E-text prepared by Curtis Weyant, David Starner, Charles Aldarondo,
and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
SHAKESPEARE'S PLAY OF
THE MERCHANT OF VENICE,
ARRANGED FOR REPRESENTATION AT
THE PRINCESS'S THEATRE,
WITH HISTORICAL AND EXPLANATORY NOTES,
BY
CHARLES KEAN, F.S.A.,
AS FIRST PERFORMED ON
SATURDAY, JUNE 12TH, 1858.
ENTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL.
DRAMATIS PERSONAE.
AS FIRST PERFORMED, SATURDAY, JUNE 12, 1858.
| DUKE OF VENICE | | | | Mr. H. MELLON. |
| PRINCE OF MOROCCO |
} |
(Suitors to Portia) |
{ |
Mr. ROLLESTON. |
| PRINCE OF ARRAGON | Mr. RAYMOND. |
| ANTONIO | |
(the Merchant of Venice) |
|
Mr. GRAHAM. |
| BASSANIO | |
(his Friend) |
|
Mr. RYDER. |
| SALANIO |
} |
(Friends to Antonio and Bassanio) |
{ |
Mr. BRAZIER. |
| SALARINO |
Mr. G. EVERETT. |
| GRATIANO | Mr. WALTER LACY. |
| LORENZO |
|
(in love with Jessica) |
|
Mr. J.F. CATHCART. |
| SHYLOCK |
|
(a Jew) |
|
Mr. CHARLES KEAN. |
| TUBAL |
|
(a Jew, his Friend) |
|
Mr. F. COOKE. |
| LAUNCELOT GOBBO |
|
(a Clown, servant to Shylock) |
|
Mr. HARLEY |
| OLD GOBBO |
|
(Father to Launcelot) |
|
Mr. MEADOWS. |
| LEONARDO |
} |
(Servants to Bassanio) |
{ |
Mr. MORRIS. |
| STEPHANO | Mr. STOAKES. |
| BALTHAZAR |
|
(Servant to Portia) |
|
Mr. DALY. |
| HERALD |
|
|
|
Mr. J. COLLETT. |
| PORTIA |
|
(a rich Heiress) |
|
Mrs. CHARLES KEAN. |
| NELISSA |
|
(her Waiting Maid) |
|
Miss CARLOTTA LECLERCQ. |
| JESSICA |
|
(Daughter to Shylock) |
|
Miss CHAPMAN
(Her First Appearance). |
THE INCIDENTAL MUSIC will be sung by Miss POOLE, Miss LEFFLER,
Mr. J. COLLETT, Mr. T. YOUNG, and Mr. WALLWORTH.
Magnificoes of Venice, Officers of the Court of Justice, Gaoler, Servants, and
other Attendants.
SCENE.—Partly at VENICE; and partly at BELMONT, the Seat of PORTIA, on
the Continent.
THE SCENERY Painted by Mr. GRIEVE and Mr. TELBIN, Assisted by Mr. W.
GORDON, Mr. F. LLOYDS, Mr. CUTHBERT, Mr. DAYES, &c.
THE MUSIC under the direction of Mr. J.L. HATTON.
THE DECORATIONS & APPOINTMENTS by Mr. E.W. BRADWELL
The DRESSES by Mrs. and Miss HOGGINS.
THE MACHINERY by Mr. G. HODSDON.
THE DANCES arranged by Mr. CORMACK.
PERRUQUIER; Mr. ASPLIN, of No. 13, New Bond Street
☞ For reference to Historical Authorities, see end of each Act.
PREFACE.
Venice, "the famous city in the sea," rising like enchantment from the
waves of the Adriatic, appeals to the imagination through a history
replete with dramatic incident; wherein power and revolution—conquest
and conspiracy—mystery and romance—dazzling splendour and judicial
murder alternate in every page. Thirteen hundred years witnessed the
growth, maturity, and fall of this once celebrated city; commencing in
the fifth century, when thousands of terrified fugitives sought refuge
in its numerous islands from the dreaded presence of Attila; and
terminating when the last of the Doges, in 1797, lowered for ever the
standard of St. Mark before the cannon of victorious Buonaparte. Venice
was born and died in fear. To every English mind, the Queen of the
Adriatic is endeared by the genius of our own Shakespeare. Who that has
trod the great public square, with its mosque-like cathedral, has not
pictured to himself the forms of the heroic Moor and the gentle
Desdemona? Who that has landed from his gondola to pace the Rialto, has
not brought before his "mind's eye," the scowling brow of Shylock, when
proposing the bond of blood to his unsuspecting victim? Shakespeare may
or may not have derived his plot of The Merchant of Venice, as some
suppose, from two separate stories contained in Italian novels; but if
such be the fact, he has so interwoven the double interest, that the two
currents flow naturally into a stream of unity.
In this play Shakespeare has bequeathed to posterity one of his most
perfect works—powerful in its effect, and marvellous in its ingenuity.
While the language of the Jew is characterized by an assumption of
biblical phraseology, the appeal of Portia to the quality of mercy is
invested with a heavenly eloquence elevating the poet to sublimity.
From the opening to the closing scene,—from the moment when we hear of
the sadness, prophetic of evil, which depresses the spirit of Antonio,
till we listen at the last to the "playful prattling of two lovers in a
summer's evening," whose soft cadences are breathed through strains of
music,—all is a rapid succession of hope, fear, terror, and gladness;
exciting our sympathies now for the result of the merchant's danger; now
for the solution of a riddle on which hangs the fate of the wealthy
heiress; and now for the fugitive Jessica, who resigns her creed at the
shrine of womanly affection.
In the production of The Merchant of Venice it has been my object to
combine with the poet's art a faithful representation of the picturesque
city; to render it again palpable to the traveller who actually gazed
upon the seat of its departed glory; and, at the same time, to exhibit
it to the student, who has never visited this once
"—— pleasant place of all festivity,
The revel of the earth, the masque of Italy."
The far-famed place of St. Mark, with its ancient Church, the Rialto and
its Bridge, the Canals and Gondolas, the Historic Columns, the Ducal
Palace, and the Council Chamber, are successively presented to the
spectator. Venice is re-peopled with the past, affording truth to the
eye, and reflection to the mind.
The introduction of the Princes of Morocco and Arragon at Belmont,
hitherto omitted, is restored, for the purpose of more strictly adhering
to the author's text, and of heightening the interest attached to the
episode of the caskets.
The costumes and customs are represented as existing about the year
1600, when Shakespeare wrote the play. The dresses are chiefly selected
from a work by Cesare Vecellio, entitled "Degli Habiti Antichi e Moderni
di diverse Parti del Mondo. In Venetia, 1590;" as well as from other
sources to be found in the British Museum, whence I derive my authority
for the procession of the Doge in the first scene. If the stage is to
be considered and upheld as an institution from which instructive and
intellectual enjoyment may be derived, it is to Shakespeare we must look
as the principal teacher, to inculcate its most valuable lessons. It is,
therefore, a cause of self-gratulation, that I have on many occasions
been able, successfully, to present some of the works of the greatest
dramatic genius the world has known, to more of my countrymen than have
ever witnessed them within the same space of time; and let me hope it
will not be deemed presumptuous to record the pride I feel at having
been so fortunate a medium between our national poet and the people of
England.
CHARLES KEAN.
THE MERCHANT OF VENICE.
ACT I.
SCENE I.—VENICE.(A) SAINT MARK'S PLACE.(B)
Various groups of Nobles, Citizens, Merchants, Foreigners,
Water-Carriers, Flower Girls, &c., pass and repass. Procession of the
Doge, in state, across the square.[1]
ANTONIO, SALARINO, and SALANIO come forward.
Ant
. In sooth, I know not why I am so sad;
It wearies me; you say, it wearies you;
But how I caught it, found it, or came by it,
What stuff 'tis made of, whereof it is born,
I am to learn;
And such a want-wit sadness makes of me,
That I have much ado to know myself.
Salar
. Your mind is tossing on the ocean;
There, where your argosies
with portly sail,
Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood,
Do overpeer the petty traffickers,
That curt'sy to them, do them reverence,
As they fly by them with their woven wings.
Sal
. Believe me, Sir, had I such venture forth,
The better part of my affections would
Be with my hopes abroad. I should be still
Plucking the grass,
to know where sits the wind;
Peering in maps, for ports, and piers, and roads;
And every object that might make me fear
Misfortune to my ventures, out of doubt,
Would make me sad.
Salar
. My wind, cooling my broth,
Would blow me to an ague, when I thought
What harm a wind too great might do at sea.
I should not see the sandy hour-glass run,
But I should think of shallows and of flats;
And see my wealthy Andrew
dock'd in sand,
Vailing her high-top
lower than her ribs,
To kiss her burial.
Shall I have the thought
To think on this? and shall I lack the thought
That such a thing, bechanc'd, would make me sad?
But tell not me; I know Antonio
Is sad to think upon his merchandize.
Ant
. Believe me, no: I thank my fortune for it,
My ventures are not in one bottom trusted,
Nor to one place; nor is my whole estate
Upon the fortune of this present year:
Therefore my merchandize makes me not sad.
Salar
. Why, then, you are in love.
Ant
. Fie, fie!
Salar
. Not in love, neither? Then let us say you are sad,
Because you are not merry: an 'twere as easy
For you to laugh and leap, and say you are merry,
Because you are not sad.
Sal
. Here comes Bassanio, your most noble kinsman,
Gratiano, and Lorenzo: Fare you well;
We leave you now with better company.
Salar
. I would have staid till I had made you merry,
If worthier friends had not prevented me.
Ant
. Your worth is very dear in my regard.
I take it your own business calls on you,
And you embrace the occasion to depart.
Enter BASSANIO, LORENZO, and GRATIANO.
Salar
. Good morrow, my good lords.
Bas
. Good signiors, both, when shall we laugh? Say, when?
You grow exceeding strange: Must it be so?
Salar
. We'll make our leisures to attend on yours.
[
Exeunt
SALARINO
and
SALANIO.
Lor
. My lord Bassanio, since you have found Antonio,
We two will leave you; but at dinner-time
I pray you have in mind where we must meet.
Bas
. I will not fail you.
Gra
. You look not well, Signor Antonio;
You have too much respect upon the world:
They lose it that do buy it with much care.
Believe me, you are marvellously chang'd.
Ant
. I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano;
A stage, where every man must play a part,
And mine a sad one.
Gra
. Let me play the fool:
With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come;
And let my liver rather heat with wine,
Than my heart cool with mortifying groans.
Why should a man, whose blood is warm within,
Sit like his grandsire, cut in alabaster?
Sleep when he wakes? and creep into the jaundice
By being peevish? I tell thee what, Antonio,
I love thee, and it is my love that speaks;—
There are a sort of men, whose visages
Do cream
and mantle like a standing pond:
And do a wilful stillness entertain,
With purpose to be dress'd in an opinion
Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit;
As who should say, '
I am Sir Oracle
,
And when I ope my lips let no dog bark!
'
O, my Antonio, I do know of these,
That therefore only are reputed wise
For saying nothing; when I am very sure,
If they should speak, 'twould almost damn those ears
Which, hearing them, would call their brothers fools.
I'll tell thee more of this another time:
But fish not with this melancholy bait,
For this fool gudgeon, this opinion.
Come, good Lorenzo:—Fare ye well, a while;
I'll end my exhortation after dinner.
Lor
. Well, we will leave you, then, till dinner-time:
I must be one of these same dumb wise men,
For Gratiano never lets me speak.
Gra
. Well, keep me company but two years more,
Thou shalt not know the sound of thine own tongue.
Ant
. Farewell: I'll grow a talker for this gear.
Gra
. Thanks, i'faith; for silence is only commendable
In a neat's tongue dried,
and a maid not vendible.
[
Exeunt
GRATIANO
and
LORENZO.
Ant
. Is that any thing now?
Bas. Gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing, more than any man
in all Venice. His reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels
of chaff; you shall seek all day ere you find them; and when you have
them they are not worth the search.
Ant
. Well; tell me now, what lady is the same
To whom you swore a secret pilgrimage,
That you to-day promis'd to tell me of?
Bas
. 'Tis not unknown to you, Antonio,
How much I have disabled mine estate,
By something showing a more swelling port
Than my faint means would grant continuance.
To you, Antonio, I owe the most in money and in love;
And from your love I have a warranty
To unburthen all my plots and purposes,
How to get clear of all the debts I owe.
Ant
. I pray you, good Bassanio, let me know it;
And, if it stand, as you yourself still do,
Within the eye of honour, be assur'd
My purse, my person, my extremest means,
Lie all unlock'd to your occasions.
Bas
. In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft
I shot his fellow of the self-same flight
The self-same way, with more advised watch
To find the other forth; and by adventuring both
I oft found both. I urge this childhood proof,
Because what follows is pure innocence.
I owe you much; and, like a wasteful youth,
That which I owe is lost: but if you please
To shoot another arrow that self way
Which you did shoot the first, I do not doubt,
As I will watch the aim, or to find both,
Or bring your latter hazard back again,
And thankfully rest debtor for the first.
Ant
. You know me well; and herein spend but time,
To wind about my love with circumstance;
Then do but say to me what I should do,
That in your knowledge may by me be done,
And I am prest unto it:
therefore speak.
Bas
. In Belmont is a lady richly left,
And she is fair, and, fairer than that word,
Of wond'rous virtues. Sometimes
from her eyes
I did receive fair speechless messages:
Her name is Portia; nothing undervalued
To Cato's daughter, Brutus' Portia.
Nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth;
For the four winds blow in from every coast
Renowned suitors.
O, my Antonio! had I but the means
To hold a rival place with one of them,
I have a mind presages me such thrift.
That I should questionless be fortunate.
Ant
. Thou know'st that all my fortunes are at sea;
Neither have I money, nor commodity
To raise a present sum: therefore go forth,
Try what my credit can in Venice do;
That shall be rack'd, even to the uttermost,
To furnish thee to Belmont, to fair Portia.
Go, presently inquire, and so will I,
Where money is; and I no question make,
To have it of my trust, or for my sake.
[
Exeunt
.
FOOTNOTES:
This procession is copied from a print in the British
Museum, by Josse Amman, who died in 1591.
—argosies; A name given, in our author's time, to ships
of great burthen. The name is supposed by some to be derived from the
classical ship, Argo, as a vessel eminently famous.
Plucking the; By holding up the grass, or any light body
that will bend by a gentle blast, the direction of the wind is found.
—my wealthy Andrew; The name of the ship.
Vailing her high-top; To vail is "to lower," or "let
fall."
Let me play the fool; Alluding to the common comparison
of human life to a stage-play. So that he desires his may be the fool's
or buffoon's part, which was a constant character in the old farces;
from whence came the phrase, to play the fool.—WARBURTON.
—whose visages do cream; The poet here alludes to the
manner in which the film extends itself over milk in scalding; and he
had the same appearance in his eye when writing a foregoing line: "With
mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come."—HENLEY.
—a wilful stillness entertain,; Id est, an obstinate
silence.
let no dog bark!; This seems to be a proverbial
expression.
—'twould almost damn those ears; The author's meaning
is this:—That some people are thought wise whilst they keep silence;
who, when they open their mouths, are such stupid praters, that the
hearers cannot help calling them fools, and so incur the judgment
denounced in the Gospel.—THEOBALD.
I'll end my exhortation after dinner.'; The humour of
this consists in its being an allusion to the practice of the Puritan
preachers of those times, who being generally very long and tedious,
were often forced to put off that part of their sermon called the
exhortation, till after dinner.—WARBURTON.
—for this gear.; A colloquial expression, meaning for
this matter.
In a neat's tongue dried,; Neat, horned cattle of the
Ox species.
—a more swelling port; Port, in the present instance,
comprehends the idea of expensive equipage, and external pomp of
appearance.
SCENE II.—BELMONT. A ROOM IN PORTIA'S HOUSE.
Enter PORTIA and NERISSA.
Por. By my troth, Nerissa, my little body is a-weary of this great
world.
Ner. You would be, sweet madam, if your miseries were in the same
abundance as your good fortunes are. And yet, for aught I see, they are
as sick that surfeit with too much, as they that starve with nothing. It
is no small happiness, therefore, to be seated in the mean; superfluity
comes sooner by white hairs,[17] but competency lives longer.
Por. Good sentences, and well pronounced.
Ner. They would be better, if well followed.
Por. If to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels
had been churches, and poor men's cottages princes' palaces. It is a
good divine that follows his own instructions: I can easier teach twenty
what were good to be done, than be one of the twenty to follow mine own
teaching. But this reasoning is not in the fashion to choose me a
husband:—O me, the word choose! I may neither choose whom I would, nor
refuse whom I dislike, so is the will of a living daughter curb'd by the
will of a dead father:—Is it not hard, Nerissa, that I cannot choose
one, nor refuse none?
Ner. Your father was ever virtuous; and holy men at their death have
good inspirations; therefore, the lottery that he hath devised in these
three chests, of gold, silver, and lead (whereof who chooses his meaning
chooses you), will, no doubt, never be chosen by any rightly, but one
who you shall rightly love. But what warmth is there in your affection
towards any of these princely suitors that are already come?
Por. I pray thee, over-name them; and as thou namest them I will
describe them; and according to my description level at my affection.
Ner. First, there is the Neapolitan prince.[18]
Por. Ay, that's a colt, indeed, for he doth nothing but talk of his
horse,[19] and he makes it a great approbation of his own good parts
that he can shoe him himself.
Ner. Then, is there the county Palatine.[20]
Por. He doth nothing but frown; as who should say, 'An you will not
have me, choose;' he hears merry tales, and smiles not: I fear he will
prove the weeping philosopher when he grows old, being so full of
unmannerly sadness in his youth. I had rather to be married to a death's
head with a bone in his mouth, than to either of these. Heaven defend me
from these two!
Ner. How say you by the French lord, Monsieur Le Bon?
Por. Heaven made him, and therefore let him pass for a man.
Ner. How like you the young German, the Duke of Saxony's nephew?[21]
Por. Very vilely in the morning, when he is sober; and most vilely in
the afternoon, when he is drunk: when he is best he is a little worse
than a man; and when he is worst he is little better than a beast: an
the worst fall that ever fell, I hope I shall make shift to go without
him.
Ner. If he should offer to choose, and choose the right casket, you
should refuse to perform your father's will if you should refuse to
accept him.
Por. Therefore, for fear of the worst, I pray thee set a deep glass of
Rhenish wine on the contrary casket; for, if the devil be within, and
that temptation without, I know he will choose it.
Ner. You need not fear, lady, the having any of these lords; they have
acquainted me with their determinations: which is, indeed, to return to
their home and to trouble you with no more suit; unless you may be won
by some other sort than your father's imposition, depending on the
caskets.
Por. I am glad this parcel of wooers are so reasonable; for there is
not one among them but I dote on his very absence, and I wish them a
fair departure.
Ner. Do you not remember, lady, in your father's time, a Venetian, a
scholar, and a soldier, that came hither in company of the Marquis of
Montferrat?
Por. Yes, yes, it was Bassanio; as I think so was he called.
Ner. True, madam; he, of all the men that ever my foolish eyes looked
upon was the best deserving a fair lady.
Por. I remember him well; and I remember him worthy of thy
praise.—How now?—What news?
Enter BALTHAZAR.
Ser. The four strangers seek you, madam, to take their leave: and
there is a fore-runner come from a fifth, the prince of Morocco; who
brings word the prince, his master, will be here to-night.
Por. If I could bid the fifth welcome with so good heart as I can bid
the other four farewell, I should be glad of his approach.
Come, Nerissa. Sirrah, go before.
Whiles we shut the gate upon one wooer, another knocks at the door.
[Exeunt.
FOOTNOTES:
—I am prest unto it:; Ready.
—Sometimes from her eyes; In old English, sometimes
is synonymous with formerly; id est, some time ago, at a certain time.
It appears by the subsequent scene, that Bassanio was at Belmont with
the Marquis de Montferrat, and saw Portia in her father's lifetime.
—superfluity comes sooner by white hairs,; Id est,
superfluity sooner acquires white hairs—becomes old. We still say,
how did he come by it—MALONE.
—the Neapolitan prince.; The Neapolitans in the time of
Shakespeare were eminently skilled in all that belonged to
horsemanship.
—that's a colt, indeed, for he doth nothing but talk
of his horse,; Colt is used for a restless, heady, gay youngster,
whence the phrase used of an old man too juvenile, that he still retains
his colt's tooth.—JOHNSON.
—the county Palatine.; Shakespeare has more allusions
to particular facts and persons than his readers commonly suppose. The
Count here mentioned was, perhaps, Albertus Alasco, a Polish Palatine,
who visited England in our author's lifetime, was eagerly caressed and
splendidly entertained, but, running in debt, at last stole away, and
endeavoured to repair his fortune by enchantment.—JOHNSON.
County and Count in old language, were synonymous. The Count Albertus
Alasco was in London in 1583.
—the young German, the Duke of Saxony's nephew.; In
Shakespeare's time the Duke of Bavaria visited London, and was made
Knight of the Garter. Perhaps in this enumeration of Portia's suitors,
there may be some covert allusion to those of Queen Elizabeth.—JOHNSON
SCENE III.—THE MERCHANT'S EXCHANGE ON THE RIALTO ISLAND.(c) SAN
JACOPO, THE MOST ANCIENT CHURCH IN VENICE, OCCUPIES ONE SIDE OF THE
SQUARE.
Enter BASSANIO and SHYLOCK. (D)
Shy. Three thousand ducats,—well,
Bas. Ay, sir, for three months.
Shy. For three months,—well.
Bas. For the which, as I told you, Antonio shall be bound.
Shy. Antonio shall become bound,—well.
Bas. May you stead me? Will you pleasure me? Shall I know your answer?
Shy. Three thousand ducats, for three months, and Antonio bound.
Bas. Your answer to that.
Shy. Antonio is a good man.
Bas. Have you heard any imputation to the contrary?
Shy. Oh no, no, no, no;—my meaning in saying he is a good man is, to
have you understand me that he is sufficient; yet his means are in
supposition: he hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the Indies;
I understand, moreover, upon the Rialto, he hath a third at Mexico, a
fourth for England; and other ventures he hath, squander'd abroad.[22]
But ships are but boards, sailors but men: there be land rats and water
rats, land thieves and water thieves; I mean, pirates; and then, there
is the peril of waters, winds, and rocks: The man is, notwithstanding,
sufficient;—three thousand ducats;—I think I may take his bond.
Bas. Be assured you may.
Shy. I will be assured I may; and that I may be assured I will bethink
me: May I speak with Antonio?
Bas. If it please you to dine with us.
Shy. Yes, to smell pork; to eat of the habitation which your prophet,
the Nazarite, conjured the devil into![23] I will buy with you, sell
with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following; but I will not
eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you.—What news on the
Rialto?—Who is he comes here?
Bas. This is signior Antonio.
[Exit BASSANIO.
Shy. (aside.)
How like a fawning publican he looks!
I hate him, for he is a Christian:
But more, for that, in low simplicity,
He lends out money gratis, and brings down
The rate of usance here with us in Venice. (E)
If I can catch him once upon the hip,
I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.
He hates our sacred nation: and he rails
Even there where merchants most do congregate,
On me, my bargains, and my well-won thrift.
Which he calls interest: Cursed be my tribe
If I forgive him!
Re-enter BASSANIO with ANTONIO.
Bas. Shylock, do you hear?
Shy
. I am debating of my present store;
And, by the near guess of my memory,
I cannot instantly raise up the gross
Of full three thousand ducats: What of that?
Tubal, a wealthy Hebrew of my tribe,
Will furnish me: But soft: How many months
Do you desire?—Rest you fair, good signior:
[To ANTONIO.
Your worship was the last man in our mouths.
Ant
. Shylock, albeit, I neither lend nor borrow,
By taking, nor by giving of excess.
Yet, to supply the ripe wants of my friend,
I'll break a custom:—-Is he yet possess'd
How much you would?
Shy. Ay, ay, three thousand ducats.
Ant. And for three months.
Shy
. I had forgot,—three months, you told me so.
Well then, your bond; and, let me see. But hear you:
Methought you said, you neither lend nor borrow,
Upon advantage.
Ant
. I do never use it.
Shy
. When Jacob graz'd his uncle Laban's sheep,
This Jacob from our holy Abraham was
(As his wise mother wrought in his behalf)
The third possessor; ay, he was the third.
Ant
. And what of him? did he take interest?
Shy
. No, not take interest; not, as you would say,
Directly interest: mark what Jacob did.
When Laban and himself were compromis'd
That all the eanlings
which were streak'd and pied
Should fall, as Jacob's hire;
The skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands,
And, in the doing of the deed of kind,
He stuck them up before the fulsome ewes;
Who, then conceiving, did in eaning-time
Fall
party-coloured lambs, and those were Jacob's.
This was a way to thrive, and he was blest;
And thrift is blessing, if men steal it not.
Ant
. This was a venture, Sir, that Jacob serv'd for;
A thing not in his power to bring to pass,
But sway'd and fashion'd by the hand of Heaven.
Was this inserted to make interest good?
Or is your gold and silver ewes and rams?
Shy
. I cannot tell; I make it breed as fast.
Ant
. Mark you this, Bassanio,
The devil can cite scripture for his purpose.
An evil soul producing holy witness
Is like a villain with a smiling cheek;
A goodly apple rotten at the heart;
O, what a goodly outside falsehood hath!
Shy
. Three thousand ducats,—'tis a good round sum.
Three months from twelve, then let me see the rate.
Ant
. Well, Shylock, shall we be beholden to you?
Shy
. Signior Antonio, many a time and oft
In the Rialto you have rated me
About my monies, and my usances:
Still have I borne it with a patient shrug;
For sufferance is the badge of all our tribe:
You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog,
And spet upon my Jewish gaberdine,
And all for use of that which is mine own.
Well, then, it now appears you need my help:
Go to, then; you come to me, and you say,
'
Shylock, we would have monies
;' You say so;
You, that did void your rheum upon my beard,
And foot me, as you spurn a stranger cur
Over your threshhold; monies is your suit,
What should I say to you? Should I not say
'
Hath a dog money? is it possible
A cur can lend three thousand ducats?
' or
Shall I bend low, and in a bondman's key,
With 'bated breath, and whispering humbleness,
Say this,—
'
Fair Sir, you spet on me on Wednesday last;
You spurn'd me such a day; another time
You call'd me dog; and for these courtesies
I'll lend you thus much monies?
'
Ant
. I am as like to call thee so again,
To spet on thee again, to spurn thee too.
If thou wilt lend this money, lend it not
As to thy friends; (for when did friendship take
A breed of barren metal of his friend?)
But lend it rather to thine enemy;
Who, if he break, thou may'st with better face
Exact the penalties.
Shy
. Why, look you, how you storm!
I would be friends with you, and have your love;
Forget the shames that you have stain'd me with;
Supply your present wants, and take no doit
Of usance for my monies, and you'll not hear me:
This is kind I offer.
Ant
. This were kindness.
Shy
. This kindness will I show:
Go with me to a notary: seal me there
Your single bond; and, in a merry sport,
If you repay me not on such a day,
In such a place, such sum, or sums, as are
Express'd in the condition, let the forfeit
Be nominated for an equal pound
Of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken
In what part of your body pleaseth me.
Ant
. Content, in faith; I'll seal to such a bond,
And say, there is much kindness in the Jew.
Bas
. You shall not seal to such a bond for me
I'll rather dwell
in my necessity.
Ant
. Why, fear not, man; I will not forfeit it;
Within these two months, that's a month before
This bond expires, I do expect return
Of thrice three times the value of this bond.
Shy
. O father Abraham, what these Christians are.
Whose own hard dealings teaches them suspect
The thoughts of others! Pray you, tell me this
If he should break his day, what should I gain
By the exaction of the forfeiture?
A pound of man's flesh, taken from a man,
Is not so estimable, profitable neither,
As flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats. I say,
To buy his favour I extend this friendship;
If he will take it, so; if not, adieu;
And, for my love, I pray you wrong me not.
Ant
. Yes, Shylock, I will seal unto this bond.
Shy
. Then meet me forthwith at the notary's;
Give him direction for this merry bond,
And I will go and purse the ducats straight;
See to my house, left in the fearful guard
Of an unthrifty knave; and presently
I will be with you.
[
Exit
.
Ant
. Hie thee, gentle Jew.
This Hebrew will turn Christian; he grows kind.
Bas
. I like not fair terms
and a villain's mind.
Ant
. Come, on; in this there can be no dismay,
My ships come home a month before the day.
[
Exeunt
.
FOOTNOTES:
—squander'd abroad.; Scattered.
to eat of the habitation which your prophet, the
Nazarite, conjured the devil into!; See 8th. c. St. Matthew, v. 30.
catch him once upon the hip,; Dr. Johnson says the
expression is taken from the practice of wrestling.
—ripe wants of my friend,; Wants come to the
height—wants that can have no longer delay.
—Is he yet possess'd; Id est, acquainted—informed.
—eanlings; Lambs just dropt.
—certain wands,; A wand in Shakespeare's time was the
usual term for what we now call a switch.—MALONE.
—deed of kind,; Id est, of nature.
—the fulsome ewes; Lascivious—rank, obscene ewes.
—and those were Jacob's.; See Genesis xxx. 37.
The devil can cite scripture for his purpose.; See St.
Matthew iv. 6.
O, what a goodly outside falsehood hath!; Falsehood,
which, as truth means honesty, is taken here for treachery and
knavery, does not stand for falsehood in general, but for the
dishonesty now operating.—JOHNSON.
—and my usances:; Usance in our author's time
signified interest of money.
A breed of barren metal of his friend?; A breed, that
is, interest money bred from the principal. The epithet barren implies
that money is a barren thing, and cannot, like corn and cattle,
multiply itself.
—fearful guard; A guard not to be trusted, but gives
cause of fear.
I like not fair terms; Kind words—good language.
SCENE IV.—SALOON OF THE CASKETS IN PORTIA'S HOUSE, AT BELMONT.
Flourish of Cornets. Enter the PRINCE OF MOROCCO, and his Train;
PORTIA, NERISSA, and other of her Attendants.
Mor
. Mislike me not for my complexion,
The shadow'd livery of the burning sun,
To whom I am a neighbour, and near bred.
Bring me the fairest creature northward born,
Where Phoebus' fire scarce thaws the icicles,
And let us make incision for your love,
To prove whose blood is reddest, his or mine.
By love, I swear, I would not change this hue,
Except to steal your thoughts, my gentle queen.
I'll try my fortune;
E'en though I may (blind fortune leading me)
Miss that which one unworthier may attain,
And die with grieving.
Por
. You must take your chance;
And either not attempt to choose at all,
Or swear, before you choose,—if you choose wrong,
Never to speak to lady afterward
In way of marriage; therefore be advis'd.
Mor
. Nor will not; come, bring me unto my chance.
How shall I know if I do choose the right?
Por
. The one of them contains my picture, prince;
If you choose that, then I am yours withal.
Mor
. Some god direct my judgment! Let me see.
The first, of gold, who this inscription bears:
"Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire."
The second, silver, which this promise carries:
"Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves."
The third, dull lead, with warning all as blunt:[42]
"Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath."
One of these three contains her heavenly picture.
Is't like that lead contains her? 'Twere perdition
To think so base a thought;
Or shall I think in silver she's immur'd,
Being ten times undervalued to tried gold?
O sinful thought. Never so rich a gem
Was set in worse than gold.
Deliver me the key;
Here do I choose, and thrive I as I may!
Por
. There, take it prince, and if my form lie there,
Then I am yours.
[
He unlocks the golden casket
.
Mor
. What have we here?
A carrion death, within whose empty eye
There is a written scroll. I'll read the writing.
"All that glitters is not gold,
Often have you heard that told:
"Had you been as wise as bold,
Young in limbs, in judgment old,
Your answer had not been inscrol'd:
Fare you well; your suit is cold."
Cold, indeed; and labour lost:
Then, farewell, heat; and welcome frost—Portia,
adieu! I have too griev'd a heart
To take a tedious leave: thus losers part.
[
Exit
.
Por
. A gentle riddance:—go:—
Let all of his complexion choose me so.
END OF ACT FIRST.
FOOTNOTES:
—whose blood is reddest, his, or mine.; Red blood is
a traditionary sign of courage, as cowards are said to have livers as
white as milk. It is customary in the East for lovers to testify the
violence of their passion by cutting themselves in the sight of their
mistresses.—PICART'S RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES.
—therefore be advis'd.; Therefore be not precipitant;
consider well what you are about to do.
—with warning all as blunt:; That is, as gross as the
dull metal.
HISTORICAL NOTES TO ACT FIRST.
(A) The foundation of Venice is attributed to the inhabitants of the
surrounding districts, who fled from the cruelty of Attila, King of the
Huns, and took refuge among the islets at the mouth of the Brenta. Here,
about the middle of the fifth century, they founded two small towns,
called Rivoalto and Malmocco, and, being in a manner shut out from all
other modes of employment, naturally devoted themselves to commerce. In
this way they soon became prosperous, and their numbers increased so
rapidly, that in the year 697 they made application to the Emperor to be
elected into a body politic, and obtained authority to elect a chief, to
whom they gave the name of Duke or Doge. The town, continuing to
increase, gradually extended its buildings to the adjacent islands, and,
at the same time, acquired considerable tracts of territory on the
mainland, then inhabited by the Veneti, from whence the rising city is
supposed to have borrowed its name of Venetia or Venice.
(B) This is the heart of Venice, and is one of the most imposing
architectural objects in Europe. Three of the sides are occupied by
ranges of lofty buildings, which are connected by a succession of
covered walk; or arcades. The church of St Mark, founded in the year
828, closes up the square on the east. The lofty Campanile, or
Bell-tower, over 300 feet in height, was begun A.D. 902, and finished in
1155.
In the reign of Justiniani Participazio, A.D. 827, the son and
Successor of Angelo, undistinguished by events of more important
character, the Venetians became possessed of the relics of that saint to
whom they ever afterwards appealed as the great patron of their state
and city. These remains were obtained from Alexandria by a pious
stratagem, at a time when the church wherein they were originally
deposited was about to be destroyed, in order that its rich marbles
might be applied to the decoration of a palace. At that fortunate
season, some Venetian ships (it is said no less than ten, a fact proving
the prosperous extent of their early commerce) happened to be trading in
that port; and their captains, though not without much difficulty,
succeeded in obtaining from the priests, who had the custody of the holy
treasure, its deliverance into their hands, in order that it might
escape profanation. It was necessary, however, that this transfer should
be made in secrecy; for we are assured by Sabellico, who relates the
occurrence minutely, that the miracles which had been daily wrought at
the saint's shrine had strongly attached the populace to his memory. The
priests carefully opened the cerements in which the body was enveloped;
and considering, doubtless, that one dead saint possessed no less
intrinsic virtue and value than another, they very adroitly substituted
the corpse of a female, Sta. Claudia, in the folds which had been
occupied by that of St. Mark. But they had widely erred in their
graduation of the scale of beatitude. So great was the odour of superior
sanctity, that a rich perfume diffused itself through the church at the
moment at which the grave-clothes of the evangelist were disturbed; and
the holy robbery was well nigh betrayed to the eager crowd of
worshippers, who, attracted by the sweet smell, thronged to inspect the
relics, and to ascertain their safety. After examination, they retired,
satisfied that their favourite saint was inviolate; for the slit which
the priests had made in his cerements was behind and out of sight. But
the Venetians still had to protect the embarkation of their prize. For
this purpose, effectually to prevent all chance of search, they placed
the body in a large basket stuffed with herbs and covered with joints of
pork. The porters who bore it were instructed to cry loudly 'Khanzri
Khanzir![43] and every true Mussulman whom they met, carefully avoided
the uncleanness with which he was threatened by contact with this
forbidden flesh. Even when once on board, the body was not yet quite
safe; for accident might reveal the contents of the basket; it was
therefore wrapt in one of the sails, and hoisted to a yard-arm of the
main-mast, till the moment of departure. Nor was this precaution
unnecessary; for the unbelievers instituted a strict search for
contraband goods before the vessel sailed. During the voyage, the ship
was in danger from a violent storm; and but for the timely appearance of
the saint, who warned the captain to furl his sails, she would
inevitably have been lost. The joy of the Venetians, on the arrival of
this precious cargo, was manifested by feasting, music, processions, and
prayers. An ancient tradition was called to mind, that St. Mark, in his
travels, had visited Aquileia; and having touched also at the Hundred
Isles, at that time uninhabited, had been informed, in a prophetic
vision, that his bones should one day repose upon their shores. Venice
was solemnly consigned to his protection. The saint himself, or his
lion, was blazoned on her standards and impressed on her coinage; and
the shout of the populace, whether on occasions of sedition or of joy,
and the gathering cry of the armies of the republic in battle was,
henceforward, 'Viva San Marco!'—Sketches of Venetian History.
(C) This ancient Exchange "where merchants most do congregate," is
situated on the Rialto Island, its name being derived from "riva alta,"
"high shore." It is a square in the immediate vicinity of the Rialto
Bridge, and contains the Church of San Jacopo, the first sacred edifice
built in Venice. The original church was erected in the year 421, and
the present building in 1194, and was restored in 1531. This island,
being the largest and most elevated, became the first inhabited, and is,
therefore, the most ancient part of Venice. The Exchange was held under
the arcades, facing the church, and was daily crowded with those
connected with trade and commerce. It is now occupied as a vegetable
market.
(D) Vecellio informs us that the Jews of Venice differed in nothing, as
far as regarded dress, from Venetians of the same occupation, with the
exception of a yellow, or orange tawney coloured bonnet, which they were
compelled to wear by order of government.
The women were distinguished from the Christian ladies by Wearing yellow
veils.
Shakespeare is supposed to have taken the name of his Jew from an old
pamphlet, entitled "Caleb Shillocke, his prophesie; or the Jewes
Prediction."
(E)
"He lends out money gratis, and brings down
The rate of usance here with us in Venice."
About the time that Shakespeare lived, Venice had commercial dealings
with all the civilized nations of the world; and Cyprus, Candia, and the
Morea were subject to her government. Merchants from all countries
congregated in Venice, and received every possible encouragement from
the authorities.
The Jews, under the sanction of government, were the money lenders, and
were, consequently, much disliked, as well as feared, by their
mercantile creditors. They indulged in usury to an enormous extent, and
were immensely rich.
ACT II.
SCENE I.—VENICE.(A) EXTERIOR OF SHYLOCK'S HOUSE.
Enter LAUNCELOT GOBBO.
Lau. Certainly my conscience will serve me to run from this Jew, my
master: The fiend is at mine elbow, and tempts me; saying to
me,—Gobbo, Launcelot Gobbo, good Launcelot, or good Gobbo, or good
Launcelot Gobbo, use your legs, take the start, run away:—My
conscience says,—No: take heed, honest Launcelot; take heed, honest
Gobbo: or (as aforesaid) honest Launcelot Gobbo; do not run: scorn
running with thy heels. Well the most courageous fiend bids me pack.
Via! says the fiend; Away! says the fiend, for the heavens;[44]
rouse up a brave mind, says the fiend, and run. Well, my conscience,
hanging about the neck of my heart, says very wisely to me, my honest
friend, Launcelot, being an honest man's son, or rather an honest
woman's son;—for, indeed, my father did something smack, something grow
to, he had a kind of taste;—well, my conscience says, Launcelot, budge
not; budge, says the fiend; budge not, says my conscience.
Conscience, say I, you counsel well; fiend, say I, you counsel well; to
be ruled by my conscience I should stay with the Jew, my master, who
(Heaven bless the mark!) is a kind of devil; and to run away from the
Jew I should be ruled by the fiend, who, saving your reverence, is the
devil himself. Certainly, the Jew is the very devil incarnation; and in
my conscience, my conscience is a kind of hard conscience, to offer to
counsel me to stay with the Jew. The fiend gives the more friendly
counsel: I will run, fiend; my heels are at your commandment, I will
run.
[As he is going out in haste
Enter OLD GOBBO, with a basket.
Gob. Master, young man, you, I pray you; which is the way to master
Jew's?
Lau. (aside.) O heavens, this is my true-begotten father! who, being
more than sand-blind, high-gravel blind,[45] knows me not: I will try
conclusions[46] with him.
Gob. Master young gentleman, I pray you which is the way to master
Jew's?
Lau. Turn upon your right hand at the next turning, but, at the next
turning of all, on your left; marry, at the very next turning, turn of
no hand, but turn down indirectly to the Jew's house.[47]
Gob. 'Twill be a hard way to hit. Can you tell me whether one
Launcelot that dwells with him, dwell with him, or no?
Lau, Talk you of young master Launcelot?—mark me,
now—(aside.)—now will I raise the waters.[48] Talk you of young
master Launcelot?
Gob. No master, sir: but a poor man's son: his father, though I say
it, is an honest exceeding poor man, and, Heaven be thanked, well to
live.
Lau, Well, let his father be what he will, we talk of young master
Launcelot.
Gob. Of Launcelot, an't please your mastership.[49]
Lau. Ergo, master Launcelot; talk not of master Launcelot, father; for
the young gentleman (according to fates and destinies, and such odd
sayings, the sisters three, and such branches of learning), is, indeed,
deceased; or, as you would say in plain terms, gone to heaven.
Gob. Marry, Heaven forbid! the boy was the very staff of my age, my
very prop.
Lau. Do I look like a cudgel, or a hovel-post, a staff, or a prop?—Do
you know me, father?
Gob. Alack the day, I know you not, young gentleman; but, I pray you
tell me, is my boy (rest his soul!) alive or dead?
Lau. Do you not know me, father?
Gob. Alack! sir, I am sand-blind, I know you not.
Lau. Nay, indeed, if you had your eyes, you might fail of the knowing
me: it is a wise father that knows his own child. Well, old man, I will
tell you news of your son: Give me your blessing: (kneels.) Truth will
come to light; murder cannot be hid long; a man's son may; but, in the
end, truth will out.
Gob. Pray you, sir, stand up: I am sure you are not Launcelot, my boy.
Lau. Pray you, let's have no more fooling about it, but give me your
blessing; I am Launcelot, your boy that was, your son that is, your
child that shall be.
Gob. I cannot think you are my son.
Lau. I know not what I shall think of that; but I am Launcelot, the
Jew's man; and I am sure Margery, your wife, is my mother.
Gob. Her name is Margery, indeed: I'll be sworn if thou be Launcelot,
thou art mine own flesh and blood. What a beard hast thou got: thou hast
got more hair on thy chin than Dobbin, my phill-horse,[50] has on his
tail.
Lau. It should seem, then, that Dobbin's tail grows backward; I am
sure he had more hair of his tail than I have of my face, when I last
saw him.
Gob. Lord, how art thou changed! How dost thou and thy master agree? I
have brought him a present.
Lau. (rises.) Give him a present! give him a halter: I am famished in
his service; you may tell every finger I have with my ribs. Father, I am
glad you are come: give me your present to one master Bassanio, who,
indeed, gives rare new liveries; if I serve not him, I will run as far
as Heaven has any ground.—O rare fortune! here comes the man;—to him,
father; for I am a Jew if I serve the Jew any longer.
Enter BASSANIO, with LEONARDO, and STEPHANO.
Bas. See these letters deliver'd; put the liveries to making; and
desire Gratiano to come anon to my lodging.
[Exit a SERVANT.
Lau. To him, father.
Gob. Heaven bless your worship!
Bas. Gramercy! Would'st thou aught with me?
Gob. Here's my son, sir, a poor boy—
Lau. Not a poor boy, sir; but the rich Jew's man; that would, sir, as
my father shall specify.
Gob. He hath a great infection, sir, as one would say, to serve——
Lau. Indeed, the short and the long is, I serve the Jew, and have a
desire as my father shall specify.
Gob. His master and he (saving your worship's reverence) are scarce
cater-cousins.
Lau. To be brief, the very truth is, that the Jew having done me
wrong, doth cause me, as my father, being I hope an old man, shall
frutify unto you.
Gob. I have here a dish of doves, that I would bestow upon your
worship; and my suit is——
Lau. In very brief, the suit is impertinent[51] to myself, as your
worship shall know by this honest old man; and, though I say it, though
old man, yet poor man, my father.
Bas. One speak for both. What would you?
Lau. Serve you, sir.
Gob. That is the very defect of the matter, sir.
Bas
. I know thee well; thou hast obtain'd thy suit:
Shylock, thy master, spoke with me this day,
And hath preferr'd thee, if it be preferment,
To leave a rich Jew's service, to become
The follower of so poor a gentleman.
Lau. The old proverb is very well parted between my master, Shylock,
and you, sir; you have the grace of Heaven, sir, and he hath—— enough.
Bas
. Thou speak'st it well. Go, father, with thy son:—
Take leave of thy old master, and inquire
My lodging out:—give him a livery. [
To his Followers
.
More guarded
than his fellows': See it done.
Lau. Father, in:—(Exit OLD GOBBO.) I cannot get a service, no!—I
have ne'er a tongue in my head!—Well; (looking on his palm) if any
man in Italy have a fairer table;[53] which doth offer to swear upon a
book I shall have good fortune![54] Go to, here's a simple line of
life![55] here's a small trifle of wives: Alas, fifteen wives is
nothing; eleven widows and nine maids, is a simple coming in for one
man: and then, to 'scape drowning thrice; and to be in peril of my life
with the edge of a feather-bed,[56] here are simple 'scapes! Well, if
fortune be a woman she's a good wench for this gear.—I'll take my leave
of the Jew in the twinkling of an eye.
[Exit LAUNCELOT.
Bas. I pray thee, good Leonardo, think on this;
These things being bought and orderly bestow'd,
Return in haste, for I do feast to-night
My best-esteem'd acquaintance: hie thee, go.
Leo. My best endeavours shall be done herein.
Enter GRATIANO.
Gra. Where is your master?
Leo. Yonder, sir, he walks.
[Exit LEONARDO
Gra
. Signior Bassanio,—
Bas
. Gratiano!
Gra
. I have a suit to you.
Bas
. You have obtained it.
Gra
. You must not deny me: I must go with you to Belmont.
Bas
. Why, then you must.—But hear thee, Gratiano;
Thou art too wild, too rude, and bold of voice;
Parts, that become thee happily enough,
And in such eyes as ours appear not faults;
But, where they are not known, why, there they show
Something too liberal:
—pray thee take pain
To allay with some cold drops of modesty
Thy skipping spirit; lest, through thy wild behaviour,
I be misconstrued in the place I go to,
And lose my hopes.
Gra
. Signior Bassanio, hear me:
If I do not put on a sober habit,
Talk with respect, and swear but now and then,
Wear prayer-books in my pocket, look demurely;
Nay more, while grace is saying, hood mine eyes
Thus with my hat, and sigh, and say amen;
Use all the observance of civility,
Like one well studied in a sad ostent;
To please his grandam,—never trust me more.
Bas
, Well, we shall see your bearing.
Gra
. Nay, but I bar to-night; you shall not gage me
By what we do to-night.
Bas
. No, that were pity;
I would entreat you rather to put on
Your boldest suit of mirth, for we have friends
That purpose merriment: But fare you well,
I have some business.
Gra
. And I must to Lorenzo and the rest;
But we will visit you at supper time.
[
Exeunt
.
Enter
JESSICA
and
LAUNCELOT
from
SHYLOCK'S
house
.
Jes
. I am sorry thou wilt leave my father so;
Our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil,
Didst rob it of some taste of tediousness:
But fare thee well: there is a ducat for thee;
And, Launcelot, soon at supper shall thou see
Lorenzo, who is thy new master's guest:
Give him this letter; do it secretly,
And so farewell; I would not have my father
See me in talk with thee.
Lau
. Adieu!—Tears exhibit my tongue. Most beautiful
pagan,—most sweet Jew! Adieu! these foolish drops do
somewhat drown my manly spirit: adieu.
[
Exit
.
Jes
. Farewell, good Launcelot.
Alack, what heinous sin is it in me,
To be asham'd to be my father's child!
But though I am a daughter to his blood,
I am not to his manners: O Lorenzo,
If thou keep promise, I shall end this strife;
Become a Christian, and thy loving wife.
[
Exit into house
.
Enter
GRATIANO, LORENZO, SALARINO,
and
SALANIO.
Lor
. Nay, we will slink away in supper time;
Disguise us at my lodging, and return
All in an hour.
Gra
. We have not made good preparation.
Salar
. We have not spoke us yet of torch-bearers.
Sal
. 'Tis vile, unless it may be quaintly order'd;
And better, in my mind, not undertook.
Lor
. 'Tis now but four o'clock; we have two hours
To furnish us.—
Enter LAUNCELOT with a letter.
Friend Launcelot, what's the news?
Lau. An it shall please you to break up this,[62] it shall seem to
signify.
Lor
. I know the hand: in faith, 'tis a fair hand;
And whiter than the paper it writ on
Is the fair hand that writ.
Gra. Love-news, in faith.
Lau. By your leave, sir.
Lor. Whither goest thou?
Lau. Marry, sir, to bid my old master the Jew to sup to-night with my
new master the Christian.
Lor. Hold here, take this:—tell gentle Jessica, I will not fail
her;—speak it privately; go.
[Exit LAUNCELOT into house.
Gentlemen,
Will you prepare you for this masque to-night?
I am provided of a torch-bearer.
Salar. Ay, marry, I'll be gone about it straight.
Sal. And so will I.
Lor
. Meet me and Gratiano
At Gratiano's lodging some hour hence.
Salar. 'Tis good we do so.
[Exeunt SALARINO and SALANIO.
Gra. Was not that letter from fair Jessica?
Lor
. I must needs tell thee all: She hath directed
How I shall take her from her father's house;
What gold and jewels she is furnish'd with;
Come, go with me; peruse this as thou goest:
Fair Jessica shall be my torch-bearer.
[Exeunt.
Enter SHYLOCK and LAUNCELOT from House.
Shy
. Well, thou shalt see, thy eyes shall be thy judge,
The difference of old Shylock and Bassanio:
What, Jessica!—thou shalt not gormandize,
As thou hast done with me;—What, Jessica!—
And sleep and snore, and rend apparel out;—
Why, Jessica, I say!
Lau. Why, Jessica!
Shy. Who bids thee call? I do not bid thee call.
Lau. Your worship was wont to tell me I could do nothing without
bidding.
Enter JESSICA.
Jes. Call you? What is your will?
Shy
. I am bid forth to supper,
Jessica;
There are my keys:—But wherefore should I go?
I am not bid for love: they flatter me:
But yet I'll go in hate, to feed upon
The prodigal Christian:
—Jessica, my girl,
Look to my house:—I am right loath to go;
There is some ill a brewing towards my rest,
For I did dream of money-bags to night.
Lau. I beseech you, sir, go; my young master doth expect your
reproach.
Shy. So do I his.
Lau. And they have conspired together,—I will not say, you shall see
a masque; but if you do, then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a
bleeding[65] on Black Monday(B) last, at six o'clock i'the morning,
falling out that year on Ash-Wednesday was four year in the afternoon.
Shy
. What! are there masques? Hear you me, Jessica:
Lock up my doors; and when you hear the drum,
And the vile squeaking of the wry-neck'd fife,
Clamber not you up to the casements then,
Nor thrust your head into the public street,
To gaze on Christian fools with varnish'd faces:
But stop my house's ears, I mean my casements;
Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter
My sober house.—By Jacob's staff I swear,
I have no mind of feasting forth to-night:
But I will go.—Go you before me, sirrah;
Say, I will come.
Lau
. I will go before, Sir.—
Mistress, look out at window, for all this;
There will come a Christian by,
Will be worth a Jewess' eye.[67]
[
Exit
LAUNCELOT.
Shy
. What says that fool of Hagar's offspring, ha?
Jes
. His words were, Farewell, mistress; nothing else.
Shy
. The patch is kind enough;
but a huge feeder,
Snail-slow in profit, and he sleeps by day
More than the wild cat: drones hive not with me,
Therefore I part with him; and part with him
To one that I would have him help to waste
His borrow'd purse.—Well, Jessica, go in;
Perhaps, I will return immediately;
Do as I bid you,
Shut doors after you: Fast bind, fast find;
A proverb never stale in thrifty mind.
[
Exit
.
Jes
. Farewell; and if my fortune be not crost,
I have a father, you a daughter, lost.
[
Exit into house
.
Enter
GRATIANO
and
SALARINO,
masqued
.
Gra
. This is the pent-house, under which Lorenzo
Desir'd us to make stand.
Sal
. His hour is almost past.
Gra
. And it is marvel he out-dwells his hour,
For lovers ever run before the clock.
Sal
. O, ten times faster Venus' pigeons fly
To seal love's bonds new made, than they are wont
To keep obliged faith unforfeited!
Gra
. That ever holds: who riseth from a feast,
With that keen appetite that he sits down?
Where is the horse that doth untread again
His tedious measures with the unbated fire
That he did pace them first? All things that are,
Are with more spirit chased than enjoy'd.
Enter LORENZO.
Sal. Here comes Lorenzo.
Lor
. Sweet friends, your patience for my long abode:
Not I, but my affairs, have made you wait:
When you shall please to play the thieves for wives,
I'll watch as long for you then.—
Here dwells my father Jew:—
O happy fair!
Your eyes are lode-stars, and your tongue sweet air!
More tuneable than lark to shepherd's ear
When wheat is green, when hawthorn buds appear![70]
Ho! who's within?
Enter
JESSICA,
above
.
Jes
. Who are you? Tell me, for more certainty,
Albeit I'll swear that I do know your tongue.
Lor
. Lorenzo, and thy love.
Jes
. Lorenzo, certain; and my love, indeed;
For who love I so much? And now who knows
But you, Lorenzo, whether I am yours?
Lor
. Heaven, and thy thoughts, are witness that thou art.
Jes
. Here, catch this casket; it is worth the pains.
Lor
. Come, come at once;
For the close night doth play the run-away,
And we are staid for at Bassanio's feast.
Jes
. I will make fast the doors, and gild myself
With some more ducats, and be with you straight.
[
Exit from above
.
Gra
. Now, by my hood, a Gentile and no Jew.
Lor
. Beshrew me, but I love her heartily:
For she is wise, if I can judge of her;
And fair she is, if that mine eyes be true;
And true she is, as she hath prov'd herself;
And therefore, like herself, wise, fair, and true,
Shall she be placed in my constant soul.
Enter JESSICA, below
.
What, art thou come?—On, gentlemen, away;
Our masquing mates by this time for us stay.
[
Exeunt
Enter various parties of Maskers, Revellers, &c
.
END OF SECOND ACT.
HISTORICAL NOTES TO ACT SECOND.
(A) Venice occupies 72 islands. There are 306 canals, traversed by
innumerable gondolas. The gondolas introduced in this scene are copied
from paintings of the same date as when the action of the play is
supposed to occur, and are, consequently, rather varied in shape from
those now seen in Venice. Besides the great squares of St. Mark, and the
adjoining Piazetta before the Doge's Palace, the city has numerous
narrow streets, or rather lanes, with small open spaces in front of the
churches, or formed by the termination of several alleys, leading to a
bridge. It is one of these spaces that is represented in the second act.
(B) "Black Monday" is Easter Monday, and was so called on this occasion.
In the 34th of Edward III. (1360), the 14th April, and the morrow after
Easter Day, King Edward, with his host, lay before the City of Paris,
which day was full dark of mist and hail, and so bitter cold that many
men died on their horse's backs with the cold.—Stowe.
FOOTNOTES:
Khanzir, Arab, a hog. A cape on the coast of Syria is
named Ras el Khanzir; i.e., hog's-head.
—for the heavens; This expression is simply "a pretty
oath." It occurs in Ben Jonson and Decker.
—sand-blind, high-gravel blind,; Having an imperfect
sight, as if there was sand in the eye.—Gravel-blind, a coinage of
Launcelot's, is the exaggeration of sand-blind.
I will try conclusions; Experiments.
—turn down indirectly to the Jew's house.; This
perplexed direction is given to puzzle the enquirer.
—now will I raise the waters.; Id est, make him weep.
—we talk of young master Launcelot. Gobbo. Of
Launcelot, an't please your mastership. Id est, plain Launcelot, and
not, as you term him, master Launcelot.
—phill horse,; The horse in the shafts of a cart or
waggon. The term is best understood in the Midland Counties.
—the suit is impertinent; Launcelot is a blunderer, as
well as one who can "play upon a word;" here he means pertinent.
—a livery more guarded; More ornamented.
—a fairer table; Table is the palm of the hand.
—I shall have good fortune!; The palm which offers to
swear that the owner shall have good fortune, is a fair table to be
proud of.
—here's a simple line of life!; In allusion to the
lines on the palm of his hand.
—in peril of my life with the edge of a feather-bed,; A
cant phrase to signify the danger of marrying.
—something too liberal:—; Gross or coarse.
—hood mine eyes; Alluding to the manner of covering a
hawk's eyes.
—sad ostent; Grave appearance—show of staid and
serious behaviour. Ostent is a word very commonly used for show
among the old dramatic writers.
—we shall see your bearing.; Bearing is
carriage—deportment.
We have not spoke us yet of torch-bearers.; Id est, we
have not yet bespoken the torch-bearers.
—to break up this, To break up was a term in
carving.
I am bid forth to supper,; I am invited. To bid, in
old language, meant to pray.
to feed upon the prodigal Christian: The poet here means
to heighten the malignity of Shylock's character, by making him depart
from his settled resolve, of "neither to eat, drink nor pray with
Christians," for the prosecution of his revenge.
nose fell a bleeding; Some superstitious belief was
annexed to the accident of bleeding at the nose.
wry-neck'd fife,; The upper part or mouth-piece,
resembling the beak of a bird.
—worth a Jewess' eye.; It's worth a Jews' eye is a
proverbial phrase.
The patch is kind enough; Patch is the name of a Fool,
probably in allusion to his patch'd or party colored dress.
Sung by Miss POOLE, Miss LEFFLER, and Mr. WALLWORTH.
The words are from Midsummer Night's Dream, Act i.,
Scene 1.
—a Gentile and no Jew.; A jest arising from the
ambiguity of Gentile, which signifies both a Heathen, and one
well-born.
ACT III.
SCENE I.—SALOON OF THE CASKETS IN PORTIA'S HOUSE AT BELMONT.
Enter NERISSA, with SERVANTS.
Ner
. The prince of Arragon hath ta'en his oath,
And comes to his election presently.
Flourish of Trumpets. Enter the PRINCE OF ARRAGON, PORTIA, and their
Trains.
Por
. Behold, there stand the caskets, noble prince;
If you choose that wherein I am contain'd,
Straight shall our nuptial rites be solemniz'd;
But if you fail, without more speech, my lord,
You must be gone from hence immediately.
Arr
. I am enjoin'd by oath to observe three things:
First, never to unfold to any one
Which casket 'twas I chose; next, if I fail
Of the right casket, never in my life
To woo a maid in way of marriage; lastly,
If I do fail in fortune of my choice,
Immediately to leave you and be gone.
Por
. To these injunctions every one doth swear
That comes to hazard for my worthless self.
Arr
. And so have I address'd me:
Fortune now
To my heart's hope!—Gold, silver, and base lead.
'Who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath.'
What says the golden chest? ha! let me see:
'Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire.'
What many men desire.—That many may be meant
By the fool multitude,
that choose by show,
Why, then, to thee, thou silver treasure-house;
Tell me once more what title thou dost bear:
'Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves;'
And well said too. For who shall go about
To cozen fortune, and be honourable
Without the stamp of merit!
O, that estates, degrees, and offices,
Were not deriv'd corruptly! and that clear honour
Were purchas'd by the merit of the wearer!
How many then should cover that stand bare?
How many be commanded that command?
And how much honour
Pick'd from the chaff and ruin of the times,
To be new varnish'd? Well, but to my choice:
'Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves:'
I will assume desert:—Give me a key for this,
And instantly unlock my fortunes here.
Por
. Too long a pause for that which you find there.
Arr
. What's here: the portrait of a blinking idiot,
Presenting me a schedule? I will read it.
Some there be that shadows kiss;
Such have but a shadow's bliss:
There be fools alive, I wis,[75]
Silver'd o'er; and so was this.'
Still more fool I shall appear
By the time I linger here:
With one fool's head I came to woo,
But I go away with two.
Sweet, adieu! I'll keep my oath,
Patiently to bear my wroath.
[
Exeunt
ARRAGON
and Train
.
Por
. Thus hath the candle sing'd the moth.
O these deliberate fools! when they do choose,
They have the wisdom by their wit to lose.
Ner
. The ancient saying is no heresy;—
Hanging and wiving goes by destiny.
Enter
BALTHAZAR.
Ser
. Madam, there is alighted at your gate
A young Venetian, one that comes before
To signify the approaching of his lord:
From whom he bringeth sensible regreets;
To wit, besides commends and courteous breath,
Gifts of rich value; yet I have not seen
So likely an ambassador of love.
Por
. No more, I pray thee.
Come, come, Nerissa; for I long to see
Quick Cupid's post that comes so mannerly.
Ner
. Bassanio, lord love, if thy will it be!
[
Exeunt
.
FOOTNOTES:
—so have I address'd me: To address is to prepare—id
est I have prepared myself by the same ceremonies.
That many may be meant; Many modes of speech were
familiar in Shakespeare's age that are now no longer used. "May be
meant," id est, meaning by that, &c.
—the fool multitude; The foolish multitude.
SCENE II.—RIALTO BRIDGE (A), AND GRAND CANAL.
Enter SALARINO and SALANIO.
Salar
. Why, man, I saw Bassanio under sail;
With him is Gratiano gone along;
And in their ship, I am sure, Lorenzo is not.
Sal
. The villain Jew with outcries rais'd the duke;
Who went with him to search Bassanio's ship.
Salar
. He came too late, the ship was under sail;
But there the duke was given to understand,
That in a gondola were seen together
Lorenzo and his amorous Jessica;
Besides, Antonio certified the duke,
They were not with Bassanio in his ship.
Sal
. I never heard a passion so confus'd,
So strange, outrageous, and so variable,
As the dog Jew did utter in the streets;
"
My daughter!—O, my ducats!—O, my daughter!
Fled with a Christian!—O, my Christian ducats!—
Justice! the law! my ducats, and my daughter.!"
Let good Antonio look he keep his day,
Or he shall pay for this.
Salar. Marry, well remember'd: I reason'd[78] with a Frenchman
yesterday, who told me that Antonio hath a ship of rich lading wreck'd
on the narrow seas that part the French and English,—the Goodwins, I
think they call the place—a very dangerous flat and fatal, where the
carcases of many a tall ship lie buried, as they say, if my gossip
report be an honest woman of her word.
Sal. I would she were as lying a gossip in that, as ever knapp'd
ginger,[79] or made her neighbours believe she wept for the death of a
third husband: But it is true, that the good Antonio, the honest
Antonio,—O, that I had a title good enough to keep his name company!—
Salar. Come, the full stop.
Sal. Why, the end is, he hath lost a ship.
Salar. I would it might prove the end of his losses!
Sal. Let me say amen betimes, lest the devil cross my prayer; for here
he comes in the likeness of a Jew.
Enter SHYLOCK.
Salar. How now, Shylock? what news among the merchants?
Shy. You knew, none so well, none so well as you, of my daughter's
flight?
Sal. That's certain. I, for my part, knew the tailor that made the
wings she flew withal.
Salar. And Shylock, for his own part, knew the bird was fledg'd; and
then it is the complexion of them all to leave the dam.
Shy. She is damn'd for it.
Sal. That's certain, if the devil may be her judge.
Shy. My own flesh and blood to rebel!
Salar. But tell us, do you hear whether Antonio have had any loss at
sea or no?
Shy. There I have another bad match: a bankrupt, a prodigal, who dare
scarce show his head on the Rialto; a beggar, that used to come so smug
upon the mart.—Let him look to his bond: he was wont to call me
usurer;—let him look to his bond: he was wont to lend money for a
Christian courtesy;—let him look to his bond.
Sal. Why, I am sure, if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his flesh?
What's that good for?
Shy. To bait fish withal: if it will feed nothing else it will feed my
revenge. He hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed
at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my
bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies: and what's his reason?
I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? hath not a Jew hands, organs,
dimensions, senses, affections, passions? fed with the same food, hurt
with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same
means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian
is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh?
if you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not
revenge? If we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that.
If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility? revenge: If a
Christian wrong a Jew, what should his sufferance be by Christian
example? why, revenge. The villany you teach me I will execute: and it
shall go hard but I will better the instruction.
Salar. Here comes another of the tribe; a third cannot be matched,
unless the devil himself turn Jew.
[Exeunt SALANIO, SALARINO, and Servant.
Enter TUBAL.
Shy. How now, Tubal, what news from Genoa? hast thou found my
daughter?
Tub. I often came where I did hear of her, but cannot find her.
Shy. Why, there, there, there, there! a diamond gone, cost me two
thousand ducats in Frankfort! The curse never fell upon our nation till
now; I never felt it till now:—two thousand ducats in that; and other
precious, precious jewels.—I would my daughter were dead at my foot,
and the jewels in her ear! 'would she were hears'd at my foot, and the
ducats in her coffin! No news of them?—Why, so:—and I know not what's
spent in the search: Why, thou loss upon loss! the thief gone with so
much, and so much to find the thief; and no satisfaction, no revenge:
nor no ill luck stirring but what lights o' my shoulders; no sighs but
o' my breathing; no tears but o' my shedding.
Tub. Yes, other men have ill luck, too. Antonio, as I heard in
Genoa,—
Shy. What, what, what? ill luck, ill luck?
Tub. Hath an argosy cast away, coming from Tripolis.
Shy. I thank God, I thank God:—Is it true? is it true?
Tub. I spoke with some of the sailors that escaped the wreck.
Shy. I thank thee, good Tubal;—Good news, good news: ha! ha!—Where?
in Genoa?
Tub. Your daughter spent in Genoa, as I heard, one night, fourscore
ducats!
Shy. Thou stick'st a dagger in me:—I shall never see my gold again:
Fourscore ducats at a sitting! fourscore ducats!
Tub. There came divers of Antonio's creditors in my company to Venice,
that swear he cannot choose but break.
Shy. I am very glad of it: I'll plague him; I'll torture him; I am
glad of it.
Tub. One of them showed me a ring, that he had of your daughter for a
monkey.
Shy. Out upon her! Thou torturest me, Tubal: it was my turquoise;[80]
I had it of Leah, when I was a bachelor: I would not have given it for a
wilderness of monkeys.
Tub. But Antonio is certainly undone.
Shy. Nay, that's true, that's very true: Go, Tubal, fee me an officer,
bespeak him a fortnight before: I will have the heart of him, if he
forfeit; for were he out of Venice, I can make what merchandize I will.
Go, Tubal, and meet me at our synagogue: go, good Tubal; at our
synagogue, Tubal.
[Exeunt.
FOOTNOTES:
—to bear my wroath.; Misfortune.
—regreets; i.s., salutations.
I reason'd; Id est, I conversed.
—knapp'd ginger,; To knap is to break short. The word
occurs in the common prayer—"He knappeth the spear in sunder."
turquoise; A precious stone found in the veins of the
mountains on the confines of Persia to the east, subject to the Tartars.
Many superstitious qualities were imputed to it, all of which were
either monitory or preservative to the wearer.
SCENE III.—SALOON OF THE CASKETS, IN PORTIA'S HOUSE, AT BELMONT.
BASSANIO, PORTIA, GRATIANO, NERISSA, and Attendants.
Por
. I pray you, tarry; pause a day or two,
Before you hazard; for, in choosing wrong
I lose your company; I could teach you
How to choose right, but then I am forsworn;
So will I never be: so may you miss me;
But if you do, you'll make me wish a sin,
That I had been forsworn.
Bas
. Let me choose;
For, as I am, I live upon the rack.
Come, let me to my fortune and the caskets.
Por
. Away then: I am lock'd in one of them;
If you do love me, you will find me out.
Let music sound, while he doth make his choice:
Then, if he lose, he makes a swan-like end,
Fading in music.(B)—That the comparison
May stand more proper, my eye shall be the stream
And wat'ry death-bed for him.
[Music, whilst BASSANIO comments on the Caskets to himself.
1. Tell me where is fancy bred.
Or in the heart, or in the head?
How begot, how nourished
Reply, reply.
2. It is engender'd in the eyes,
With gazing fed; and fancy dies
In the cradle where it lies:
Let us all ring fancy's knell;
I'll begin it.—Ding, dong, bell.
All. Ding, dong, bell.
[
Exeunt all but
PORTIA
and
BASSANIO.
Bas
. So may the outward shows be least themselves;
The world is still deceiv'd with ornament.
In law, what plea so tainted and corrupt,
But, being season'd with a gracious voice,
Obscures the show of evil? In religion,
What damned error, but some sober brow
Will bless it and approve it
with a text,
Hiding the grossness with fair ornament?
There is no vice so simple, but assumes
Some mark of virtue on his outward parts.
Thus ornament is but the guiled
shore
To a most dangerous sea; the beauteous scarf
Veiling an Indian beauty. Therefore, thou gaudy gold,
Hard food for Midas, I will none of thee:
Nor none of thee, thou pale and common drudge
'Tween man and man. But thou, thou meagre lead,
Which rather threat'nest than dost promise aught,
Thy plainness moves me more than eloquence,
And here choose I. Joy be the consequence!
Por
. How all the other passions fleet to air!
O love, be moderate, allay thy ecstacy,
I feel too much thy blessing, make it less,
For fear I surfeit!
Bas. What find I here!
[Opening the leaden casket.
Fair Portia's counterfeit?
—Here's the scroll,
The continent and summary of my fortune.
'You that choose not by the view,
Chance as felt, and choose as true!
Since this fortune falls to you,
Be content, and seek no new.
If you be well pleas'd with this,
And hold your fortune for your bliss.
Turn you where your lady is,
And claim her with a loving kiss.'
A gentle scroll.—Fair lady, by your leave,
I come by note, to give and to receive.
Yet doubtful whether what I see be true,
Until confirm'd, sign'd, ratified by you.
Por
. You see, my lord Bassanio, where I stand,
Such as I am: though, for myself alone,
I would not be ambitious in my wish,
To wish myself much better; yet, for you,
I would be trebled twenty times myself.
But now I was the lord
Of this fair mansion, master of my servants,
Queen o'er myself; and even now, but now,
This house, these servants, and this same myself.
Are yours, my lord,—I give them with this ring;
Which, when you part from, lose, or give away,
Let it presage the ruin of your love,
And be my vantage to exclaim on you.
Bas
. Madam, you have bereft me of all words;
Only my blood speaks to you in my veins:
But when this ring
Parts from this finger, then parts life from hence;
O, then be bold to say, Bassanio's dead.
Ner
. My lord and lady, it is now our time,
That have stood by and seen our wishes prosper,
To cry good joy; God joy, my lord and lady!
Gra
. My lord Bassanio, and my gentle lady,
I wish you all the joy that you can wish;
For I am sure you can wish none from me:
And, when your honours mean to solemnize
The bargain of your faith, I do beseech you
Even at that time I may be married too.
Bas
. With all my heart, so thou canst get a wife.
Gra
. I thank your lordship; you have got me one.
My eyes, my lord, can look as swift as yours:
You saw the mistress, I beheld the maid;
You lov'd, I lov'd; for intermission
No more pertains to me, my lord, than you.
Your fortune stood upon the caskets there;
And so did mine too, as the matter falls:
For wooing here, until my roof was dry
With oaths of love, at last,—if promise last,—
I got a promise of this fair one here,
To have her love, provided that your fortune
Achiev'd her mistress.
Por
. Is this true, Nerissa?
Ner
. Madam, it is, so you stand pleas'd withal.
Bas
. And do you, Gratiano, mean good faith?
Gra
. Yes, faith, my lord.
Bas
. Our feast shall be much honour'd in your marriage.
Gra
. But who comes here? Lorenzo, and his infidel?
What, and my old Venetian friend, Solanio.
Enter
LORENZO, JESSICA,
and
SALANIO.
Bas
. Lorenzo, and Solanio, welcome hither;
If that the youth of my new interest here
Have power to bid you welcome:—By your leave,
I bid my very friends and countrymen,
Sweet Portia, welcome.
Por
. So do I, my lord;
They are entirely welcome.
Lor
. I thank your honour:—For my part, my lord,
My purpose was not to have seen you here;
But meeting with Solanio by the way,
He did entreat me, past all saying nay,
To come with him along.
Sal
. I did, my lord,
And I have reason for it. Signior Antonio
Commends him to you.
[
Gives
BASSANIO
a letter
.
Bas
. Ere I ope this letter,
I pray you tell me how my good friend doth.
Sal
. Not sick, my lord, unless it be in mind:
Nor well, unless in mind: his letter there
Will show you his estate.
Gra
. Nerissa, cheer yon stranger; bid her welcome.
Your hand, Solanio. What's the news from Venice?
How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio?
I know he will be glad of our success;
We are the Jasons, we have won the fleece.
Sal
. 'Would you had won the fleece that he hath lost!
Por
. There are some shrewd contents in yon same paper,
That steal the colour from Bassanio's cheek;
Some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world
Could turn so much the constitution
Of any constant man.
What, worse and worse?—
With leave, Bassanio; I am half yourself,
And I must freely have the half of any thing
That this same paper brings you.
Bas
. O sweet Portia,
Here are a few of the unpleasant'st words
That ever blotted paper! Gentle lady,
When I did first impart my love to you,
I freely told you, all the wealth I had
Ran in my veins,—I was a gentleman:
And then I told you true: and yet, dear lady,
Rating myself at nothing, you shall see
How much I was a braggart: When I told you
My state was nothing, I should then have told you
That I was worse than nothing; for, indeed,
I have engag'd myself to a dear friend,
Engag'd my friend to his mere enemy,
To feed my means. Here is a letter, lady;
The paper as the body of my friend,
And every word in it a gaping wound,
Issuing life-blood. But is it true, Solanio?
Have all his ventures fail'd? What, not one hit?
From Tripolis, from Mexico, and England,
From Lisbon, Barbary, and India?
And not one vessel 'scape the dreadful touch
Of merchant-marring rocks?
Sal
. Not one, my lord.
Besides, it should appear, that if he had
The present money to discharge the Jew,
He would not take it: Never did I know
A creature that did bear the shape of man,
So keen and greedy to confound a man.
He plies the duke at morning, and at night;
And doth impeach the freedom of the state
If they deny him justice: twenty merchants,
The duke himself, and the magnificoes
Of greatest port, have all persuaded with him;
But none can drive him from the envious plea
Of forfeiture, of justice, and his bond.
Por
. Is it your dear friend that is thus in trouble?
Bas
. The dearest friend to me, the kindest man,
The best condition'd and unwearied spirit
In doing courtesies, and one in whom
The ancient Roman honour more appears,
Than any that draws breath in Italy.
Por
. What sum owes he the Jew?
Bas
. For me, three thousand ducats.
Por
. What, no more?
Pay him six thousand, and deface the bond;
Double six thousand, and then treble that,
Before a friend of this description
Shall lose a hair through Bassanio's fault.
First, go with me to church, and call me wife:
And then away to Venice to your friend!
For never shall you stay by Portia's side
With an unquiet soul. You shall have gold
To pay the petty debt twenty times over;
When it is paid, bring your true friend along:
My maid Nerissa, and myself, mean time,
Will live as maids and widows. Come, away;
For you shall hence, upon my wedding-day:
But let me hear the letter of your friend.
Bas. (reads.)
'Sweet Bassanio, my ships have all miscarried, my creditors grow cruel,
my estate is very low, my bond to the Jew is forfeit; and since, in
paying it, it is impossible I should live, all debts are cleared between
you and me, if I might but see you at my death: notwithstanding, use
your pleasure: if your love do not persuade you to come, let not my
letter.'
Por
. O love, despatch all business, and be gone.
Bas
. Since I have your good leave to go away,
I will make haste: but, till I come again,
No bed shall e'er be guilty of my stay,
Nor rest be interposer 'twixt us twain.
[
Exeunt
.
FOOTNOTES:
Sung by Miss POOLE, and Chorus of Ladies.
So may the outward shows be least themselves; Bassanio
begins abruptly; the first part of the argument having passed in his
mind while the music was proceeding.
—gracious voice,; Pleasing—winning favour.
—approve it; Id est, justify it.
—guiled; Treacherous—deceitful.
Fair Portia's counterfeit?; Counterfeit, which is at
present used only in a bad sense, anciently signified a likeness, a
resemblance, without comprehending any idea of fraud.
—intermission; Intermission is pause—intervening
time—delay.
—any constant man.; Constant, in the present instance
signifies grace.
SCENE IV.—VENICE. THE COLUMNS OF ST. MARK. (c).
Enter SHYLOCK, SALARINO, ANTONIO, and GAOLER.
Shy
, Gaoler, look to him. Tell not me of mercy;—
This is the fool that lends out money gratis;—
Gaoler, look to him.
Ant. Hear me yet, good Shylock.
Shy
. I'll have my bond; speak not against my bond;
I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond:
Thou call'dst me dog, before thou had'st a cause:
But, since I am a dog, beware my fangs:
The duke shall grant me justice.—I do wonder,
Thou naughty gaoler, that thou art so fond
To come abroad with him at his request.
Ant
. I pray thee, hear me speak.
Shy
. I'll have my bond; I will not hear thee speak:
I'll have my bond; and therefore speak no more.
I'll not be made a soft and dull-ey'd fool,
To shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield
To Christian intercessors. Follow not;
I'll have no speaking; I will have my bond.
[
Exit
SHYLOCK.
Salar
. It is the most impenetrable cur
That ever kept with men.
Ant
. Let him alone;
I'll follow him no more with bootless prayers.
He seeks my life.
Salar
. I am sure the duke
Will never grant this forfeiture to hold.
Ant
. The duke cannot deny the course of law,
For the commodity that strangers have
With us in Venice, if it be denied,
'Twill much impeach the justice of the state;
Since that the trade and profit of the city
Consisteth of all nations.
Well, gaoler, on:—Pray heaven, Bassanio come
To see me pay his debt, and then I care not.
[
Exeunt
.
FOOTNOTES:
SCENE V.—SALOON OF THE CASKETS IN PORTIA'S HOUSE AT BELMONT.
Enter PORTIA, NERISSA, LORENZO, JESSICA, and BALTHAZAR.
Lor
. Madam, although I speak it in your presence,
You have a noble and a true conceit
Of god-like amity; which appears most strongly
In bearing thus the absence of your lord.
But, if you knew to whom you show this honour,
How true a gentleman you send relief,
How dear a lover of my lord your husband,
I know you would be prouder of the work,
Than customary bounty can enforce you.
Por
. I never did repent for doing good,
Nor shall not now.
This comes too near the praising of myself;
Therefore, no more of it: hear other things.
Lorenzo, I commit into your hands
The husbandry and manage of my house,
Until my lord's return: for mine own part,
I have toward heaven breath'd a secret vow,
To live in prayer and contemplation,
Only attended by Nerissa here;
There is a monastery two miles off,
And there we will abide. I do desire you
Not to deny this imposition;
To which my love, and some necessity,
Now lays upon you.
Lor
. Madam, with all my heart,
I shall obey you in all fair commands.
Por
. My people do already know my mind,
And will acknowledge you and Jessica
In place of lord Bassanio and myself.
So fare you well, till we shall meet again.
Lor
. Fair thoughts and happy hours attend on you!
Jes
. I wish your ladyship all heart's content.
Por
. I thank you for your wish, and am well pleas'd
To wish it back on you: fare you well, Jessica!
Exeunt
JESSICA
and
LORENZO.
Now, Balthazar,
As I have ever found thee honest, true,
So let me find thee still: Take this same letter;
See thou render this
Into my cousin's hand, doctor Bellario;
And, look, what notes and garments he doth give thee
Bring them, I pray thee, with imagin'd speed
Unto the tranect,
to the common ferry
Which trades to Venice:—waste no time in words,
But get thee gone; I shall be there before thee.
Bal
. Madam, I go with all convenient speed.
[
Exit
.
Por
. Come on, Nerissa; I have work in hand,
That you yet know not of: we'll see our husbands,
Before they think of us.
Ner
. Shall they see us?
Por
. They shall, Nerissa:
But come, I'll tell thee all my whole device
When I am in my coach, which stays for us
At the park gate; and therefore haste away,
For we must measure twenty miles to-day.
[
Exeunt
.
END OF ACT THIRD.
HISTORICAL NOTES TO ACT THIRD.
(A) The present stone structure superseded an older one of wood. This
celebrated edifice was commenced in 1588.
(B) That the swan uttered musical sounds at the approach of death was
credited by Plato, Chrysippus, Aristotle, Euripides, Philostratus,
Cicero, Seneca, and Martial. Pliny, Ælian, and Athenæus, among the
ancients, and Sir Thomas More among the moderns, treat this opinion as a
vulgar error. Luther believed in it. See his Colloquia, par. 2, p.
125, edit. 1571, 8vo. Our countryman, Bartholomew Glanville, thus
mentions the singing of the swan: "And whan she shal dye and that a
fether is pyght in the brayn, then she syngeth, as Ambrose sayth," De
propr. rer. 1. xii., c. 11. Monsieur Morin has written a dissertation
on this subject in vol. v. of the Mem. de l'acad. des inscript. There
are likewise some curious remarks on it in Weston's Specimens of the
conformity of the European languages with the Oriental, p. 135; in
Seelen Miscellanea, tom. 1. 298; and in Pinkerton's Recollections of
Paris, ii. 336.—Douce's illustrations.
(C) These two magnificent granite columns, which adorn the Piazzetta of
St. Mark, on the Molo or Quay, near the Doge's Palace, were among the
trophies brought by Dominico Michieli on his victorious return from
Palestine in 1125; and it is believed that they were plundered from some
island in the Archipelago. A third pillar, which accompanied them, was
sunk while landing. It was long before any engineer could be found
sufficiently enterprising to attempt to rear them, and they were left
neglected on the quay for more than fifty years. In 1180, however,
Nicolo Barattiero[A], a Lombard, undertook the task, and succeeded. Of
the process which he employed, we are uninformed; for Sabellico records
no more than that he took especial pains to keep the ropes continually
wetted, while they were strained by the weight of the huge marbles. The
Government, more in the lavish spirit of Oriental bounty, than in
accordance with the calculating sobriety of European patronage, had
promised to reward the architect by granting whatever boon, consistent
with its honour, he might ask.
It may be doubted whether he quite strictly adhered to the requisite
condition, when he demanded that games of chance, hitherto forbidden
throughout the capital, might be played in the space between the
columns: perhaps with a reservation to himself of any profits accruing
from them. His request was granted, and the disgraceful monopoly became
established; but afterward, in order to render the spot infamous, and to
deter the population from frequenting it, it was made the scene of
capital executions; and the bodies of countless malefactors were thus
gibbeted under the very windows of the palace of the chief magistrate. A
winged lion in bronze, the emblem of St. Mark, was raised on the summit
of one of these columns; and the other was crowned with a statue of St.
Theodore, a yet earlier patron of the city, armed with a lance and
shield, and trampling on a serpent. A blunder, made by the statuary in
this group, has given occasion for a sarcastic comment from Amelot de la
Houssaye. The saint is sculptured with the shield in his right hand, the
lance in his left; a clear proof, says the French writer, of the
unacquaintance of the Venetians with the use of arms; and symbolical
that their great council never undertakes a war of its own accord, nor
for any other object than to obtain a good and secure peace. The
satirist has unintentionally given the republic the highest praise which
could flow from his pen. Happy, indeed, would it have been for mankind,
if Governments had never been actuated by any other policy. De la
Houssaye informs us also that the Venetians exchanged the patronage of
St. Theodore for that of St. Mark, from like pacific motives; because
the first was a soldier and resembled St. George, the tutelary idol of
Genoa.—Sketches of Venetian History.
FOOTNOTES:
The Duke cannot deny, &c.; As the reason here given
seems a little perplex'd, it may be proper to explain it. If, says he,
the duke stop the course of law, it will be attended with this
inconvenience, that stranger merchants, by whom the wealth and power of
this city is supported, will cry out of injustice. For the known stated
law being their guide and security, they will never bear to have the
current of it stopped on any pretence of equity whatsoever.—WARBURTON.
For the commodity that strangers have With us in Venice,
if it be denied, &c.; Id est, for the denial of those rights to
strangers, which render their abode at Venice so commodious and
agreeable to them, would much impeach the justice of the state. The
consequence would be, that strangers would not reside or carry on
traffick here; and the wealth and strength of the state would be
diminished. In the Historye of Italye, by W. Thomas, quarto, 1567,
there is a section On the libertee of straungers, at Venice—MALONE.
—hear other things.; Id est, she'll say no more in
self-praise, but will refer to a new subject.
—with imagin'd speed; Id est, with celerity, like
that of imagination.
Unto the tranect,; Probably this word means the tow-boat
of the ferry.
Doglioni fixes the erection of these columns in 1172,
Sabellico in 1174, the common Venetian Guide-books, a few years later.
The Abbate Garaccioli, writes the name of the engineer Starrattoni.
ACT IV.
SCENE I.—VENICE. A COURT OF JUSTICE.(A)
The DUKE, (B) the MAGNIFICOES[95] ANTONIO, BASSANIO, GRATIANO,
SALARINO, SALANIO, and others.
Duke
. What is Antonio here?
Ant
. Ready, so please your grace.
Duke
, I am sorry for thee: them art come to answer
A stony adversary, an inhuman wretch,
Uncapable of pity, void and empty
From any dram of mercy.
Ant
. I have heard
Your grace hath ta'en great pains to qualify
His rigorous course; but since he stands obdurate,
And that no lawful means can carry me
Out of his envy's reach,
I do oppose
My patience to his fury; and am arm'd
To suffer, with a quietness of spirit,
The very tyranny and rage of his.
Duke
. Go one, and call the Jew into the court.
Grand Capt
. He's ready at the door: he comes, my lord.
Enter
SHYLOCK.
Duke
. Make room, and let him stand before our face.
Shylock, the world thinks, and I think so, too,
That thou but lead'st this fashion of thy malice
To the last hour of act: and then, 'tis thought
Thou'lt show thy mercy and remorse,
more strange
Than is thy strange apparent cruelty:
And where
thou now exact'st the penalty,
(Which is a pound of this poor merchant's flesh),
Thou wilt not only lose the forfeiture,
But touch'd with human gentleness and love,
Forgive a moiety of the principal;
Glancing an eye of pity on his losses,
That have of late so huddled on his back,
Enough to press a royal merchant down, (c)
And pluck commiseration of his state
From brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint,
From stubborn Turks and Tartars, never train'd
To offices of tender courtesy.
We all expect a gentle answer, Jew.
Shy
. I have possess'd your grace of what I purpose;
And by our holy Sabbath have I sworn,
To have the due and forfeit of my bond:
If you deny it, let the danger light
Upon your charter, and your city's freedom.
You'll ask me, why I rather choose to have
A weight of carrion flesh, than to receive
Three thousand ducats: I'll not answer that:
But, say, it is my humour:
Is it answer'd?
What if my house be troubled with a rat,
And I be pleas'd to give ten thousand ducats
To have it ban'd? What, are you answer'd yet?
Some men there are love not a gaping pig;
Some, that are mad if they behold a cat;
Now for your answer.
As there is no firm reason to be render'd
Why he cannot abide a gaping pig;
Why he a harmless necessary cat;
So can I give no reason, nor I will not,
More than a lodg'd hate, and a certain loathing,
I bear Antonio, that I follow thus
A losing suit against him. Are you answer'd?
Bas
. This is no answer, thou unfeeling man,
To excuse the current of thy cruelty.
Shy
. I am not bound to please thee with my answer.
Bas
. Do all men kill the things they do not love?
Shy
. Hates any man the thing he would not kill?
Bas
. Every offence is not a hate at first.
Shy
. What, would'st thou have a serpent sting thee twice?
Ant
. I pray you, think you question with the Jew.
You may as well go stand upon the beach,
And bid the main flood bate his usual height;
Yon may as well use question with the wolf,
Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb;
You may as well forbid the mountain pines
To wag their high tops, and to make no noise,
When they are fretted with the gusts of heaven;
You may as well do anything most hard,
As seek to soften that (than which what's harder?)
His Jewish heart:—Therefore, I do beseech you,
Make no more offers, use no further means,
But, with all brief and plain conveniency,
Let me have judgment, and the Jew his will.
Bas
. For thy three thousand ducats here are six.
Shy
. If every ducat in six thousand ducats
Were in six parts, and every part a ducat,
I would not draw them,—I would have my bond.
Duke
. How shall thou hope for mercy, rend'ring none?
Shy
. What judgment shall I dread, doing no wrong?
You have among you many a purchas'd slave,
Which, like your asses, and your dogs, and mules,
You use in abject and in slavish parts,
Because you bought them:—Shall I say to you,
Let them be free, marry them to your heirs?
Why sweat they under burthens? let their beds
Be made as soft as yours, and let their palates
Be season'd with such viands? You will answer,
The slaves are ours:—So do I answer you.
The pound of flesh, which I demand of him.
Is dearly bought; 'tis mine, and I will have it;
If you deny me, fie upon your law!
There is no force in the decrees of Venice:
I stand for judgment: answer; shall I have it?
Duke
. Upon my power, I may dismiss this court,
Unless Bellario, a learned doctor,
Whom I have sent for to determine this,
Come here to day.
Grand Capt
. My lord, here stays without
A messenger, with letters from the doctor,
New come from Padua.
Duke
. Bring us the letters:—Call the messenger.
Bas
. Good cheer, Antonio! What, man! courage yet!
The Jew shall have my flesh, blood, bones, and all,
Ere thou shall lose for me one drop of blood.
Ant
. I am a tainted wether of the flock,
Meetest for death; the weakest kind of fruit
Drops earliest to the ground, and so let me:
You cannot better be employ'd, Bassanio,
Than to live still, and write mine epitaph.
Enter NERISSA, dressed like a lawyer's clerk.
Duke. Came you from Padua, from Bellario?
Ner. From both, my lord; Bellario greets your grace.
[Presents a letter.
Bas. Why dost thou whet thy knife so earnestly?
Shy. To cut the forfeit from that bankrupt there.
Gra. Can no prayers pierce thee?
Shy. No, none that thou hast wit enough to make.
Gra
. O, be thou damn'd inexorable dog!
And for thy life let justice be accus'd.
Thou almost makst me waver in my faith,
To hold opinion with Pythagoras,
That souls of animals infuse themselves
Into the trunks of men: thy currish spirit
Govern'd a wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter,
Even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet,
And whilst thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam,
Infus'd itself in thee; for thy desires
Are wolfish, bloody, starv'd, and ravenous.
Shy
. Till thou can'st rail the seal from off my bond,
Thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud:
Repair thy wit, good youth; or it will fall
To cureless ruin.—I stand here for law.
Duke
. This letter from Bellario doth commend
A young and learned doctor tax our court:—
Where is he?
Ner
. He attendeth here hard by,
To know your answer, whether you'll admit him.
Duke
. With all my heart:—some three or four of you
Go give him courteous conduct to this place.—
Meantime, the court shall hear Bellario's letter.
[Herald reads] "Your grace shall understand, that, at the receipt of
your letter, I am very sick; but that in the instant that your messenger
came, in loving visitation was with me a young doctor of Home; his name
is Balthasar: I acquainted him with the cause in controversy between the
Jew and Antonio, the merchant: we turned o'er many books together; he is
furnished with my opinion; which, better'd with his own learning (the
greatness whereof I cannot enough commend), comes with him, at my
importunity, to fill up your grace's request in my stead. I beseech you,
let his lack of years be no impediment to let him lack a reverend
estimation; for I never knew so young a body with so old a head. I leave
him to your gracious acceptance, whose trial shall better publish his
commendation."
Duke
. You hear the learn'd Bellario, what he writes:
And here, I take it, is the doctor come.
Enter
PORTIA,
dressed like a Doctor of Laws
.
Give me your hand: Came you from old Bellario?
Por
. I did, my lord.
Duke
. You are welcome: take your place.
Are you acquainted with the difference
That holds this present question in the court?
Por
. I am informed throughly of the cause.
Which is the merchant here, and which the Jew?
Duke
. Antonio and old Shylock, both stand forth.
Por
. Is your name Shylock?
Shy
. Shylock is my name.
Por
. Of a strange nature is the suit you follow;
Yet in such rule that the Venetian law
Cannot impugn you,
as you do proceed.—You
stand within his danger,
do you not?
[
To
ANTONIO.
Ant
. Ay, so he says.
Por
. So you confess the bond?
Ant
. I do.
Por
. Then must the Jew be merciful.
Shy
. On what compulsion must I? Tell me that.
Por
. The quality of mercy is not strain'd;
It droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath: it is twice bless'd;
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes;
'Tis mightiest in the mightiest: it becomes
The throned monarch better than his crown;
His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty,
Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings;
But mercy is above this sceptred sway,
It is enthroned in the hearts of kings,
It is an attribute to God himself;
And earthly power doth then show likest God's
When mercy seasons justice. Therefore, Jew,
Though justice be thy plea, consider this—-That
in the course of justice, none of us
Should see salvation: we do pray for mercy;
And that same prayer doth teach us all to render
The deeds of mercy. I have spoke thus much,
To mitigate the justice of thy plea;
Which if thou follow, this strict court of Venice
Must needs give sentence 'gainst the merchant there.
Shy
., My deeds upon my head! I crave the law,
The penalty and forfeit of my bond.
Por
. Is he not able to discharge the money?
Bas
. Yes, here I tender it for him in the court;
Yea, thrice the sum: if that will not suffice,
I will be bound to pay it ten times o'er,
On forfeit of my hands, my head, my heart:
If this will not suffice, it must appear
That malice bears down truth.
And I beseech you,
Wrest once the law to your authority:
To do a great right to do a little wrong;
And curb this cruel devil of his will.
Por
. It must not be; there is no power in Venice
Can alter a decree established:
'Twill be recorded for a precedent;
And many an error, by the same example,
Will rush into the state; it cannot be.
Shy
. A Daniel come to judgment! yea, a Daniel!
O wise young judge, how do I honour thee!
Por
. I pray you, let me look upon the bond.
Shy
. Here 'tis, most reverend doctor, here it is.
Por
. Shylock, there's thrice thy money offer'd thee.
Shy
. An oath, an oath, I have an oath in heaven:
Shall I lay perjury upon my soul?
No, not for Venice.
Por
. Why, this bond is forfeit;
And lawfully by this the Jew may claim
A pound of flesh, to be by him cut off
Nearest the merchant's heart:—Be merciful;
Take thrice thy money; bid me tear the bond.
Shy
. When it is paid according to the tenour.
It doth appear you are a worthy judge;
You know the law, your exposition
Hath been most sound: I charge you by the law,
Whereof you are a well-deserving pillar,
Proceed to judgment: by my soul I swear,
There is no power in the tongue of man
To alter me: I stay here on my bond.
Ant
. Most heartily I do beseech the court
To give the judgment.
Por
. Why then, thus it is:
You must prepare your bosom for his knife.
Shy
. O noble judge! O excellent young man!
Por
. For the intent and purpose of the law
Hath full relation to the penalty,
Which here appeareth due upon the bond.
Shy
. 'Tis very true: O wise and upright judge!
How much more elder art thou than thy looks!
Por
. Therefore, lay bare your bosom.
Shy
. Ay, his breast:
So says the bond;—Doth it not, noble judge?—Nearest
his heart, those are the very words.
Por
. It is so. Are there balance here to weigh
The flesh?
Shy
. I have them ready.
Por
. Have by some surgeon, Shylock, on your charge,
To stop his wounds, lest he should bleed to death.
Shy
. Is it so nominated in the bond?
Por
. It is not so express'd; but what of that?
'Twere good you do so much for charity.
Shy
. I cannot find it; 'tis not in the bond.
Por
. Come, merchant, have you anything to say?
Ant
. But little; I am arm'd and well prepar'd.—
Give me your hand, Bassanio; fare you well!
Grieve not that I am fallen to this for you;
For herein fortune shows herself more kind
Than is her custom: it is still her use,
To let the wretched man outlive his wealth,
To view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow,
An age of poverty: from which lingering penance
Of such a misery doth she cut me off.
Commend me to your honorable wife:
Tell her the process of Antonio's end;
Say, how I lov'd you, speak me fair in death;
And, when the tale is told, bid her be judge
Whether Bassanio had not once a love.
Repent not you that you shall lose your friend,
And he repents not that he pays your debt;
For, if the Jew do cut but deep enough,
I'll pay it instantly with all my heart.
Bas
. Antonio, I am married to a wife,
Which is as dear to me as life itself;
But life itself, my wife, and all the world,
Are not with me esteem'd above thy life;
I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all
Here to this devil, to deliver you.
Gra
. I have a wife, whom I protest I love;
I would she were in heaven, so she could
Entreat some power to change this currish Jew.
Shy
. These be the Christian husbands: I have a daughter;
Would any of the stock of Barrabas
Had been her husband, rather than a Christian! [
Aside
.
We trifle time; I pray thee pursue sentence.
Por
. A pound of that same merchant's flesh is thine;
The court awards it, and the law doth give it.
Shy
. Most rightful judge!
Por
. And you must cut this flesh from off his breast!
The law allows it, and the court awards it.
Shy
. Most learned judge!—A sentence; come, prepare.
Por
. Tarry a little;—there is something else.—
This bond doth give thee here no jot of blood;
The words expressly are a pound of flesh:
Then take thy bond, take thou thy pound of flesh;
But, in the cutting it, if thou dost shed
One drop of Christian blood, thy lands and goods
Are, by the laws of Venice, confiscate
Unto the state of Venice.
Gra
. O upright judge!—Mark, Jew!—O learned judge!
Shy
. Is that the law?
Por
. Thyself shall see the act;
For, as thou urgest justice, be assur'd
Thou shalt have justice more than thou desir'st.
Gra
. O learned judge!—Mark Jew;—a learned judge!
Shy
. I take his offer, then,—pay the bond thrice,
And let the Christian go.
Bas
. Here is the money.
Por
. Soft.
The Jew shall have all justice;—soft;—no haste;—He
shall have nothing but the penalty.
Gra
. O Jew! an upright judge, a learned judge!
Por
. Therefore, prepare thee to cut off the flesh.(D)
Shed thou no blood; nor cut thou less, nor more,
But just a pound of flesh: if thou tak'st more,
Or less, than a just pound,—be it but so much
As makes it light or heavy in the balance,
Or the division of the twentieth part
Of one poor scruple,—nay, if the scale do turn
But in the estimation of a hair,—
Thou diest, and all thy goods are confiscate.
Gra
. A second Daniel, a Daniel, Jew!
Now, infidel, I have thee on the hip.
Por
. Why doth the Jew pause? take thy forfeiture.
Shy
. Give me my principal, and let me go.
Bas
. I have it ready for thee; here it is.
Por
. He hath refus'd it in the open court;
He shall have merely justice, and his bond.
Gra
. A Daniel, still say I; a second Daniel!—
thank thee, Jew, for teaching me that word.
Shy
. Shall I not barely have my principal?
Por
. Thou shalt have nothing but the forfeiture,
To be so taken at thy peril, Jew.
Shy
. Why then the devil give him good of it!
I'll stay no longer question.
Por
. Tarry, Jew;
The law hath yet another hold on you.
It is enacted in the laws of Venice,—If
it be proved against an alien,
That by direct or indirect attempts
He seek the life of any citizen,
The party 'gainst the which he doth contrive
Shall seize one half his goods; the other half
Comes to the privy coffer of the state;
And the offender's life lies in the mercy
Of the duke only, 'gainst all other voice.
In which predicament, I say, thou stand'st:
For it appears by manifest proceeding,
That, indirectly, and directly, too,
Thou hast contriv'd against the very life
Of the defendant; and thou hast incurr'd
The danger formerly by me rehears'd.
Down, therefore, and beg mercy of the duke.
Gra
. Beg that thou may'st have leave to hang thyself:
And yet, thy wealth being forfeit to the state,
Thou hast not left the value of a cord;
Therefore, thou must be hang'd at the state's charge.
Duke
. That thou shall see the difference of our spirit,
I pardon thee thy life before thou ask it:
For half thy wealth, it is Antonio's;
The other half comes to the general state,
Which humbleness may drive unto a fine.
Por
. Ay, for the state;
not for Antonio.
Shy
. Nay, take my life and all, pardon not that:
You take my house, when you do take the prop
That doth sustain my house; you take my life,
When you do take the means whereby I live.
Por
. What mercy can you render him, Antonio?
Gra
. A halter gratis; nothing else, for Heaven's sake.
Ant
. So please my lord the duke, and all the court,
To quit the fine for one half of his goods;
I am content, so he will let me have
The other half in use,
to render it,
Upon his death, unto the gentleman
That lately stole his daughter;
Two things provided more,—That for this favour,
He presently become a Christian;
The other, that he do record a gift,
Here in the court, of all he dies possess'd,
Unto his son Lorenzo and his daughter.
Duke
. He shall do this; or else I do recant
The pardon that I late pronounced here.
Por
. Art thou contented, Jew? What dost thou say?
Shy
. I am content.
Por
. Clerk, draw a deed of gift.
Shy
. I pray you give me leave to go from hence:
I am not well; send the deed after me,
And I will sign it.
Duke
. Get thee gone, but do it.
Gra
. In christening; thou shalt have two godfathers;
Had I been judge, thou should'st have had ten more,
To bring thee to the gallows, not to the font.
[
Exit
SHYLOCK.
Duke
. Sir, I entreat you with me home to dinner.
Por
. I humbly do desire your grace of pardon.
I must away this night toward Padua;
And it is meet I presently set forth.
Duke
. I am sorry that your leisure serves you not:
Antonio, gratify this gentleman;
For, in my mind, you are much bound to him.
[
Exeunt
DUKE,
Magnificoes, and Train
.
Bas
. Most worthy gentleman, I and my friend,
Have by your wisdom been this day acquitted
Of grievous penalties; in lieu whereof,
Three thousand ducats, due unto the Jew,
We freely cope your courteous pains withal.
Ant
. And stand indebted, over and above,
In love and service to you evermore.
Por
. He is well paid that is well satisfied:
And I, delivering you, am satisfied,
And therein do account myself well paid;
My mind was never yet more mercenary.
I pray you know me, when we meet again;
I wish you well, and so I take my leave.
Bas
. Dear Sir, of force I must attempt you further;
Take some remembrance of us, as a tribute,
Not as a fee: grant me two things, I pray you,
Not to deny me, and to pardon me.
Por
. You press me far, and therefore I will yield,
Give me your gloves, I'll wear them for your sake;
And, for your love, I'll take this ring from you:—Do
not draw back your hand; I'll take no more;
And you in love shall not deny me this.
Bas
. This ring, good Sir,—alas, it is a trifle;
I will not shame myself to give you this.
Por
. I will have nothing else but only this;
And now, methinks, I have a mind to it.
Bas
. There's more depends on this than on the value.
The dearest ring in Venice will I give you,
And find it out by proclamation;
Only for this I pray you pardon me.
Por
. I see, Sir, you are liberal in offers:
You taught me first to beg; and now, methinks,
You teach me how a beggar should be answer'd.
Bas
. Good Sir, this ring was given me by my wife;
And when she put it on, she made me vow
That I should neither sell, nor give, nor lose it.
Por
. That 'scuse serves many men to save their gifts.
An if your wife be not a mad woman,
And know how well I have deserv'd this ring,
She would not hold out enemy for ever,
For giving it to me. Well, peace be with you!
[
Exeunt
PORTIA
and
NERISSA.
Ant
. My lord Bassanio, let him have the ring;
Let his deservings, and my love withal,
Be valued 'gainst your wife's commandment.
Bas
. Go, Gratiano, run and overtake him;
Give him the ring; and bring him, if thou can'st,
Unto Antonio's house;—away, make haste.
[
Exit
GRATIANO.
Come, you and I will thither presently;
And in the morning early will we both
Fly toward Belmont: Come, Antonio.
[
Exeunt
.
FOOTNOTES:
Magnificoes,; Coryat calls the nobles of Venice Clarissimoes.
—envy's reach,; Envy, in this place, means hatred or malice.
—apparent cruelly: That is, seeming cruelty; not real.
—where thou now where for whereas.
—I'll not answer that;
But, say, it is my humour; The Jew being asked a question
which the law does not require him to answer, stands upon his
right, and refuses; but afterwards gratifies his own malignity by
such answers as he knows will aggravate the pain of the enquirer.
I will not answer, says he, as to a legal or serious question, but,
since you want an answer, will this serve you?—JOHNSON.
—a gaping pig; By a gaping pig, Shakespeare, I believe,
meant a pig prepared for the table; for in that state is the epithet,
gaping, most applicable to this animal. So, in Fletcher's Elder
Brother—
"And they stand gaping like a roasted pig."
A passage in one of Nashe's pamphlets (which perhaps furnished our
author with his instance), may serve to confirm the observation: "The
causes conducting unto wrath are as diverse as the actions of a man's
life. Some will take on like a madman, if they see a pig come to the
table. Sotericus, the surgeon, was cholerick at the sight of sturgeon,"
&c. Pierce Pennylesse his Supplication to the Devil, 1592.—MALONE.
—question with the Jew.; To question is to converse.
Padua is the place of education for the civil law in
Italy.
Cannot impugn you,; To impugn, is to oppose, to
controvert.
You stand within his danger,; Id est, within his
power—within his reach or control.
The quality of mercy is not strain'd; "Mercy is
seasonable in the time of affliction, as clouds of rain in the time of
drought." —Ecclesiasticus xxxv., 20.
—malice bears down truth.; Malice oppresses honesty. A
true man in old language is an honest man.
—Barrabas; Shakespeare seems to have followed the
pronunciation of the name of this robber usual to the Theatre, Barrabas
being sounded Barabas throughout Marlowe's Jews of Malta.
Ay, for the state; That is, the state's moiety may be
commuted for a fine, but not Antonio's.
The other half in use,; Let him have it at interest
during the Jew's life, to render it on his death to Lorenzo.
thou should'st have had ten more,; Id est, a jury of
twelve men, to condemn thee to be hanged.
SCENE II.—VENICE. THE FOSCARI GATE OF THE DUCAL PALACE, LEADING TO THE GIANT'S STAIRCASE.
Enter PORTIA and NERISSA.
Por. Inquire the Jew's house out, give him this deed, And let him sign
it; we'll away to-night, And be a day before our husbands home: This
deed will be well welcome to Lorenzo.
Enter GRATIANO.
Gra. Fair Sir, you are well overtaken: My lord Bassanio, upon more
advice,[112] Hath sent you here this ring; and doth entreat Your company
at dinner.
Por. That cannot be: This ring I do accept most thankfully, And so, I
pray you, tell him: Furthermore, I pray you, show my youth old Shylock's
house.
Gra. That will I do.
Ner. Sir, I would speak with you:—I'll see if I can get my husband's
ring,
[To PORTIA.
Which I did make him swear to keep for ever.
Por. Thou may'st, I warrant. We shall have old swearing,[113] That
they did give the rings away to men; But we'll outface them, and
outswear them, too. Away, make haste; thou know'st where I will tarry.
Ner. Come, good Sir, will you show me to this house?
[Exeunt.
END OF ACT FOURTH.
FOOTNOTES:
upon more advice,; Id est, upon more reflection.
old swearing; Of this once common augmentative in
colloquial language there are various instances in our author.
HISTORICAL NOTES TO ACT FOURTH.
(A) This scene represents the Sala dei Pregádi, or Hall of the Senators.
In Venice the tribunal for criminal cases was composed of forty judges,
ordinarily presided over by one of three selected from the Council of
the Doge, and draughted for the most part, if not wholly, from the
members of the Senate. The Doge, who on all occasions was attended by
his particular officers, had the right of sitting in the councils, or on
the tribunal. The authority for the six senators in red (in this scene)
is taken from the picture at Hampton Court Palace, where the Doge of
Venice, in state, is receiving Sir Henry Wootton, ambassador from James
the First. The picture is by Odoardo Fialletti, better known as an
engraver than as a painter, and who was living at Venice when Sir Henry
Wootton was ambassador there.
(B) The first Doge, or Duke of Venice, was Paolo Luca Anafesto, elected
A.D. 697, and the last was Luigi Manini, who yielded the city, which had
just completed the eleventh century of its sway, to the victorious arms
of Buonaparte, in 1797.
(C) We are not to imagine the word royal to be only a ranting,
sounding epithet. It is used with great propriety, and shows the poet
well acquainted with the history of the people whom he here brings upon
the stage. For when the French and Venetians, in the beginning of the
thirteenth century, had won Constantinople, the French, under the
Emperor Henry, endeavoured to extend their conquests into the provinces
of the Grecian Empire on the Terra firma; while the Venetians, who
were masters of the sea, gave liberty to any subjects of the republic,
who would fit out vessels, to make themselves masters of the isles of
the Archipelago, and other maritime places; and to enjoy their conquests
in sovereignty: only doing homage to the republic for their several
principalities. By virtue of this licence, the Sanudi, the Justinianii,
the Grimaldi, the Summaripi, and others, all Venetian merchants,
erected principalities in several places of the Archipelago (which their
descendants enjoyed for many generations), and thereby became truly and
properly royal merchants, which, indeed was the title generally given
them all over Europe. Hence, the most eminent of our own merchants
(while publick spirit resided amongst them, and before it was aped by
faction), were called royal merchants.—Warburton.
This epithet was in our poet's time more striking and better
understood, because Gresham was then commonly dignified with the title
of the royal merchant.—Johnson.
(D) This judgment is related by Gracian, the celebrated Spanish
Jesuit, in his Hero, with a reflection at the conclusion of it;—
"The vivacity of that great Turke enters into competition with that of
Solomon: a Jew pretended to cut an ounce of the flesh of a Christian
upon a penalty of usury; he urged it to the Prince, with as much
obstinacy, as perfidiousness towards God. The great Judge commanded a
pair of scales to be brought, threatening the Jew with death if he cut
either more or less: And this was to give a sharp decision to a
malicious process, and to the world a miracle of subtilty."—The Hero,
p. 24, &c.
Gregorio Leti, in his Life of Sixtus V., has a similar story. The
papacy of Sixtus began in 1583. He died Aug. 29, 1590.—Steevens
ACT V.
SCENE I.—BELMONT. AVENUE TO PORTIA'S HOUSE.
Enter LORENZO and JESSICA.
Lor
. The moon shines bright:—In such a night as this,
When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees,
And they did make no noise,—in such a night,
Troilus, methinks, mounted the Trojan walls,
And sigh'd his soul toward the Grecian tents,
Where Cressid lay that night.
Jes
. In such a night
Bid young Lorenzo swear he lov'd me well;
Stealing my soul with many vows of faith,
And ne'er a true one.
Lor
. In such a night,
Did pretty Jessica, like a little shrew,
Slander her love, and he forgave it her.
Jes
. I would out-night you, did no body come:
But, hark, I hear the footing of a man.
Enter
BALTHAZAR.
Lor
. Who comes so fast in silence of the night?
Bal
. A friend,
Lor
. A friend? what friend? your name, I pray you,
friend.
Bal
. Balthazar is my name: and I bring word,
My mistress will before the break of day
Be here at Belmont.
I pray you, is my master yet return'd?
Lor
. He is not, nor we have not heard from him.—
But go we in, I pray thee, Jessica,
And ceremoniously let us prepare
Some welcome for the mistress of the house.
Enter LANCELOT.
Lau. Sola, sola, we ha, ho, sola, sola.
Lor. Who calls?
Lau. Sola! Did you see master Lorenzo, and mistress Lorenzo? sola,
sola
Lor. Leave holloing, man; here.
Lau. Sola! where? where?
Lor. Here.
Lau. Tell him, there's a post come from my master, with his horn full
of good news; my master will be here ere morning.
[Exit.
Lor
. My friend Balthazar, signify, I pray you,
Within the house, your mistress is at hand:
And bring your music forth into the air. [
Exit
BALTHAZAR.
How sweet the moon-light sleeps upon this bank!
Here will we sit, and let the sounds of music
Creep in our ears: soft stillness, and the night,
Become the touches of sweet harmony.
Sit, Jessica. Look how the floor of heaven
Is thick inlaid with patines
of bright gold.
There's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young-eyed cherubins:
Such harmony is in immortal souls,
But whilst this muddy vesture of decay
Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it.—
Enter MUSICIANS.
It was a lover and his lass,
With a hey and a ho, and a hey nonino;
That o'er the green corn fields did pass,
In the spring-time, the pretty spring time,
When birds do sing, hey ding-a-ding, ding:—
Sweet lovers love the spring.
And therefore take the present time,
With a hey and a ho, and a hey nonino;
For love is crowned with the prime
In the spring-time, the pretty spring time,
When birds do sing, hey ding-a-ding, ding:—
Sweet lovers love the spring.
Jes
. I am never merry when I hear sweet music.
Lor
. The reason is your spirits are attentive:
For do but note a wild and wanton herd,
If any air of music touch their ears,
You shall perceive them make a mutual stand,
Their savage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze,
By the sweet power of music. Therefore, the poet
Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods;
Since nought so stockish, hard, and full of rage,
But music for the time doth change his nature:
The man that hath no music in himself,
Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds,
Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils;
The motions of his spirit are dull as night,
And his affections dark as Erebus:
Let no such man be trusted.—Mark the music.
Enter
PORTIA
and
NERISSA,
at a distance
.
Por
. That light we see is burning in my hall.
How far that little candle throws his beams!
So shines a good deed in a naughty world. Music! hark!
Ner
. It is your music, madam, of the house.
Por
. Nothing is good, I see, without respect;
Methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day.
Ner
. Silence bestows that virtue on it, madam.
[
Music ceases
.
Por
. How many things by season season'd are
To their light praise, and true-perfection!—
Lor
. That is the voice,
Or I am much deceiv'd, of Portia.
Por
. He knows me, as the blind man knows the cuckoo,
By the bad voice.
Lor
. Dear lady, welcome home.
Por
. We have been praying for our husbands' welfare,
Which speed, we hope, the better for our words.
Are they return'd?
Lor
. Madam, they are not yet;
But there is come a messenger before,
To signify their coming.
Por
. Go in, Nerissa;
Give order to my servants, that they take
No note at all of our being absent hence;
Nor you, Lorenzo;—Jessica, nor you.
[
A trumpet sounds
.
Lor
. Your husband is at hand; I hear his trumpet:
We are no tell-tales, madam; fear you not.
Enter
BASSANIO, ANTONIO, GRATIANO,
and their Followers
.
Por
. You are welcome home, my lord.
Bas
. I thank you, madam: give welcome to my friend.—
This is the man, this is Antonio,
To whom I am so infinitely bound.
Por
. You should in all sense be much bound to him,
For, as I hear, he was much bound for you.
Ant
. No more than I am well acquitted of.
Por
. Sir, you are very welcome to our house:
It must appear in other ways than words,
Therefore, I scant this breathing courtesy.
[GRATIANO
and
NERISSA
seem to talk apart
.
Gra
. By yonder moon, I swear you do me wrong;
In faith, I gave it to the judge's clerk:
Would he were hang'd that had it, for my part,
Since you do take it, love, so much at heart.
Por
. A quarrel, ho, already? What's the matter?
Gra
. About a hoop of gold, a paltry ring
That she did give to me; whose posy was
For all the world, like cutler's poetry
Upon a knife, '
Love me, and leave me not
.'
Ner
. What talk you of the posy, or the value?
You swore to me, when I did give it you,
That you would wear it till the hour of death:
And that it should lie with you in your grave;
Though not for me, yet for your vehement oaths,
You should have been respective,
and have kept it.
Gave it a judge's clerk!—but well I know,
The clerk will ne'er wear hair on's face that had it.
Gra
. He will, an if he live to be a man.
Ner
. Ay, if a woman live to be a man.
Gra
. Now, by this hand, I gave it to a youth,—
kind of boy; a little scrubbed boy,
No higher than thyself, the judge's clerk;
A prating boy, that begg'd it as a fee;
I could not for my heart deny it him.
Por
. You were to blame, I must be plain with you,
To part so slightly with your wife's first gift:
A thing stuck on with oaths upon your finger,
And so riveted with faith unto your flesh.
I gave my love a ring, and made him swear
Never to part with it; and here he stands,—
I dare be sworn for him, he would not leave it,
Nor pluck it from his finger, for the wealth
That the world masters. Now, in faith, Gratiano,
You give your wife too unkind a cause of grief;
An 'twere to me, I should be mad at it.
Bas
. Why, I were best to cut my left hand off,
And swear, I lost the ring defending it.
[
Aside
.
Gra
. My lord Bassanio gave his ring away
Unto the judge that begg'd it, and, indeed,
Deserv'd it, too; and then the boy, his clerk,
That took some pains in writing, he begg'd mine:
And neither man, nor master, would take aught
But the two rings.
Por
. What ring gave you, my lord;
Not that, I hope, which you receiv'd of me.
Bas
. If I could add a lie unto a fault,
I would deny it; but you see, my finger
Hath not the ring upon it, it is gone.
Por
. Even so void is your false heart of truth.
By heaven, I will ne'er come in your sight
Until I see the ring.
Ner
. Nor I in yours,
Till I again see mine.
Bas
. Sweet Portia,
If you did know to whom I gave the ring,
If you did know for whom I gave the ring,
And would conceive for what I gave the ring,
And how unwillingly I left the ring,
When nought would be accepted but the ring,
You would abate the strength of your displeasure.
Por
. If you had known the virtue of the ring,
Or half her worthiness that gave the ring,
Or your own honour to contain the ring,
You would not then have parted with the ring.
What man is there so much unreasonable,
If you had pleas'd to have defended it
With any terms of zeal, wanted the modesty
To urge the thing held as a ceremony?
Nerissa teaches me what to believe;
I'll die for't, but some woman had the ring.
Bas
. No, by mine honour, madam, by my soul,
No woman had it, but a civil doctor,
Which did refuse three thousand ducats of me,
And begg'd the ring; the which I did deny him,
And suffer'd him to go displeas'd away;
Even he that had held up the very life
Of my dear friend. What should I say, sweet lady?
I was enforc'd to send it after him.
Had you been there, I think you would have begg'd
The ring of me to give the worthy doctor.
Por
. Let not that doctor e'er come near my house:
Since he hath got the jewel that I lov'd,
And that which you did swear to keep for me,
I will become as liberal as you.
Ant
. I am the unhappy subject of these quarrels.
Por
. Sir, grieve not you; you are welcome notwithstanding.
Bas
. Portia, forgive me this enforced wrong;
And in the hearing of these many friends,
I swear to thee, even by thine own fair eyes,
I never more will break an oath with thee.
Ant
. I once did lend my body for his wealth;
Which, but for him that had your husband's ring,
[
To
PORTIA.
Had quite miscarried: I dare be bound again,
My soul upon the forfeit, that your lord
Will never more break faith advisedly.
Por
. Then you shall be his surety: give him this;
And bid him keep it better than the other.
Ant
. Here, lord Bassanio; swear to keep this ring.
Bas
. By heaven it is the same I gave the doctor!
Por
. I had it of him: pardon me, Bassanio.
Ner
. And pardon me, my gentle Gratiano;
For that same scrubbed boy, the doctor's clerk,
Did give me this.
Gra
. Why this is like the mending of highways
In summer, when the ways are fair enough.
Por
. You are all amaz'd:
Here is a letter, read it at your leisure;
It comes from Padua, from Bellario:
There you shall find, that Portia was the doctor;
Nerissa there, her clerk: Lorenzo here
Shall witness, I set forth as soon as you,
And but e'en now return'd; I have not yet
Enter'd my house.—Antonio, you are welcome;
And I have better news in store for you
Than you expect: unseal this letter soon,
There you shall find three of your argosies
Are richly come to harbour suddenly:
You shall not know by what strange accident
I chanced on this letter.
Bas
. Were you the doctor, and I knew you not?
Gra
. Were you the clerk, and I knew you not?
Ant
. Sweet lady, you have given me life, and living;
For here I read for certain, that my ships
Are safely come to road.
Por
. How now, Lorenzo?
My clerk has some good comforts too for you.
Ner
. Ay, and I'll give them him without a fee.—
There do I give to you Jessica,
From the rich Jew a special deed of gift,
After his death, of all he dies possessed of.
Lor
. Fair ladies, you drop manna in the way of starved people.
Por
. It is almost morning,
And yet I am sure you are not satisfied
Of these events at full: Let us go in;
And charge us there upon inter'gatories,
And we will answer all things faithfully.
[
Exeunt
.
FOOTNOTES:
—patines of bright gold.;. A patine is the small flat
dish or plate used with the chalice in the service of the altar. In the
time of popery, and probably in the following Age, it was commonly made
of gold.
Sung by Miss Poole,
Miss Lefflee, Mr. T. Young,
Mr. T. Collett, and Mr. Wallworth.—From At You Like It, Act v., Scene 3.
Nothing is good, I see, without respect; Not absolutely
good, but relatively good, as it is modified by circumstances.
—this breathing courtesy.; This verbal complimentary
form, made up only of breath, i.e., words.
—like cutler's poetry; Knives were formerly inscribed,
by means of aqua fortis, with short sentences in distich.
—a little scrubbed boy,; A stunted boy.
I once did lend my body for his wealth;] Id est., for
his advantage—to obtain his happiness; wealth was, at that time, the
term opposed to adversity or calamity.
—inter'gatories,; A contraction of interrogatories.
THE END.
At a very early period, Venice had begun to trade with Constantinople
and the Levant, and though subjected to formidable competition from the
Pisans and Genoese, succeeded in engrossing the far largest share of the
traffic of the East. The Crusades now commenced, and giving lucrative
employment to their shipping in the conveyance of troops, and the
munitions of war, greatly increased both their wealth and power, and
enabled them to make large additions to their territory. In early times,
the Doges had been elected by the popular voice, and held their office
by a very precarious tenure; for, in the case of any reverse or general
dissatisfaction from any other cause, they were not only deposed, but
often lost their lives, either by open violence, or assassination. The
disorders thus occasioned rose to such a height in the 12th century,
that a change in the form of government became necessary. For this
purpose the city was divided into six districts, each of which nominated
two delegates, or twelve in all; these twelve nominated 470
representatives, who concentrated in themselves all the powers which had
been previously exercised by the popular assemblies. At the same time, a
senate was appointed, and the Doge was provided with a council of six,
who were nominally to assist, but, if so disposed, could easily find
means to thwart him. The 470 representatives formed the grand council,
and receiving their appointments annually from 12 delegates chosen by
the popular voice, continued, in fact, notwithstanding the change in
form, to be dependent upon it. The next change, however, set them free.
After a severe struggle, the 470, in 1319, succeeded in making their
office hereditary, and thus converted what had previously been a
democracy into one of the most rigid forms of aristocracy. The evils of
the system soon developed themselves. The 470, now hereditary nobles,
became as jealous of each other as they had formerly been of the people,
and while appropriating all the great offices of the state, had recourse
to various methods, many of them of the most despotic nature, to prevent
anyone of the great families from acquiring a preponderating influence.
Among these arrangements was the institution of a council of 10,
selected from the grand council, and subsequently, in 1454, the
selection of three state inquisitors from the council of 10. These
inquisitors, in whom all the powers of the state were absolutely vested,
justified the name which the cruel bigotry of the Romish Church has
established. This rigid despotism had, however, the effect of giving a
stern unity of purpose to the proceedings of government, and doubtless
contributed in some degree to consolidate the various accessions of
territory which had been made into one whole. At this period the
Venetians were masters of the coast of Dalmatia, and the islands of
Cyprus, Candia, and a great part of the Morea, and had almost
monopolized the trade of Egypt and the East. The first great attempt to
humble Venice was made in the beginning of the 16th century, when the
famous league of Cambrai, of which Pope Julius the Second was the real
author, though the Emperor of Germany, and the kings of France and Spain
were parties to it, was framed for the avowed purpose of completely
subduing her, and partitioning her territories. Dissensions among the
confederates more than her own valour saved her from destruction, but
not before most of her possessions on the mainland had been wrested from
her. A still heavier blow at her prosperity was struck, by the discovery
of a new passage to the East, which carried its rich traffic into new
channels, and dried up one of the main sources of her wealth and
strength. The work of destruction was all but completed by the Turks,
who engaged her in an expensive and ruinous warfare, during which she
lost the Morea, the islands of Cyprus and Candia, and with them the
ascendancy which she had long possessed in the Levant. From all these
causes her decline proved as rapid as her rise had been, and though her
position can hardly fail to give her a considerable coasting trade, all
her maritime greatness has departed, and apparently the highest destiny
to which she can now aspire, is that of being a valuable dependency to
some superior power.