee, No. 243. ("Birch bark tree") Bonanza. Instituted 13th Worm Moon, 417, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by W. B. Hall, First Prophet, A. B. Collins.

Washoan, No. 244. Onton. Instituted 16th Worm Moon, 417, by S. T. Sutton. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 28 charter members. First Prophet, E. T. Lewis.

Horicon, No. 245. ("The lake of silver water") Morgantown. Instituted 27th Worm Moon, 417, by Past Great Sachem H. H. Denhardt. Organized by J. C. Staten, with 35 charter members. First Prophet, W. T. Howard.

Alleghan, No. 246. (The name of the oldest tribe of Indians in the United States.) Burnwell. Instituted 7th Pant Moon, 417, by John Young. Organized by R. B. Parsley, with 18 charter members. First Prophet T. J. McCarty.

Nokonan, No. 247. Ashbyburg. Instituted 27th Worm Moon, 417, by S. T. Sutton. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, H. D. Hanna.

Beaver, No. 248. Allen. Instituted 24th Plant Moon, 417, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by W. B. Hall, with 26 charter members. First Prophet, M. L. Jones.

Kewanee, No. 249. ("Prairie hen") Greenville. Instituted 14th Plant Moon, 417, by George Brown. Organized by Elmer McCracken, with 22 charter members. First Prophet, O. L. Roark. Charter revoked in 417.

Genesee, No. 250. ("The beautiful valley") Hunnewell. Instituted 17th Plant Moon, 417, by J. B. Duncan. Organized by B. M. Fannin, with 22 charter members.

Chessapeake, No. 251. ("The place where there is a great body of water spread out") Dixon. Instituted 23d Plant Moon, 417, 152 by N. I. Oberdorfer. Organized by John Burgman, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, J. A. Goodson.

Tonikan, No. 252. Madisonville. Instituted 28th Plant Moon, 417, by John X. Taylor. Organized by David Moskovitz, with 26 charter members. First Prophet, Henry Austin.

Kenaway, No. 253. ("Whirlpool") Harlan Town. Instituted 25th Plant Moon, 417, by L. E. Cline. Organized by L. E. Cline, with 31 charter members. First Prophet, W. J. R. Howard.

Casco, No. 254. ("The resting place") Instituted 24th Plant Moon, 417, by Chintz Royalty. Organized by Emmet Royalty, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, S. D. Taylor.

Canadawa, No. 255. ("Running through the hemlocks.") Barnett's Creek. Instituted 2nd Flower Moon, 417, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Manuel Salyer, with 24 charter members. First Prophet, Fred Meader.

Atabaska, No. 256. ("Place where there is an amount of high grass here and there") Cromwell. Instituted and organized by A. C. Yeiser, with 20 charter members. First Prophet, T. Wade Stratton.

Waukesha, No. 257. ("Fox River") Teague. Instituted 8th Flower Moon, 417, by J. H. Gordon. Organized by Chas. Davis with 18 charter members. First Prophet, W. M. Bryant.

Cayuga, No. 258. ("Long lake") Maplesville. Instituted 9th Flower Moon, 417, by Thos. McIlquham. Organized by L. R. Oakley, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, L. R. Oakley.

Dekorra, No. 259. (Name of a Winnebago chief) Ingram. Instituted 9th Flower Moon, 417, by Warren Wilson. Organized by W. P. Golden, with 26 charter members. First Prophet, Geo. W. Ingram.

Catawissa, No. 260. ("Growing fat") St. Charles. Instituted 21st Flower Moon, 417, by John X. Taylor. Organized by C. S. Crenshaw, with 22 charter members. First Prophet, R. R. Sweeney.

Katahdin, No. 261. ("The highest place" or "chief mountain") Oil Springs. Instituted 28th Flower Moon, 417, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Manuel Salyer, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, J. M. Literal.

Estaboga, No. 262. ("Where people reside") Livingston. Instituted 27th Flower Moon, 417, by L. E. Cline, by whom it was organized with 16 charter members. First Prophet A. E. Reynolds. 153

Makon, No. 263. ("A feather") Mercer. Instituted 19th Hot Moon, 417, by Willie Vernon. Organized by Geo. W. Rone with 24 charter members. First Prophet, J. P. Bradley.

Patoka, No. 264. (The name by which the "Ponka" Indians designated themselves) Beech Grove. Instituted 22nd Hot Moon 417, by S. T. Sutton. Organized by David Moskovitz with 15 charter members. First Prophet, E. T. Mitchell.

Escanaba, No. 265. ("Flat rock") Salyersville. Instituted 16th Hot Moon, 417, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Manuel Salyer with 26 charter members. First Prophet G. B. Elam.

Roanoke, No. 266. ("Sea shell" or "Wampum") Whitesburg. Instituted 18th Hot Moon, 417, by A. L. Adams. Organized by L. E. Cline, with 28 charter members. First Prophet, Joseph H. Gibson.

Gowanda, No. 267. ("A town among the hills by the waterside") Ivy. Instituted 20th Hot Moon, 417, by Warren Wilson. Organized by W. P. Golden, with 25 charter members. First Prophet, Marion Evans.

Rappahannock, No. 268. ("Where the tide water flows and ebbs") Benge. Instituted 6th Sturgeon Moon, 417, by W. E. Begley. Organized by H. F. Farmer, with 19 charter members. First Prophet, P. N. House.

Equinunk, No. 269. ("The place where the wearing apparel is distributed") Denver. Instituted 2nd Buck Moon, 417, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Manuel Salyer, with 31 charter members. First Prophet, L. F. Smith.

Alabama, No. 270. ("Here we rest") Hindman. Instituted 30th Hot Moon, 417, by A. L. Adams. Organized by L. E. Cline with 20 charter members.

Tuscumbia, No. 271. ("Grand Battle ground") Nero. Instituted 11th Buck Moon, 417, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Manuel Salyer, with 7 charter members. First Prophet, Jesse Burchmell.

Swampscott, No. 272. ("The pleasant water place") Hazzard. Instituted 18th Buck Moon, 417, by H. F. Farmer. Organized by L. E. Cline, with 28 charter members. First Prophet, John D. Ward.

Abanaka, No. 273. ("The east land") Bark Camp Mills. Instituted 154 7th Sturgeon Moon, 417, by S. G. Edwards. Organized by A. C. Henson, with 22 charter members. First Prophet, G. H. Earls.

Chautauqua, No. 274. ("A pack tied in the middle") Pearl. Instituted 1st Sturgeon Moon, 417, by S. B. Bryant. Organized by W. P. Golden, with 26 charter members. First Prophet, L. E. Hatfield.

Housatonic, No. 275. ("Stream beyond the mountains") Instituted 31st Buck Moon, 417, by K. P. Elam. Organized by L. E. Cline, with 23 charter members. First Prophet, R. B. Roberts.

Ekana, No. 276. ("Earth") Jackson. Instituted 18th Sturgeon Moon, 417, by Frank L. Smith. Organized by Geo. W. Johnson, with 17 charter members. First Prophet, Wm. Hoskins.

Menominee, No. 277. ("The people who eat wild rice") Relief. Instituted 22nd Sturgeon Moon, 417, by W. C. Hall. Organized by John Sanders with 27 charter members. First Prophet, B. S. Williams.

Pocahontas, No. 278. ("Streamlet between two hills") Welchburg. Instituted 12th Sturgeon Moon, 417, by Jos. C. Lykins. Organized by L. E. Cline, with 22 charter members. First Prophet, J. M. Morris.

Cohasset, No. 279. ("Place of pines") East Point. Instituted 2nd Corn Moon, 417, by L. E. Bradley. Organized by Manuel Salyer, with 16 charter members. First Prophet, Webster Greer.

Weleetka, No. 281. Bryant's Store. Instituted 11th Corn Moon, 417, by Chas. Davis. Organized by James Henson, with 19 charter members. First Prophet, Noah Lee.

Winnipe, No. 282. ("A Place of dirty waters") Brooklyn. Instituted 10th Corn Moon, 417, by P. W. Evans. Organized by Robert Neel with 22 charter members. First Prophet Adam R. Fleenor.

Jamaica, No. 283. ("A country abounding in springs") Caneyville. Instituted 26th Traveling Moon, 417, by N. T. Howard. Organized by R. A. Bostic with 22 charter members. First Prophet M. A. Taylor.

Wewoka, No. 285. ("Barking water") Barlow. Instituted 12th Beaver Moon, 417, by L. L. Bebout. Organized by David Moskovitz with 18 charter members. First Prophet, J. S. Johnson.

Onaway, No. 286. ("Although") Kenwood. Instituted 20th 155 Beaver Moon, 417, by Jos. C. Lykins. Organized by L. F. Smith, with 23 charter members. First Prophet, D. M. Willimas.

Atoka, No. 287. ("In another place") Middlecreek. Instituted 4th Hunting Moon, 417, by Sherman Rice. Organized by Willie Hall, with 21 charter members. First Prophet, Willie Hall.

Tuskegee, No. 288. (from "Taskialgi," signifying "Warrior") LaCenter. Instituted 2nd Hunting Moon, 417, by D. A. Cross. Organized by David Moskovitz with 16 charter members. First Prophet, John M. Moore.

CHAPTER IX.

ROSTER OF TRIBES OF THE OLD GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY.

1852-1880.

Chickasaw Tribe, No. 1, instituted 29th Hot Moon, G. S. 5612, (June 29, 1852), at Newport.

Tecumseh Tribe, No. 6, instituted G. S. 5615, (1855) at Louisville. Deserted to the Independent Order in 1870.

Delaware Tribe, No. 7, instituted 2nd Traveling Moon, G. S. 5617, (1857) at Louisville. Deserted to the Independent Order in 1870.

Osceola Tribe, No. 8, instituted 29th Sturgeon Moon, G. S. D. 375, (1866) at Lexington. Surrendered its Charter in 1874.

Seneca Tribe, No. 9, instituted 25th Traveling Moon, G. S. D. 375, (1866) at Louisville. Surrendered its charter in 1873.

Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10, instituted 19th Flower Moon, G. S. D. 377, (1868) at Newport.

Oswego Tribe, No. 11, instituted 12th Traveling Moon, G. S. D. 377, (1868) at Bowling Green.

Metamora Tribe, No. 12, instituted 19th Cold Moon, G. S. D. 378, (1869) at Hopkinsville. 156

Hiawatha Tribe, No. 13, instituted 12th Sturgeon Moon, G. S. D. 378, (1869) at Hopkinsville.

Cherokee Tribe, No. 14, instituted 8th Hot Moon, G. S. D. 379, (1870), at Paris.

Minneola, Tribe, No. 15, instituted 6th Hot Moon, G. S. D. 380, (1871) at Murray or Kings Lodge.

Wyandotte Tribe, No. 16, instituted 10th Sturgeon Moon, G. S. D. 380, (1871), at Maysville. Surrendered its charter July 8th, 1875.

Miami Tribe, No. 17, instituted 25th Buck Moon, G. S. D. 385, (1876) at Newport. This Tribe was the result of the consolidation of Pocahontas Tribe, No. 3 and Minnehaha Tribe, No. 10, and is still working. It is the only connecting link between the old Great Council and the present.

Osceola Tribe, No. 19, instituted 26th Buck Moon, G. S. D., 399, (1880), at Ashland, with 15 charter members by Harry C. McKey, Great Sachem of the Great Council of Ohio. This Tribe was never a member of the Old Great Council.

ROSTER OF THE MEMBERS OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY.

1854-1884.

The figures before the name indicate the date of admission, and figures following, the number of the tribe to which the Past Sachem belonged at that time.

CHAPTER X.

ROSTER OF THE MEMBERS OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY.

1895-1908.

The figures before the name indicate the date of admission, and the figures following, the number of the Tribe to which the Past Sachem belonged at that time.

*** Before A name indicates the Past Sachem is now affiliated with some other Tribe, but not in Kentucky.

CHAPTER XI.

BIOGRAPHIES OF PAST GREAT SACHEMS OF KENTUCKY.

PAST GREAT SACHEM THOMAS ALDEN HORNSEY.
1874.

Thomas Alden Hornsey was a native of New York State, and on his grandfather's side was of colonial stock, being a lineal descendant of John Alden and Priscilla, and was a member of the John Alden Society, the motto of which was, "Why don't you speak for yourself, John?" His grandmother was a full-blooded Indian, of the Mohawk Tribe. For many years he conducted a unique business in Lexington under the sign of the "Wun Hos Hardwair Stor." Brother Hornsey became a charter member of Osceola Tribe, No. 8, at its institution in Lexington in 1866, and was its first Senior Sagamore, succeeding to the stump of Sachem at the next election. He was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky in 1873, and was at that time elected Prophet, it not then being necessary that one be a Past Great Sachem to be eligible to that stump. The following Great Sun he was chosen Great Sachem, and performed the duties of that chieftaincy with marked ability. Shortly after the expiration of his term, his Tribe, Osceola, No. 8, became defunct, but before its demise he asked for and was granted a withdrawal card. Twenty years later, at the institution of Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, he became a charter member by depositing his card, and his honors gained in the old Great Council were recognized. He was a charter member of the present Great Council and was twice raised to the stump of Great Prophet of that great body, thus having the distinction of having served three terms as Great Prophet. No Red Man was held in greater veneration in this Reservation, and when the Great Spirit called him on the 12th of Beaver Moon, G. S. D. 413, the Order lost one of its most valued counselors and the members of his Tribe a true brother, who never wearied in well doing. 170

PAST GREAT SACHEM THOMAS ALFRED DAVIS

1875

Brother Davis was born in Maysville, Ky., January 17, 1840, and was educated in the public schools of that city, with one term in the old Maysville Seminary, leaving that institution at the age of fourteen. He learned the printing business in Louisville and Memphis, Tenn., from 1855 to 1858, when he went to Philadelphia, where he enlisted in 1861 in the famous Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, from which he was discharged for disability. Subsequently he became war correspondent with the Army of the Potomac for the Philadelphia "Enquirer." Later he rejoined the army as private in Company L, 20th Pennsylvania Cavalry, serving under General Sheridan, and was mustered out in 1865, then being adjutant of that regiment. He returned to Maysville in 1866, where he founded the Maysville Republican, which later became the Daily Public Ledger, which publication he edited for forty-two years.

At the institution of Wyandotte Tribe, No. 16, in 1871, he became a charter member, and was immediately elected Sachem. He was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky in 1874 and was elected Great Sachem in 1875. Unfortunately, his Tribe surrendered its charter before the expiration of his term, and though he did not transfer his membership to another Tribe, he ranked as a Past Great Sachem of the old Great Council. At the institution of the present Wyandotte Tribe, No. 3, he became a charter member, and his honors were recognized. He was admitted to the present Great Council in G. S. D. 412 (1903).

Brother Davis was Postmaster of Maysville under the Harrison administration, 1891-5, and is now State Labor Inspector for Kentucky. Besides his affiliation with the Red Men, he is a valued member of the Masonic Orders, Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows, G. A. R., Elks, Maccabees, etc. 172

PAST GREAT SACHEM J. HULL DAVIDSON

1895

Brother Davidson was a native of Lexington, and was interested in many merchantile enterprises. At the time of the rennaisance of Redmanship in Kentucky he was proprietor of a daily newspaper called the "Argonaut." He was a charter member of Winona Tribe, No. 4, which was instituted in Hot Moon, G. S. D., 404, and was its first Sachem, which stump he filled with marked ability, and with such zeal, that at the institution of the Great Council of Kentucky he was selected as its first Great Prophet, retiring at the end of his term as Past Great Sachem. Shortly afterward Brother Davidson moved from Lexington to embark in the hotel business in New York City, where he is at the present time. Unfortunately for him and for the Order, his interest waned, and when Winona Tribe consolidated with No. 1, he not being present, lost his membership. 173

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN B. MENDENHALL

1895-6

Nothing is known of the nativity of John B. Mendenhall. During the summer of 1894 he came to Lexington and occupied the position of operator with the Postal Telegraph Company. Several great suns previous he had been adopted into Ninegret Tribe, of Connecticut, and there received the degrees. Shortly after arriving at Lexington he was appointed Deputy Great Incohonee for the Reservation of Kentucky by Andrew H. Paton, of Massachusetts, Great Incohonee of the Great Council of the United States, the hope being that there might be a rennaisance in Redmanship in "the dark and bloody ground." The hope was fully realized. Mendenhall was an organizer, and with the assistance of several local palefaces he soon had a petition for a charter for Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, bearing 121 accepted signatures. The Tribe was instituted on the sleep of the 5th of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 403, by Great Incohonee Paton. During the ensuing great sun seven other Council Brands were lighted, and pursuant to Deputy Great Incohonee Mendenhall's call the Past Sachems of the nine Tribes then in Kentucky assembled in Lexington on the 27th of Hunting Moon, G. S. D. 404, and the Great Council of Kentucky was instituted, Mendenhall being chosen as its first Great Sachem. He served his term as Great Sachem and was elected Great Prophet and Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States, but before the lighting of the council brand of that Great Council in the Corn Moon following, he was tried on charges in Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, of Augusta, to which Tribe he had transferred his membership, preferred by Tribes he had instituted at Louisville for obtaining wampum from the said Tribes fraudulently and under false pretenses, and being found guilty, was expelled from the Order. He soon after left the Reservation, and his whereabouts at the present time are unknown. 174

PAST GREAT SACHEM JAMES R. McCONNELL

1896-7

James R. McConnell came to this country when about ten years of age, having been born in Belfast, Ireland, April 3, 1847. He received a common school education and taught for several terms. With his brother he was engaged in the dry goods business for several years in Aurora, Indiana, where he resided for many years, returning to Aurora in 1890, since when he has been living upon the farm where his wife was born.

Brother McConnell was a noted ritualist in Masonry, and while in Lexington was elected Master of Lexington Lodge, No. 1, and at about the time of the rennaisance of Redmanship in this Reservation. When Mendenhall began his canvass for charter members of Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, Brother McConnell was one of the first approached, and the lending of his name and influence to the movement assisted in no small degree in the establishment of the Order in Kentucky. At the institution of Tribe No. 1 he was elected its first Senior Sagamore, and succeeded to the stump of Sachem one month later, the Tribe having been instituted on the 5th of Cold Moon, G. S. D. 403, just prior to the close of the term.

A charter member of the Great Council, he was elected its first Great Senior Sagamore, and was raised to the stump of Great Sachem at the second session of the Great Council, held at Augusta in 1896, and was the first Great Sachem to serve a full great sun. During his administration several new Tribes were added to the roster of the Great Council, and he visited nearly every Tribe in the Reservation. At the expiration of his term as Sachem, he was elected Great Prophet, and served in that capacity the full term, and afterwards served upon several important committees, attending every Great Council until his removal to Indiana. He is now a member of Walla Walla Tribe, No. 229, of Aurora, Indiana, and ranking as a Past Great Sachem in the Great Council of that Reservation. 176

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIAM EDWIN FITE

1897-8

Brother Fite was born October 20, 1867, near Rome, Adams County, Ohio. He was educated in the public schools and at the National Normal University, Lebanon, Ohio. His early life was spent on the farm. He has been a teacher of much ability, and has been principal of schools at Wheelersburg and Bethel, Ohio. He was granted a State Life Certificate by the Ohio Board of School Examiners in 1890; was employed as Superintendent of Schools of Augusta, Kentucky, in 1893, and was granted State Certificate in Kentucky in 1894. Was principal of Minerva Male and Female Academy 1896-1898, when he gave up teaching to enter the insurance business, in which he has been engaged to the present time.

Brother Fite was a charter member of Rising Sun Tribe, No. 161, of Bethel, Ohio, instituted in May, 1893, in which Tribe he gained the honors of a Past Sachem. While engaged at teaching in Augusta he assisted at the institution of Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, and became a charter member of that Tribe, aiding materially in its progress. He was a charter member of the Great Council of Kentucky and was elected its first Great Junior Sagamore, succeeding as Great Senior Sagamore, and was elected Great Sachem at Ashland, serving the Great Council with distinction, and at the close of his term was elected Great Prophet. Having moved from the Reservation before the expiration of his term in the latter chieftaincy, he was succeeded by Past Great Sachem Thos. A. Hornsey. He was a member of the Committee on Laws which formulated the first code adopted by the Great Council, and served at times on various other important committees. He was appointed by Great Sachem Winter as a Special Deputy for the purpose of visiting various Tribes in the Reservation, and through his instrumentality many weak Tribes were made strong and placed upon the highway to success.

Brother Fite now resides in Jackson, Ohio, and is engaged in the insurance business. He is an active member in the Knights of Pythias, Odd Fellows, Masons, as well as the Improved Order of Red Men. 178

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN ISAAC WINTER

1898-9

John Isaac Winter was born at Germantown, Bracken County, Kentucky, February 20, 1870, and was educated at the Bracken Academy, Augusta. At the early age of sixteen he entered business in that city, at which he was successful, and continued there until December, 1897, when he moved to Maysville, Kentucky, where he opened up one of the largest furniture stores in the State, known as "The White Palace," which he continues to conduct with marked success.

Brother Winter was made a Red Man at the institution of Paughcaughnaughsinque Tribe, No. 6, at Augusta, and was its first Sachem, filling that stump with distinguished ability, and to his energy and zeal is due in a large measure the firm establishment of that Tribe at its inception. As a ritualist he excelled, and one who has ever seen "John Ike," as he is familiarly called, as Sachem in the Adoption Degree will never forget it. He was a charter member of the Great Council of Kentucky and a moving spirit at its founding, being appointed its first Great Sannap, succeeding as Great Junior Sagamore, Great Senior Sagamore, and was elected Great Sachem at Winchester in 1898.

Much constructive work was accomplished during his administration, the "newness" of things having somewhat disappeared, the superficial giving place to the real, and the actual foundation was laid for the solid structure afterwards erected.

He is actively identified with the Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, Elks, the Blue Lodge, Chapter and Commandery in Masonry, a deacon in the Central Presbyterian Church of Maysville, and is actively interested in church work. 180

PAST GREAT SACHEM W. C. DIEDERICH.

1899-1900

W. C. Diederich was born in Old Hanover, Germany, November 26, 1849. At an early age he came to this country and was educated in the common schools. He was adopted into the Improved Order of Red Men in Huron Tribe, No. 19, of Ashland, which Tribe he served as Sachem, having been one of its promoters and most enthusiastic members.

Brother Diederich was a charter member of the Great Council of Kentucky, and having been previously admitted to the Great Council of Ohio, was appointed by the Great Incohonee as Great Guard of the Wigwam. He served as a member of the first Committee on Law and Usage, was appointed Great Michinewa by Great Sachem McConnell, at Augusta in 1896, and at the third session of the Great Council, held in the wigwam of his own Tribe at Ashland, in 1897, he was elected Great Junior Sagamore, succeeding as Great Senior Sagamore in 1898, and at Louisville, in 1899, he was elected Great Sachem. During his administration the first great increase in the number of Tribes was brought about, he having appointed as Organizer J. B. VanZandt, who was successful in getting Tribes, though for some reason but few Tribes instituted by him are alive and working at this day. Brother Diederich was at one time claimed to be accountable for the misdeeds of his deputy, but upon investigation it was clearly shown he was in no manner responsible, and he was completely exonerated. Brother Diederich was and is of sterling integrity, sound and honest to the core, and this matter is here mentioned simply as a matter of history, and in no way should reflect upon his honor.

Brother Diederich is now engaged in the grocery business in Ashland, and attends the sessions of the Great Council with regularity, enjoying the marked prosperity of the Order, though he has relinquished the active work to younger heads. 182

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIE WALKER

1900-1

Willie Walker was born in Ohio County, Kentucky, on Rough Creek, near a small postoffice at that time called Pattysville, but now called Shreve. He worked on a farm until past twenty-one, receiving only the country common school education. Later he attended Hartford College for a term, and afterward taught school in Ohio County in 1883. In 1884-86 he attended the State A. & M. College (now State University), at Lexington, and between sessions sold books to obtain money to pursue his studies, and a part of the time worked on the State College farm to pay board.

In 1891 he accepted a position as bookkeeper with the firm of DeLong & Co., Lexington, with whom, and succeeding firms, he remained for five years, when in 1895 he engaged in the implement business, where he continued until 1900, when he became Manager of the Huber Manufacturing Co. for Central and Eastern Kentucky, which position he now holds.

Brother Walker was adopted into Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, on the sleep of December 6th, 1894, was elected Junior Sagamore a few suns later, receiving his Past Sachem's Certificate in April, 1895, and was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky the following month at Ashland, when he was appointed a member of the Committee on Returns and Reports. The following great sun, at Winchester, he was elected Great Junior Sagamore, succeeding as Great Senior Sagamore in 1899, and was elected Great Sachem at Lexington in 1900. During his administration there was a great revival in Redmanship, thirty-two new Tribes having been instituted, and it was many great suns later before the feat was equaled. At the close of his administration he was elected Great Prophet and Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns, and was the first retiring Great Sachem to be thus honored.

Brother Walker was always an enthusiast regarding a Widows' and Orphans' Home, and the first mention of such a project was made by him in his Long Talk as Great Sachem, he at that time recommending that a committee be appointed to devise ways and means for the establishment of such an institution. 184

PAST GREAT SACHEM GUSTAV AUGUST ELLERKAMP

1901-2

The subject of our sketch was born September 30, 1858, at Hoom, Kingdom of the Netherlands. Upon the death of his father in 1868 he moved to Hanover, Germany, where he attended the public schools, emigrating to this country in 1873, landing in Louisville July 30th of that year, unacquainted with the English language and the customs of the people. He was engaged in the grocery business until 1892, when he took a position with C. F. Vissman Co., where he remained fifteen and a half years, and rose to be manager of their branch house, making it a success. He attended the Jefferson School of Law during the winters of 1905-6 and 1906-7, graduating with honors in May, 1907. He was admitted to the bar April 23, 1907, at Brandenburg, Meade County.

Brother Ellerkamp was a charter member of Shawnee Tribe, No. 9, at Louisville, and was one of the few faithful members of that Tribe to hold out against the desertion of nearly 150 members, leaving about 18 to shoulder a debt of several hundred fathoms which was finally paid off. Later Brother Ellerkamp became a member of Cherokee Tribe, No. 8, when the Tribes consolidated. While a member of No. 9 he was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky in 1899, and at the same session was elected Great Junior Sagamore, being advanced to the stump of Great Senior Sagamore the following great sun, and was elected Great Sachem at Danville in 1901. During his administration great work was done for the uplifting of the Order, and while he had much to contend with he made for himself an enviable reputation, even though he was sick a large portion of the year, and could only direct the action of able lieutenants. At the conclusion of his term as Great Sachem he was elected Great Prophet and Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns. He was elected again for two great suns in 1905, and re-elected in 1907, where he is now serving. He has served upon many important committees in the Great Council of the United States, and was a member of the Committee on Permanent Long House, and to his good offices on that committee is largely due the selection of Louisville as the permanent location of that building. He was a member of the Committee on Law and Usage that edited and arranged the present code of laws of the Great Council of Kentucky.

Brother Ellerkamp is now practicing law in the hunting grounds of Louisville, and is as ardent a Red Man as ever, attending the councils of his Tribe and never missing a session of the Great Council of Kentucky. 186

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN D. WALKER

1902

The subject of our sketch was born in Brooksville, Bracken County, Kentucky, and lived there for thirty years. He attended the public schools, and at an early age learned the carpenter's trade with his father. He enlisted in the Confederate army during the Civil War, and at its close returned to Brooksville and again took up carpentering, but shortly afterwards engaged in a manufacturing enterprise that proved profitable for a time. In 1870 he bought out the drug store of Dr. J. D. Wallins, and conducted that business for several years, when he attended the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati, from which institution he was graduated and returned to his drug business, practicing medicine in connection with the same. At that time Bracken County produced large quantities of tobacco, and he became interested in buying tobacco together with his other duties, becoming so much interested in this latter enterprise that he devoted his whole energies to this industry. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected chief of police for a term of two years, at the end of which time he was elected sheriff, and served as such for two years, continuing all the time to handle leaf tobacco. Being successful, he sought a larger field and went to Cincinnati, where he conducted a leaf tobacco brokerage business, and while meeting with success, he was induced to take the road for a large plug and twist tobacco manufacturer. While on the road he was induced to move to Lexington, where he organized the Blue Grass Tobacco Company in 1886, and for about eighteen years he superintended that business, until recently he established the White Plume Tobacco Company at Lexington, of which he is now the manager.

Brother Walker was a charter member of Winona Tribe, No. 4, of Lexington, and received the honors of a Past Sachem by virtue of being its first Keeper of Wampum, which position he held during the existence of the Tribe. He was admitted to the Great Council in 1895, and was elected Great Keeper of Wampum in 1897, serving as such for five consecutive great suns, and in 1892 was granted the honors of a Past Great Sachem and elected Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns. He is now a member of Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, is a regular attendant at the sessions of the Great Council, and has the good will and confidence of every member of that Great Body. 188

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIAM CREERE PELHAM

1902-3

Brother Pelham was born December 2, 1846, at New Harmony, Indiana, and was educated at the "Maysville Literary Institute," a preparatory school. His parents died before he was three years of age, and his family moved to Maysville, Ky., where he resided until September, 1893, when he moved to Knoxville, Tenn., where he is now connected with A. Greenwood & Co., an incorporation, as Secretary-Treasurer. Brother Pelham was a civil engineer and surveyor of wide reputation while residing in Maysville. He was a charter member of Wyandotte Tribe, No. 3, and one of its early Sachems, yielding the tomahawk with remarkable dexterity. Bro. Pelham was one of those rare characters that is never "rattled," no matter how aggravating the occasion.

He was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky at Augusta in 1896. He served as chairman of the Committee on Law and Usage during 1897-8, making many important rulings that have stood as law until this day, and was appointed chairman of the same committee for the year 1898-9, and again for 1899-1900. He was unable to attend the session of the Great Council held at Lexington in 1900, nevertheless he was then elected Great Junior Sagamore, and was raised to his stump in the wigwam of his own Tribe the next day. The following great sun he was elected Great Senior Sagamore, and was elected Great Sachem at Owensboro in 1902. During his administration he made but little effort to institute new Tribes, preferring to bend his energies toward building up those already existing. To this end he appointed an exemplifier, and for three moons kept him on the road, making a tribal visit nearly every sleep, during that time visiting more than forty hunting grounds. The experiment was costly, but exceedingly profitable, and many of the Tribes then visited have been anxiously awaiting its repetition, but in vain. At the close of his term he was elected Great Prophet and Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns, but his removal from the Reservation disqualified him from serving more than one year, and the Great Council of Kentucky has been deprived of his wise counsel since. Brother Pelham is still a member of Wyandotte Tribe, No. 3, of Maysville. He says of himself that he is a "Democrat by conviction, a Methodist by choice, and a Red Man by adoption." 190

PAST GREAT SACHEM CHARLES E. LYDDANE

1903

The subject of this sketch was born in Clark County, Kentucky, December 26, 1852, where he has ever lived. He was raised on a farm, and at the age of twenty years began teaching in the country schools, and continued in this work twelve years. He began reportorial work in 1884 on the Winchester Democrat, and has been with that paper ever since, having been editor-in-chief since 1890.

He was twice elected County Superintendent of Schools and served in that capacity eight years; also served eight years more as member of the County Board of Examiners.

Brother Lyddane was a charter member of Shawnee Tribe, No. 18, organized at Winchester in 1887, under the jurisdiction of the Great Council of Ohio, and was the first Sachem of the Tribe. This Tribe became defunct, and he became a charter member of Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, of Lexington, withdrawing a few suns later to become a charter member of Onequa Tribe, No. 2, of Winchester, which was instituted the 29th of Cold Moon, G. S. D. 404. and has served that Tribe as Chief of Records for many great suns, being still in the harness.

He was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky in 1898, at Winchester, and was then elected Great Chief of Records, which position he held for the next five consecutive great suns, when he retired with the honors of Past Great Sachem. For the past few great suns he has not been in robust health, and has attended but few sessions of the Great Council.

Brother Lyddane believes in fraternities, and besides his connection with the Red Men, he is a Past Master of the Masonic Order, Past Grand of the Odd Fellows, Past Regent of the Royal Arcanum, and is a high private in the ranks of the Knights of Pythias. He is a Democrat in politics and a Baptist in religion.

He was married in 1890 to Miss Fannie Bailey, of Winchester, and has a happy home, but no children. 192

PAST GREAT SACHEM HENRY HERMAN DENHARDT

1904-5

Brother Denhardt was born March 8, 1876, at Bowling Green, Kentucky, and received his early education in the public schools of that city, later attending Ogden College, and was graduated from Cumberland University, Lebanon, Tenn., with the degree of LL. B.

Since his graduation he has been practicing law in his native city, and for the past eight great suns has been prosecuting attorney.

He became a member of Mohican Tribe, No. 11, by adoption, in April, 1896, and soon after he was advanced to the stump of Sachem. He has also served his Tribe as Chief of Records for several great suns.

Brother Denhardt was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky at Lexington in 1900, and has attended every session of the Great Council since. He was elected Great Junior Sagamore at Owensboro in 1902, serving as Great Senior Sagamore in 1903, and at Paducah in 1904 he was elected Great Sachem. Five great suns prior to his being raised to the Great Sachem's stump a movement had been started looking towards a Widows' and Orphans' Home, but no decisive action had been taken, and Brother Denhardt warmly espoused this cause, and through his ardent efforts a law was finally adopted creating a fund for this purpose. At the close of his term as Great Sachem he was elected Great Prophet and Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns, and at the expiration of his term in 1907 he was re-elected for another two great suns.

At the session of the Great Council of the United States, held at Bridgeport, Conn., in Cold Moon, G. S. D. 417, Brother Denhardt was appointed by Great Incohonee Farrar a member of the Judiciary Committee, one of the most important standing committees of the Great Council of the United States.

While Great Sachem of the Great Council of Kentucky, Brother Denhardt became a Benedict, and his charming wife is a regular attendant at the sessions of the Great Council of Kentucky and of the Great Council of the United States. 194

PAST GREAT SACHEM LEWIS L. BEBOUT

1905-6

The subject of this sketch was born October 6, 1874, at Smithland, Kentucky, and when twelve years old removed with his parents to Crittenden County, near Marion. He received a common school education in Crittenden and Marion County schools, and became editor, owner and publisher of the "Marion Monitor," a weekly newspaper at Marion, Ky., at the age of nineteen. He continued in this business but a few months, when he sold out the entire plant and moved to Paducah in 1894.

Enlisting as private in Co. K, 3rd Ky. U. S. V. Infty. during the Spanish-American War, he was made 1st Sergeant of his company, and was commissioned 2d Lieutenant in October, 1898, at Lexington. He commanded the company longer than either of the other officers and was in sole command, and remained so, while the company was in Cuba. At the close of this service he returned to Paducah and engaged in the insurance business, which he is most successfully conducting at the present time.

He was a charter member of Otego Tribe, No. 60, and its first C. of W., and afterwards Chief of Records. When Otego Tribe gave a pow-wow and incurred a debt of several hundred fathoms, he with nine other brothers borrowed the necessary money and paid off the entire debt, in the face of the predicted collapse of the Tribe. Nothing daunted, he with other faithful brothers inaugurated a hunt for palefaces, with the result that 106 were captured and adopted at one time, thus equaling the work of Miantonomo Tribe, No. 1, which accomplished the same feat in 1895.

He was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky at Owensboro in 1902, and was at once put forward as a candidate for Great Junior Sagamore, but without immediate success. He was, however, at this Council appointed chairman of the Committee on State of the Order, and at the following session of the Great Council, at Maysville, he was successful and was raised to the stump of Great Junior Sagamore, succeeding the following great sun as Great Senior Sagamore, and in 1905, at Frankfort, he was elected Great Sachem. His administration was conservative and the Order prospered under his judicious rulings.

He was elected Great Prophet at the close of his term as Great Sachem, and was also elected Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns, at the close of which term he was returned for another term of like duration.

Brother Bebout married during his chieftaincy of Great Sachem and the presence of his fair lady adds a charm to the social feature of the Great Council. 196

PAST GREAT SACHEM DAN H. RUSSELL

1906-7

Dan H. Russell was born April 7, 1873, at Springfield, Ohio, and was given a liberal education, graduating from college with high honors. A young man of remarkable pluck and push, through trials that would have discouraged any but one of such indomitable will, he "made good," and is the president of one of the large corporations of the city of Louisville, where he has resided for many years.

Brother Russell became a Red Man by adoption into Wahoo Tribe in 1900, and was immediately put in line for the Sachem's stump, which position he filled with great success, and piloted the Tribe through perilous times. He was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky in 1903, at Maysville, and the same spirit that prompted him in his business relations to forge to the front urged him to seek preferment in the Great Council. Like many of his predecessors, he was not successful the first time trying, but in 1904, at Paducah, he was elected Great Junior Sagamore, the following great sun being promoted to the stump of Great Senior Sagamore, and in 1906, at Frankfort, was elected Great Sachem. His administration was noted for exceeding vigor, giving much of his valuable time to the interests of the Order. He inaugurated an active canvass for new Tribes, and Kentucky, under his leadership, made a record for new Tribes instituted in one great sun, 45 Tribes having been added to the roster of the Great Council.

At the close of his term he was accorded the usual honor of being elected Great Prophet and Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns, where he is now serving. 198

PAST GREAT SACHEM ROBERT LEE PAGE

1907-8

Robert Lee Page was born in Allen County, Kentucky, August 18, 1879. His maternal and paternal ancestors were natives of Virginia, and he is of the celebrated Page family of that Commonwealth.

He was educated in the public schools of Louisville and a graduate of the Louisville Male High School and the Louisville Normal School. After completing his academic course he entered the law department of the University of Louisville, graduating with the highest honor of a class of thirty-five.

Shortly after starting the practice of law Brother Page was appointed Assistant County Attorney of Jefferson County. In June, 1907, he was appointed County Attorney and served in that capacity until the general election, when he declined to be a candidate to succeed himself, preferring to devote his entire time to his private practice. At the time he was County Attorney of Jefferson County he was the youngest official ever holding that office in the county.

Brother Page was a charter member of Ptocawa Tribe, No. 80, of Louisville, and the peculiar spelling of the name is accounted for from the fact that superfluous letter "P" was prefixed as a compliment to him. He served as the first Sachem of the Tribe, and was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky in 1902, at Owensboro, and was appointed chairman of the Committee on Returns and Reports by Great Sachem Pelham, and the following great sun he was appointed to the same position by Great Sachem McFarlan. At Owensboro, in 1904, he was elected Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns. At Frankfort, in 1905, he was elected Great Junior Sagamore, the following great sun being advanced to the stump of Great Senior Sagamore, and at Lexington, in 1907, he was elected Great Sachem. During his term the record was broken for the number of new Tribes instituted during one great sun, 65 standing to his credit. At the time of his election as Great Sachem he was but 27 years of age, and he was doubtless the youngest Great Sachem in the United States. At the close of his term as Great Sachem he was accorded the usual honors of being elected Great Prophet and Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns. 200

PAST GREAT SACHEM HENRY WOOD RAY

1908

Brother Ray was born February 10, 1866, at Bowling Green, Kentucky, and when but four months old his father died, his mother then moving to Maysville. His schooling was very limited, as at an early age he felt called upon to help maintain his mother by learning the drug business. He entered the employ of J. Chenoweth, at Maysville, in 1880, and remained with the same house sixteen years, at the end of which time he bought out a drug store in the same city, and remained in business for himself until 1907, when he was compelled to retire on account of failing health, caused by close attention to his business, coupled with his arduous duties as Great Chief of Records. He had for years the largest and best equipped drug store in Maysville.

Brother Ray was adopted into Wyandotte Tribe, No. 3, in March, 1896, and served in various chieftaincies, earning his honors as a Past Sachem. He was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky in 1899 at Louisville, serving then as representative of his Tribe. At Lexington, in 1900, he was appointed by Great Sachem Willie Walker chairman of the Committee on Returns and Reports, and the following great sun by Great Sachem Ellerkamp a member of the Finance Committee, and at Owensboro, in 1902, he was made chairman of that committee by Great Sachem Pelham.

At the Great Council held in Maysville, 1903, he was, on the retirement of C. E. Lyddane, unanimously elected Great Chief of Records, and he served in that capacity for five consecutive great suns, being accorded the honors of a Past Great Sachem at Frankfort, in 1908, when he was elected Great Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns.

During the five great suns of his administration of the chieftaincy of Great Chief of Records he managed the business end of the Order in the Reservation in the same methodical way that characterized his private affairs, and saw the Order grow from a membership of 5,089 to 11,950: from 65 Tribes to 182 Tribes. The lay member of the Order has no conception of the vast labors performed by a faithful Great Chief of Records, but a small portion of his duties being apparent to the casual observer. Brother Ray was ever faithful to every duty, and earned the soubrequet of "The Minute Man." The whole may be summed up in the words, "He was always there with the goods."

Brother Ray is now filling a position as clerk in the State Auditor's office at Frankfort. 202

HORACE J. McFARLAN

PAST GREAT SACHEM HORACE J. McFARLAN

1903-4

As a young man, Brother McFarlan was deeply interested in base ball, and made it a profession. For quite a number of years he was a favorite umpire in the National League. Prior to his activity in base ball circles he had received a liberal education, and tiring of the nomadic life consequent upon following the National game for a livelihood, he studied law, was admitted to the bar, married and began practice of his profession at Lagrange, where for some time he was County Attorney.

Brother McFarlan was adopted into Massasoit Tribe, No. 33, of Lagrange, and was one of its early Sachems. He was admitted to the Great Council of Kentucky in 1901, at Danville, and at the same session was put forward as a "dark horse" for Great Junior Sagamore, winning the race against a large field. He served as Great Senior Sagamore in 1902, and at Maysville, in 1903, he was elected Great Sachem. During his chieftaincy he had the distinction of dedicating the first wigwam owned by a Tribe of the Improved Order of Red Men in the Reservation of Kentucky, that of Oswego Tribe, No. 37, hunting grounds of Dry Ridge. This took place on 18th of Traveling Moon, G. S. D. 412, and was made the occasion of a great pow-wow, in which the citizens of the little town most heartily joined. At the close of his term as Great Sachem he was elected Great Prophet and Representative to the Great Council of the United States for two great suns. In consequence of the death of his estimable wife during the great sun of 414 he was unable to attend the Great Council of the United States, and another was appointed in his stead, but in G. S. D. 415 he was returned for an additional two great suns.

Brother McFarlan is at present practicing law in the hunting grounds of Louisville.

CHAPTER XII.

Roster of Chiefs of the Old Great Council.

CHAPTER XIII.

Roster of Chiefs of the Present Great Council.

G. S. D. 404-418.

FOOTNOTES.

1 It will be observed that the present style of dating was used nearly one hundred years ago, though subsequently changed to the Jewish method.

2 "The Great Council of Kentucky was instituted at Newport on the 9th sleep of Sturgeon Moon, G. S. 5614, (August 9, 1854). Great Sachem George W. Ford, elected at this time, afterwards became the ninth Great Incohonee of the G. C. U. S."—Records G. C. U. S., 5614.

3 "Among those admitted for the first time was Past Great Sachem A. J. Francis, who afterwards became Great Incohonee of the G. C. U. S."—Records G. C. U. S., 5617.

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Elias Reese, of No. 2	Worthy Great Sachem
S. I. B Badgley, of No. 4	Worthy Great Senior Sagamore
Chas. Amann, of No. 3	Worthy Great Junior Sagamore
J. B. Monder, of No. 1	Worthy Great Prophet
A. J. Francis, of No. 2	Worthy Great Chief of Records
V. Schinkle, of No. 2	Worthy Great Keeper of Wampum
G. W. Ford, Great Representative to G. C. U. S. for two great suns Bros. Brown and Coffin, for one great sun each.

A. J. Francis	M. W. Great Sachem
John Hughes	M. W. Great Senior Sagamore
John Amann	M. W. Great Junior Sagamore
Wm. Schmidt	M. W. Great Prophet
Peter Ruhl	M. W. Great Chief of Records
Vincent Schinkle	M. W. Keeper of Wampum
Elias Reese	Great Representative to G. C. U. S.

John B. Davies	M. W. Great Sachem
A. C. Harig	M. W. Great Senior Sagamore
Jacob Schenk	M. W. Great Junior Sagamore
C. Rice	M. W. Great Prophet
Jas. N. Tyrack	M. W. Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	M. W. Great Keeper of Wampum

A. C. Herig	M. W. Great Sachem
Jacob Schenk	M. W. Great Senior Sagamore
W. H. Patton	M. W. Great Junior Sagamore
John B. Haltimus	M. W. Great Prophet
Jas. N. Tyrack	M. W. Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	M. W. Great Keeper of Wampum
Bros. Tyrack, Davis and Herig Representatives to G. C. U. S.

Chas. Amann	M. W. Great Sachem
C. Rice	M. W. Great Senior Sagamore
John B. Haltimus	M. W. Great Junior Sagamore
Richard W. Elsey	M. W. Great Prophet
Jas. N. Tyrack	M. W. Great Chief of Records
W. D. Turner	M. W. Great Keeper of Wampum

	Page
CHAPTER I. The Fore-History, 1765-1833.	9
CHAPTER II. The Establishment of the Improved Order of Red Men, 1833-1847.	13
CHAPTER III. The Establishment of the Improved Order of Red Men in Kentucky by the Great Council of the United States, 1852.	15
CHAPTER IV. The Great Council of Kentucky, 1854-1884.	16
CHAPTER V. Kentucky Under the Jurisdiction of the Great Council of Ohio, 1884-1894.	48
CHAPTER VI. Kentucky Under a Deputy Great Incohonee and the Establishment of Tribes by the Great Council of the United States, 1894.	50
CHAPTER VII. Establishment of the Great Council of Kentucky and Its Record from 1895 to 1908.	53
CHAPTER VIII. Brief Review of the Institution of Each Tribe in Kentucky, with the Significance of Its Name Where Possible.	126
CHAPTER IX. Roster of the Old Great Council of Kentucky.	155
CHAPTER X. Roster of the Present Great Council of Kentucky.	160
CHAPTER XI. Biographies of Past Great Sachems of Kentucky.	169
CHAPTER XII. Roster of Chiefs of the Old Great Council.	203
CHAPTER XIII. Roster of Chiefs of the Present Great Council.	205

George W. Ford	Most Worthy Great Sachem
E. Reese	Most Worthy Great Senior Sagamore
Uriah Schinkle	Most Worthy Great Junior Sagamore
P. A. C. Kemper	Most Worthy Great Prophet
A. J. Francis	Most Worthy Great Chief of Records
V. Schinkle	Most Worthy Great Keeper of Wampum17
D. H. B. Coffin	Great Sannap
Wm. Ostler	Great Guard of Wigwam
G. W. Schmidt	Great Guard of Forest

John Hughes	M. W. Great Sachem
Gregory B. Kiteley	M. W. Great Senior Sagamore
John B. Davies	M. W. Great Junior Sagamore
W. D. Turner	M. W. Great Prophet
Peter Ruhl	M. W. Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	M. W. Great Keeper of Wampum
A. J. Francis	Representative to G. C. U. S.

W. D. Turner	M. W. Great Sachem
J. B. Haltimus	M. W. Great Senior Sagamore
Isaac Sulton	M. W. Great Junior Sagamore
Chas. Hebel	M. W. Great Prophet
Bernard Strube	M. W. Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	M. W. Great Keeper of Wampum

Gregory B. Kiteley	M. W. Great Sachem
M. Borntraeger	M. W. Great Senior Sagamore
W. T. Clark	M. W. Great Junior Sagamore
F. Frische	M. W. Great Prophet
Bernard Strube	M. W. Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	M. W. Great Keeper of Wampum

M. Borntraeger	M. W. Great Sachem
B. B. Wilder	M. W. Great Senior Sagamore
R. B. McCracken	M. W. Great Junior Sagamore
A. Schneider	M. W. Great Prophet
Bernard Strube	M. W. Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	M. W. Great Keeper of Wampum

R. B. McCracken	Worthy Great Sachem
Geo. A. Fry	Worthy Great Senior Sagamore
Edw. Merkley	Worthy Great Junior Sagamore
Jacob Schenk	Worthy Great Prophet
Wm. Brigmann	Worthy Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	Worthy Great Keeper of Wampum

Andrew Schneider	Worthy Great Sachem
Joseph Havlin	Worthy Great Senior Sagamore
John Wohlfardt	Worthy Great Junior Sagamore
Thomas W. Giedeon	Worthy Great Prophet
Chas. Hebel	Worthy Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	Worthy Great Keeper of Wampum

Thomas W. Giedeon	Great Sachem
John Steinhauer	Great Senior Sagamore
James Crystal	Great Junior Sagamore
M. Betz	Great Prophet
Ch. Hebel	Great Chief of Records
A. J. Francis	Great Keeper of Wampum

Edmund Merkley	Great Sachem
Fred Braum	Great Senior Sagamore
D. A. King	Great Junior Sagamore
Geo. W. Reese	Great Prophet
G. B. Kiteley	Great Chief of Records
W. D. Turner	Great Keeper of Wampum
G. B. Kiteley	Great Representative to G. C. U. S.

Jacob Lezinski	Great Sachem
S. F. Schell	Great Senior Sagamore
D. A. King	Great Junior Sagamore
W. H. Glore	Great Prophet
G. B. Kiteley	Great Chief of Records
W. D. Turner	Great Keeper of Wampum
G. B. Kiteley	Representative to G. C. U. S.

W. H. Glore	Great Sachem
John Vogle	Great Senior Sagamore
J. J. Hillburb	Great Junior Sagamore
Thos. A. Hornsey	Great Prophet
G. B. Kiteley	Great Chief of Records
W. D. Turner	Great Keeper of Wampum
Isaac Leiber	Great Representative to G. C. U. S.

Thomas A. Hornsey	Great Sachem
C. H. Conn	Great Senior Sagamore
Thomas A. Davis	Great Junior Sagamore
E. H. Mottley	Great Prophet
G. B. Kiteley	Great Chief of Records
W. D. Turner	Great Keeper of Wampum

Thomas A. Davis	Great Sachem
J. T. Follett	Great Senior Sagamore
John P. Phister	Great Junior Sagamore
C. H. Conn	Great Prophet
E. H. Meyers	Great Chief of Records
W. G. Stone	Great Keeper of Wampum

G. W. Reese	Great Sachem
J. J. Hetch	Great Senior Sagamore
J. Reed	Great Junior Sagamore
O. Senisheimer	Great Prophet
E. H. Meyers	Great Chief of Records
W. G. Stone	Great Keeper of Wampum
Conrad Schmidt	Great Representative to G. C. U. S.

C. H. Conn	Great Sachem
Geo. Knorr	Great Senior Sagamore
G. A. Dempf	Great Junior Sagamore
G. B. Kiteley	Great Prophet
W. G. Stone	Great Chief of Records
John Wolfhardt	Great Keeper of Wampum

George Brunk	Great Sachem
John N. Stauder	Great Senior Sagamore
James Vickers	Great Junior Sagamore
C. H. Conn	Great Prophet
W. G. Stone	Great Chief of Records
John Wolfhardt	Great Keeper of Wampum
John Wolfhardt	Great Representative to G. C. U. S.

John N. Stauder	Great Sachem
F. Bismark	Great Senior Sagamore
C. Maunder	Great Junior Sagamore
S. F. Schell	Great Chief of Records
John Wolfhardt	Great Keeper of Wampum
Geo. Reese	Great Representative to G. C. U. S.

Charles Maunder	Great Sachem
F. Schorle	Great Senior Sagamore
V. Wentworth	Great Junior Sagamore
S. F. Schell	Great Chief of Records
John Wolfhardt	Great Keeper of Wampum
Geo. Brunk	Great Representative to G. C. U. S.

Val. Wendroth	Great Sachem
Fred Must	Great Senior Sagamore
John Lamb	Great Junior Sagamore
Chas. Maunder	Great Prophet
S. F. Schell	Great Chief of Records
John Wolfhardt	Great Keeper of Wampum
J. J. Hetch, Michael Grau	Great Representatives to G. C. U. S.

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Redmanship in Kentucky for Fifty Great Suns

Redmanship in Kentucky FOR Fifty Great Suns

CONTENTS

PREFACE

STYLE OF DATING

CHAPTER I. THE FORE-HISTORY (1765-1833).

CHAPTER II. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN (1833-1847).

CHAPTER III. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF REDMANSHIP IN KENTUCKY BY THE GREAT COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, 1852.

CHAPTER IV. THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY, 1854-1884.

1855. SECOND GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1856. THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1857. FOURTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1858. FIFTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1859. SIXTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1860. SEVENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1861. EIGHTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1862. NINTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1863. TENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1864. ELEVENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1865. TWELFTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1866. THIRTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1867. FOURTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1868. FIFTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1869. SIXTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1870. SEVENTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1871. EIGHTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1872. NINETEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1873. TWENTIETH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1874. TWENTY-FIRST GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1875. TWENTY-SECOND GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1876. TWENTY-THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1877. TWENTY-FOURTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1878. TWENTY-FIFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1879. TWENTY-SIXTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1880. TWENTY-SEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1881. TWENTY-EIGHTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1882. TWENTY-NINTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1883. THIRTIETH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1884. THIRTY-FIRST GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

CHAPTER V. KENTUCKY UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF OHIO, 1884-1894.

CHAPTER VI. KENTUCKY UNDER A DEPUTY GREAT INCOHONEE, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TRIBES BY THE GREAT COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, 1894.

CHAPTER VII. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY AND ITS RECORDS FROM 1895 to 1907.

1896. SECOND GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1897. THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

Articles of Incorporation.

1898. FOURTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1899. FIFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

SIXTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL. 1900.

Regular Session.

SEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL. 1901.

EIGHTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL. 1902.

1903. NINTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1904. TENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1905. ELEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1906. TWELFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1907. THIRTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1908. FOURTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

CHAPTER VIII. BRIEF REVIEW OF THE INSTITUTION OF EACH TRIBE IN KENTUCKY, WITH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ITS NAME WHERE POSSIBLE.

CHAPTER IX. ROSTER OF TRIBES OF THE OLD GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY.

1852-1880.

ROSTER OF THE MEMBERS OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY. 1854-1884.

CHAPTER X. ROSTER OF THE MEMBERS OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY.

1895-1908.

CHAPTER XI. BIOGRAPHIES OF PAST GREAT SACHEMS OF KENTUCKY.

PAST GREAT SACHEM THOMAS ALDEN HORNSEY. 1874.

PAST GREAT SACHEM THOMAS ALFRED DAVIS 1875

PAST GREAT SACHEM J. HULL DAVIDSON 1895

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN B. MENDENHALL 1895-6

PAST GREAT SACHEM JAMES R. McCONNELL 1896-7

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIAM EDWIN FITE 1897-8

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN ISAAC WINTER 1898-9

PAST GREAT SACHEM W. C. DIEDERICH. 1899-1900

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIE WALKER 1900-1

PAST GREAT SACHEM GUSTAV AUGUST ELLERKAMP 1901-2

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN D. WALKER 1902

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIAM CREERE PELHAM 1902-3

PAST GREAT SACHEM CHARLES E. LYDDANE 1903

PAST GREAT SACHEM HENRY HERMAN DENHARDT 1904-5

PAST GREAT SACHEM LEWIS L. BEBOUT 1905-6

PAST GREAT SACHEM DAN H. RUSSELL 1906-7

Redmanship in Kentucky
FOR
Fifty Great Suns

CHAPTER I.

THE FORE-HISTORY (1765-1833).

CHAPTER II.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE IMPROVED ORDER OF RED MEN (1833-1847).

CHAPTER III.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF REDMANSHIP IN KENTUCKY BY THE GREAT COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, 1852.

CHAPTER IV.

THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY, 1854-1884.

1855.

SECOND GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1856.

THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1857.

FOURTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1858.

FIFTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1859.

SIXTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1860.

SEVENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1861.

EIGHTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1862.

NINTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1863.

TENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1864.

ELEVENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1865.

TWELFTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1866.

THIRTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1867.

FOURTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1868.

FIFTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1869.

SIXTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1870.

SEVENTEENTH GRAND SUN COUNCIL.

1871.

EIGHTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1872.

NINETEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1873.

TWENTIETH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1874.

TWENTY-FIRST GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1875.

TWENTY-SECOND GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1876.

TWENTY-THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1877.

TWENTY-FOURTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1878.

TWENTY-FIFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1879.

TWENTY-SIXTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1880.

TWENTY-SEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1881.

TWENTY-EIGHTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1882.

TWENTY-NINTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1883.

THIRTIETH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1884.

THIRTY-FIRST GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

CHAPTER V.

KENTUCKY UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF OHIO, 1884-1894.

CHAPTER VI.

KENTUCKY UNDER A DEPUTY GREAT INCOHONEE, AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF TRIBES BY THE GREAT COUNCIL OF THE UNITED STATES, 1894.

CHAPTER VII.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY AND ITS RECORDS FROM 1895 to 1907.

1896.

SECOND GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1897.

THIRD GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1898.

FOURTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1899.

FIFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

SIXTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1900.

SEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1901.

EIGHTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1902.

1903.

NINTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1904.

TENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1905.

ELEVENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1906.

TWELFTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1907.

THIRTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

1908.

FOURTEENTH GREAT SUN COUNCIL.

CHAPTER VIII.

BRIEF REVIEW OF THE INSTITUTION OF EACH TRIBE IN KENTUCKY, WITH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ITS NAME WHERE POSSIBLE.

CHAPTER IX.

ROSTER OF TRIBES OF THE OLD GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY.

ROSTER OF THE MEMBERS OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY.

1854-1884.

CHAPTER X.

ROSTER OF THE MEMBERS OF THE GREAT COUNCIL OF KENTUCKY.

CHAPTER XI.

BIOGRAPHIES OF PAST GREAT SACHEMS OF KENTUCKY.

PAST GREAT SACHEM THOMAS ALDEN HORNSEY.
1874.

PAST GREAT SACHEM THOMAS ALFRED DAVIS

1875

PAST GREAT SACHEM J. HULL DAVIDSON

1895

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN B. MENDENHALL

1895-6

PAST GREAT SACHEM JAMES R. McCONNELL

1896-7

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIAM EDWIN FITE

1897-8

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN ISAAC WINTER

1898-9

PAST GREAT SACHEM W. C. DIEDERICH.

1899-1900

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIE WALKER

1900-1

PAST GREAT SACHEM GUSTAV AUGUST ELLERKAMP

1901-2

PAST GREAT SACHEM JOHN D. WALKER

1902

PAST GREAT SACHEM WILLIAM CREERE PELHAM

1902-3

PAST GREAT SACHEM CHARLES E. LYDDANE

1903

PAST GREAT SACHEM HENRY HERMAN DENHARDT

1904-5

PAST GREAT SACHEM LEWIS L. BEBOUT

1905-6

PAST GREAT SACHEM DAN H. RUSSELL

1906-7

PAST GREAT SACHEM ROBERT LEE PAGE

1907-8

PAST GREAT SACHEM HENRY WOOD RAY

1908

HORACE J. McFARLAN

PAST GREAT SACHEM HORACE J. McFARLAN

1903-4

CHAPTER XII.

Roster of Chiefs of the Old Great Council.

CHAPTER XIII.

Roster of Chiefs of the Present Great Council.

John Reed	Great Sachem
John Roth	Great Senior Sagamore
Geo. Brunk	Great Junior Sagamore
Ch. Clintworth	Great Prophet
S. F. Schell	Great Chief of Records
John Wolfhardt	Great Keeper of Wampum
J. J. Hetch	Great Representative to G. C. U. S.

J. B. Mendenhall, of No. 1	Great Sachem
J. R. McConnell, of No. 1	Great Senior Sagamore
W. E. Fite, of No. 6	Great Junior Sagamore
J. Hull Davidson, of No. 4	Great Prophet
Frank L. Smith, of No. 1	Great Chief of Records
A. F. German, of No. 7	Great Keeper of Wampum
J. B. Mendenhall, of No. 1	Gt. Rep. to G. C. U. for two great suns

John I. Winter, of No. 6	Great Sannap
Thos. M. Russell, of No. 3	Great Mishinewa
W. C. Dienerich, of No. 19	Great Guard of Wigwam
R. W. Jones, of No. 2	Great Guard of Forest

J. R. McConnell, No. 1	Great Sachem
W. E. Fite, No. 6	Great Senior Sagamore
John I. Winter, No. 6	Great Junior Sagamore
J. B. Mendenhall, No. 6	Great Prophet
Frank L. Smith, No. 1	Great Chief of Records
John Armstrong, No. 1	Great Keeper of Wampum
Thos. M. Russell	Gt. Rep. to G. C. U. S. for 1 great sun

R. Eason, No. 1	Great Sannap
W. C. Diederich, No. 19	Great Mishinewa
N. Feagan, No. 6	Great Guard of Wigwam
J. W. Scobee, No. 2	Great Guard of Forest

J. W. Scobee, of No. 2	Great Sannap
H. C. Rhodes, of No. 7	Great Mishinewa
Fred J. Kramer, of No. 19	Great Guard of Wigwam
John Hafendorfer, of No. 14	Great Guard of the Forest
Thomas M. Russell, of No. 3	Great Rep. to G. C. U. S.

John I. Winter, of No. 6	Great Sachem
W. C. Diederich, of No. 19	Great Senior Sagamore
Willie Walker, of No. 1	Great Junior Sagamore
W. E. Fite, of No. 6	Great Prophet
C. E. Lyddane, of No. 2	Great Chief of Records
John D. Walker, of No. 4	Great Keeper of Wampum
H. V. Cohn, of No. 8	Great Sannap
Louis Vissman, of No. 9	Great Mishinewa
E. E. Bennett, of No. 11	Great Guard of Forest72
John Hafendorfer, of No. 14	Great Guard of Wigwam
Enos Spencer, of No. 8	Great Rep. to G. C. U. S.

Willie Walker, of No. 1	Great Sachem.
G. A. Ellerkamp, of No. 9	Great Senior Sagamore.
W. C. Diederich, of No. 19	Great Prophet.
C. E. Lyddane, of No. 2	Great Chief of Records.
John D. Walker, of No. 4	Great Keeper of Wampum.
W. B. Eason, of No. 1	Great Sannap.
Wm. A. Crader, of No. 9	Great Mishinewa.
M. M. Harbeson, of No. 7	Great Guard of Wigwam.
Geo. W. Griffith, of No. 11	Great Guard of Forest.

Gustav A. Ellerkamp, of No. 9	Great Sachem.
W. C. Pelham, of No. 3	Great Senior Sagamore.
H. J. McFarlan, of No. 33	Great Junior Sagamore.
Willie Walker, of No. 1	Great Prophet.
C. E. Lyddane, of No. 2	Great Chief of Records.
John D. Walker, of No. 4	Great Keeper of Wampum.

W. M. Evans, of No. 9	Great Sannap.
John W. Riley, of No. 11	Great Mishinewa.
Ed. L. Hays, of No. 26	Great Guard of Wigwam.
Harry F. Davis, of No. 15	Great Guard of Forest.