Title: Final Report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission
Author: Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission
Release date: August 23, 2004 [eBook #13266]
Most recently updated: December 18, 2020
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Michael Oltz and PG Distributed Proofreaders
Produced by Michael Oltz and PG Distributed Proofreaders
59TH CONGRESS, 1st SESSION
DECEMBER 4, 1905—JUNE 30, 1906
SENATE DOCUMENTS
VOL. 14, 1906
SENATE: 59TH CONGRESS: 1st Session
DOCUMENT No. 202
FINAL REPORT OF THE
LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION
1906
FEBRUARY 8, 1906
READ, REFERRED TO THE COMMITTEE ON INDUSTRIAL
EXPOSITIONS, AND ORDERED TO BE PRINTED
WASHINGTON, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1906
Letters of transmittal
Final report
Centennial Day
Diplomatic Day
State Day
Appendices:
Report on Accounts and Statement of Receipts and Disbursements
Disposal of Salvage
Reports of Foreign Countries
Reports of States, Territories, and Districts
Report of Board of Lady Managers
Statement of Expenditures
To the Senate and House of Representatives:
I transmit herewith a communication from the Secretary of State submitting the final report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, furnished in pursuance of section 11 of the "Act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory," etc., approved March 3, 1901.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT. THE WHITE HOUSE, February 8, 1906.
* * * * *
The PRESIDENT:
The undersigned, Secretary of State, has the honor to lay before the President the final report of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, presented, as required by section 11 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Territory by the United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri."
Respectfully submitted.
ELIHU ROOT. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Washington, February 5, 1906.
As required by section 11 of an act of Congress entitled "An act to provide for the celebrating of the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufacturers, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and the sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri," approved March 3, 1901, this final report is here presented:
In the early part of the year 1900 the citizens of St. Louis inaugurated a movement looking to the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by an international exposition. A temporary organization having been effected, the subject was presented to Congress through a committee of citizens appointed for that purpose. Congress conditionally approved the enterprise by enacting a law which in substance provided that the Government would extend the required aid to the proposed exposition, providing the petitioners would furnish assurance that the sum of $10,000,000 had been raised for and on account of inaugurating and carrying forward an exposition at the city of St. Louis, Mo., in the year 1903, to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
Prior to March 3, 1901, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, then consisting of an association of persons, furnished the Secretary of the Treasury proof to his satisfaction that said sum of $10,000,000 had been raised for the purpose indicated. Thereupon the act hereinbefore cited was passed and duly approved by the President.
Including the appropriation made by the act of Congress, the sum of $15,000,000 was provided for the exposition, as follows:
Donated by the city of St. Louis …………………. $5,000,000
Subscription to the capital stock of the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition Company ……………………. 5,000,000
Appropriated by Congress, through the act aforesaid … 5,000,000
On April 1, 1901, in accordance with section 2 of the act of Congress, the President appointed a nonpartisan commission, consisting of nine members, known and designated as the "Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission," the names of the appointees and the States in which they resided being as follows:
JOHN M. THURSTON Nebraska.
THOMAS H. CARTER Montana.
WILLIAM LINDSAY Kentucky.
GEORGE W. MCBRIDE Oregon.
FREDERICK A. BETTS Connecticut.
JOHN M. ALLEN Mississippi.
MARTIN H. GLYNN New York.
JOHN F. MILLER Indiana.
PHILIP D. SCOTT Arkansas.
The name of the Commission being somewhat lengthy it became known and was referred to in the law and proceedings throughout as "The National Commission."
Pursuant to a call by the Secretary of State, the members of the Commission met at the Southern Hotel, in the city of St. Louis, on April 23, 1901, and adjourned until the following day, when organization was perfected.
Thomas H. Carter, of Montana, was elected president; Martin H. Glynn, of New York, vice-president, and Mr. Joseph Flory, of St. Louis, Mo., secretary.
The following committees were appointed:
Executive.
THOMAS H. CARTER.
JOHN F. MILLER.
PHILIP D. SCOTT.
JOHN M. ALLEN.
FREDERICK A. BETTS.
Judiciary.
WILLIAM LINDSAY.
JOHN M. THURSTON.
GEORGE W. MCBRIDE.
Plan and Scope.
GEORGE W. MCBRIDE.
FREDERICK A. BETTS.
WILLIAM LINDSAY.
MARTIN H. GLYNN.
JOHN F. MILLER.
Members of Board of Arbitration. JOHN M. THURSTON. JOHN M. ALLEN.
Auditing.
JOHN F. MILLER.
PHILIP D. SCOTT.
JOHN M. THURSTON.
Insurance.
THOMAS H. CARTER.
MARTIN H. GLYNN.
FREDERICK A. BETTS.
Ceremonies.
THOMAS H. CARTER.
JOHN M. ALLEN.
JOHN M. THURSTON.
WILLIAM LINDSAY.
Mr. Claude Hough, of Sedalia, Mo., was appointed official stenographer of the Commission on May 6, 1901, and has capably and efficiently served in that capacity throughout.
The organization of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company was not formally perfected until about a month after the first meeting of the National Commission, when the association which had theretofore existed under that name was duly organized and became an incorporated company under and in conformity with the laws of the State of Missouri. In the meantime informal conferences were held between the Commission and the prospective officers of the company in reference to a site for the exposition.
The municipal assembly of the city of St. Louis enacted an ordinance authorizing the use of a portion of Forest Park as a site for the exposition, as follows:
An ordinance authorizing the use of either O'Fallon Park or
Carondelet Park or a portion of Forest Park as a site for the
world's fair, to be held in commemoration of the Louisiana
Purchase.
Be it ordained by the municipal assembly of the city of St.
Louis as follows:
SEC. 2. The board of public improvements shall at all times, beginning with the selection of the site out of the three sites above referred to, until the close of said world's fair or exposition, and until the complete restoration of said site as hereinafter provided, have the power to provide such regulations, conditions, and requirements as it may deem necessary to protect the interests of the city with respect to the construction of all sewers, drains, and conduits of any kind, and the laying of water pipes or fixtures; and the plans and specifications for the construction of the foregoing work shall be subject to the approval of the board of public improvements, and no such work of any kind shall be done without such approval by the board. All such sewers, drains, conduits, pipes, and fixtures shall become and be the property of the city.
SEC. 3. Within six months after the close of said fair or exposition, the corporation or association aforesaid shall clear the park, or in the event of the selection of Forest Park, the part thereof above described, of all tramways and railway tracks, rubbish and debris, and of all buildings, sheds, pavilions, towers, and other structures of every kind, and shall within twelve months after the close of such fair or exposition, fully restore the park selected as a site, or in the case of Forest Park, that portion thereof above-described, by doing all necessary grading, the restoration and repair, or the formation of all walks and roads, the planting of trees, the placing of sod and the planting of shrubs and plants, all in accordance with plans to be approved by the board of public improvements, and all to be done subject to the inspection of the park commissioner, and to his entire satisfaction and approval.
SEC. 4. The corporation or association aforesaid shall, within six months after the approval of this ordinance by the mayor, file its written acceptance thereof with the city register, and make its selection of the park to be used as aforesaid; and said corporation or association shall also, within the same time, file its bond in the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, with good and sufficient sureties, to be approved by the mayor and council, conditioned for a full compliance with and performance of all the terms, requirements, and conditions of this ordinance. Said board of public improvements shall have the right, however, at any time before the opening of said fair or exposition, if it deems it necessary in the interest of the city, to require an additional bond in such amount as it may believe to be proper, whereupon said corporation or company shall give such bond with sureties to be approved in like manner, and said corporation or association shall have no authority to open or hold any fair or exposition upon the site so selected, and no machinery or improvements of any kind shall be removed from the premises of said world's fair site until said bond in the sum so demanded shall have been so filed and approved.
Approved May 16, 1901.
Considerable correspondence ensued between the Commission and the Exposition Company in reference to the proposed site, the Commission particularly insisting upon an adequate water supply and proper drainage and grading of the property. On June 28, 1901, the site was formally approved by the Commission and, according to section 9 of the act authorizing the exposition, the President of the United States was duly notified.
Prior to August 15, 1901, the National Commission having ascertained that due provision had been made for grounds and buildings for the uses contemplated by the act of Congress, so certified to the President of the United States, who did thereafter, to wit, on the 20th day of August, 1901, in behalf of the Government and the people, invite foreign nations to take part in said exposition, and to appoint representatives thereto, the President's proclamation reading as follows:
Whereas notice has been given me by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, in accordance with the provisions of section 9 of the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1901, entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri," that provision has been made for grounds and buildings for the uses provided for in the said act of Congress:
Now, therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, by virtue of the authority vested in me by said act, do hereby declare and proclaim that such international exhibition will be opened in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, not later than the first day of May, nineteen hundred and three, and will be closed not later than the first day of December thereafter. And in the name of the Government and of the people of the United States, I do hereby invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, an event of great interest to the United States and of abiding effect on their development, by appointing representatives and sending such exhibits to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as will most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress in civilization.
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the city of Washington, this twentieth day of August, one thousand nine hundred and one, and of the Independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-sixth.
By the President:
JOHN HAY,
Secretary of State.
At a meeting of the Commission held on October 15, 1901, the following resolution relative to the lamented death of President McKinley was unanimously adopted by the Commission:
Resolution.
Since this Commission last convened the President of the United
States has met a tragic death.
The manner of his death was a blow at republican institutions and felt by every patriotic American as aimed at himself. It can truly be said that of all our Presidents William McKinley was the best beloved; no section of the country held him as an alien to it. Partisan differences never led to partisan hatred of him; party faction did not touch him. Nearly half the people differed with him on public questions, but his opponents accorded to him the same honesty of purpose which he always accorded to them. He was the President of the whole people, and was received by them as such with the honors due his great office and his splendid manhood, from the Atlantic to the Pacific and from the Lakes to the Gulf. Pure of life, lofty of purpose, and patriotic in every endeavor, he was the highest type of our American citizenship.
The prayers of an united people were wafted on high to spare our President, but "God's will, not ours" was done, and the pain of personal grief was felt in every American home.
Resolved by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission,
First. That in the death of President McKinley, the United
States have lost a President who fulfilled the best ideals of
the Republic.
Second. That in every walk of life, in peace and in war, in
private and in public station, he was faithful to every trust
and did his duty as God gave him light to see it.
Third. That these resolutions be spread upon our record and a copy thereof sent, with an expression of our tenderest sympathy, to Mrs. McKinley.
Certain rules and regulations governing foreign exhibitors, which had been formulated by President Carter of the Commission and President Francis of the Exposition Company at a meeting held in Chicago, Ill., on August 14, 1901, were approved by the National Commission on October 15, 1901. The rules are as follows:
Adopted under, and in pursuance of an act of the Congress of the
United States, entitled,
"An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States, by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of Saint Louis, in the State of Missouri,"
approved March 3, 1901, a copy of which said act is hereunto attached. As provided by law the Louisiana Purchase Exposition will be held in the city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, U.S.A., and will be opened on the 30th day of April, A.D. 1903, and will be closed on the 1st day of December of that year. The exposition will be closed on Sundays.
This exposition will embrace an exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea. It will be held to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States from France.
The exposition will be international in character, as contemplated by section 9 of the act of Congress, which reads as follows:
"That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by the National Commission that provision has been made for grounds and buildings for the uses herein provided for, he shall be authorized to make proclamation of the same, through the Department of State, setting forth the time at which said exposition will be held, and the purposes thereof, and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies thereof, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the Commission, for publication in their respective countries, and he shall in behalf of the Government and the people invite foreign nations to take part in the said exposition and appoint representatives thereto."
Rules and regulations have been adopted by the National Commission to be communicated to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations for publication in their respective countries as follows:
ARTICLE 1. All communications relating to the exposition should be addressed to Hon. David R. Francis, president of the Exposition Company, St. Louis, U.S.A.
ART. 2. All applications for space for buildings must be filed with the company on or before July 1, 1902.
ART. 3. Applications for space for exhibits in the buildings of the Exposition Company must be filed on or before the respective dates following, to wit:
(A) For machinery and mechanical appliances intended for
exhibition, in operation, October 1, 1902.
(B) For machinery and mechanical appliances not intended for
exhibition, in operation, November 1, 1902.
(C) For works of art, natural and manufactured, products, and all productions not herein expressly classified, December 1, 1902.
ART. 4. Applications for special concessions to individuals,
associations, or corporations, December 1, 1902.
All applications must be in writing and should be presented on
forms which will be furnished by the Exposition Company.
ART. 5. No charge will be made for space allotted for buildings or exhibits of foreign governments. Allotments of space to exhibitors from countries whose governments have appointed commissioners to the exposition will be made by or through such commissioners.
ART. 6. No exhibit shall be removed in whole or in part until the close of the exposition.
Immediately after the close of the exposition exhibitors shall remove their effects and complete such removal before January 1, 1904.
ART. 7. Exhibits from foreign countries will be admitted free of customs duties, as provided in the law and the regulations of the Treasury Department.
ART. 8. The Exposition Company may from time to time, with the approval of the National Commission, promulgate a classification and such additional rules and regulations, not in conflict with the law or regulations herein announced, as may be necessary to facilitate the success of the exposition and to serve the interest of exhibitors.
On October 15, 1901, the Commission was notified that the Exposition
Company had, by a resolution dated October 8, 1901, of which the
Secretary of the Treasury had been duly notified, authorized the
Commission to disburse the sum of $10,000 per annum for contingent
expenses, in accordance with the act of Congress therein referred to.
Following is a copy of the resolution:
Resolved, That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission be, and is hereby, authorized to disburse out of the $5,000,000 appropriated under the provisions of the act approved March 3, 1901, in aid of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the sum of $10,000 annually for contingent expenses of said Commission under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and upon vouchers to be approved by him.
Attest: W.B. STEVENS, Secretary.
The question of appointing a board of lady managers, authorized by section 6 of the act of Congress, was considered by the National Commission and the Exposition Company at a meeting held on October 16, 1901.
After giving the matter due and careful consideration, the Commission and the company decided to create a board of lady managers of 21 members. The membership of the board was subsequently increased to 24. The names of the board of lady managers are as follows:
Miss Helen Miller Gould.
Mrs. John A. McCall.
Mrs. John M. Holcombe.
Miss Anna L. Dawes.
Mrs. W.E. Andrews.
Mrs. Helen-Boice Hunsicker.
Mrs. James L. Blair.
Mrs. Fannie L. Porter.
Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger.
Mrs. Jennie Gilmore Knott.
Mrs. Emily Warren Roebling.
Mrs. M.H. De Young.
Mrs. Belle L. Everest.
Mrs. Margaret P. Daly.
Mrs. W.H. Coleman.
Mrs. C.B. Buchwalter.
Mrs. Louis D. Frost.
Mrs. Finis P. Ernst.
Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery.
Mrs. John Miller Horton.
Mrs. Annie McLean Moores.
Mrs. A.L. Von Mayhoff.
Mrs. Daniel Manning.
Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan.
Miss Lavinia H. Egan.
Rules and regulations for the classification of exhibits at the exposition, which had been presented for the consideration of the Commission by the Exposition Company, and which had been discussed at length, were finally approved on October 17, 1901, and the Exposition Company was notified of that fact.
The matter of formulating rules and regulations for the government of the exposition was one of the first questions to be considered by the Commission. The matter was taken up at the various meetings of the Commission, and conferences were held with the officers of the Exposition Company from time to time. The Commission contended that in the event of a disagreement between the representative of any foreign government and the Exposition Company the representative of such foreign government should be allowed to refer the matter to the National Commission for joint consideration and adjustment with the company. With that end in view the Commission insisted that the following provision should be incorporated in the rules and regulations governing the exposition:
Should disagreement arise between the Exposition Company and the representative of any Government, State, Territory, or District, such representative shall have the privilege, under such rules of procedure as the National Commission may from time to time promulgate, of referring the matter in disagreement between such representative and the company to the National Commission for joint consideration and adjustment with the company.
The company objected to the insertion of this clause.
Thereupon the Commission and the company agreed to submit the matter in dispute to arbitration, in accordance with law. The Commission notified the company that the members of the arbitration board appointed by the Commission were prepared to meet the arbitrators of the company when such last-named arbitrators should be appointed. But owing to the fact that the arbitrators on behalf of the company had not yet been appointed, it was impossible at the time to submit the matter in controversy to arbitration.
In November, 1901, it became evident that the success of the exposition demanded the immediate promulgation of the rules and regulations for the guidance of intending competitors. The Exposition Company communicated with the National Commission to that effect and requested that it be allowed to promulgate the rules and regulations so far as agreed upon, and that the matter in dispute should be left to subsequent arbitration. On November 22, 1901, the Commission consented to the promulgation of the rules and regulations, so far as modified, with the understanding that the provision in dispute, hereinbefore stated, should thereafter be incorporated and given due publicity, provided it was adopted by the board of arbitration. On December 1, 1901, the rules and regulations were published, and a copy thereof, as approved by the National Commission, is as follows:
An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States, by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea, in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, approved March 3, 1901, a copy of which said act is hereto attached.
As provided by law, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition will be held in the city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, U.S.A., and will be opened on the 30th day of April, A.D. 1903, and will be closed on the 1st day of December of that year. The exposition will be closed on Sundays.
This exposition will embrace an exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea. It will be held to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States from France.
The exposition will be international in character, as contemplated by section 9 of the act of Congress, which reads as follows:
"That whenever the President of the United States shall be notified by the National Commission that provision has been made for grounds and buildings, for the uses herein provided for, he shall be authorized to make proclamation of the same, through the Department of State, setting forth the time at which said exposition will be held, and the purposes thereof, and he shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of foreign nations copies thereof, together with such regulations as may be adopted by the Commission, for publication in their respective countries, and he shall, in behalf of the Government and the people, invite foreign nations to take part in the said exposition and to appoint representatives thereto."
Rules and Regulations.
The following general rules and regulations are promulgated by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, having been approved by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission:
SEC. II. The site of the exposition will be the west portion of
Forest Park and adjacent territory, and will comprise,
approximately, 1,000 acres.
SEC. III. The executive of the exposition is the president of the board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. There are four principal executive divisions presided over by the following officers: Director of exhibits, director of exploitation, director of works, director of concessions and admissions.
Under the officers subordinate departments for the supervision of exhibits, of construction, and of maintenance may be created, each department having its individual chief.
SEC. IV. The bureau of transportation shall have entire charge of all matters relating to the transportation of passengers and freight to and from the exposition grounds from all parts of the world. It will quote rates and classifications, remedy delays, and be constituted in such a manner as to extend practical assistance and information to all exhibitors and the public at large. This bureau has for its chief officer a traffic manager, who will report direct to the president.
SEC. II. For the purposes of installation and review of exhibits a classification has been adopted. The classification heretofore adopted has been divided into a number of departments, each of which is again divided into groups and subdivided into classes. Under this scope and plan the exposition will be constructed, the installation perfected, and the system of awards conducted. In conformity therewith the following exhibit departments are created: Department A—Education; Department B—Art; Department C—Liberal Arts; Department D—Manufactures; Department E—Machinery; Department F—Electricity; Department G—Transportation; Department H—Agriculture; Department J—Horticulture; Department K—Forestry; Department L—Mines and Metallurgy; Department M—Fish and Game; Department N—Anthropology; Department O—Social Economy; Department P—Physical Culture.
Exhibits shall be classified into 15 departments, in 144 groups, and in 807 classes.
SEC. II. The director of exhibits shall have general charge of the installation of all exhibits and the control and management of the same.
SEC. II. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company reserves the right, subject to the approval of the Commission, to amend or correct the classification at any time before the opening of the exposition by giving thirty days' public notice.
SEC. II. While the broadest construction will be placed upon the rights of exhibitors and their agents to free admission to the grounds for the purpose of caring for their respective exhibits, it is intended to restrict these courtesies within reasonable limits.
SEC. II. No charge will be made for space allotted for buildings of foreign governments, or the United States Government, or of the State, Territorial, or District governments of the United States.
SEC. II. The country where an exhibit is produced, and not the citizenship of the exhibitor, will determine the nationality of an exhibit.
SEC. III. Each foreign nation participating in the exposition will be accorded an official representative, to be accredited to the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, through the Secretary of State of the United States, or otherwise.
SEC. IV. Allotment of space to exhibitors from countries where governments have appointed official representatives to the exposition will be made by or through such representatives.
SEC. V. While it is expected, as far as possible, to confine negotiations in the United States to the official representatives of the respective States, Territories, and Districts, the right is reserved to confer directly with individuals.
SEC. II. Application for space for exhibits in the buildings of the exposition must be filed on or before the respective dates following, to wit:
(a) For machinery and mechanical appliances intended for exhibition in operation October 1, 1902.
(b) For machinery and mechanical appliances not intended for
exhibition in operation, November 1, 1902.
(c) For works of art, natural and manufactured products not
herein expressly classified, December 1, 1902.
(d) For special concessions to individuals, associations, or corporations, December 1, 1902.
SEC. III. All applications for space must be in writing, addressed to the president of the exposition, and should be presented on forms which will be furnished by the Exposition Company.
SEC. IV. Each application for space for exhibits must be accompanied by a sketch, drawn to a scale of one-fourth of an inch to the foot, showing the ground floor plan, and, if possible, the front elevation and general outlines. These installation plans and schemes must receive the indorsement of the chief of the department in which the exhibit is to be located, and the approval of the director of exhibits, and must conform to the general architectural design for the treatment of the interior of the building as prepared by the director of works.
SEC. V. Permits for space will not be transferable, and exhibitors will be confined to such exhibits as are specified in their applications.
SEC. II. All packages containing exhibits must be addressed to the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company.
SEC. III. Direction labels will be furnished by the Exposition Company to be attached to each package. This label must be filled out so as to convey the following information:
(a) The department in which the exhibit is to be installed.
(b) The country, State, or Territory from which the package is consigned.
(c) The name and address of the exhibitor and the total number of packages sent by such exhibitor.
SEC. IV. In boxing or casing any material intended for exhibition, screws should be employed in preference to nails or steel hoops, and packages should be addressed on two or more sides. Each package should contain a list of the goods therein.
SEC. V. Consignments intended for different buildings should be in separate packages, and not be included in the same box, crate, or barrel.
SEC. VI. Freight and express charges and all charges appertaining to the transportation of material belonging to individuals, such as exhibits, building material, concession material and supplies, etc., must be prepaid at the point of shipment, and the goods delivered at the exposition clear of all charges of any description incident to the transportation.
SEC. II. The installation of heavy articles, requiring foundation, may, by special agreement with the director of works, begin as soon as the progress of the construction of the buildings will permit.
SEC. III. No exhibits shall be removed in whole or in part until the close of the exposition.
SEC. IV. Immediately after the close of the exposition exhibitors shall remove their exhibits and construction, and complete such removal before March 1, 1904. Any exhibit or material not removed on March 1, 1904, will be considered to have been abandoned by the exhibitor, and will be subject to removal at the cost of the exhibitors, or to such disposition by the Exposition Company as may be deemed advisable.
SEC. II. All decorations and designs to be constructed in connection with the installation must conform to the rules and regulations promulgated by the director of exhibits, and receive the approval of the chief of the department interested.
SEC. III. No exhibitor will be permitted to install an exhibit so as to obstruct the light or occasion any inconvenience to or disadvantageously affect the display of other exhibitors.
SEC. IV. The flooring of an exposition building must not be cut or removed, or its foundation disturbed, and no part of the construction of a building shall be employed for installation purposes, except upon the recommendation of the director of exhibits, approved by the director of works.
SEC. V. Special rules regulating the height of platforms, partitions, rails, cases, cabinets, counters, and any special trophy or feature will be issued by the chiefs of the different departments, with the approval of the director of exhibits.
SEC. VI. All designs for the treatment of exhibition spaces must be in accordance with the foregoing limitations. The material used for covering counters, screens, partitions, or floors will be subject to the approval of the director of exhibits, upon the recommendation of the chiefs of the department, and must be in accordance with the general color scheme of the director of works.
SEC. VII. Special rules and regulations in addition to and not in conflict with the general rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company may be promulgated by the different departments.
SEC. II. It will be lawful at any time during the exposition to sell for delivery at the close thereof any goods or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the exposition buildings or on the grounds, subject to such regulations for the security of the revenue and for the collection of import duty as the Secretary of the Treasury shall prescribe. Such articles when sold or withdrawn for consumption in the United States will be subject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of the importation, and all penalties prescribed by the laws of the United States will be applied and enforced against such articles and against the person who may be guilty of any illegal sale or withdrawal.
SEC. III. Such arrangements will be made with the Government of the United States as will permit the transportation of foreign exhibits in bond direct to the exposition grounds, which will be designated as a United States bonded warehouse.
SEC. II. Any object or article of a dangerous or detrimental character, or that is incompatible with the object or decorum of the exposition or the comfort or safety of the public, will be refused admission to the grounds or removed from any building or any part of the grounds upon the recommendation of the director of exhibits, approved by the president.
SEC. III. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also patent medicines, nostrums, and empirical preparations whose ingredients are concealed, will not be admitted to the exposition. The director of exhibits, with the approval of the president, has the authority to order the removal of any article he may consider dangerous, detrimental to, or incompatible with the object or decorum of the exposition or the comfort and safety of the public.
SEC. IV. The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company will carry no insurance on exhibits, but favorable terms will be secured by the Exposition Company under which exhibitors may insure their own goods in responsible companies.
SEC. II. Exhibitors' business cards and brief descriptive circulars only may be conveniently placed within such exhibition space for distribution; but the right is reserved to the chief of the department, upon the approval of the director of exhibits, to restrict or discontinue this privilege whenever it is carried to excess or becomes an annoyance.
SEC. II. All exhibits must be in complete order each day at least thirty minutes before the buildings are open to the public. No janitor or other work of this character will be permitted during the hours the buildings are open to the public. In case of failure on the part of any exhibitor to observe these rules, the chief of the department, with the approval of the director of exhibits, may adopt such means to enforce the same as circumstances may suggest.
SEC. II. The Exposition Company will provide a storage warehouse for crates, barrels, and packing cases, under a reasonable schedule of charges based upon those levied by similar warehouses, which it will be optional for exhibitors to use.
SEC. III. Facilities for the conveyance of empty crates, barrels, or packing cases to storage places will be provided at a moderate price.
SEC. II. The sale of catalogues is reserved exclusively by the
Exposition Company.
SEC. II. The exposition will maintain a corps of janitors and scavengers, whose duty it will be to properly care for and clean the roadways, approaches, paths, etc., in general of the exposition and the aisles within the exhibit buildings; but their duties and responsibilities will not extend to exhibit spaces, to the subsidiary aisles, or to the buildings of foreign or domestic governments or individuals.
SEC. III. Exhibitors may employ watchmen and janitors of their choice to guard and care for their material during the hours the exposition is open to the public. Such watchmen will be subject to the rules and regulations governing employees of the exposition; but no exhibitor will be permitted to employ attendants for service of this character except upon the written consent of the chief of the department, approved by the director of exhibits.
SEC. IV. Each country, commission, organization, corporation and individual, by becoming an exhibitor, agrees to conform to all the rules and regulations established for the government and conduct of the exposition.
SEC. II. No exhibit can be excluded from competition for award without the consent of the president of the Exposition Company, after a review of the reasons or motives by competent authorities hereafter to be provided.
SEC. III. In a fixed ratio to the number of exhibits, but reserving to the citizens of the United States approximately 60 per cent of the jury membership, the construction of the international jury will be based upon a predetermined number of judges allotted to each group of the classification and upon the number and importance of the exhibits in such group.
SEC. IV. A chairman of the group jury will be elected by his colleagues in each group, this chairman to become, by right of his position, a member of the department jury, which department jury shall in turn elect its chairman, who shall thereupon become a member of the superior jury.
SEC. V. Special rules and regulations governing the system of making awards and determining the extent to which foreign countries may have representation on the juries will be hereafter promulgated.
SEC. VI. Allotment of space for exhibitors, the classification of exhibits, the appointment of all judges and examiners for the exposition, and the awarding of premiums, if any, shall be done and performed by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject, however, to the approval of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission.
DAVID R. FRANCIS, President.
Attest: WALTER B. STEVENS, Secretary.
On February 7, 1902, the Commission, subject to the approval of the Exposition Company, which approval was thereafter given, adopted the following general rules, prescribing the general scope of the duties to be performed by the board of lady managers, to wit:
First. To appoint one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor.
Second. To exercise general supervisory control over such features of the exposition as may be specially devoted to woman's work.
Third. To take part in the ceremonies connected with the dedication of the buildings of the exposition, and in all official functions in which women may be invited to participate, and in other official functions upon the request of the company and the Commission.
Fourth. To elect such officers, appoint such committees, and to make and promulgate such rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary for the efficient discharge of the duties aforesaid; provided, that said board shall not make any expenditures nor incur any financial obligation except under authority previously obtained from the company and the Commission.
The members of the board of lady managers voluntarily proposed to serve without compensation, and in view of such proposal, at a conference between the Commission and the president of the Exposition Company, it was decided to remunerate them for their traveling and other expenses while attending meetings of the board by an allowance of 5 cents per mile for travel and a per diem allowance of $6 in lieu of subsistence during the sessions of the board.
It was decided, also, that the membership of the board be increased to a maximum of 24 members.
Early in 1902 it became evident that it would be necessary to postpone the exposition for one year, and the Exposition Company consequently notified Congress to that effect.
In the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, and for other purposes, approved June 28, 1902, provision was made for the postponement of the Exposition until 1904 in terms as follows:
Provided, further: That sections eight and twelve of an act entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of Saint Louis, in the State of Missouri," approved March third, nineteen hundred and one, be, and the same are hereby, amended so as to read as follows:
SEC. 8. That said Commission shall provide for the dedication of the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in said city of Saint Louis not later than the thirtieth day of April, nineteen hundred and three, with appropriate ceremonies, and thereafter said exposition shall be opened to visitors at such time as may be designated by said company, subject to the approval of said Commission, not later than the first day of May, nineteen hundred and four, and shall be closed at such time as the National Commission may determine, subject to the approval of said company, but not later than the first day of December thereafter.
SEC. 12. That the National Commission hereby authorized shall cease to exist on the first day of July, nineteen hundred and five.
On July 1, 1902 the following proclamation, announcing the postponement of the exposition, was issued by the President of the United States:
Whereas the President on August 20, 1901, issued his proclamation stating that he has been advised by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 9 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory by the United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri," that provision had been made for grounds and buildings for the uses specified in the said mentioned act of Congress;
Whereas it was declared and proclaimed by the President in his aforesaid proclamation that such international exhibition would be opened in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, not later than the 1st day of May, 1903, and be closed not later than the 1st day of December thereafter;
And whereas section 8 of the act of Congress approved June 28, 1902, entitled "An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, and for other purposes," fixes a subsequent date for the holding of the said international exhibition, and specifically states that said Commission shall provide for the dedication of the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in said city of St. Louis not later than the 30th day of April, 1903, with appropriate ceremonies, and thereafter said exposition shall be opened to visitors at such time as may be designated by said company, subject to the approval of said Commission, not later than the 1st day of May, 1904, and shall be closed at such time as the National Commission may determine, subject to the approval of said company, but not later than the 1st day of December thereafter;
Now, therefore, I, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, do hereby declare and proclaim the aforesaid provision of law to the end that it may definitely and formally be known that such international exhibition will be opened in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, not later than May 1, 1904, and will be closed not later than December 1 of that year.
In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the city of Washington the 1st day of July, 1902, and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-sixth.
By the President:
DAVID J. HILL,
Acting Secretary of State.
On April 30, 1903, the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition were dedicated in the city of St. Louis under the direction of the Commission.
GRAND MARSHAL, MAJ. GEN. HENRY C. CORBIN, UNITED STATES ARMY. * * * * *
At 10 o'clock a.m. the freedom of the city was tendered to the President of the United States by the mayor of St. Louis.
The military parade, composed of United States troops and the National Guard in attendance, assembled under direction of the grand marshal and moved from the junction of Grand avenue and Lindell boulevard promptly at half-past 10 o'clock, preceded by the President of the United States and official guests in carriages, through Forest Park to the exposition grounds, where the Presidential salute was fired, and the parade was reviewed by the President of the United States.
At 1.30 p.m. a grand band concert took place, the doors of the Liberal Arts Building, where the dedication exercises were held, were thrown open, and the audience seated under direction of the guards and ushers.
Promptly at 2 o'clock the assembly was called to order by Hon. David R. Francis, president of the Exposition Company, and the following programme was carried out:
First. Invocation by his eminence Cardinal James Gibbons, as follows:
We pray Thee, O God of might, wisdom, and justice, through Whom authority is rightly administered, laws are enacted, and judgment decreed, assist with the Holy Spirit of counsel and fortitude the President of the United States, that his Administration may be conducted in righteousness and be eminently useful to Thy people over whom he presides, by encouraging due respect for virtue and religion, by a faithful execution of the laws in justice and mercy, and by restraining vice and immorality.
By the light of Thy divine wisdom direct the deliberations of Congress and shine forth in all their proceedings and laws framed for our rule and government, so that they may tend to the preservation of peace, the promotion of national happiness, the increase of industry, sobriety, and useful knowledge, and may perpetuate to us the blessings of equal liberty.
We pray for his excellency, the governor of this State, for the members of the legislature, for all judges, magistrates, and other officers who are appointed to guard our political welfare, that they may be enabled by Thy powerful protection to discharge the duties of their respective stations with honesty and ability.
We pray for the president and directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, that their arduous labors may be crowned with success, and may redound to the greater growth and development of this flourishing city on the banks of the Father of Waters.
May this vast territory which was peacefully acquired a hundred years ago be for all time to come the tranquil and happy abode of millions of enlightened, God-fearing, and industrious people engaged in the various pursuits and avocations of life. As this new domain was added to our possessions without sanguinary strife, so may its soil never be stained by bloodshed in any foreign or domestic warfare.
May this commemorative exposition to which the family of nations are generously contributing their treasures of art and industry bind together the governments of the earth in closer ties of fellowship and good will, and of social and commercial intercourse. May it hasten the dawn of the reign of the Prince of Peace, when national conflicts will be adjusted, not by hostile armies, but by permanent courts of arbitration.
May this international exposition, inaugurated in the interests of people and commerce, help to break down the walls of dissension, of jealousy, and prejudice that divides race from race, nation from nation, and people from people, by proclaiming aloud the sublime gospel truth that we are all children of the same God, brothers and sisters of the same Lord Jesus Christ, and that we are all aspiring to a glorious inheritance in the everlasting kingdom of our common Father.
Second. Address by Mr. Thomas H. Carter, of the National Commission, president of the day.
One hundred years ago to-day the Government of the United States acquired sovereignty over the vast territory west of the Mississippi River, which has since been known to the geographical nomenclature of the world as the "Louisiana Purchase." Beyond the river the boundaries and the resources of the territory were ill defined and but vaguely comprehended. The purchase price of $15,000,000 was pronounced exorbitant, the free navigation of the Mississippi being the only part of the property deemed worthy of serious consideration. The transaction was regarded by many as a violation of the Constitution and a menace to our form of government. The grave doubts of president Jefferson were only resolved into action by his patriotic desire for national supremacy over the river and his prophetic faith in the possibilities of the mysterious country beyond it. The revelations of a century most amply justified his faith.
When the treaty of cession was concluded, President Jefferson represented less than 6,000,000 people. During these ceremonies, President Roosevelt, the Executive of over 80,000,000 of freemen, will dedicate the buildings.
The magical story of local development puts to shame the creations of fiction. The contented and prosperous inhabitants of the Louisiana Purchase to-day substantially equal in numbers three times the total population of the United States in 1800. The conquest of space, forests, streams, and deserts and the founding of cities and States in waste places within this territory mark an advance unsurpassed in the history of human endeavor.
In conformity with a special act of Congress, the President has invited all the nations to cooperate with us in properly commemorating the masterful achievements of a century in this new country.
It is fitting that the celebration should be international, for you will in vain attempt to name a civilized country whose sons and daughters have not contributed to the glorious triumphs of peace recorded here. In vain will you seek a more cosmopolitan and at the same time a more homogeneous population than that of the Louisiana territory. The purchase facilitated by the exigencies of European war, and made in a season of darkness and peril, has proven a boon not only to the grantor and the grantee, but to humanity at large, for here the nations have commingled, and the brotherhood of man has become a demonstrated possibility.
As a means of giving expression to the universal appreciation of what has been accomplished for humanity within this field during the century, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was organized under authority of an act of Congress. With the aid of the United States Government and the city of St. Louis, the Exposition Company, through its officers, agents, and employees, has erected the majestic exposition buildings whose massive proportions and classical outlines excite the wonder and admiration of the vast multitude assembled within and about their walls.
To everyone present is accorded the privilege of assisting in the dedication of these buildings to their intended use. The President of the United States honors us by being present to extend his greetings and to voice the approving sentiments of his countrymen.
Moved by a broad and generous spirit, the nations of the earth, from the empire of most ancient origin to the republic of twentieth-century creation, dignifies the occasion by the presence of their accredited representatives. Our home folks from all the States, Territories, and districts betoken by their numbers and enthusiasm the interest of the body of the people in the exposition and the great historic event it is intended to commemorate.
In the name of the National Commission, directed by Congress to provide for the dedication ceremonies, I extend to you all a cordial welcome, and as responsive to this inspiring scene of peace and generous feeling, I call upon the chorus to favor us with Beethoven's Creation hymn.
Those best informed will, by unanimous consent, yield to Hon. David R. Francis, president of the company, the highest measure of praise for the organization of the exposition and the construction of the buildings he will now present to the President of the United States for dedication.
Third. Grand chorus: "The Heavens Proclaiming."
Fourth. Presentation of the buildings by Hon. David R. Francis, president of the Exposition Company:
The people of the Louisiana Purchase are proud of their
membership in the Federal Union.
They are grateful for the benefits that have flowed from a life under the enduring institutions framed by the founders of the Republic. They congratulate their brethren on the position our country occupies among the nations of the earth, and felicitate themselves on the part they have performed toward raising it to its present prestige and power.
They felt it a patriotic duty to fittingly commemorate the completion of the first century of their connection with the American Republic, and the rounding out of an important epoch in the life of the Republic. In the discharge of that duty this exposition was conceived. The inhabitants of the fourteen States and two Territories comprised within the purchase selected St. Louis as the scene of the celebration.
The people of this city, grateful for the honor conferred, promptly accepted it and cheerfully assumed the immense responsibility it entailed. The century just closed, unequaled as it was in every line of progress, furnishes no more striking evidence of the advance of civilization than the development of the Louisiana territory. A celebration in such an age and in such a country, to be fit, should be upon a scale in keeping with the best and the highest, and should be planned upon lines broad enough to take in every people and every clime.
A scheme so ambitious in its inception naturally had comparatively few advocates and encountered many antagonists and more doubters. It could not be accomplished without the recognition and the aid of the General Government, which, for a time, it seemed impossible to enlist. It was decided that the amount required to launch an undertaking so comprehensive should be the same as that paid for the empire which Jefferson purchased—$15,000,000. The Congress said to St. Louis, "When you have secured two-thirds of that sum, we will provide the remaining third." The conditions were accepted and fulfilled.
After three years of struggle the sinews had been secured—the first step accomplished. Two years have since elapsed. During that period the work has been pushed in every State and Territory and possession of the United States, and in every civilized country on the earth. The disappointments experienced and the obstacles encountered have but served to spur to renewed effort those who, from the inception of the movement, had determined to carry it to a successful consummation.
The further encouragement of the General Government on the provision for its own exhibit, the cooperation of 41 States and Territories and possessions of the United States, the pledged participation of 32 foreign countries are the results of vigorous domestic and foreign exploitation. That, and what you behold here to-day in physical shape, we submit as the product of five years of labor, nearly four of which were devoted to propaganda and appeal and organization.
The plan and scope, comprehensive as they were in the beginning, have never diminished at any stage of the progress; rather have they been amplified and enlarged.
St. Louis, with an ever-widening sense of the responsibility, and an ever-growing appreciation of the opportunity, has, up to this moment, risen to the full measure of the duty assumed. The management of the exposition has never despaired, but with a realizing sense of the mighty task it has undertaken, and mindful of the limitations of human capabilities, with singleness of purpose and with personal sacrifice for which it neither asks nor deserves credit, has striven to meet the expectations of those whose trust it holds.
The Exposition Company makes its acknowledgments to those faithful and efficient officials whose intelligent service have contributed so much toward bringing the enterprise to its present stage. The company expresses its obligation to the artists and artisans who have reared these graceful and majestic structures and whose labors have been inspired more by pride in the end to be achieved than by hope of material reward.
The Universal Exposition of 1904, when the date of opening rolls around one year from to-day, will, with its buildings completed, its exhibits installed, be thoroughly prepared to receive the millions of visitors who will enter its gates. The distinguished assemblage which honors us with its presence to-day can come nearer forming an adequate conception of the scope of the work by personal inspection than through the writings or illustrations of authors and designers, however great their talent may be.
To the President of the United States, to the accomplished representatives of foreign countries, to the chief executives of the sovereign States, to the Senators and Representatives of the National Congress, to the great concourse of visitors here congregated, we extend greeting. If you are pleased with what has been accomplished, your approval is abundant reward for the labor we have performed.
We bear in mind and trust you do not overlook that this celebration is of no section, but of the entire country. It is our hope and our expectation that every section and every commonwealth, and in fact, every community, will cherish a proprietary interest and lend hopeful aid to this undertaking, to the end that it may prove as nearly as may be commensurate with the country and the century whose achievement and advancement it is designed to commemorate.
The beautiful picture whose outlines you now behold will, to adopt the simile of the chief designer, when completed, compose a song that will reverberate around the globe.
And now, Mr. President, it is my pleasing privilege and high honor to present to you for dedication the buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. May a high standard of citizenship and broader humanity and the mission of the country whose worthy representative you are be sustained and fostered and promoted by the uses to which these structures are devoted. May the happiness of mankind be advanced and broadened by the lofty purposes that inspired this undertaking and moved our own and sister countries to unite in its accomplishment.
Fifth. Dedication address by the President of the United States:
MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: At the outset of my address let me recall to the minds of my hearers that the soil upon which we stand, before it was ours was successively the possession of two mighty empires—Spain and France—whose sons made a deathless record of heroism in the early annals of the New World.
No history of the Western country can be written without paying heed to the wonderful part played therein in the early days by the soldiers, missionaries, explorers, and traders who did their work for the honor of the proud banners of France and Castile.
While the settlers of English-speaking stock and those of Dutch, German, and Scandinavian origin, who were associated with them, were still clinging close to the eastern seaboard, the pioneers of Spain and of France had penetrated deep into the hitherto unknown wildness of the West and had wandered far and wide within the boundaries of what is now our mighty country. The very cities themselves—St. Louis, New Orleans, Santa Fe, N. Mex.—bear witness by their titles to the nationalities of their founders. It was not until the Revolution had begun that the English-speaking settlers pushed west across the Alleghanies, and not until a century ago that they entered in to possess the land upon which we now stand.
We have met here to-day to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the event which more than any other, after the foundation of the Government, and always excepting its preservation, determined the character of our national life—determined that we should be a great expanding nation instead of relatively a small and stationary one.
Of course, it was not with the Louisiana Purchase that our career of expansion began. In the middle of the Revolutionary war the Illinois region, including the present States of Illinois and Indiana, was added to our domain by force of arms, as a sequel to the adventurous expedition of George Rogers Clark and his frontier riflemen.
Later the treaties of Jay and Pinckney materially extended our real boundaries to the west. But none of these events was of so striking a character as to fix the popular imagination. The old thirteen colonies had always claimed that their rights stretched westward to the Mississippi, and vague and unreal though these claims were until made good by conquest, settlement, and diplomacy, they still served to give the impression that the earliest westward movements of our people were little more than the filling in of already existing national boundaries.
But there could be no illusion about the acquisition of the vast territory beyond the Mississippi, stretching westward to the Pacific, which in that day was known as Louisiana. This immense region was admittedly the territory of a foreign power, of a European kingdom. None of our people had ever laid claim to a foot of it. Its acquisition could in no sense be treated as rounding out any existing claims. When we acquired it, we made evident once for all that consciously and of set purpose we had embarked on a career of expansion; that we had taken our place among those daring and hardy nations who risk much with the hope and desire of winning high position among the great powers of the earth. As is so often the case in nature the law of development of a living organism showed itself in its actual workings to be wiser than the wisdom of the wisest.
This work of expansion was by far the greatest work of our people during the years that intervened between the adoption of the Constitution and the outbreak of the civil war. There were other questions of real moment and importance, and there were many which at the time seemed such to those engaged in answering them; but the greatest feat of our forefathers of those generations was the deed of the men, who with pack train or wagon train, on horseback, on foot, or by boat upon the waters pushed the frontier ever westward across the continent.
Never before had the world seen the kind of national expansion which gave our people all that part of the American continent lying west of the thirteen original States—the greatest landmark in which was the Louisiana Purchase. Our triumph in this process of expansion was indissolubly bound up with the success of our peculiar kind of Federal Government, and this success has been so complete that because of its very completeness we now sometimes fail to appreciate not only the all importance but the tremendous difficulty of the problem with which our nation was originally faced.
When our forefathers joined to call into being this nation, they undertook a task for which there was but little encouraging precedent. The development of civilization from the earliest period seemed to show the truth of two propositions: In the first place, it had always proved exceedingly difficult to secure both freedom and strength in any Government; and in the second place, it had always proved well-nigh impossible for a nation to expand without either breaking up or becoming a centralized tyranny. With the success of our effort to combine a strong and efficient national union, able to put down disorder at home and to maintain our honor and interest abroad, I have not now to deal. This success was signal and all important, but it was by no means unprecedented in the same sense that our type of expansion was unprecedented.
The history of Rome and of Greece illustrates very well the two types of expansion which had taken place in ancient times, and which had been universally accepted as the only possible types up to the period when, as a nation, we ourselves began to take possession of this continent. The Grecian states performed remarkable feats of colonization, but each colony as soon as created became entirely independent of the mother state, and in after years was almost as apt to prove its enemy as its friend. Local self-government, local independence was secured, but only by the absolute sacrifice of anything resembling national unity.
In consequence, the Greek world, for all its wonderful brilliancy and extraordinary artistic, literary, and philosophical development, which has made all mankind its debtor for the ages, was yet wholly unable to withstand a formidable foreign foe, save spasmodically. As soon as powerful permanent empires arose on its outskirts, the Greek states in the neighborhood of such empires fell under their sway. National power and greatness were completely sacrificed to local liberty.
With Rome the exact opposite occurred. The imperial city rose to absolute dominion over all the people of Italy, and then expanded her rule over the entire civilized world, by a process which kept the nation strong and united, but gave no room whatever for local liberty and self-government. All other cities and countries were subject to Rome. In consequence, this great and masterful race of warriors, rulers, road builders, and administrators stamped their indelible impress upon all the after life of our race, and yet let an over-centralization eat out the vitals of their empire until it became an empty shell, so that when the barbarians came they destroyed only what had already become worthless to the world.
The underlying viciousness of each type of expansion was plain enough, and the remedy now seems simple enough. But when the fathers of the Republic first formulated the Constitution under which we live, this remedy was untried, and no one could foretell how it would work. They themselves began the experiment almost immediately by adding new States to the original thirteen. Excellent people in the East viewed this initial expansion of the country with great alarm. Exactly as during the colonial period many good people in the mother country thought it highly important that settlers should be kept out of the Ohio Valley in the interest of the fur companies, so after we had become a nation many good people on the Atlantic coast felt grave apprehension lest they might somehow be hurt by the westward growth of the nation.
These good people shook their heads over the formation of States in the fertile Ohio Valley, which now forms part of the heart of our nation, and they declared that the destruction of the Republic had been accomplished when through the Louisiana Purchase we acquired nearly half of what is now that same Republic's present territory. Nor was their feeling unnatural. Only the adventurous and the farseeing can be expected heartily to welcome the process of expansion, for a nation which expands is a nation which is entering upon a great career, and with greatness there must of necessity come perils which daunt all save the most stout-hearted.
We expand by carving the wilderness into Territories, and out of these Territories building new States when once they had received as permanent settlers a sufficient number of our own people. Being a practical nation, we have never tried to force on any section of our new territory an unsuitable form of government merely because it was suitable for another section under different conditions. Of the territory covered by the Louisiana Purchase, a portion was given statehood within a few years. Another portion has not been admitted to statehood, although a century has elapsed, although doubtless it soon will be. In each case we showed the practical governmental genius of our race by devising methods suitable to meet the actual existing needs, not by insisting upon the application of some abstract shibboleth to all our new possessions alike, no matter how incongruous this application might sometimes be.
Over by far the major part of the territory, however, our people spread in such numbers during the course of the nineteenth century that we were able to build up State after State, each with exactly the same complete local independence in all matters affecting purely its own domestic interests as in any of the original thirteen States, each owing the same absolute fealty to the Union of all the States which each of the original thirteen States also owes, and, finally, each having the same proportional right to its share in shaping and directing the common policy of the Union which is possessed by any other State, whether of the original thirteen or not.
This process now seems to us part of the natural order of things, but it was wholly unknown until our own people devised it. It seems to us a mere matter of course, a matter of elementary right and justice, that in the deliberations of the national representative bodies the representatives of a State which came into the Union but yesterday stand on a footing of exact and entire equality with those of the commonwealth whose sons once signed the Declaration of Independence.
But this way of looking at the matter is purely modern and in its origin purely American. When Washington, during his Presidency, saw new States come into the Union on a footing of complete equality with the old, every European nation which had colonies still administered them as dependencies, and every other mother country treated the colonists not as a self-governing equal, but as a subject.
The process which we began has since been followed by all the great people who were capable both of expansion and of self-government, and now the world accepts it as the natural process, as the rule; but a century and a quarter ago it was not merely exceptional—it was unknown.
This, then, is the great historic significance of the movement of continental expansion, in which the Louisiana Purchase was the most striking single achievement. It stands out in marked relief even among the feats of a nation of pioneers, a nation whose people have, from the beginning, been picked out by a process of natural selection from among the most enterprising individuals of the nations of western Europe.
The acquisition of the territory is a credit to the broad and far-sighted statesmanship of the great statesmen to whom it was immediately due, and, above all, to the aggressive and masterful character of the hardy pioneer folk to whose restless energy these statesmen gave expression and direction, whom they followed rather than led. The history of the land comprised within the limits of the Purchase is an epitome of the entire history of our people. Within these limits we have gradually built up State after State, until now they many times over surpass in wealth, in population, and in many-sided development the original thirteen States as they were when their delegates met in the Continental Congress.
The people of these States have shown themselves mighty in war with their fellow-man and mighty in strength to tame the rugged wilderness. They could not thus have conquered the forest, the prairie, the mountain and the desert, had they not possessed the great fighting virtues, the qualities which enable a people to overcome the forces of hostile men and hostile nature.
On the other hand they could not have used aright their conquest had they not in addition possessed the qualities of self-mastery and self-restraint, the power of acting in combination with their fellows, the power of yielding obedience to the law and of building up an orderly civilization. Courage and hardihood are indispensable virtues in a people, but the people which possess no others can never rise high in the scale either of power or of culture. Great peoples must have in addition the governmental capacity which comes only when individuals fully recognize their duties to one another and to the whole body politic and are able to join together in feats of constructive statesmanship and of honest and effective administration.
The old pioneer days are gone with their roughness and their hardship, their incredible toil and their wild, half-savage romance. But the need for the pioneer virtues remains the same as ever. The peculiar frontier conditions have vanished; but the manliness and stalwart hardihood of the frontiersman can be given even freer scope under the conditions surrounding the complex industrialism of the present day.
In this great region acquired for our people under the presidency of Jefferson, this region stretching from the Gulf to the Canadian border, from the Mississippi to the Rockies, the material and social progress has been so vast that alike for weal and for woe, the people share the opportunities and bear the burdens common to the entire civilized world. The problems before us are fundamentally the same east and west of the Mississippi, in the new States and in the old, and exactly the same qualities are required for their successful solution.
We meet here to-day to commemorate a great event, an event which marks an era in statesmanship no less than in pioneering. It is fitting that we should pay our homage in words; but we must in honor make our words good by deeds. We have every right to take a just pride in the great deeds of our forefathers; but we show ourselves unworthy to be their descendants if we make what they did an excuse for our lying supine instead of an incentive to the effort to show ourselves, by our acts, worthy of them. In the administration of city, State, and nation, in the management of our home life and conduct of our business and social relations, we are bound to show certain high and fine qualities of character under penalty of seeing the whole heart of our civilization eaten out while the body still lives.
We justly pride ourselves on our marvelous material prosperity, and such prosperity must exist in order to establish a foundation upon which a higher life can be built; but unless we do in very fact build this higher life thereon, the material prosperity itself will go but for very little. Now, in 1903, in the altered conditions, we must meet the changed and changing problems with the spirit shown by the men who in 1803 and in subsequent years, gained, explored, conquered, and settled this vast territory, then a desert, now filled with thriving and populous States.
The old days were great because the men who lived in them had mighty qualities; and we must make the new days great by showing the same qualities. We must insist upon courage and resolution, upon hardihood, tenacity, and fertility in resource; we must insist upon the strong virile virtues; and we must insist no less upon the virtues of self-restraint, self-mastery, regard for the rights of others; we must show our abhorrence of cruelty, brutality, and corruption, in public and private life alike.
If we come short in any of these qualities we shall measurably fail; and if, as I believe we surely shall, we develop these qualities in the future to an even greater degree than in the past, then in the century now beginning we shall make of this Republic the freest and most orderly, the most just and most mighty nation which has ever come forth from the womb of time.
Sixth. Grand chorus: "Unfold Ye Portals."
Seventh. Address by Hon. Grover Cleveland:
MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: The impressiveness of this occasion is greatly enhanced by reason of an atmosphere of prophecy's fulfillment which surrounds it. The thought is in our minds that we are amid awe-inspiring surroundings, where we may see and feel things foretold a century ago. We are here in recognition of the one hundredth anniversary of an event which doubled the area of the young American nation, and dedicated a new and wide domain of American progress and achievement. The treaty whose completion we to-day commemorate was itself a prophecy of our youthful nation's mighty growth and development. At its birth prophets in waiting joyously foretold the happiness which its future promised. He who was the chief actor in the United States in its negotiations, as he signed the perfected instrument, thus declared its effect and far-reaching consequences: "The instrument which we have just signed will cause no tears to be shed. It prepares ages of happiness for innumerable generations of human creatures. The Mississippi and the Missouri will see them succeed one another, truly worthy of the regard and care of Providence in the bosom of equality under just laws, freed from the errors of superstition and the scourges of bad government."
He who represented the nation with whom we negotiated, when he afterwards gave to the world his account of the transactions, declared: "The consequences of the cession of Louisiana will extend to the most distant posterity. It interests vast regions that will become by their civilization and power the rivals of Europe before another century commences," and warmed to enthusiasm by the developments already in view and greater ones promised, he added: "Who can contemplate without vivid emotion this spectacle of the happiness of the present generation and the certain pledges of the prosperity of numberless generations that will follow? At these magnificent prospects the heart beats with joy in the breasts of those who were permitted to see the dawn of these bright days, and who are assured that so many happy presages will be accomplished."
There was another prophet, greater than all—prophet and priest—who, higher up the mountain than others, heard more distinctly the voice of destiny, whose heart and soul were full of prophecy and whose every faculty was tense and strong as he wrought for our nation's advancement and for the peace and contentment of his fellow-countryman. From the fullness of gratitude and joy, he thus wrote to one who had assisted in the consummation of this great treaty:
"For myself and my country, I thank you for the aid you have given in it; and I congratulate you on having lived to give these aids in a transaction replete with blessings to unborn millions of men, and which will mark the face of a portion of the globe so extensive as that which now composes the United States of America;" and when, as President, he gave notice in a message to Congress of the actual occupancy by the Government of its new acquisition, he happily presaged the future and gave assurance of his complete faith and confidence in the beneficent result of our nation's extensions, in these words: "On this important acquisition, so favorable to the immediate interests of our western citizens, so auspicious to the peace and security of the nation in general, which adds to our country territories so extensive and fertile and to our citizens new brethren to partake of the blessings of freedom and self-government, I offer Congress and our country my sincere congratulations."
Our prophets do not live forever. They are not here to see how
stupendously the growth and development of the American nation,
or the domain newly acquired in their day, have, during a short
century, outrun their anticipations and predictions.
Almost within the limits of the territory gained by the
Louisiana purchase, we have already carved out twelve great
States, leaving still a large residue whose occupants are even
now loudly clamoring for statehood.
Instead of the 50,000 white settlers who occupied this domain in 1803, it now contains 15,000,000 of industrious, enterprising, intelligent Americans, constituting about one-fifth of the population of all our States; and these are defiantly contesting for premiership in wealth and material success with the oldest of our States, and are their equals in every phase of advanced intelligence and refined civilization.
The States which composed the Union when its possessions were so greatly extended have since that time seen the center of the nation's population carried more than 500 miles westward by the swift and constant current of settlement toward this new domain; and the citizens of these States have been flocking thither, "new brethren to partake of the blessings of freedom and self-government," in multitudes greater than even Jefferson would have dared to foretell.
I shall not enter the field of statistics for the purpose of giving details of the development of the territory acquired under the treaty we commemorate. I have referred to such development in some of its general features by way of suggesting how distinctly the century just ended gives assurance of a startling and superabundant final fulfillment of the prophecies of its beginners.
The supreme importance of the Louisiana purchase and its value as a national accomplishment, when seen in the incidents of its short history and in the light of its present and prospective effects, and judged solely by its palpable and independent merits, can not be better characterized than by the adoption of the following language from the pen of a brilliant American historian: "The annexation of Louisiana was an event so portentious as to defy measurement. It gave a new face to politics and ranked in historical importance next to the Declaration of Independence and the adoption of the Constitution, events of which it was the logical outcome. But as a matter of diplomacy it was unparalleled because it cost almost nothing."
How fitting on every ground it is that the centennial of this stupendous event should be joyously and appropriately celebrated; and that it should be celebrated here in the most populous of the States created from the territory which the Louisiana purchase gave to us. And how in keeping it is with the character of this acquisition and with its purpose and mission that our celebration should not waste itself on the pomp and pageantry that belongs to the triumphs and spoils of war, or to the rapacious dispossessions of ruthless conquest. Every feature of our celebration should remind us that we memorialize a peaceful acquisition of territory for truly American uses and purposes; and we should rejoice not only because this acquisition immediately gave peace and contentment to the spirited and determined American settlers who demanded an outlet of trade to the sea, but also because it provided homes and means of livelihood for the millions of new Americans whose coming tread fell upon the ears of the expectant fathers of the Republic, and whose stout hearts and brawny arms wrought the miracles which our celebration should interpret.
We are here at this hour to dedicate beautiful and stately edifices to the purposes of our commemoration, but as we do this let us remember that the soil whereon we stand was a century ago dedicated to the genius of American industry and thrift. For every reason, nothing could be more appropriate as an important part of the centennial commemoration we have undertaken than the gathering together on this spot of the things that are characteristic of American effort and which tell the story of American achievement; and how happily will this be supplemented and crowned by the generous, magnanimous, and instructive contributions from other and older lands, which, standing side by side with our exhibits, shall manifest the high and friendly regard our Republic has gained among the governments of the earth, and shall demonstrate how greatly advancing civilization has fostered and stimulated the brotherhood of nations.
I can not, however, rid myself of the feeling that the inspiration and value attending such an exposition may be anticipated and increased if on this dedicatory occasion we promote appropriate reflections by a retrospection of some of the incidents which accompanied the event we celebrate.
We all know that long before the negotiations of the treaty of 1803 our Government had a keen appreciation of the importance to American settlers in the valley of the Mississippi of an arrangement permitting their products to be deposited and exported at the entrance of that river to the sea. It will be remembered that this need of our settlers had been met in a limited and not altogether secure manner by a treaty with Spain, allowing such deposits and exports to be made at the city of New Orleans. This privilege was entirely withdrawn in October, 1792, the territory appurtenant to such privilege having been in the meantime transferred to France. The situation thus created was extremely delicate. There was presented to the Government on the one hand the injury to western settlers through the loss of their trading outlet, and on the other the perplexing question of affording them relief by means of diplomatic agreement, or in some other method. The abandonment of our settlers to their disheartening fate was of course not contemplated.
It can not be denied that the conditions plainly pointed to cautious and deliberate negotiations as the way of prudence and safety. It very soon became apparent, however, that delay and too much deliberation did not suit the temper and spirit of sturdy Americans chafing under a sense of wrong and convinced that they were entitled to prompt assistance. The inhabitants of our territory bounding on the east side of the Mississippi, in a memorial addressed to the President, Senate, and House of Representatives, after reciting their discouraging conditions and expressing their faith in the Government's disposition to extend the necessary aid, closed their memorial with these significant words: "And so far as may depend on ourselves, we tender to our country our lives and fortunes in support of such measures as Congress may deem necessary to vindicate the honor and protect the interests of the United States."
The settlers in the States "west of the Allegheny Mountains" also, in a memorial to the Government, clearly indicated their impatience and readiness for extreme action, declared that prompt and decisive measures were necessary, and referred to the maxim that protection and allegiance are reciprocal as being particularly applicable to their situation. They concluded their statement with these solemn words: "Without interfering in the measures that have been adopted to bring about the amicable arrangement of a difference which has grown out of the gratuitous violation of a solemn treaty, they desire that the United States may explicitly understand that their condition is critical; that the delay of a single season would be ruinous to their country, and that an imperious necessity may consequently oblige them, if they receive no aid, to adopt themselves the measures that may appear to them calculated to protect their commerce, even though those measures should produce consequences unfavorable to the harmony of the Confederacy."
These representations emphasized the apprehension of those charged with governmental affairs that the course of deliberate caution and waiting, which up to that time had appeared to be the only one permissible, might be insufficient to meet the situation, and that whatever the result might be, a more pronounced position and more urgent action should be entered upon. President Jefferson wrote to a friend on the 1st of February, 1803: "Our circumstances are so imperious as to admit of no delay as to our course, and the use of the Mississippi so indispensible that we can not hesitate one moment to hazard our existence for its maintenance." He appointed an additional envoy to cooperate with our representative already at the French capital in an attempt to obtain a concession that would cure the difficulty, and, in a communication to him, after referring to the excitement caused by the withdrawal of the right of deposit, he thus characterizes the condition which he believed confronted the nation: "On the event of this mission depend the future destinies of this Republic. If we can not by a purchase of the country insure to ourselves a course of perpetual peace and friendship of all nations, then, as war can not be far distant, it behooves us immediately to be preparing for that course, though not hastening it."
I have not recited these details for the purpose of claiming that this accelerated speed and advanced position on the part of our Government had any important effect in hastening final results. I have thought it not amiss, however, to call attention to the fact that a century ago the people of this country were not seeking to gain governmental benefit by clandestine approach and cunning pretense, but were apt to plainly present their wants and grievances, and to openly demand such consideration and care from the General Government as was their due under the mandate of popular rule, and that in making their demands they relied on the mutual obligation of the relationship between the governed and those invested with authority, and invoked the reciprocity in political duty which enjoins that for the people's obedience and support of government, there shall be given in exchange, by the Government to the people, defense of their personal rights and the assurance that in safety and peace they shall surely reap the fruits of their enterprise and labor.
It may also be well to note the efficacy of the people's call upon the Government in those early days, and how quickly the response came; not by yielding to gusts of popular whim and caprice; not by conferring benefits upon the few at the expense of the many; but by a quick observation of the fact that the withdrawal of certain rightful privilege by another nation from American settlers had caused them distress, and by a prompt determination to relieve their distress, even if the unwelcome visage of war frowned in opposition.
Another incident which, it seems to me, we may recall to-day with profit and satisfaction, grew out of the conduct of the President when the treaty of 1803 had been formulated and was returned to him for ratification and final completion. He was, as is well known, originally quite firm in his belief that the Constitution as it stood did not authorize such an extension of our limits by purchase as the treaty for the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory contemplated. Holding this opinion, and at the same time confronted with the clear conviction that the treaty, with all its stupendous advantages, could not be allowed to fail without positive peril, if not to our national life, at least to its most vital object and aspirations, his perplexity was increased by the receipt of an authoritative intimation that any delay in final action on the treaty might open the way to a recession on the part of France. In these circumstances, not daring to risk the delay of an amendment to the Constitution prior to such final action, he proposed reconciling consistency with duty by procuring confirmation of the treaty by the Senate and compassing its unquestionable validation by a subsequent constitutional amendment.
In view of the conclusive statement, since that time of this constitutional question by every branch of the Government against Mr. Jefferson's original opinion and in favor of the nation's power to acquire territory, as was done under the treaty of 1803, and considering the fact that we have since that time immensely increased our area by the acquisition, not only of neighboring territory, but of distant islands of the sea, separated by thousands of miles from our home domain, we may be inclined to think lightly of President Jefferson's scruples concerning the acquisition of lands, not only next adjacent to us, but indisputably necessary to our peace and development.
There were wise men near our President in 1803 who differed with him touching the nation's power to acquire new territory under the original provisions of the Constitution; and these men did not fail to make known their dissent. Moreover, in the Senate, to which the treaty was submitted for confirmation, there was an able discussion of its constitutional validity and effectiveness. The judgment of that body on this phase of the subject was emphatically declared, when out of 31 votes 24 were cast in favor of confirmation. An amendment to the Constitution was afterwards presented to Congress, but its first appearance was its last. It does not appear that the President interested himself in its fate, and it died at the moment of introduction.
While in this day and generation we may wonder at the doubts which so perplexed Jefferson in 1803 and at his estimate of the limitation of our fundamental law, and may be startled when we reflect that if they had been allowed to control his action we might have lost the greatest national opportunity which has been presented to our people since the adoption of the Constitution, we can not fail at the same time to be profoundly grateful that these doubts and this estimate were those of a man sincere enough and patriotic enough to listen to wise and able counselors and to give his country the benefit of his admission of the fallibility of his judgment.
Thomas Jefferson never furnished better evidence of his greatness than when, just before the submission of the treaty to the Senate, he wrote to a distinguished Senator who differed with him on this question: "I confess that I think it important in the present case to set an example against broad construction by appealing for new power to the people. If, however, our friends shall think differently, certainly I shall acquiesce with satisfaction, confiding that the good sense of our country will correct the evil of construction when it shall produce ill effects."
A recent writer on American diplomacy, who is not suspected of partiality for Jeffersonian political doctrine, gave in strong and graceful terms a good reason for our gratitude to-day, when, in referring to this subject, he wrote: "It was fortunate for the future of America that we had at the head of affairs a man of such broad views of our country's future. A less able President, with the same views as entertained by Jefferson as to the constitutionality of the measure would have put aside the opportunity. Jefferson put aside his preconceived views as to the fundamental law; or subordinated them to the will of the nation and welcomed the opportunity to open up the continent to the expansion of American democracy and free institutions."
We are glad at this hour that Jefferson was wrong in his adverse construction of the Constitution and glad that he was liberal minded enough to see that he might be wrong. And yet may we not profitably pause here long enough to contrast in our thoughts the careful and reverent manner in which the restrictions of our fundamental law were scrutinized a hundred years ago with the tendency often seen in later times to flippantly attempt the adjustment of our Constitution to the purposes of interest and convenience?
In conclusion, I hope I may be permitted to suggest that our thoughts and surroundings on this occasion should lead us to humble recognition of the providence of God in all that has made us a great nation. From our beginning as a people our course has been marked by concurrences and incidents so striking, so significant and so constant, that only superstitious dullness or intellectual blindness will place them to the credit of luck or chance.
In the midst of our rejoicing to-day it is peculiarly fitting that we recall with soberness and meekness some of the happiness in connection with the great event we celebrate, which impressively illustrate the interposition of Divine Providence in our behalf. We sought from a nation ruled by one whose ambition was boundless and whose scheme for aggrandizement knew neither the obligations of public morality nor the restraints of good faith, the free navigation of the Mississippi River, and such insignificant territory as would make such navigation useful. While our efforts toward the accomplishment of this slight result languished and were fast assuming a hopeless condition, the autocrat of France suddenly commanded one of his ministers to enter into negotiations with our waiting and dispirited representatives and exclaimed: "I renounce Louisiana. It is not only New Orleans I cede. It is the whole colony without reserve."
It was only nineteen days thereafter that the treaty transferring to us the magnificent domain comprised within the Louisiana Purchase was concluded.
This astonishing change in our prospects, which dissipated the fears and apprehensions of our Government and revived the promise of our perpetuity and happy destiny, came at the very moment that Bonaparte was organizing a force to occupy the Louisiana Territory in the prosecution of colonial occupation and development, which, if consummated, would probably have closed the door even to the slight acquisition which we originally sought. The French colony of Santo Domingo was, however, a prime factor in this scheme of occupation, and it was essential to its success that this colony and Louisiana should both be included and should supplement each other. A serious revolt then raging in Santo Domingo delaying proceedings, the occupation of Louisiana was postponed until this revolt should be overcome. The troops sent from France to accomplish this apparently easy task were so stubbornly resisted by hundreds of thousands of freed blacks fighting against their reenslavement, and they suffered so terribly from climatic conditions and deadly fever, that after the sacrifice of 25,000 soldiers, many of whom were intended for the subsequent occupation of Louisiana, Bonaparte's plan for the occupation of both colonies miscarried. The disappointment and the conception of new schemes of war and conquest by the restless dictator of France, and his need of money to carry out these schemes, were controlling circumstances in leading him to throw in our lap the entire Louisiana Territory. None of these circumstances were within our procurement or knowledge; but who shall say that God was not accomplishing His designs in our behalf amid the turmoil and distressing scenes of Santo Domingo's revolt? And how can it be said that there was no Providence in the unexpected unyielding and successful fight for continued freedom on the part of the negroes of Santo Domingo, or in the fatal pestilence that vied with bloody warfare in the destruction of the army of subjugation, or in the fever of war and aggression which heated the blood of Bonaparte, all combining to turn him away from the occupation of the Louisiana Territory? All these things, so remote and so far out of sight, pointed with the coercion that belongs to the decrees of God to a consummation which restored to our people peace and contentment, and secured to our nation extension and development beyond the dreams of our fathers.
Thus we may well recall in these surroundings the wonderful measure of prophecy's fulfillment within the span of a short century, the spirit, the patriotism, and the civic virtue of Americans who lived a hundred years ago, and God's overruling of the wrath of man and His devious ways for the blessing of our nation.
We are all proud of our American citizenship. Let us leave this place with this feeling stimulated by the sentiments born of the occasion. Let us appreciate more keenly than ever how vitally necessary it is to our country's weal that everyone within its citizenship should be clean minded in political aim and aspiration, sincere and honest in his conception of our country's mission, and aroused to higher and more responsive patriotism by the reflection that it is a solemn thing to belong to a people favored of God.
Eighth. "America," with full chorus and band accompaniment.
Ninth. Prayer by Bishop E.R. Hendrix:
Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, we devoutly thank and worship Thee, the Author of our being, and the gracious source of all our blessings. We are because Thou art; and Thou hast made us in Thy image capable of fellowship with Thee and delighting in a fellowship with one another as we resemble Thee. Thou hast given us our reason and the power of cooperation with one another in all worthy ends looking to the well-being of our race. Civilization with its conquests over the material world is possible only with Thy aid. Christianity with its conquests over evil is the work of God and man, as Thou dost call us to be Thy fellow-workers and dost inspire us with courage and faith.
This wonderful achievement of human effort and skill which we dedicate this day is possible only by Thy help and as we have imitated Thy example. Thou art the great Architect and Builder. Thou art the great Mathematician and Engineer. Thou art the great Chemist and Electrician. Thou art the great Thinker and Artist. Our works are but pale and feeble copies of Thine, and are possible only because Thou workest until now and dost bless our works. The uniformity of Thy laws bids us work in confidence, and the unity of nature bids us work intelligently, because we work with Thee. We praise Thee for thy growing confidence in man, as Thou dost place in his hand the keys of every laboratory and dost trust him with the secrets of nature that have been hid from the foundation of the world. Again Thou dost give man dominion, whether in science, or art, or government, nor wilt Thou remove his scepter if he wield it for the betterment of his kind and for Thy glory. As the high priest and interpreter of nature may he prove worthy of his great trust.
We thank Thee for this great exposition, whose stately and noble exterior gives promise of being the home of a mighty spirit of worldwide fellowship of the nations. It is not only another milestone of progress, it is a timekeeper of civilization. We thank Thee for the pioneers and the prophets, the statesmen and the patriots who secured for us this great inheritance, and for their sons who have cultivated and developed it. Help us that we may realize the high ideals of our fathers who sought to establish and maintain good and righteous government, and to reap the harvests of patient industry. May no evil occurrence mar the happiness and good will which we invoke for the council of nations which shall here be held. May the commerce of ideas no less than of products be borne by favoring tides around the globe. To this end we implore Thy blessings upon the rulers of the nations of the earth which may be presented here. Grant peace in our time, O Lord, and may the victories of peace abound.
And now, O Lord, our God, we dedicate to Thee and to the welfare of our common humanity these buildings and grounds which Thy providence has made possible. Bless with Thy presence and favor this great festival of the nations that it may help to make stronger the bonds of human brotherhood in all the world. And all this we ask in the name of Christ, our Lord. Amen.
Tenth. Benediction by Right Rev. Henry C. Potter:
May the blessing of the Lord God Almighty, without whom all our labor is but vain, rest upon this work, and all who are or shall be engaged in it.
May He take these buildings under His gracious keeping and crown this great undertaking with His enduring favor, making it the school of truth and beauty and so a revelation of His infinite mind working and through the mind of man. And to Him be glory and honor and power now and always.
The Lord bless us and keep us; the Lord make His face to shine upon us and be gracious unto us; the Lord lift up the light of His countenance upon us and give to us and to all the people of this land peace, purity, and prosperity, both now and forevermore. Amen.
Eleventh. Centennial salute of 100 guns.
At 8 o'clock p. m. a grand pyrotechnic display took place on the open grounds south of the Administration Building.
At 10.30 a. m. the members of the Diplomatic Corps, the representatives of the foreign governments to the exposition, and other official guests assembled at the St. Louis Club, and they were then conducted by military escort to the Liberal Arts Building.
At 12 o'clock m. the assembly was called to order by Mr. Corwin H.
Spencer, chairman of the committee on ceremonies of the Exposition
Company, and the following programme was carried out:
First. Invocation by Rev. Carl Swenson:
Great God, the God of our fathers and of their children, accept our heartfelt worship and gratitude. We bless Thy holy name for that wonderful providence of bountiful love and inspiring benevolence by which Thou hast made us a great and mighty nation out of an insignificant, struggling, and sorrow-laden beginning.
We render willing and adoring worship to Thee for that divine guidance and wisdom so admirably exhibited in the wide-visioned policy in the nation's most inspired leaders a hundred years ago, and to-day the policy which in one brief century has created an empire of a dozen magnificent Commonwealths of an unknown expanse of uninhabited wilderness and desert.
Vouchsafe ever to us as a people leaders of prophetic understanding, who in an uncertain present fathom the true inwardness of conditions pregnated with the greatest possibilities for a future of ever increasing proportions and realizations.
We thank Thee for the wealth of hope and promise implied in the dedication and completion of this unparalleled congress of peace, good will, and universal fraternity, made possible not only by the enterprise, patriotism, and gratitude of this splendid Commonwealth and our own entire people, but also by the responsive, generous, and helpful cooperation of the nations of the whole world.
We pray for Thy blessing, guidance, and love upon every national life here represented. May, in Thy beneficent providence, the inspiring competitions and tournaments so necessary between one people and another become an ennobling race for a higher culture of the human heart and mind; a more universal usage of the forces of nature for the best interests of man and for the full fruition for each and every one of the unexampled industrial and commercial activities which has taken possession of the civilized world.
We pray Thee that the forces ever jointly employed in producing the advance of a free people may learn better to understand their mutual relationship.
Liberate and save capital from every alleged and real form of a grasping, destructive, and disloyal selfishness, which may turn even the present midday of national prosperity and contentment into the threatening deepening gloom of an advancing cyclone of unavoidable loss and destruction.
Give to the possessors of our fabulous wealth an ever-increasing philanthropy, devoting a surplus of possessions unheard of by our fathers to education, literature, arts, and mercy, thereby making themselves the beloved and blessed favorites of a happy and grateful people.
We pray Thee that labor and toil may ever be held in due honor and respect in our broad land. Help us to realize that labor, be it of hand or brains, is the sinews and backbone alike of our past, present, and future as a free people.
Grant, O God, to the leaders in the world of labor the highest and most patriotic ideals of citizenship—ideals and purposes commending themselves to the intelligence and justice of the entire people.
And as neither capital alone, nor labor alone, could have built this wonderful exposition, grant, O God, that capital and labor all over our glorious land may learn to join hands in fair-minded cooperation for the upbuilding of such conditions of society which will prove an inspiration to ourselves and a worthy example to others, ending all forms of illegal coercion by one party or the other, and calling into permanent existence that truest and greatest America which is ever the dream of loyal and patriotic hearts.
We pray Thee help us to realize and profess, amidst the justifiable joy of a happy people, that Thou art God alone, and that there is salvation only in the name of the Blessed Redeemer. Grant that we may continually see in the cross on Calvary the tested emblem of a new life for time and eternity, a life of insight, energy, and the power of universally recognized leadership ever characterizing the nation whose boon is the Bible and whose master is Christ. Bless and protect the President of our nation, the governor of the State, the mayor of this city, and the president of this exposition, with all their associations. God of our fathers, give unto us all that sincerity of purpose, that rectitude of action so necessary for the preservation of our rights and privileges. Make us the toiling means for promulgating for Thee, and ever more successfully, the divine message of the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and to Thee, the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost, shall be glory now and forevermore. Amen.
Second. The following is a brief outline of the sentiments expressed by
Mr. Thurston, president of the day:
We are here to welcome the ambassadors, ministers, and
representatives of friendly foreign nations.
Here we gather to commemorate an event which changed the whole history of America, for the acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase extended the boundaries of the young Republic, which up to that time had no seacoast, except that of the Atlantic Ocean on the east, and gave us a continental domain extending from ocean to ocean.
We come here to celebrate, through this magnificent exposition, the centennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. This is not an exposition of a city or of a State, or even of the United States; it is an exposition of and for the world.
Gentlemen, our visitors and our friends, in this temple of peace, dedicated to the progress of man, your presence is significant of the friendliness to us and toward each other of the nations of the world. May we not hope that in the electric splendor of the twentieth century there will come to all peoples a living exemplification of the words of the Master, "Peace on earth, good will toward men."
Third. Greeting to the representatives of foreign governments, from the
Universal Exposition of 1904, by Hon. David R. Francis, president of the
Exposition Company:
The Universal Exposition of 1904 extends a cordial greeting to
the distinguished representatives of foreign countries who favor
us with their presence on this memorable occasion.
An assembling of envoys of organized governments, however limited in their number and whatever its object may be, is characteristic of a high civilization; but when that convening is as general in its character as this, it indicates marked progress in the establishment of a better understanding between interests and policies long antagonistic and at variance.
And when the object of such a meeting is, as in this case, to establish and cement friendly relations between people who differ in form of government, in religion, and in race, it means a distinct step toward the organization of a parliament, an accomplishment worthy of highest endeavor, because its consummation would result in universal peace.
When the civilized nations of the earth meet in friendly rivalry, their better acquaintance engenders increased respect. The closer commercial relations that follow are conducive to mutual benefit. They efface prejudice, they broaden sympathies, they deepen and widen the foundations of human progress.
The civilization of past ages would have experienced no overthrows if they had been based on intelligence of the masses and had been imbued with broader humanity which distinguishes and ennobles the fraternal spirit of the twentieth century.
The cycle of one hundred years, whose close we have just passed, incomparable as it was in the discovery and the invention and the application of forces and methods in the physical world, and remarkable as it was for an advancement in every line of thought and research, will be surpassed and distanced by the new century upon which we have entered if the material potentialities and the intellectual faculties of mankind can be utilized and trained toward a common end, and that end the uplifting of the human race and the promotion of its happiness.
Concomitant with industrial progress is social development. The policy of engaging in foreign wars in order to prevent or to pacify domestic unrest may have been wise if not humane, but the time for such a policy has passed. That government is strongest whose subjects are intelligent and contented. Contentment follows the employment of intellectual faculties, in the development of natural resources, and in the production of those activities that result in greater comforts of living and higher planes of thought. The bringing together in a Universal Exposition of the best that all civilized countries have produced, opens to all who participate new lines of thought, better methods and better appliances, and, therefore, conduces to the material benefit of every country participating. It promotes universal economy of human endeavor by enabling the countries taking part to determine through a comparison of their exhibits the lines in which they can produce the best results.
The economy of the world for saving time and energy by the adaptation of physical and intellectual forces to pursuits in which they are most effective, is a profitable study for nations, as it is for individuals. Hand in hand, however, with such occupation should go the cultivation of the taste for the beautiful, and an abounding conviction that man is his brother's keeper and has an inalienable obligation to better the condition of his fellows.
The International Exposition whose dedication you honor by your presence, was conceived in an effort to commemorate a great achievement which has proven a potent factor in increasing our wealth and sustaining our institutions and perpetuating our independence.
The interest manifested by the governments and people whom you represent in pledges of participating has been encouraging and helpful in the highest degree, and we are glad of the opportunity to express our deep gratitude. Your coming enables us to show you the scope of the undertaking we have launched. Our plans are ambitious and our hopes high, but we are energetic and untiring, and with your recognition and assistance we expect to carry to a successful consummation an enterprise which will not only assemble the natural resources of the earth and bring together the best products of human skill, but will be the occasion for eliciting the expression of the best thought and for classifying and systematizing all human knowledge.
We hope this exposition will be an epitome of the progress of the world from the beginning of history. The nineteenth century was characterized by unprecedented and almost incomprehensible industrial advancement. The earth was made to reveal its hidden treasures. The unknown forces of nature were harnessed and utilized. Lines of commerce were established which encircle the earth.
Sections of the globe remote and almost unknown to each other were brought into close communication and friendly relation. It would seem that there is little to be done in the field of scientific effort. But every discovery and every advance opens a broader plane for the exercise of human ingenuity.
The problems, however, that seem to confront us most prominently to-day, and that require for their solution not only experience and intelligence, but fraternal sentiment as well, are those of a social character. The aggregation that we call society is bound together by ties of sympathy, strengthened it may be by culture, but often strained by selfishness and pride. The relation of man to nature and her physical forces commands the highest functions of the mind, but the relation of man to his fellows not only enlists the highest intellectual effort, but requires that it be tempered by impulses of human kindness. Those who have as the mainspring of their actions the elevation of their fellows live and move upon a higher plane and are better members of society than those who subordinate sentiment and sympathy to gain and power.
The earth in its fertility and resourcefulness furnishes material sufficient to maintain in comfort all of its sons. If their genius and energy could be devoted to the utilization of that material instead of to a continuous struggle between themselves for occupation and possession, the destiny of the human race would be higher and nobler and nearer in accord with the immortal principles enunciated by Him whose life and teachings have for nearly two thousand years been a rule of conduct for man, while broadening his usefulness and enhancing his happiness.
That this exposition may be a powerful aid in the elevation and advancement of the human race is the prayer of those who organized and have brought it to its present stage of progress. That the countries for which you stand may unite with us in promoting an undertaking fraught with much good to humanity is the earnest wish of the local management and the sincere hope of every right-thinking citizen of the American Republic.
Again, I welcome you as guests whom we delight to honor for your
personal worth, as well as for what you represent.
Fourth. Music, United States Marine Band, "Marseillaise Hymn of
Liberty."
Fifth. Address by the French ambassador, M. Jean J. Jusserand:
When the treaty signed in Paris one hundred years ago, and by which the area of the United States was to be more than doubled, stood for ratification before Congress, there were, contrary to what we might suppose, protracted discussions and objections of many sorts. Some thought that the title to the new acquisition was not a sufficient one; others were anxious on account of the very magnitude of the new territories, and expressed the fear that the federal tie would be loosened if extended to such remote and partially unknown regions. Many were the criticisms and long the speeches.
Senator Jackson, of Georgia, rose and turning toward one of the hostile parties, said: "In a century, sir, we shall be well populated * * * and instead of the description given of it by the honorable gentleman, instead of howling wilderness where no civilized foot shall ever tread, if we could return at the proper period, we should find it the seat of science and civilization."
Senator Jackson's time has come the very year he named; one century has just elapsed since he spoke. If he could return among us, he would see no howling wilderness, but one of the most brilliant gatherings which this country has ever beheld, including the Chief of the State and a former Chief of the State, representatives of all the powers of the globe, soldiers and sailors, priests, magistrates, savants, artists, tradesmen and agriculturists, workmen and citizens innumerable, all bent upon consecrating by their presence and homage the work done during the hundred years. Good work indeed; nay, stupendous.
Sanguine as he was, Senator Jackson would, I think, scarcely believe his eyes and ears if he saw the matchless sight we presently behold, and the preparation for the pending exhibition of the produce, all the discoveries, all the art of the wide earth.
He would scarcely believe his ears if he heard that we came in twenty-seven hours from the place where he had delivered his prophecy and which had become only two years before the seat of Government. No less would be his surprise, if he learned that the supposed "howling wilderness" had been turned into an immense garden, dotted with wealthy towns; that all the land called in his days Louisiana produces yearly now millions of bushels of various kinds of grain, and that the private belongings of the successors of the scattered settlers of his time are valued in ours at many millions of dollars.
But he would not be surprised if he learned that the federal tie has not been loosened; that the number of States has increased, their wealth, too, the number of their inhabitants, their importance in every respect, and that they consider as more and more sacred the bond which unites them to the older part of the community. Such are the effects of liberty and just laws.
In this triumphal day, amid the shouts of joy, the reports of the guns and ringing of the bells, considering the splendid results, it is only natural that we carry our look backward to the past and have a thought for the lonely pioneers of long ago, who came one by one to this then unknown land, and who tried among incredible difficulties to make it less unknown, to make it more productive and easier to reclaim for you, their distant inheritors. No one, I am sure, will think it amiss that I, a compatriot of theirs and a representative of their country, shall recall at this day their efforts, and express to-day's gratitude for yesterday's work. For they were hardy men, those children of distant France; they were plucky, enterprising, and courageous; they led strenuous lives indeed; all qualities for which you ever had a special regard. To say that they did not fear danger is to slander them; they loved it.
Soldiers, missionaries, governors of cities, explorers came year after year from the time of Louis XIV, attracted by the chances or the beauty of the unknown and the opportunity of increasing their country's dominions, or of becoming famous, or of instructing souls, and of dying, if death was to be met, bravely and honorably. Very French they were, with all the qualities of their race, and something else, perhaps, some of them, than the qualities.
As they went down the great rivers from the regions of the Canadian lakes to the Mexican sea they gave them French names, and the reading of a map of that epoch reminds one of the century of the Sun King. There he is with all his court, figured in lands, cities, lakes, and rivers. Louisiana bears his own name; Lake Pontchartrain the name of his minister for marine; Fort Duquesne, the name of his famous sailor. There were also the rivers Colbert and Seigneley, better known nowadays as Mississippi and Illinois. One of the Great Lakes had been named after the Duke of Orleans; another, the great Conde, the winner of Rocroy; another after his brother, Prince de Conti; but this last inland sea, as indeed most of the others, soon resumed its Indian name, the homely name of Lake Erie, the Lake of the Cat.
Very French they were, those men—this Father Marquette, who, with Joliet, first beheld the magnificent water that washes your walls, the vast existence of which was then unknown, and who explored it down to the country of the Arkansas; this Robert Cavalier Sieur de la Salle, who had, long before our days, our days' notions of the importance of great commercial routes; whose purpose was to open one to China across this continent at the very spot where your northern lines of railways have opened theirs; who called his first house on American soil La China in order that he might never forget his initial purpose. He died in the quest, but not before he had explored the Mississippi down to its mouth; not before he had ascertained that its source was to the West, and that the river therefore could be used as a guiding thread toward the Pacific; not before he had made the first French settlement in this, your country, and given it a name, which has not been replaced by another, and is its present name of Louisiana.
Long is the roll and great were the hardships. To the same region, with the same object of discovering and improving, came that typical cadet De Gascogne, the Chevalier Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who, on the 21st of July, 1701, unfurled the French flag at a certain spot where he began the building of a town, now the town of Detroit. He became afterwards governor of Louisiana. Then such men came as Du Tissnet, as the brothers Le Moine de Iberville and Le Moine de Bienville, this last the founder of New Orleans; as Father de Charlevoix, who gave the best account we have of the country, and spoke most wisely about its future; as La Clede, worthier than anyone to be remembered at this day and this place, as he was the founder of your town.
The exploration of the coasts had been comparatively easy, and thousands had attempted it. Settlers from France were the first to try their chance inland; they traveled across a huge continent more unknown then to the civilized world than was in our time the Africa of Livingstone and Stanley. They did it in a cheerful, optimistic spirit that nothing daunted but death. Living as they did in truly "howling wildernesses," there remained yet with them something of the mother country; and that appeared not only in their speech and manners, but in their very attitudes. Charlevoix meets figures of dead men fabricated by Indians. He was glad to find that they were represented with falling arms, from which he concluded that the authors of the trophies had massacred some of their own kin. When Indians killed French people, the figures represented men with their fist on their hip, Versailles fashion.
How could it be otherwise when they lived, some of them, on a settlement owned by a gentleman called d'Artagnan and managed, as was appropriate, by two musketeers. One almost expects the names of those two to have been Porthos and Aramis; but they were d'Artiguidres and De Benac.
And these men recalled their country in more important things than names and attitudes. Cadillac had scarcely given a name to the spot where he meant to create a town than he sent for his wife and younger son. It was to be a town, indeed, with wives and children and family life, and it was so, and it has ever been so since Cadillac willed it. When La Salle was killed in his second journey to the Mississippi in 1687, he had with him his brother and two nephews. The newcomers soon discovered that the region was not the metallic eldorado they had heard of it in Europe, but that it was a matchless agricultural country, and they began cutting the trees and tilling the ground, with none of the modern instruments and helps, no harvesting machines from "Chicago," as the then desert spot was called in their days; no horses, no horned cattle. They led, indeed not in fiction, but in truth—and long before the famous "Mariner of York" was wrecked by the Orinoco River—the life of Robinson Crusoe. Unknown to Europe, far from any neighbors, by the shade of the pathless forest, they tried their best. They died, many of them obscurely, leaving no name to be engraved on the bronze tables of history, but leaving better than a mere name—families, many of which still subsist; better than families—examples of earnestness and endurance, creating a tradition which will never die out, "Rien ne se perd."
The greatness of their difficulties, the scantiness of their means, the wisdom of many of their views are equally striking. More than one did their utmost to teach and improve their Indian neighbor. They forbade at an early date the selling to them of the destructive "fire water." Cadillac did so from the first; the Marquis de Vaudreuil reissued the same orders later. They soon discovered that the northern regions alone could produce wheat enough to feed the whole country, "though it should be quite peopled down to the sea." The question of labor was one of prominent difficulty and importance. Should it be hired labor of freemen or the compulsory labor of the imported negro? On this, one of those early French explorers, Charlevoix, summed up his opinion in the following memorable sentence: "Hired servants should be preferred. When the time of their service is expired they become inhabitants and increase the number of the King's natural subjects, whereas the slaves are always strangers. And who can be assured that by continually increasing in our colonies they will not one day become formidable enemies? Can we depend upon slaves who are only attached to us by fear and for whom the very land where they are born has not the dear name of mother country?"
More striking than all was the observation of a Frenchman who never visited America, except in thought, but saw distinctly its future. When no one yet believed it, that great economist and statesman, Turgot, said: "America one day will be free."
Years went on. The dark shadows and splendid rays of light with which French history is interwoven shone and vanished in their grand and awful alternance. One day the French flag was lowered in Louisiana; that was at the close of the Seven Years War. Another day the same flag was seen on the mast of a small vessel leaving the harbor at Bordeaux and sailing for America. The ship happened to bear the auspicious name of La Victoire, and it bore Lafayette. Then it was the alliance of 1778, and the coming on the same year of the first envoy accredited by any nation to this country, my predecessor, Gerard de Rayneval, a staunch friend of America; then the peace of 1783, when, with the assent of the whole world, to the joy of every French heart, 13 stars shone on the American flag.
France recovered, then, neither Louisiana nor Canada, nor anything. But she never intended it. She won a friend, and such a friend is better than any province.
She was very happy, having exactly fulfilled without change, bargain, or extenuation the task she had mapped out for herself in 1778, when she declared in the alliance treaty that the "direct and essential object of the same was efficaciously to maintain the freedom, sovereignty, and absolute and illimited independence of the United States." The joy was such in Paris at the news of American independence that performances in the theaters were interrupted; the great event was announced, and audiences rose to their feet to cheer the new-born Republic. Festivities were given and colored prints were scattered all over France for the benefit of those who could not be present. Such souvenirs were proudly kept in families. One such came to the remote house of my own parents in the mountains, and it was carefully preserved and I possess it at this day.
France followed her destinies; in 1800 Louisiana was French again; three years later on the spontaneous proposal of the French Republic, not New Orleans alone, not a mere strip of land, but the whole country became forever American.
The treaty signed one hundred years and a day ago had little precedent in history; it dealt with territories larger than the Empire of Alexander; it followed no war; it was preceded by no shedding of human blood; the new possessions got a hundred times more than they even thought of demanding, and the negotiations were so simple, the good faith and mutual friendship so obvious, that all was concluded in a fortnight. The simplest protocol on postal or sanitary questions takes nowadays more time. Each party found its interest in the transaction, but something more than interest led the affair to a speedy conclusion and that was the deep-rooted sympathy of the French and American nations.
The French were simply continuing what they had begun; they had wished America to be free and they were glad to think that she would be great. Money was paid, it is true; had this been the main consideration, Louisiana would have been preserved, for the money was not by far the equivalent of the buildings and lands belonging to the State. Part of the money was employed in satisfying American claims. "Those," says the French negotiator, Marbois, "who knew the importance of a good understanding between these two countries, attached more importance to the $4,000,000 set apart for American claims than to the $12,000,000 offered to France."
An impending war in Europe, the possibilities of an occupation of Louisiana by a foreign power was not, either, the main motive. In the council held at the Tuileries on Easter day, 1803, the Marshal and Prince of Wagram, Berthier, whose first war had been the war of American independence, said, as to this: "If Louisiana is taken from us by our rivals what does it matter? Other possessions would soon be in our hands, and by means of an exchange, we should quickly obtain a restitution." He concluded, "No navy without colonies, no colonies without a navy."
Add again that the value of Louisiana was much better understood than it had been before. "I know the worth of what I give up," said Bonaparte; and the French Government knew it indeed. They acted with open eyes, for they had taken care from the year 1800 to gather all available information. One of the memoirs with which they enlightened themselves had been asked of Louis Vilemont, former captain in the regiment of Louisiana. It is still unpublished; and it informed the Government that "from various reports of Canadian and Indian hunters it is possible to walk from Missouri to the sea in less than two months and a half."
An access to the Pacific was not so easy as now, but yet an access was practicable, and the wealth of the country was extraordinary. Warming at the souvenir of what he knew, the retired officer exclaimed, "What sources of wealth can we not expect to find in those parts! At each step made from east to west all produce, all things increase tenfold. It seems as if nature had made this corner of the globe the most favored one of our immense empire. The samples of all reigns have more beauty and majesty than anywhere else. The men born there look more like the descendants of Alcides than the kinsmen of the tribes who worship Manitou."
The main motive power, without which all the others would have been of no avail, was, indeed, mutual sympathy. When the treaty was signed the three negotiators, Barbe-Marbois, Monroe, and Livingston, who had known each other in America at the time of the war of Independence, rose, and, what is rare on such occasions, one of them was able to express in a single sentence the intimate feelings of the three. "The treaty which we have just signed," said Livingston, "will cause no tears; they prepare centuries of happiness to innumerable generations of human beings; from this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank."
I do not think that there is another example in the history of the world of a cession of such vast territories thus obtained by the representatives of one of the parties to the applause and with the heartfelt consent of the representatives of the other.
The treaty giving away in full possession and forever Louisiana to the United States, allowing them to spread without meeting any foreign neighbors from one ocean to the other, adding fourteen States to the original thirteen, was signed one hundred years ago, "au nom du peuple Francais" in the year XI of the French Republic. The results have passed the most sanguine hopes, but they have not gone beyond the extent of our friendly wishes for the sister Republic of America. The representative of France comes to this spot that was French in former times with a feeling of admiration for what you have done, and no feeling of regret. He sees splendid development, arts, sciences, trade, and agriculture equally prosperous; he applauds your success, and expresses from his heart his good wishes for your grand exhibition of next year.
As for his own country, if she no longer holds those immense domains, she has, on the other hand, found other territories for the peaceful employment of her inexhaustible energy, with results which will forever redound to the praise of the Government of the Republic. And as for Louisiana itself, France rests satisfied with remembering that she could not have more friendly nor more sympathetic intentions. She remembers also, not without pride, that her sons first discovered and tilled the soil, first described it, and first drew a map of it; that one of her most famous writers first revealed to the world the springs of poetry that lay concealed as much under the fir trees of the Mississippi Valley as under the plane trees of Tempe; the diplomat and literary artist who made all those who had a mind and heart weep for the fate of Atala.
Seeing the results, my countrymen have never ceased to approve of the treaty signed a hundred years ago "au nom de peuple Francais." Eighteen hundred and three is the third memorable date in the relations between France and America. In giving the United States, according to the words of your negotiator, its place among the greatest powers in the world, 1803 did nothing but perfect what had been gloriously begun in 1778 and 1783.
Sixth. Music by the Marine Band, playing the Spanish "Himno de Riego."
Seventh. Address by the Spanish minister, Señor de Ojeda:
MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: I greatly regret my inability to respond to the very flattering recognition of the part played by Spain in the early history of this territory. I wish I were endowed with the same eloquence displayed by previous orators, which it has been our privilege to listen to and admire. Still, had not the national glories of Spain been so brilliantly alluded to, were I able to recall them now with colors as glowing as the warmth their memory brings to my Spanish heart, I feel I could not raise to them a loftier or more eloquent monument than has been raised by those immortal works of Washington Irving, Prescott, Lowell, and Ticknor, which have made of Spanish tradition a familiar household patrimony of this nation.
I am sure you will agree with me in thinking that I could do no better, that I could not pay a higher nor more honorable nor lasting tribute to our share in the history of this continent than by invoking the testimony of your own literary genius and by referring now to that grateful recognition which moved the founders of this Republic to associate the revered memory of Isabella, the soul-stirring deeds of Pizarro, Cortez, and Ojeda, with the temple of your nationality.
If ever the engrossing conclusions of your wonderful actual prosperity, the intensity of your life, made one of your strenuous citizens forget what your present owes to your past, let him ascend the steps of your national capitol, let him pause before its majestic gates, and there he will behold, carved in bronze on the threshold of your proudest monument, the effigies and the names of those Spanish heroes who discovered, conquered, and pointed to you the way in which path you have so successfully followed.
As a guest, sitting now for the first time at the hearth of the American nation, I feel bound to respond to that high tribute made to Spain by publicly acknowledging here the enviable kindness shown by all classes of your people since I landed on your shores.
As the representative of the nation whose ancient and honored flag was the first to be reflected in the majestic course of the father of American rivers, I am happy to feel that my first official appearance before an American audience is associated in both your minds and mine with the commemoration of an event which, although involving far-reaching issues in the respective histories of three great nations, has not and never was darkened by the rankling memories which war and international strife always leave in their wake.
For, Mr. President, Spain, exclusively devoted to-day to the task of developing her immense resources, is happy to be associated with you in this peaceful celebration of a peaceful event. Believe me, Mr. President, the Spanish people will enter into this noble competition for the prizes of progress and civilization with that same stubbornness with which during seven centuries they maintained the heroic struggle which saved Europe and the Christian world from the baneful invasion of African hordes.
Spain will apply to the arts of peace, to the conquests of progress, that same and indomitable spirit which enabled her to enrich the Old World with a new one, over whose brilliant destinies she watches and ever will watch with intense and undying interest.
Spain hails with pleasure an opportunity like your future exposition will afford of showing her peaceful conquests in the domains of labor, and is especially bent on attracting toward her the benefits to be derived from this growing tendency of her people to an everlasting commercial, agricultural, and industrial interchange. She, more than over anxious to cultivate and strengthen her friendly relations with the world, could not but welcome with sympathy the announcement of this vast enterprise as a right step toward that blending of her material and moral interests with those of other nations, to that better understanding among them which she will indefatigably strive to attain.
You can therefore rest assured, Mr. President, that my country will contribute to the World's Fair and enhance with its varied exhibits its universal and historical features. I am, in fact, authorized to inform you that His Majesty's Government has decided to ask for the requisite appropriation as soon as Parliament assembles. Spain will appear before you, if not in all the splendor that the requirements of her wise, economical programme now forbid, at least in the manly garb of a nation meaning to show you and to show the world that her gloriously checkered career, instead of impairing our vitality, has retempered the ever-elastic steel of our national fiber and concentrated and directed all its latent energies toward the modern conquests of progress, labor, and civilization to which the city of St. Louis is now erecting a temple worthy of the city itself and of the auspicious event we are now commemorating.
And now, Mr. President, in wishing success to your noble undertaking, in thanking you and this city for its cordial hospitality, I beg to acknowledge also my gratitude for the numerous tokens and expressions of good will toward Spain which have been uttered during this solemn celebration and which I so fully appreciate.
I beg to salute reverently in that new-born flag of your exhibition and august emblem of peace and labor, a touching appeal to fraternity among nations. In that flag are blended the past and the present with the glorious colors of the three nations representative of St. Louis's early and contemporary history. Let us welcome its appealing and eloquent symbolism like the herald of an ever-cloudless future.
Eighth. "Hallelujah Chorus" from The Messiah.
Ninth. Benediction by Rev. Samuel J. Niccolls:
Almighty God, Heavenly Father, whose all-wise Providence did lead our fathers across the seas to this land, and Who hath given their children a goodly heritage, let Thy blessing rest upon their children. Let Thy blessings rest upon all the nations represented here to-day and upon the representatives. May we continue in the bonds of peace for all time. May the grace of God, mercy, and peace be with us. Amen.
Tenth. Centennial salute of 100 guns.
The civic parade assembled at 10.30 a.m. under direction of Col. Eugene J. Spencer, marshal of the day, and moved from the junction of Grand avenue and Lindell boulevard through Forest Park to the exposition grounds, where the parade was reviewed by the governors of the States.
At 1.30 p. m. the audience assembled in the Liberal Arts Building. The assembly was called to order by Mr. William H. Thompson, chairman of the committee on grounds and buildings, and the following programme was carried out:
First. Invocation by Rev. William R. Harper:
Our Father which art in Heaven, whose work for man no man knows,
whose heart is full of wisdom, to Thee be our prayers directed.
Hallowed be Thy name. Thou art the pure and the very great. May
Thy peace be manifested to us in all Thy work.
Give us this day our daily bread, and for the following day. Forgive us our sins, as well as forgive them that sin against us. Take away all hatred and strife and whatever prejudice may hinder us from union and concord. Let us be under one bond of faith and peace.
Show us Thy kindness and so fill us with Thy goodness that our souls may be filled with the manifold delights of charity and good will. Let nations abide under Thy law, for Thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory. Amen.
Second. Address by Mr. William Lindsay, of the National Commission, president of the day, as follows:
MR. PRESIDENT AND LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: This is the last day of the interesting and memorable ceremonies with which the great exposition has been inaugurated. We have had with us the chief representative of the people. The next day we had with us the diplomats, the representatives of foreign climes. To-day we have with us the toilers. We have had the governors of the sovereign States which make up this great Union. When I beheld the great cavalcade I felt that the time had almost come when the industries will solely be confined to working for peace and divorced from devotion to the implements of war.
It is not merely a question of a fair profit upon money that is uppermost before the people to-day. It is not the question of a fair return for labor. But it is the question of equitable distribution of the products of labor and of the surplus of capital. This is the great question; that is what involves the happiness of mankind, and the man who solves that question will rise in greatness to such a point that other statesmen, or even Presidents, will pale into insignificance.
This is labor day, and as such we should honor it.
And the governors. We had governors before ever we had a President. Each State represents yet a great residuum of power. In the hands of State are the life and liberty of the people. We must remember that the governors, representing the unit of the national power, have the first place in national precedence.
There is on the right of me the governor of the great Empire State of the Atlantic. There is on the left of me the governor of the great Empire State of the Louisiana Purchase. I need not introduce to you the governor of Missouri, but it is upon the programme, and hence I will say the words—I beg to introduce Governor A.M. Dockery, who will now address you.
Third. Address of welcome by Hon. A.M. Dockery, governor of Missouri, as follows:
The pleasing duty devolves upon me of extending a cordial greeting in behalf of the people of Missouri to you as the chief magistrates and representatives of sister States, who come with kindly messages and substantial evidence of the nation's interest in our stupendous undertaking. The work already completed and yet to be done could only be accomplished by a people known and respected as the incarnation of intelligent, ennobling enterprise.
The occasion which will bring us together is the precursor of the most marvelous exhibition the world has ever seen. The wealth, the ingenuity, the forethought, and the ability of all nations will contribute to this magnificent result. The masterful statesmanship of Thomas Jefferson builded better than even he could know when he purchased from the Emperor Napoleon this vast domain—the connecting link between the fair country skirting the Atlantic coast, which had only been recently emancipated from despotic rule, and the rich possession on our west, extending to the Pacific Ocean.
The Mississippi River marks the eastern limit of this priceless acquisition. Sweeping away to the west, the south, and the north, its area of 14 States and Territories embraces great cities, beautiful towns and villages, farms and gardens, mighty waterways, vast railway systems, and a wealth of gold, silver, and other resources which a wise Providence provided for His people. Can the mind of man conceive a more resplendent territory? And when it is remembered that the Louisiana Purchase States are only a part of the still more glorious whole, is it any wonder that the American people are proud of their country and true to their Government?
Nature, with regal prodigality, has lavished gifts on this fair land, and its people are especially endowed with those qualifications which can not fail to produce the greatest excellence in everything.
But to return to the coming exposition. Everywhere during this pageant of entertainment have we seen evidences of the progress of this enterprise so mighty in its conception as to be astounding. Sites have been assigned to each State and foreign country, and the result already accomplished is spread out before you in brilliant panorama. There is no longer any question about anything but the magnitude of the success of the undertaking. This has been made possible only by the intelligent cooperation of all the people, and to you, as representatives of sister States, I extend most grateful acknowledgment.
The selection of our own metropolitan city as the proper place in which to hold this exposition seems peculiarly fitting. Its very name breathes the spirit of its French ancestry to whom we are so greatly indebted, and its geographical situation is preeminently satisfactory.
To guard our shores, to make impregnable our southern border against foreign assault, and to enlarge the scope of our commerce and liberty was the controlling thought of Thomas Jefferson and his compatriots when the "Purchase Territory" was added to the American Union. Fifteen millions of dollars represented the purchase price, and by a happy coincidence which may not have been altogether accidental, $15,000,000 represented the basic sum by which this exposition first became possible—$5,000,000 contributed by the city of St. Louis, $5,000,000 raised by popular subscription, and $5,000,000 given by the National Government. Missouri has since appropriated $1,000,000, that her resources may be fittingly exploited, while your States have in turn liberally set apart amounts which will lend the magnificence of their products to the scene.
To-day closes the celebration incident to the dedicatory exercises of the exposition, and in the hour of greeting we are reminded that soon we must part for a time. The panoply of war in the execution of our regular and citizen soldiery has joined with the pomp and pageantry of civil life. Their commingling is further proof of the pride of the people in all the institutions of our country. Civilian and soldier have given the weight of their influence to make more impressive the scenes attendant on this display, and will be equally enthusiastic when the gates of the great exhibition are formally opened. Months will pass before that event, but in the meantime an army of the employed will perfect the scheme which, in its full fruition, will herald abroad the triumph of this wonderful exposition.
In conclusion, permit me to say, the welcome of every true Missourian is yours, and in parting a cordial adieu is wafted with the hope expressed for a safe return to your homes and to your people.
Fourth. Music by the Marine Band.
Fifth. Response by Hon. Benj. B. Odell, jr., governor of New York, as follows:
The past, with all of its achievements, with all its successes, is to us but an incentive and guide for the future progress of our country. America still beckons to the oppressed of all lands and holds out the gifts of freedom, and we at this time and upon this occasion should renew our adherence to those policies which have made us a great nation. The future is before us, and the patriotism and self-sacrifice of those who made the country's history so glorious should be an Inspiration to us for all higher ideals of citizenship. Through the golden gates of commerce pours an unceasing stream of immigration which must be amalgamated with American ideas and American principles.
The battles of the past have been for freedom and liberty, and the struggle of the future will be for their preservation, not, however, by force of arms, but through the peaceful methods which come through the education of our people. The declaration which brought our Republic into existence has insured and guaranteed that liberty of conscience and that freedom of action which does not interfere, with the prerogatives or privileges of a man's neighbors.
Capital and labor are the two great elements upon which the prosperity and happiness of our people rest, and when, therefore, aggregations of the one are met by combinations of the other, it should be the aim of all to prevent the clashing of these great interests. The products of toil are worthless unless there be some means by which they can be substituted or transferred for that which labor requires. The concrete form in which these transactions are conducted is the money power or the capital of the land.
Without work all of these fertile fields, these teeming towns, would have been impossible; and without a desire to benefit and elevate humanity, its onward progress would have been useless. To work, to labor, is man's bounden duty, and in the performance of the tasks which have been placed upon him he should be encouraged, and his greatest incentive should be the knowledge that he may transmit to his children and his children's children a higher civilization and greater advantages than he himself possessed.
Trade conditions which would permit to the toiler but a bare sustenance, the bare means of a livelihood, would be a hindrance to human progress, a hindrance not to be removed by all of the maxims of the philosopher or the theories of the doctrinaire.
Promise without fulfillment is barren, but when you can place before the mechanic the assured fact that the performance of his duty means success in life, and that his nonperformance means failure; when you can show him that this law is immutable, you have made of him a useful citizen and have instilled into his mind a firm belief that the freedom and liberty of which we boast is not an inchoate substance to be dreamed of and not enjoyed.
But this desired result can not be secured if combinations of capital, which produce the necessaries of life cheaper and better, are assailed as the enemies of mankind. There is always a mean between those who seek only a fair recompense and return for that which they produce and those who seek undue advantages for the few at the expense of the many. The laws which have been enacted, if properly executed, are sufficient in their force and effort to encourage the one and to punish the other, but in our condemnation let us not forget that with the expansion that has come to our country an expansion of our business relations is also necessary.
This growth has brought us into intimate contact with the markets of the world, and in the struggle that is always before us the competition of trade, if we are to hold our own among the world's producers, we should encourage, not hinder, those who, by their energy, their capital, and their labor, have banded together for the purpose of meeting these new conditions—problems which our individual efforts alone can not solve, but which require the concentrated force and genius of both capital and labor.
Incentive for good citizenship would indeed be lacking if these were taken from us—the opportunities for development, the opportunities for the young man to follow in the footsteps of those who have written their names in the history of our country as the great captains of industry.
Success will always follow perseverance and genius. Every heresy, every doctrine which would teach the young man of this country differently, is an insult to the intelligence of our people, and is in the direction of building up a dangerous element in American society which in time would threaten not only the peace and prosperity we enjoy, but our very institutions themselves.
When you have placed before the young man all of his possibilities, you have made it impossible to make of our Republic a plutocracy controlled by the few at the expense of the many. The individual should count for as much as the aggregation of individuals, because an injury to the one will lead to the destruction of the many.
The question of adjusting and harmonizing the relations of capital and labor is the problem before us to-day, and is one which will become more urgent in the future. Its solution must be along those lines of constitutional right which every citizen has been guaranteed.
Every man is entitled, in the prosecution of his work, to the broadest possible liberty of action and the protection of law—of that law which is the outgrowth of necessity and which seeks to encourage and not to oppress. Such recognition can always be secured if there is a determination upon the part of those charged with the responsibility of government to have it. And who is not?
Every man possessed of a ballot is responsible and has the power not only to formulate, but to criticise and punish as well. If the right be properly exercised, an honest and efficient administration of our affairs can always be secured.
The greatest solvent for political heresies, for doctrines which are antagonistic to popular government, is education. To the educated mind there comes a conception of duty which is not possible to the ignorant.
Sixth. Grand chorus.
Seventh. Benediction by Rabbi Leon Harrison:
Unto Thee, Almighty God, the God of Moses, the God of Jesus, the God of Mohammed, and the God of every living creature, God of the church, of the mosque, and of the synagogue, unto Thee we bring homage and praise.
We worship Thee in this temple of labor, reared by faithful hands, and implore Thy benediction on the work, for, unless the Lord blesses the house, the labor is in vain. May it be dedicated to the enlightenment of humanity that brotherhood may be increased and patriotism deepened.
Bless this august assembly. Bless this great cause, its tireless leaders, and faithful workers, and above all bless our beloved country, the haven of the oppressed and the home of liberty. Bless its rulers and its people.
May it go on as from the beginning, from strength to strength, that the nation and the Government may increase in power and in the end be a union of all mankind, all races, all nations, proclaiming one God, one law of righteousness, one humanity, and saying Thy God shall reign from generation to generation. Amen.
Eighth. Centennial salute of 100 guns.
A grand display of daylight fireworks took place at the conclusion of the exercises in the building.
Immediately after the close of the ceremonies in the Liberal Arts Building, the governors present proceeded to the building sites selected for their respective States, where corner stones were laid and State colors were raised with appropriate ceremonies.
The lady managers of the exposition were conducted by military escort in advance of the parade each day to the reviewing stand. They were accompanied by the wives of the members of the Diplomatic Corps, members of the Supreme Court of the United States, members of the Cabinet, members of the Joint Committee of Congress, the Admiral of the Navy, the Lieutenant-General of the Army, the grand marshal, the governors of the States, the officiating clergymen, and members of the National Commission.
Receptions were held each day by the board of lady managers during the progress of the dedication ceremonies.
The magnificence of the spectacle will live long in the memories of the hundreds of thousands of people who witnessed the ceremonies.
All the nations were present by their diplomatic and accredited representatives.
The presence of Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States, and of Grover Cleveland, his only living predecessor in office, intensified the interest of the vast concourse of people at the dedication ceremonies. Their addresses were listened to by 80,000 persons assembled in the Liberal Arts Building.
The committees appointed by the respective Houses of Congress to attend the dedication ceremonies consisted of the following Senators and Representatives:
Committee of the Senate.—Messrs. Burnham, New Hampshire;
Depew, New York; Penrose, Pennsylvania; Dolliver, Iowa;
Hansbrough, North Dakota; Mitchell, Oregon; Teller, Colorado;
Berry, Arkansas; Martin, Virginia; Foster, Louisiana.
Committee of the House of Representatives.—Messrs. Jas. A.
Tawney, Jas. S. Sherman, Thad. M. Mahon, Richard Bartholdt, H.
C. Van Voorhis, Richard W. Parker, Jesse Overstreet, Jas. R.
Mann, Walter I. Smith, Jas. M. Miller, E.J. Burkett, S.M.
Robertson, C.L. Bartlett, John F. Shafroth, Jas. Hay.
Special rules and regulations providing for an international jury and governing the system of awards, which had been in course of preparation by the Commission and the Exposition Company for some time, were finally drafted and sent to the Commission for approval on May 2, 1902. As approved by the Commission and subsequently promulgated the rules read as follows:
1. The total number of jurors in the international jury of awards shall be approximately 2 per cent of the total number of exhibitors, but not in excess of that number, and each nation having 50 exhibitors or more shall be entitled to representation on the jury. The number of jurors from each art or industry and for each nationality represented shall, as far as practicable, be proportional to the number of exhibitors and the importance of the exhibits.
Of this selected body of international jurors three graded juries will be constituted: One, the general organization of group juries; two, department juries; three, a superior jury.
2. Each group jury shall be composed of jurors and alternates.
The number of alternates shall in no case exceed one-fourth of the number of jurors, and they shall have a deliberative voice and vote only when occupying the places of absent jurors.
3. The United States jurors and alternates of the group juries shall be nominated by the chiefs of departments to which the respective groups belong. The jurors and alternates of the group juries representing foreign countries and the United States insular possessions shall be nominated by the commissioners of such countries.
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company shall certify to the board of lady managers the number of groups in which the exhibits have been produced in whole or in part by female labor; to each of the groups so certified the board of lady managers may appoint one juror and one alternate to that juror; such appointees, when confirmed, shall have the privileges and be amenable to the regulations provided for other jurors and alternates.
All the above nominations shall be made not later than August 1, 1904, except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made at any subsequent time.
Jury nominations made by commissioners of foreign countries
shall be forwarded to the president of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition Company.
Nominations made by chiefs of departments and by the board of
lady managers shall be submitted to the director of exhibits,
and when approved he shall transmit them to the president of the
Exposition Company.
The nomination of group jurors and alternates, when approved by the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for the approval of that body.
These nominations having been considered and confirmed by the authorities, as provided by section 6 of the act of Congress relating to the approval of the awarding of premiums, the appointments to the international jury shall be made in accordance with section 6 of Article XXII of the official rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company.
4. Each group jury shall choose its own officers, consisting of a chairman, a vice-chairman, and a secretary.
Of the two first-named officers one shall be a citizen of the United States and the other shall be from a foreign country represented in the division of exhibits.
5. The chief of each department shall have general charge of the organization and direction of the group of juries in his department for the purpose of securing the proper examinations of all exhibits and to see that the work laid out for the juries is conducted strictly in accordance with the official rules and regulations.
He shall be admitted to all sessions of these juries for the purpose of directing their attention to matters relating to the judging of exhibits.
6. The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, and shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter.
Examinations or other work not completed in the time specified
herein will be transferred to the department jury.
7. Group juries may, on the recommendation of the chiefs of their respective departments, and with the approval of the director of exhibits, have authority to appoint, as associates or experts, one or more persons especially skilled in matters submitted for examination. These experts shall participate only in such special work as they are selected to perform and shall have no vote on the question of the merit of the exhibit under consideration.
8. Each group jury shall carefully examine all exhibits pertaining to the group to which it has been assigned. It shall also consider and pass upon the merits of the collaborators whose work may be conspicuous in the design, development, or construction of the exhibits.
The jury shall prepare separate lists presenting the names of such exhibitors as are out of competition, awards recommended to exhibitors in order of merit, awards recommended to collaborators in order of merit, a report giving an account of the most important objects exhibited, and a general account of the group as a whole.
These papers shall be certified to the chief of the department to which the group belongs, and the chief of the department shall certify the same, with such recommendations as he may deem advisable, to the department jury.
9. In order to expedite their work group juries may be divided into committees for the examination of exhibits.
These committees shall be governed by paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of rule 8, just cited; when they have completed the work assigned them they shall report to the full jury, which shall review the findings after an inspection of all the exhibits in the group.
10. When the exigencies of the work require such procedure, and when recommended by a chief of a department and approved by the director of exhibits, two or more group juries may be combined.
11. In the case of temporary exhibits and such other exhibits as are developed through a considerable period of time, or which for other reasons can not be governed by the time limits prescribed, the juries of such groups may continue in service throughout the entire period of the exposition. Special juries may be formed when urgently needed for special occasions.
At the close of each temporary exhibit or competition the jury having the same in charge shall prepare a list of awards proposed in order of merit and shall certify the same to the chief of the department to which the exhibit pertains.
Special awards for such temporary exhibits or competitions may be provided by the chief of the department to which the exhibits belong, on the approval of the director of exhibits and the president of the Exposition Company.
12. Each department jury shall be composed of the chairman and vice-chairman of the group juries of the respective departments, with one member of the directory of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, to be named by the president of the company, and one person appointed by the board of lady managers.
The department juries shall choose their own officers,
consisting of a chairman, three vice-chairmen, and a secretary.
The chairman and first vice-chairman shall be, one a citizen of
the United States, and the other a citizen of a foreign country.
The secretary may be selected by the members of the jury from a
list of persons recommended by the director of exhibits.
13. Each department jury shall complete its organization and
begin its work on September 20, 1904.
The duties of these juries shall be to consider carefully and review the reports of the group juries; to harmonize any differences that may exist between the recommendations of the several group juries as to awards, and to adjust all awards recommended so that they will be consistent with the rules and regulations.
No more than ten days may be devoted to this work, and when the awards recommended by the group juries have been adjusted, the department juries shall, through the chiefs of their respective departments, submit their findings to the director of exhibits, who shall, within five days after the receipt thereof, certify the same to the superior jury, including such work as may have been left incomplete by the department jury.
14. The officers and members of the superior jury shall be as follows: President, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company; first vice-president, the director of exhibits; second vice-president, a citizen of the United States to be named by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission. The members of the jury shall further consist of the commissioners-general of the nine foreign countries occupying with exhibits the largest amounts of space in the exhibit palaces; the chairman and first vice-chairman of the department juries; the chiefs of the exhibit departments, and one person appointed by the board of lady managers.
Two additional vice-presidents and such other officers as may be required shall be elected by the superior jury from the members herein provided for.
No chief of a department shall represent more than a single department. The president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company shall appoint from the United States membership of the department juries such other members as may be necessary to give to each exhibit department of the exposition a representative on the superior jury.
There shall also be a secretary of the superior jury, who may be selected by the members of the jury from a list of persons recommended by the president of the jury.
15. The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the
awards to be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases
that are formally presented for its consideration.
Formal notification of the awards shall, in each case, be sent by the president of the jury to the exhibitors at the place of their respective exhibits.
If, for any reason, an award is not satisfactory to an exhibitor, he may file written notice to that effect with the president of the jury within three days after the date of the official notification of the award; and this notice shall be followed, within seven days after said date, by a written statement setting forth at length his views as to wherein the award is inconsistent or unjust.
In the adjustment of differences and in considering the recommendations of the department juries, the superior jury may provide for hearings of members of the department jury and of exhibitors, but in no case shall it be required to consider matters which have not been regularly presented as heretofore provided.
16. The work of the superior jury shall be completed on October 15, 1904, and, as soon as practicable thereafter, formal public announcement of the awards shall be made. A final complete list of awards shall be published by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, in accordance with the provisions of section 6 of the act of Congress, and section 6, Article XXII, of the rules and regulations.
17. A committee, consisting of the president and the four vice-presidents of the superior jury, shall continue the work of the superior jury as long as may be found necessary after that jury has disbanded.
This committee shall have charge of the preparation, collection, and publication of the official list of awards and shall make the necessary provisions for the proper distribution of the awards.
18. The deliberations of all juries shall be strictly secret.
The president of the Exposition Company, the director of exhibits, and the chiefs of departments shall have the privilege of attending any sessions of the several juries.
A majority of any jury shall, in all cases, render and confirm a decision.
19. The exhibits of persons serving as jurors or alternates over groups embracing their exhibits shall be classed as noncompetitive and shall not be examined by the juries. This rule applies to managers, agents, or others representing a company or corporation which is entered as an exhibitor. It does not, however, apply to the officers or representatives of governments which are entered as exhibitors.
20. Each regular exhibitor may receive an award, although his exhibit be joined with that of others in a single installation.
Only one award shall be given to a collective exhibit, but the names of all the contributors to such collective exhibit may be entered on the diplomas awarded, and each participant shall receive a copy.
If so desired by a group of exhibitors, a single award may be made to an individual representing such group.
21. An exhibit shall receive only one award in any group.
The same object, shown in several groups and adjudged by more than one jury, shall be entitled only to the highest award accorded to it.
An exhibitor who has different objects entered as exhibits in different groups may be given an award in each group.
22. Exhibitors who desire to have their exhibits excluded from competition shall notify the chief of department as to their wishes when making application for space, giving their reasons at length for their request and objections to a competitive exhibit; and these papers shall be transmitted through the directory of exhibits to the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company with such recommendations as may be deemed necessary. Exhibits thus exempted from competition shall not be examined by the juries, and shall not be entitled to official recognition in connection with the system of awards.
23. In addition to the awards prescribed for exhibitors, an award may also be made to the inventor, designer, or artisan, who, as collaborator, has, in the judgment of the jury, shown more than ordinary skill in connection with an exhibit. A collaborator is a person who has distinguished himself as the designer or producer of remarkable objects shown at the exposition. He is not a person who has merely aided in the arrangement or installation of exhibits.
In order that this may be equitably accomplished, each exhibitor who has received an award may furnish the chief of his respective department, for transmission to the proper jury, a list of the names of his collaborators, arranged in order of merit, based on skill, ability, magnitude and value of work, and length of service. It will then remain for the jury of awards to determine whether the assistance rendered by the persons named in the manner described has been sufficient to entitle them, or any of them, to the rank of collaborator, and to name the award which may be conferred therefor.
24. Whenever it is applicable, a decimal scale system shall be used in judging the merits of exhibits, 100 representing perfection; and as a suggestion to juries, for instance, in commercial exhibits, the following is offered:
(a) Value of the product, process, machine or device, as measured by its usefulness, its beneficent influence on mankind in its physical, mental, moral, and educational aspects. Counting not to exceed 25.
(b) Skill and ingenuity displayed in the invention, construction, and application. Counting not to exceed 25.
(c) Merits of the installation as to the ingenuity and taste displayed, the cost and value as an exposition attraction. Counting not to exceed 10.
(d) Magnitude of the business represented, as measured by the gross sales during the calendar year preceding the opening of the exposition. Counting not to exceed 10.
(e) Quality or cheapness, with reference to the possession by the exhibit of the highest possible quality, or the fact that the article is sold at so low a price with reference to its quality as to make it a valuable acquisition to the purchaser. Counting not to exceed 10.
(f) For completion of installation within required time and for excellence of maintenance. Counting not to exceed 10.
(g) Length of time exhibitor has been in business as showing whether exhibit is a development of original invention or is an improvement on the work of some prior inventor. Counting not to exceed 5.
(h) Number and character of awards received from former expositions. Counting not to exceed 5.
25. A special award, consisting of a gold medal in each department, may be recommended by the department jury for the best, most complete, and most attractive installation.
26. The following scale of markings shall be used in determining the final merits of an exhibit and fixing the award that should be made, 100 being used as indicating perfection:
Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 60 to 74 inclusive,
bronze medal.
Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 75 to 84 inclusive,
silver medal.
Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 85 to 94 inclusive,
gold medal.
Exhibits receiving markings ranging from 95 to 100 inclusive,
grand prize.
27. The diplomas or certificates of award for exhibitors shall be signed by the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, the secretary of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the director of exhibits, and the chief of the department to which the exhibit pertains.
28. Special commemorative medals and diplomas may be issued to the officers of the exposition, to the United States, State, and foreign commissioners, to the members of the international jury of awards, and to such other persons as may be deemed worthy of special recognition.
29. The compensation of foreign jurors shall be fixed and paid by the countries which they respectively represent.
30. United States jurors, except such as are officers and employees of the exposition, shall receive actual cost of necessary transportation, and compensation at the rate of $7 per day for such time as they are actually engaged in the work assigned them at the exposition.
DAVID R. FRANCIS,
President.
FREDERICK J.V. SKIFF.
Director of Exhibits.
APPROVED.
THOMAS H. CARTER,
President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission.
ATTEST:
WALTER B. STEVENS.
Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
The Commission early experienced great inconvenience in preparing and submitting its monthly reports, as required by law, to the President of the United States, of the financial condition of the exposition, owing to delay in receiving monthly statements from the company and the incomplete nature of such statements when received.
From an examination of the reports furnished by the Exposition Company, it will be observed that they were at all times deficient in that they did not show the outstanding liabilities of the company. The Commission assiduously endeavored to secure such amendment to the books of account kept by the company as would secure the incorporation of a statement of such outstanding liabilities.
The following correspondence between the Commission and the Exposition Company shows the repeated efforts of the Commission to obtain the information essential to the preparation of the monthly reports referred to:
DEAR SIR: I am directed by the Commission to refresh your memory as to our conversation yesterday with regard to furnishing a statement of all outstanding liabilities of the Exposition Company.
It is the desire of the Commission to furnish the President with detailed information of the character indicated, in connection with the report for the current month, to the end that he may have complete data available for consideration in connection with his message to Congress.
It will greatly oblige the Commission to have the statement referred to furnished in duplicate.
Yours, very truly, THOMAS H. CARTER, President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, City.
ST. Louis, U.S.A., October 15, 1902.
DEAR SIR: In reply to your letter of October 3 with respect to a summary of the financial condition of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, I desire to say that the attention of the proper officers of the company has been called to this request of your part, and I may assure you that the desired information will be prepared and furnished at an early date.
Yours, truly, D.R. FRANCIS, President.
Hon. THOMAS H. CARTER, President National Commission, St. Louis, Mo.
ST. Louis, U.S.A., November 1, 1902.
DEAR SIR: I am directed by President Francis to transmit to you the following information of the total receipts and disbursements of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to November 1, 1902:
As shown by the report of the treasurer, the collections on account of subscriptions to the capital stock to November 1, 1902, amount to $2,478,030.83.
The treasurer has received from the city of St. Louis the proceeds of the sale of $5,000,000 in bonds, said sale having been made in June, 1902, at a price slightly above par.
The total disbursements to November 1, 1902, as shown by the
books of the treasurer, amount to $21,284,141.01.
The outstanding obligations and contracts, including
disbursements to November 1, 1902, amount to $6,931,853.41.
There is in the hands of the treasurer, November 1, 1902, the
sum of $5,193,889.82.
Respectfully,
W.B. STEVENS,
Secretary.
Mr. JOSEPH FLORY,
Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission.
ST. Louis, U.S.A., November 26, 1902.
DEAR SIR: By direction of the Commission I respectfully call your attention to the following entry in the minutes of the proceedings at a meeting of the Commission held on October 2, 1902, as follows:
"President Francis was requested by the Commission to furnish a detailed statement of all outstanding contract obligations and other liabilities of the exposition for transmission to the President of the United States with the monthly report for the current month. He said the statement would be furnished the Commission as requested."
The statement referred to was not furnished to the Commission for transmission to the President of the United States with the monthly statement for the month of October. Presumably this default occurred because of your inability to have the statement prepared in season for transmission with that report. It is deemed by the Commission absolutely essential that the statement should be transmitted with the report for the month of November, to the end that it may be on file and available for examination by the President or by Congress.
You are, therefore, respectfully requested to furnish such detailed statement to the Commission at the earliest practicable date, to the end that it may be examined during the present meeting of the Commission.
The Commission desires that the statement should show the contract obligations for the several buildings, the names of the contractors, the dates fixed for payment, the amounts heretofore paid, and the date for final completion of each structure. Also all contracts existing requiring the payment of money for the acquisition of grounds and improvements to be made thereon, and for services rendered, or to be rendered, together with the amounts heretofore paid on the respective contracts, and the names of the contractors to whom payments have been or are to be made. In short, it is the desire of the Commission that the statement should give the substance of each and every contract for the payment of money made by the Exposition Company prior to November 1.
The Commission also desires that the statement should embrace an approximate estimate of the cost of all contemplated construction, improvements, and necessary expenditures connected with the exposition as contemplated by the plan and scope thereof heretofore approved.
The Commission deems the statement referred to necessary under the requirements of section 11 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, which requires the Commission to give a general summary of the financial condition of the exposition.
The Commission will appreciate the courtesy of the statement in duplicate.
Very respectfully,
THOS. H. CARTER,
President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS,
President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company,
St. Louis, Mo.
ST. LOUIS, November 26, 1902.
DEAR SIR: I beg to acknowledge receipt of a communication dated
November 26, signed by President Carter, requesting a detailed
statement of the financial obligations and expenditures of the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company up to and including
October 31, 1902.
Respectfully,
W.B. STEVENS,
Secretary.
Hon. JOSEPH FLORY,
Secretary National Commission, City.
ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., November 26, 1902.
DEAR SIR: I send herewith a statement of the disbursements and
liabilities of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, which,
I think, meets the request made by the National Commission.
Respectfully,
D.R. FRANCIS,
President.
Hon. THOMAS H. CARTER,
President National Commission, St. Louis.
ST. LOUIS, November 29, 1902.
DEAR SIR: I send herewith the financial statement and duplicate
duly certified in accordance with the request of the National
Commission.
Respectfully,
W.B. STEVENS,
Secretary.
DEAR SIR: Referring to conversation had with you this morning, relative to the detailed statement of disbursements and liabilities transmitted this Commission each month, I wish to say that the statement does not furnish all the information requested.
By reference to letter addressed President Francis by President Carter under date of November 26, 1902, on the second page of which you will note this Commission desires a statement showing the contract obligations for the several buildings, the name of the contractors, the dates fixed for payment, the amounts heretofore paid, and the date for final completion of each structure. Also all contracts existing requiring the payment of money for the acquisition of grounds and improvements to be made thereon, and for services rendered or to be rendered, together with the amounts heretofore paid on the respective contracts, and the names of the contractors to whom payments have been or are to be made, giving the substance of each and every contract for the payment of money made by the Exposition Company prior to November 1. If you could have the statement include the months of November, December, and January it would be appreciated.
You will also note that it is desired that the statement should embrace an approximate estimate of the cost of all contemplated construction, improvements, and necessary expenditures connected with the exposition, as contemplated by the plan and scope thereof heretofore approved.
This Commission will meet on March 10, and I will appreciate it if you will have the statement furnished at your earliest convenience.
Thanking you in advance for your kindness, I beg to remain,
Yours, very truly, JOSEPH FLORY, Secretary.
W.B. STEVENS, Esq., Secretary Exposition Company, Building.
ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., February 19, 1903.
DEAR SIR: The information asked for in your letter of the 5th instant, namely, "A statement showing contract obligations for the several buildings, names of contractors, dates fixed for payment, amount heretofore paid, and dates for final completion of each structure," is being prepared and will be forwarded to you.
Respectfully, W.B. STEVENS, Secretary.
Mr. JOSEPH FLORY, Secretary.
The statements furnished by the Exposition Company following this correspondence did not seem to the Commission to be sufficiently explanatory of the financial condition of the exposition, and with a view of obviating this difficulty, and of insuring better results in the future, the Commission on March 13, 1903, appointed a special auditing committee, consisting of Messrs. Scott, Thurston, and Miller, to audit the books and accounts of the Exposition Company up to April 1, 1903. Mr. Scott, as chairman, was authorized by the following resolution to make the audit:
Copy of Resolution.
Resolved, That the special auditing committee heretofore appointed be, and said committee is hereby, directed to inquire into and report to the Commission at its earliest convenience the true situation concerning the financial condition of the Exposition Company in the matter of cash receipts from different sources, including receipts for admissions and concessions and other sources; also all disbursements of any nature made by the Exposition Company. They will also examine all advertisements for bids; also all competitive bids submitted by contractors under each advertisement, and compare the accepted bids with the rejected bids, and determine if the accepted bids are reasonable in comparison with the material and service rendered. They will also prepare a comparative statement showing all bids submitted, and a copy of all contracts as finally awarded.
It is the wish of the Commission that you, as chairman of the special auditing committee, proceed with as much expedition as possible to make the examination and secure the information as set forth in above resolution.
Owing to the magnitude of the work of auditing the books of such an immense enterprise, Mr. Scott engaged the services of Jones, Caesar & Co., expert accountants, of St. Louis, to make the investigation under supervision of the committee.
On June 23, 1903, the special auditing committee made a report to the Commission, and at various times thereafter submitted other reports of the financial standing of the Exposition Company, based upon the findings of the above-named firm of expert accountants, all of which are in the files of the Commission.
The last report of the expert accountants employed by the Commission, containing a statement of receipts and disbursements of the Exposition Company from date of its incorporation to date of April 30, 1905, together with a condensed statement compiled by said expert accountants, showing their estimate of the financial result of the exposition, which they state has been prepared from the accounts of the company to May 3, 1905, and from an estimate of future receipts and expenditures, furnished by the president of the Exposition Company, is herewith submitted as a part of this report as "Appendix No. 1."
The Commission was compelled from time to time to call the attention of the Exposition Company to the apparently excessive number of free admissions in comparison with the total attendance at the exposition.
On May 10, 1904, the Commission wrote to the Exposition Company, pointing out that for the first seven days of the exposition, with the exception of the opening day, the number of free admissions compared with paid admissions was in the ratio of 7 to 6. On several subsequent occasions the Commission insisted that prompt action should be taken to check the indiscriminate use of passes.
On May 24, 1904, the Commission adopted the following resolution:
Resolved, That Mr. Thurston, as a member of the judiciary committee present, call upon Judge Ferris, general counsel for the Exposition Company, and indicate to him the condition of correspondence with reference to free admissions to the fair grounds, and to suggest to him that in the absence of any disposition on the part of the Exposition Company to take notice of the protests of the Commission, he has been authorized to prepare the case for submission to the Attorney-General of the United States, with request that action be taken in the courts to prevent further violation of the law and rules as agreed upon by the joint action of the company and the Commission.
On the same day Mr. Thurston, in a conference with Judge Ferris, general counsel of the Exposition Company, brought the said action of the Commission to his attention and insisted that the Exposition Company should at once take immediate steps to put an end to the excessive and improper issuance of free passes. Mr. Thurston was assured by Judge Ferris that he would immediately consult with the exposition officials and endeavor to secure such action on their part as would meet the views and wishes of the Commission.
As there was no apparent cessation in the distribution of passes, the president of the Commission, on May 31, addressed the following communication to the president of the Exposition Company:
SIR: Under date of May 26 Secretary Stevens transmitted to the National Commission what he denominated "The rules and regulations governing and restricting the issuance and use of passes," as adopted by the company and now in operation. This communication, with the rules referred to attached, was obviously intended as an answer to the communication of the Commission to the company on that subject under dates of May 10 and May 19.
I am directed by the Commission to call your attention to the following sentence contained in my letter of 19th, above referred to, to wit:
"Persons not entitled to admission to the grounds under article 5 of the rules and regulations can only be legally and properly admitted by the Exposition Company with the approval of the National Commission."
With that proposition the answer of the executive committee of your company takes issue by submitting what you evidently deemed a sufficient answer through rules and regulations adopted by the company and now in operation, without the approval of the Commission.
The Commission understands that the following issues arise from this letter and the correspondence to which it refers, to wit:
First. That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company asserts and is exercising the asserted right to formulate and put into operation rules and regulations governing and restricting the issuance and use of free passes to the exposition grounds, without submitting such rules and regulations to the Commission and obtaining its approval thereof.
Second. That the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company asserts and is acting upon the assertion of its alleged right, through its officers and agents, to issue free passes to the exposition grounds without the concurrence or approval of the National Commission, expressed through general rules or regulations or otherwise.
In reply to these asserted rights, and the exercise thereof by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission denies the right of the company to promulgate and put into operation rules and regulations governing and prescribing the issuance and use of free passes to the exposition grounds without submitting such rules and regulations to the Commission, and without obtaining its approval thereof, and denies the right of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to issue free passes to the exposition grounds without the concurrence or approval of the National Commission, expressed through general rules and regulations, or otherwise.
Upon the two issues here presented the Commission invokes the judgment of the board of arbitration, provided for in section 4 of the act of Congress, entitled:
"An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the purchase of the Louisiana territory by the United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea, in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri, approved March 3, 1901."
For convenience a copy of the correspondence referred to is hereunto attached.
Hon. John M. Allen and Hon. John M. Thurston, the members of the Commission appointed to act for this body on the board of arbitration, will hold themselves in readiness to meet the members of that board appointed by the company at their pleasure.
Yours, very respectfully,
THOS. H. CARTER.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS,
President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company.
On June 14 the Exposition Company submitted certain rules and regulations governing the issuance of passes. The Commission gave due consideration to the proposed rules, and on June 25 returned them to the Exposition Company with certain modifications, which the executive committee of the Exposition Company refused to adopt. Whereupon, on July 7, the Commission, by resolution, demanded immediate arbitration on the matter and protested against the issuance of free admissions pending a decision by the board of arbitration.
Mr. Joseph Flory, secretary of the Commission since its organization,
resigned from that office on July 1, 1904. Mr. Lawrence H. Grahame, of
New York, assistant secretary, was elected as secretary to succeed Mr.
Flory.
On July 13, 1904, the board of arbitration of the Commission and the Exposition Company finally met, and the question of free passes was discussed. Another meeting of the arbitrators was held on July 18, and rules and regulations governing the use of passes were drafted.
These rules were subsequently adopted by the company and approved by the
Commission on July 20, 1904. The rules read as, follows:
Resolved, That the rules and regulations governing free admission to the exposition grounds, prepared by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, governing the corporation are fixed and established by said company to read as follows:
The official badges of the officers and directors of the company, directors of divisions, and chiefs of departments of the exposition, duly approved by the board of directors of the company; the official badges of the officers and members of the National Commission, duly approved by said Commission; and the official badge of the board of lady managers, duly approved by said board, shall entitle the officers and members wearing the same to free admission to the exposition grounds.
Card passes for the entire period of the exposition will be issued to the following officials and their wives, to wit:
The President of the United States.
The Vice-President of the United States.
Members of the Cabinet.
Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States.
The Secretary to the President of the United States.
Members and officers of the National Commission.
The directors and officers of the Exposition Company.
The mayor of the city of St. Louis.
Card passes for the entire period of the exposition will be
issued to the following persons, to wit:
Members of both Houses of Congress, and the chief officers
thereof.
The Diplomatic Corps.
The diplomatic representatives of the United States abroad.
The governors of States, Territories, Districts, and dependencies of the United States, and the Commissioners of the District of Columbia.
Commissioners of foreign countries accredited to the exposition.
Commissioners of States, Territories, Districts, and
dependencies of the United States accredited to the exposition.
Directors of divisions and chiefs of the departments and bureaus
of the exposition.
The widows of deceased directors of the Exposition Company.
The members of the board of lady managers.
Members of the United States Government board.
The commander of the Jefferson Guards and his official aides.
The members and chief officers of the municipal assembly of the
city of St. Louis.
The heads of departments of the municipal government of the city
of St. Louis.
The chief of police and the chief of the detective force of St.
Louis.
Limited admission passes will be granted, under such rules and regulations as the Exposition Company may prescribe, to the following classes of persons whose duties require their presence upon the exposition grounds, to wit:
The judges and jurors of awards.
Employees of the Exposition Company.
Employees of the National Commission.
Employees of the board of lady managers.
Officers and employees of the United States actually in charge of or connected with the Government exhibits, or otherwise officially engaged within the exposition grounds.
Agents and employees of foreign governments actually in charge of or connected with their exhibits or buildings.
Duly accredited press representatives.
Private exhibitors and their employees.
Concessionaires and their employees.
The term "employee" as herein used shall be construed as meaning only such persons as are actually and necessarily employed within the exposition grounds, and when in any case such employment ceases the pass shall be taken up and canceled.
A vehicle may be admitted to the grounds upon payment of 50 cents, but the driver and occupants thereof shall be subject to the general rules governing admissions.
Provided, That all official vehicles and the vehicles of officers and directors of the Exposition Company, of officers and members of the National Commission, and the members of the board of lady managers shall, with the driver thereof, be admitted free upon presentation of official permit.
Any person entering the grounds upon a badge or card pass shall be required to deposit with the gate keeper a personal card with pass number thereon.
In exceptional cases the president of the Exposition Company may issue passes to persons not included in the foregoing classification, when such action is deemed for the best interest of the exposition.
Passes will not be replaced during the period for which same may have been issued. When a pass is lost, prompt notice should be given to the department of admissions in order that notice of same may be posted and the pass taken up if presented.
When an employee is discharged or resigns, a pass will not be issued to his successor until the original pass is returned to the department of admissions.
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition reserves the right to call in and revoke or cancel any pass at any time.
Passes are void and will be forfeited if showing any evidence of alteration or erasure. All passes are nontransferable, and will be forfeited if presented by any other than person named thereon.
Any person holding a pass may be required to prove his identity
by signature or otherwise.
All passes will be issued subject to the conditions printed
thereon.
All passes issued in conflict with the foregoing rules and
regulations shall be recalled and canceled.
The Exposition Company shall furnish the National Commission a complete list of all card passes and a statement of all other passes issued prior to July 1, classified as to departments, divisions, and bureaus, as accurately as may be done from the books of the company, and hereafter the company shall keep an accurate record by departments, divisions, and bureaus, showing all passes issued by each under the foregoing rules, and shall furnish a copy of such record to the National Commission with each monthly financial statement, and such statement shall contain a list of all card passes issued during the month to which the financial report refers.
Prior to the approval of the rules and regulations governing free admissions to the exposition grounds, the president of the Exposition Company exercised a free hand in the distribution of passes.
On April 30, and during the month of May, 1904, of the 1,841,275 total admissions only 667,772 were paid admissions, thus making the free admissions substantially two-thirds of the total.
In June, 1904, the total admissions were 2,448,519, and of this number 1,382,865 were paid.
In July an improvement occurred. Of the 2,498,265 admissions during that month, 1,514,743 were paid. Thenceforward less than one-half of the total admissions were free. But notwithstanding the effort to check this abuse it was indulged to such an extent that the final totals make a remarkable showing, as follows:
Total admissions during the entire period
of the exposition ………………….. 20,066,537
Total paid admissions during the entire
period of the exposition ……………. 12,804,616
The total attendance and the paid admissions at the exposition do not compare favorably with those of the Columbian Exposition of 1893. The Columbian Exposition was conducted during a period of great financial depression, while the St. Louis Exposition was held during a period of remarkable prosperity. The Government aid extended to the latter was far greater in every respect than was given the former.
The method of advertising the exposition adopted by the company was a subject of constant and almost universal criticism, and complaints were made to the Commission and in the public press that exploitation of the fair was inadequate. On every possible occasion members of the Commission personally brought the matter to the attention of the exposition officials and suggested that steps be taken to give the enterprise wider publicity.
The Commission received communications and personal visits almost daily from persons interested in the success of the exposition, urging that some official action be taken to improve the existing advertising arrangements. So insistent became the demand for greater publicity that the president of the Commission addressed the following letter to the Exposition Company, suggesting the importance of properly advertising the exposition throughout the country.
DEAR SIR: By direction of the National Commission, I respectfully call your attention to the apparent need for an extension and enlargement of the publicity feature of the exposition.
The zeal and efficiency of the press of the city of St. Louis has demonstrated what may be done in the creation of active interest by enlightened exploitation through the public press. Within the range of the general circulation of the papers published in this city all features of the fair have been made known; but, unhappily, the journals of this city, like those of all other cities, enjoy general circulation only in a limited area. Beyond the line of the special influence of the local press the extensive proportions and interesting details of the fair do not appear to the Commission to have been made known to the general public, to the extent or in the manner calculated to inspire the interest and secure the attendance warranted by the extraordinary merits of the great educational force here installed. In the opinion of the Commission this delinquency does not arise from any lack of devotion to the public welfare by the press of the country at large.
The munificent recognition of the fair by the General Government attracted national attention. The invitation extended by the President of the United States, under authority of law, to the nations of the earth to participate in the exposition, supplemented by the cordial cooperation of our diplomatic and consular representatives abroad, secured the most extensive foreign participation ever accorded to any like undertaking. Moved thereto by the example of the National Government, the States, Territories, and dependencies of the United States joined in the exposition with unparalleled generosity and enthusiasm. The groups of palatial buildings erected by the foreign governments and by the States and minor subdivisions of our country, together with the exhibits installed in the exhibition palaces provided by the company, bear the amplest testimony of their earnest desire to make the exposition a pronounced success. The splendid exhibit installed here by the government of the Philippine Islands rises to the proportions of an exposition on its own account.
The buildings are completed, the exhibits are installed, and the exposition has been in progress for substantially three-sevenths of its allotted period. The faith of the management in the merits of the exposition has been justified by the approving judgment of all who have entered the gates; but the daily attendance has been far short of what it should be from any point of view.
Unhappily, the magnificent proportions and the numberless attractions of the exposition do not seem to be fully understood by the masses of the people throughout the United States, whence attendance must be chiefly expected. The results obtained from the territory commanded by the press of St. Louis warrants the belief that the unsatisfactory conditions prevailing would be overcome if the country at large could be adequately advised of what is to be seen, learned, and enjoyed within these grounds.
All the National, State, Territorial, and District governments participating in the exposition are quite as much interested as the company in the diffusion of knowledge concerning the merits of the exposition and securing the attendance of the largest number of people who may find it possible to enjoy the benefits and the pleasure of a visit to the grounds. It appears to the Commission that the company may well call to its aid the forces referred to. The details through which publicity may be widely extended might wisely be made the result of a conference by a committee made up of persons appointed by the Exposition Company, the National Commission, and the representatives of Governments, States, Territories, and Districts having duly accredited commissioners appointed to represent them. It is probable that such a conference would find the representatives of each Government, State, and District anxious to cooperate by furnishing detailed information along well-considered lines concerning the participation of each in the fair. For example, the people of New York will be interested in a well-prepared description of the exhibits of that State, whereas the same subject-matter would not be of like interest to the people of California; but, on the contrary, the people of California would be interested in a graphic description of California exhibits.
The newspapers of the respective States will, without doubt, cheerfully give space to descriptive matter directly relating to the exhibits and achievements of their readers.
One instance has been called to the attention of the Commission where the names of visitors to the fair, registered at a State building, are being forwarded to the leading daily papers of the State, and published as a matter of news in their columns. The papers in question not only publish the list of arrivals at the exposition, but have called for any other matter of interest occurring here relating to the people or affairs of the State. This method of publicity pursued by the commissioners of one State might, as the result of conference, become generally adopted. The Exposition Company could well afford to aid and assist in the preparation of descriptive articles, accompanied by plate matter, relating to different localities, because it is evident that the creation of interest in any locality will contribute to the general purpose. But it is not the intention to here attempt to detail the many ways of securing merited publicity which would undoubtedly evolve from a general conference by representatives of all the interested forces.
The commissioners representing the various States and governments are persons of wide experience and broad intelligence; and they are all, in their respective spheres, undoubtedly as anxious to contribute to the success of the exposition as the directors and officers of the Exposition Company are known to be.
It is far from the intention of the Commission to interfere with the operation of any of your own matured plans; but it is respectfully submitted that the failure of expected and necessary attendance at the exposition is a matter of such supreme importance as to warrant the employment of every available force connected with this enterprise in the work of calling public attention to the exposition through the press of the whole country, and such other agencies as may be suggested and adopted.
Very respectfully,
Thos. H. CARTER,
President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS,
President Exposition Company, Building.
The exposition management did not elect to avail itself of the cooperation of the National Commission in the matter of exploitation, but very shortly after the foregoing letter was delivered the advertising department became more active by advertising in the newspapers and by the use of billboards in St. Louis and the adjacent territory.
The National Bill Posters' Association, which met in St. Louis about this time, observing the inadequacy of the provision made for advertising, volunteered to cooperate with the Exposition Company by posting bills on their boards free of charge throughout an extensive area.
A cursory examination of reports of the daily attendance will show a very perceptible increase of receipts at the gates in consequence of the effort made about this time to call the attractions of the exposition to the attention of the people. Unhappily the exploitation work thus commenced was practically one year behind time. Undoubtedly the paid attendance at the exposition could have been very largely increased by an efficient system of exploitation initiated one year before the gates were opened and vigorously prosecuted until the close of the exposition.
In order to increase the attendance at the exposition, as well as to increase the revenues of the Exposition Company at certain periods, the National Commission at different times cheerfully approved the modifications of the rules proposed by the Exposition Company authorizing the sale of season tickets, also of special tickets for limited periods, at reduced rates. Such modifications proposed by the Exposition Company were in all instances, except one, approved by the National Commission substantially as proposed; but in one instance the Commission was impelled from a sense of its duty to the Government to decline to approve a rule proposed by the company providing for the sale of special coupon tickets good for 50 admissions to stockholders of the company only.
It is proper to say that prior to the submission to the Commission of the proposed rule, or modification of the rules, announcement had been made in the newspapers of St. Louis that such tickets would be sold by the company, and, in fact, the sale of the proposed tickets had already begun.
The following letter contains the proposal of the company to authorize the sale of such special tickets to stockholders only:
DEAR SIR: I am directed by the executive committee of the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to inform the National
Commission that the committee has approved the following
resolution:
Resolved, That a ticket, photographic, nontransferable, having 50 coupons good for admission at any time during the World's Fair shall be sold to stockholders at the rate of $12.50; this privilege to continue to and including June 15, to be open to all who shall be stockholders up to and including that day.
I am directed by the executive committee to ask favorable action upon the resolution by the National Commission.
Respectfully,
WALTER B. STEVENS,
Secretary.
Mr. JOSEPH FLORY,
Secretary National Commission.
It was the opinion of the National Commission that the sale of the proposed tickets to stockholders alone at the reduced price proposed was in the nature of a dividend or pecuniary benefit in which the United States Government could not participate, and therefore contrary to law; and in view of the fact that the people of the United States had contributed through the Government appropriation for the exposition an amount of money equal to that which had been furnished by the stockholders of the company it seemed to the Commission that no special privilege respecting the purchase of tickets should be given such stockholders that was not given equally to all citizens of the United States.
This view was especially enforced by the consideration that stockholders of the company had subscribed for such stock in the belief that the citizens of the city of St. Louis would reap large local benefits from the holding of the fair in that city, while it was obvious that the other citizens of the United States could not in any degree participate in such benefits.
The Commission, believing that the sale of special coupon tickets at that time would increase the revenues of the company at a time when such increase seemed to be especially desirable, submitted to the company a modification of the proposed rule, as set forth in the following letter:
DEAR SIR: I am directed by the National Commission to inform you that they have had under consideration the resolution contained in your esteemed favor of 18th instant, reading as follows:
"Resolved, That a ticket, photographic, nontransferable, having 50 coupons, good for admission at any time during the World's Fair, shall be sold to stockholders at the rate of $12.50; this privilege to continue to and including June 15, and to be open to all who shall be stockholders up to and including that day."
The Commission respectfully declines to approve the resolution as presented, but, being in hearty accord with the laudable purpose of the company to offer inducements tending to insure an extensive sale of admission tickets before the 15th of June, approves that feature of the resolution by modifying the same so as to read as follows:
"There shall be sold to the public up to and including June 15 at $12.50 a photographic, nontransferable ticket with 50 coupons thereunto attached, each good for one admission to the fair at any time prior to August 31."
In the judgment of the Commission the use of the tickets proposed should be restricted by a time limit, inasmuch as a failure to provide such a restriction would be equivalent to a reduction of admissions to 25 cents each. Moreover, limiting the time for use of the tickets, as proposed, would tend to stimulate attendance at the fair during the summer months.
The Commission is not insensible to the natural desire of the Exposition Company to give some privilege to the stockholders who subscribed to the capital stock of the corporation, but, while appreciating the generous motive of the executive committee, the Commission feels constrained to withhold its approval for the reason that approval thereof would, in the judgment of the Commission, violate the letter and spirit of section 20 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, which, in so far as applicable, reads as follows:
"That there shall be repaid into the Treasury of the United
States the same proportionate amount of the aid given by the
United States as shall be repaid to either the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition Company or the city of St. Louis."
The proposal to give to stockholders of the Exposition Company tickets of admission good until December 1 at half price confers upon the stock a special privilege not contemplated by the act of Congress, and is apparently in the nature of a dividend or pecuniary benefit in which the United States can not participate.
I am also directed by the Commission to say that if, in the opinion of the company, the best interests of the fair would be advanced by making the proposed tickets good for the entire time of the fair the Commission would view such action with favor, providing the price of the ticket should be fixed at $15.
Yours, very respectfully, JOSEPH FLORY, Secretary.
Mr. WALTER B. STEVENS, Secretary Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, Building.
On May 23, 1904, a conference was held between the National Commission and a committee on conference appointed by the Exposition Company. At such conference the National Commission insisted that the proposed special coupon tickets be sold to the public, while the conferees on the part of the company urged the acceptance of the original rule proposed by said company, limiting the sale of stockholders only. Finally, upon the proposal of the conferees of the company, and in order to reach an agreement, the National Commission assented to a rule whereby the company should be authorized to sell such tickets to its stockholders, also to any person presenting an order from the National Commission therefor, as is set forth in the following copy of the conference agreement:
At a conference between the officers and members of the executive committee of the Exposition Company and members of the National Commission, held at the office of President Francis on Monday, May 23, it was agreed, after a full and free conference, that the disagreement existing between the Exposition Company and the Commission with reference to the sale of 50-coupon, photographic, nontransferable tickets to stockholders of the Exposition Company, at $12.50 each, on or before June 15, such tickets to be good during the period of the fair, was settled by the adoption of the following addition to article 5, to wit:
"That any stockholder of the Exposition Company, or any person presenting an order from the National Commission to the treasurer of the company, may, at any time prior to June 15, purchase for $12.50 one photographic nontransferable ticket with 50 coupons attached, each coupon good for one admission to the fair at any time on or before December 1, 1904."
To which addition to the aforesaid article 5 full assent was
given by the company and the Commission.
D.R. FRANCIS, President,
W.H. THOMPSON, Treasurer,
FESTUS J. WADE,
Chairman Ways and Means Committee,
Committee Representing Louisiana Purchase Exposition Co.
Thos. H. CARTER,
JOHN M. THURSTON,
GEO. W. MCBRIDE,
PHILIP D. SCOTT,
JOHN F. MILLER,
FREDERICK A. BETTS,
For the National Commission Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
The Commission, desiring that the public should have the amplest opportunity to participate in the purchase of these special tickets at reduced rates, and in order that the knowledge of such privilege should have the widest publicity, addressed and sent to the Associated Press the following notice:
To the Associated Press:
Some days ago the Exposition Company proposed to issue a nontransferable photographic coupon ticket good for 50 admissions for the sum of $12.50, that amount being half rate. This proposal was disapproved by the National Commission, because deemed in the nature of a dividend on the stock. The Commission insisted that if the price of tickets was reduced in the manner proposed, they should be presented to the public for sale without preference as to purchasers. As the result of a conference it was agreed that the Exposition Company might sell to its stockholders nontransferable tickets at the rate of $12.50 each for 50 admissions, and that at the same time any person not a stockholder presenting an order from the National Commission to the treasurer of the company would be entitled to the same privilege. The Commission desires to announce that any person not a stockholder of the Exposition Company may, upon application to the Commission, procure an order on the treasurer of the Exposition Company for the delivery of one of the tickets referred to upon the payment of $12.50. The privilege of purchase can not be exercised after June 15. Applications for orders may be made in person or by letter addressed to the National Commission, Administration Building, St. Louis. Payment for tickets to be made to William H. Thompson, treasurer, Laclede Building, St. Louis.
JOSEPH FLORY, Secretary.
The sale of these tickets was larger than had been expected either by the company or the Commission, and that it was satisfactory to the company was indicated by its proposal, under date of June 7, 1904, to extend the sale of such tickets from June 15 to and including July 1, the price being increased to $15. This proposal was promptly approved by the National Commission, and the sale resulted in materially increasing the revenues of the Exposition Company.
It will be perceived that rules and regulations governing the appointment of jurors and the awarding of premiums were presented by the company and adopted by the company and adopted by the Commission on May 2, 1903. These rules required that the nominations of all proposed jurors be submitted to the Commission on or before August 1, 1904.
Believing that the approval of the jurors by the Commission should not be merely perfunctory, but that the nominations should be scrutinized with care before approval, the Commission, on the 18th day of May, 1904, addressed the Exposition Company the following self-explanatory communication:
ST. LOUIS, May 19, 1904.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, President Exposition Company.
MY DEAR SIR: Inasmuch as objections may be urged to the appointment of certain persons upon juries of awards, it is the intention of the National Commission to give public notice, allowing reasonable time for the filing of any objections that may be offered to the appointment of any individual on the jury. As this proceeding will necessarily consume time, it is desirable that the names of persons proposed for the respective juries be transmitted to the Commission from time to time as the respective groups are completed by the company. It is believed that final action can be reached in a more orderly and satisfactory manner by taking up the names proposed for each jury separately rather than to have the entire membership of all the juries submitted for consideration simultaneously.
Yours, very respectfully,
THOS. H. CARTER, President.
A communication on the same subject was addressed to the president of the Exposition Company on May 23, as follows:
DEAR SIR: By direction of the Commission, I have the honor to call your attention to section 6 of the act of Congress making an appropriation for the exposition, and for other purposes, approved March 3, 1901, which provides that the appointment of all judges and examiners for the exposition shall be made by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject to the approval of the Commission created by section 2 of the act.
Some days ago a gentleman reported to the Commission that certain jurors had been appointed and were actually discharging their duties as judges and examiners. This rumor seemed to the Commission utterly incredible, but this morning the director of exhibits confirmed the rumor informally by admitting that certain jurors had been at work for a considerable length of time in certain departments of the exposition.
The Commission does not desire to assume a position at all hypercritical, but I am directed to say that an utter disregard of provisions of the law can not be countenanced.
To the end that no question may arise concerning the legality or regularity of the action of any jury or board of examiners, I have the honor to request, in behalf of the Commission, that the names of jurors be forwarded to the Commission for consideration before there is any pretense to giving them authority to act.
Inasmuch as an infraction of the law has heretofore occurred according to the director of exhibits, I can but request that the names of the jurors who have heretofore been commissioned to act be forwarded for consideration without delay. We are not unmindful that free and full consideration of the names of persons thus empowered to act without full authority will be somewhat embarrassing in view of their having been employed for a considerable length of time before the Commission will have been advised of their designation by the company.
Yours, very respectfully,
Thos. H. CARTER,
President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS,
President Exposition Company, Building.
As indicated by correspondence hereinafter set forth, the company did not present the names of jurors to the Commission on or before August 1, and indeed did not advise the Commission of the names of many of the jurors until long after the time had elapsed for the performance of their duties.
After the group juries had performed their duties certain persons, feeling aggrieved by the awards made, undertook to appeal to the Commission for redress. The Commission disclaimed jurisdiction to consider the matter until the awards were submitted to it for approval. Upon inquiry growing out of these attempted appeals, it was ascertained by the Commission that the Exposition Company questioned the right of the Commission to inquire into or in any manner to pass upon the justice or regularity of any award made. The company having submitted certain proposed amendments to the rules and regulations, the Commission undertook by further amendments to settle the question as to the right of the company to refuse to submit awards made to the Commission for its approval, as required by law. The right of the Commission to even inquire into charges of fraud, bribery, or corruption in connection with awards the company steadily denied and never conceded.
In the records of the Commission filed with this report will be found charges under oath against a division chief, alleging that he was a party to negotiations for a bribe of $2,000 to be paid on the awarding of the grand prize to a certain manufactured article, and that when the matter was brought to his attention his only explanation was that he had declined to be the stakeholder or custodian of the money because of possible criticism in case the transaction should become public. This individual was a member of the group jury, a member of the department jury of his department, and a member of the superior jury.
The Commission felt that investigation of such serious charges was absolutely necessary to guarantee the integrity of the awards.
On October 18, 1904, Commissioner Allen, as acting president of the
Commission, set forth the existing status of the case in a letter to
Hon. D.R. Francis, president of the Exposition Company, reading as
follows:
SIR: On October 11 the National Commission sent to the local company a communication suggesting certain amendments to an amendment to the rules and regulations governing the system of awards sent us by the Exposition Company. To date we have not received reply to the communication referred to, nor have we heard from your company, excepting a visit from Judge Wilbur F. Boyle, a member of your executive committee, who called on the Commission on Friday, October 14, in relation to this matter.
The amendments suggested by this Commission were to carry into effect the law as we understand it, and what we have been assured was so understood by your company, to wit: That the awards, before becoming final, should be approved by the National Commission. We infer from what was said by you to Mr. Scott, a member of this Commission, and what was said by Judge Boyle to the Commission, that the position of your company is that the approval of the National Commission only refers to the system of making the awards, and not to the awards of the juries. While we do not agree to this contention, we desire to call your attention to what we consider a number of violations of the rules and regulations governing the system of awards, as agreed upon by the local company and the National Commission. In the first place, in paragraph 3 of the special rules and regulations providing for the appointment of jurors and governing the system of making awards, it is set forth "that the nominations for group jurors shall be made not later than August 1, 1904, except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made at any subsequent time." It is also provided "that nominations of group jurors and alternates, when approved by the president of the Exposition Company, shall be transmitted to the National Commission for the approval of that body." "These nominations, having been considered and confirmed by the authority provided by section 6 of the act of Congress, relating to the approval of the awarding of premiums, the appointment to the international jury shall be made in accordance with section 6 of article 22 of the official rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company."
You will remember that the nominations of group jurors were not made until long after the time specified in the rules and regulations, which left but a brief time to notify the jurors and allow them time to get here to begin the performance of their duties by the 1st of September.
You will doubtless remember that the writer, Mr. Allen, had an interview with you and Mr. Skiff, in which he protested on behalf of the National Commission that no time was given the Commission to investigate the character of qualifications of the jurors thus nominated, and that it was placing in the hands of the chiefs of the different departments the power to fix up juries and make the awards conform to their own wishes, if they desired to do so.
You will also doubtless remember that Mr. Skiff, in your presence, said to Mr. Allen, as he has said to the Commission frequently before and as he assured us he had said to hundreds of exhibitors, that after the action of the group juries these awards would have to pass the department juries, then the superior jury, then the local company, and finally be approved by the National Commission, and that if anything wrong was done by the group juries thus selected ample opportunity would be had to right such wrong. Acting on this assurance the National Commission went ahead and approved such jurors as were sent them for their approval.
Paragraph 4 of said rules and regulations provides that each group jury shall choose its own officers, consisting of a chairman, vice-chairman, and secretary. It came to the knowledge of the Commission that when the group juries were being organized this rule was being violated, and in most, if not all instances, the officers of the group juries were being selected by the chiefs of the departments. We went to see the secretary of the exhibit department, who had charge of the matter of juries in that department, and informed him of this violation of the rules. We were informed by him that he did not know the chiefs had gone to the extent of informing the juries who their officers should be, but that they had been instructed to make suggestions that they might keep the chairmanship of the juries in the hands of the Americans.
We find that a large number of group jurors have been appointed, have participated in making awards, have been paid off, and have gone home without their names ever having been submitted to the National Commission for approval.
We are informed that the course adopted by the chiefs in the organization of the group juries was pursued when it came to the organization of the department juries, and in this way the chiefs, in violation of the rules, have selected the main body of the superior jury. We were also informed that the department juries were instructed to pass the matters that we think would properly belong to that body up to the superior jury; consequently the principal duty performed by the department jury was to enable the chiefs to select two members for the superior jury. We have been informed that the chiefs in some departments have taken it upon themselves to forbid the jurors from considering certain matters that were proper subjects for their consideration.
In paragraph 15 of said rules and regulations it is provided that if for any reason an award is not satisfactory to an exhibitor he may file notice to that effect with the president of the superior jury within three days after the official notification of the award; this notice shall be followed within seven days by a written statement setting forth at length his views as to wherein the award is unjust. We see now that the superior jury has been disbanded within three or four days after most of the exhibitors received their official notification, thus cutting off the opportunity of exhibitors who were dissatisfied with the awards to present their cases as provided for by the rules.
We are also informed that instead of the superior jury hearing any protests or complaints of the awards, these were referred to subboards or subjuries made up in the main of jurors who had been brought up by the chiefs from the various group juries to the superior jury by the methods heretofore described.
We have also been informed by a gentleman who attempted to make a protest and get a hearing before these subcommittees so organized with the superior jury that he was informed he could only make his complaint to the chief of the department from which the exhibit referred to came, and when one chief was approached he said he would not permit the matter complained of to be investigated by the superior jury. He then appealed to the full superior jury to hear him, and he was informed that they had agreed that no one should be heard. So that it occurs to us that the thing we sought to warn you against has been practically accomplished, and the assurance given us that the method by which these things might be corrected has been denied, so that if we understand your contention that we were only to approve the system of making awards instead of the awards we claim the system that we approved has been violated from start to finish.
We also find that some jurors who were appointed and approved for certain departments had been transferred to other groups and departments without the knowledge or approval of the National Commission.
We are not thoroughly familiar with the character of all your chiefs for integrity or impartiality, but from some things that we have heard we are unwilling for some of them to make up a list of awards without the National Commission's performance of the duty that devolves on us by the act of Congress and by section 6 of article 22 of the rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, adopted in pursuance of an act of Congress of the United States, and we again wish to protest as we have had occasion to do several times before, against the apparent disposition on the part of the local company to ignore the National Commission, and disregard the powers vested in this body by the act of Congress, under which this exposition is held.
We see from the papers that your company, without any reference to the National Commission, is proceeding to publish the list of awards made as heretofore described in this communication. We wish to enter a protest against this being done, and to inform you that under section 4 of the act of Congress a board of arbitration is provided for, "to whom all matters of difference arising between the Commission and said company concerning the administration, management, and general supervision of said exposition, including all matters of difference arising out of the power given by this act to the said company, or to the said National Commission to modify or approve any act of the other of the two bodies, shall be referred for determination," and to notify you that we insist upon such arbitration if your company insists upon its refusal to submit these awards to the National Commission for approval.
The matters to be submitted to said arbitration board are as follows:
First. The right of the National Commission to have submitted for its approval the awards found under the jury system and ready to be promulgated by the superior jury.
Second. If our contention as to our rights in this matter be found by said board of arbitration against us, then as to whether or not the rules and regulations adopted by the local company and the National Commission governing the system of awards have been so complied with as to bind the National Commission to any approval of the system by which the awards have been made.
Third. Whether or not, under the rules and regulations, it is necessary for the president of the National Commission to sign the diplomas or certificate of awards; and if so, can his name be put on such diplomas or certificates without his consent.
We trust any further announcement of the awards of the superior jury may be withheld until this matter shall have been arbitrated.
Respectfully,
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION,
JOHN M. ALLEN, Acting President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS,
President Exposition Company, Building.
A formal acknowledgment of this letter was received from Secretary Stevens, with the advice that the same had been placed before the executive committee for consideration.
At about this time there appeared in several St. Louis newspapers advertisements of prominent firms of St. Louis, setting forth the alleged fact that they had been awarded grand prizes on their exhibits, and in connection with such advertisements was displayed a cut of an official award ribbon, bearing the facsimile signature of the president, the director of exhibits, the secretary of the Exposition Company, and the chief of the department in which the exhibit was made.
The fact that the awards were being advertised broadcast in this manner before they had been approved by the Commission was called to the attention of President Francis by Mr. Allen, acting president, by a letter under date of November 4, as follows:
SIR: If the inclosed advertisement is published by authority of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, it seems to be directly in conflict with the understanding had with the National Commission that before awards be announced officially they were to be submitted to the National Commission for approval. This advertisement purports to be by authority of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, signed by David R. Francis, president, and F.J.V. Skiff, director of exhibits. No final action on awards by the superior jury have been submitted to the National Commission, but nearly all the exhibitors in the exhibit buildings are advertising what purports to be the official awards.
We most earnestly submit that this action on the part of the exhibitors is in direct conflict with the law and with the agreement had with you by the National Commission, and if it is being done with the approval of your company, we desire again to protest against it. We understood after our demand for arbitration on the construction of the law as to the right of the National Commission to approve or disapprove of awards, that your company agreed to our contention, and that these awards were to be submitted to us before being published. If your understanding does not accord with ours, we again ask for arbitration. If it does accord with ours, we insist that the spirit of this agreement be adhered to.
Very respectfully,
JOHN M. ALLEN, Acting President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS, President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, Administration Building.
The following communication was received from President Francis, in reply to Mr. Allen's letter:
DEAR SIR: I am in receipt of contents of your letter of this date concerning the advertisement of the Brown Shoe Company of their awards. It surprised me as much as it did you. I have instituted inquiries, and as soon as I ascertain by whose authority the announcement was put in the papers, I shall advise you. Of course you know that the exposition authorities had no knowledge of such an advertisement until it was given to the public. These ribbons are sold by a concessionaire, who was instructed weeks ago to sell none of them until the awards are officially announced.
Very truly, yours,
D.R. FRANCIS,
President.
Hon. J.M. ALLEN,
Acting President National Commission, St. Louis, Mo.
Shortly after the receipt of the foregoing letter from President Francis another letter bearing the same matter was delivered to the Commission, as follows:
DEAR SIR: Since writing you a hurried note this morning, I have read your letter more carefully, and desire to state in addition that, referring to that portion of your letter relating to what you term an "agreement" between this company and the National Commission that no award can be made without being approved by the Commission, I beg to say I am not advised of such an agreement or understanding having been made. It was our understanding that, before official notification to exhibitors, a list of the awards made by the superior jury would be furnished by the secretary of said jury to the Commission and also to this company for their information and for the purpose of giving to the Commission and to this company an opportunity to call the attention of the jury (or the committee of five now acting as such) to any errors which the Commission or this company might discover, so that the same might be considered and corrected before giving official notification to the exhibitors. My understanding is that the committee of five are sending these lists as fast as its clerical force can make them out.
Yours, truly,
D.R. FRANCIS,
President.
Hon. JOHN M. ALLEN,
Acting President National Commission.
On November 5, Mr. Allen addressed another communication to President
Francis, as follows:
SIR: The National Commission is in receipt of your two letters of the 4th instant, in reply to one of same date sent to you. The first of the two letters recognizes our contention. Your second letter is one of the most surprising communications we have ever had from the local company. You seem to have mended your hold after your first letter of the 4th instant and for some reason repudiated what Mr. Miller, Mr. Betts, and the writer clearly understood to be an acquiescence in and an agreement to the contentions as to the rights of the National Commission contained in our letter to you of October 18. We inclose herewith a copy of said letter of the 18th instant for the purpose of refreshing your memory without the necessity of looking it up.
You will see that in that letter we defined the contention of the National Commission as to its right to approve or disapprove of the awards of the juries, and it concludes with a demand for arbitration unless this right is conceded by your company.
You will remember that instead of answering this letter you invited Mr. Betts and the writer into your office, where we sent for Mr. Miller, to discuss this question. You should remember that when you broached this subject the writer said to you, "We are not looking for work, nor are we looking for trouble, but we think Congress has imposed this duty of approving and disapproving these awards on us, and we will not shirk it." There was considerable discussion in your office that day, but no intimation from you or anyone else that there was still opposition to our contention. You went on to say that the lists that you were getting out were not official in any sense and would not be until we said so.
You will recall that this interview between us was at your suggestion and intended, we supposed, as an answer to our communication of the 18th of October, in which we had demanded arbitration on this very question. You say in your second letter of the 4th instant that "It was our understanding that before official notification to exhibitors a list of awards of the superior jury would be furnished by the secretary of said jury to the Commission and also to this company for their information and for the purpose of giving the Commission and this company an opportunity to call the attention of the jury, or the committee of five now acting as such, to any errors which the Commission or this company might discover, so that the same might be considered and corrected before giving official notification to the exhibitors." We can not understand where you could have gotten that understanding. I know that there was nothing said about the National Commission having a list submitted to it for any other purpose than the purpose of approval or disapproval. We never asked for a list for information, nor was anything ever said about referring anything back to the committee of five. What was ever said by the members of the National Commission then present to indicate to you that we withdrew or abandoned our demand for arbitration if the right of approval or disapproval was not accorded the National Commission? And if nothing was said by us evidencing such an abandonment of the demand, what answer have you ever made to such a demand? If your conversation with the members of the National Commission in your office that day was not intended to make the impression on them that you assented to sending the awards to the National Commission for approval or disapproval, it was as misleading a conversation as I ever listened to, and both the other gentlemen of the National Commission who were present agree with me in this view.
Right here let me suggest that in the future our written communications be answered in writing. We will then at least have a record in writing.
We reiterate that we are not looking for trouble or work, but as the representatives of the Federal Government we do not propose, if we can prevent it, to acquiesce in having the awards of this exposition promulgated without our approval when we think the law devolves this duty upon us. If your second letter of the 4th instant, in which you state your understanding, is the course your company proposes to take about this matter, we reiterate our demand for arbitration as contained in our letter of October 18. We suppose it will not be contended that we have lost the right of arbitration. We insist that there be no official promulgation of the action of the superior jury until such arbitration shall have been concluded.
Awaiting your early reply,
Very respectfully,
JOHN M. ALLEN,
Acting President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS,
President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company,
Administration Building.
Under date of November 8, President Francis replied to the foregoing letter as follows:
DEAR SIR: Your communication of Saturday, November 5, was not read by me until yesterday, Monday, November 7, and was submitted to the executive committee to-day. I can not say whether the tone and spirit of the letter, or the statement that you misunderstood the position of the Exposition Company, was the more surprising. I desire to state emphatically that at no time have I ever told you or said anything that would justify you in believing that the Exposition Company accepted the contention that the National Commission has the right to approve or disapprove the awards of the superior jury before they are final. It is true I did invite you into my office after the receipt of your letter of October 18, and also true that I stated to you I regretted the view taken by the National Commission of its prerogatives or its duty, but none the less true that I also said that, inasmuch as the rules governing the system of awards had been promulgated and acted upon after approval by the Exhibition Company and the National Commission, that neither the Exposition Company nor the National Commission has the right to review the awards or overturn them. I did state that no official announcement of awards would be made until the Exposition Company and the National Commission should be advised of what they were, to the end that, if there had been any irregularity in the awarding, any errors or omissions, or any fraud, the same might be corrected; but at no time have I ever said anything that would justify you or anyone else in the conclusion that either the Exposition Company or the National Commission had the right to review the action of the superior jury with the power to overturn the awards on the ground that they were not justly made on the merits of the exhibits. It was certainly my understanding when we parted after the conference in my office that the situation was clear to you, and I have a distinct recollection, as does Judge Ferriss, who was present at the conference, that Mr. Betts accepted the situation. You offered no definite objection, but did state in an interrogatory tone that you were not yet ready to relinquish the right of the National Commission to approve the awards. I have had no conversation with you since that date on the subject, but Judge Boyle tells me that in conversation with Mr. Betts on the subject, after the interview in my office, he told Mr. Betts that the superior jury was progressing with its work and had no objection to any member or members of the National Commission being present at its sessions; and further, that as fast as the work progressed the results would be informally communicated to the National Commission, so that if the Commission should find any errors it could call the committee's attention to same, so that corrections could be made before an official announcement of awards. His impression, from the conversation with Mr. Betts, was that this arrangement was entirely satisfactory to the Commission, and would obviate any further controversy as to the right of the Commission to approve or disapprove the awards before they became final.
I therefore not only deny any intention to mislead you or the National Commission concerning the position of the superior jury and the Exposition Company, but state emphatically that I have said nothing that justifies any belief or impression on the part of anyone that either the superior jury or the Exposition Company admitted the contention of the National Commission that it had the right to approve or disapprove awards finally made by the superior jury in pursuance of the rules and regulations adopted by this company and approved by the Commission.
I made two replies to your letter of November 4, and my reason for doing so was explained in the second letter. My first letter was dictated immediately on receipt and on a cursory reading of your communication inclosing the advertisement of an award in the morning papers of November 4, and was hurriedly made through earnest consideration for and extreme courtesy toward the National Commission. It merely advised that I was investigating the advertisement and would report as soon as I could learn upon what authority of the Exposition Company or superior jury, if any, it had been inserted in the daily papers. Upon a rereading of your letter and a reference of same to members of the superior jury, my attention was called to the fact that a failure to reply to that portion of your letter claiming the right of the National Commission to approve or disapprove awards made on their merits might be construed as an acknowledgment of such contention, whereupon I sent to you the second communication. Until the receipt of your letter of the 5th, I was under the impression that the situation as it exists was accepted by the National Commission, as it has been by the Exposition Company.
I note the request in your letter "that in future our (your) written communications be answered in writing," and it will be complied with. Furthermore, if this request is made by authority of the National Commission, as such, I desire that all communications of the National Commission to the Exposition Company shall hereafter be in writing.
As to your request for an arbitration, if you still insist on having it the Exposition Company will interpose no obstacle.
In this connection, I desire to inform you that the diplomas or certificates of award provided for in the rules and regulations are being engraved, and the facsimile signatures of the president, secretary, and director of exhibits of the Exposition Company, and of the president of the National Commission placed thereon. If the National Commission is unwilling to have the name of its president engraved on these diplomas until or unless the awards are approved by the National Commission, the fact should be made known at the earliest possible moment, so that there may be no unnecessary expense incurred.
This letter has been submitted to the executive committee of the
Exposition Company and has been approved by it.
Yours truly
P.R. FRANCIS, President.
Hon. JOHN M. ALLEN, Acting President National Commission, Administration Building.
Informal conferences were held with the exposition officials from time to time, but no agreement was reached, and on November 11 the Commission submitted the following draft of suggestions to the Exposition Company for the finding of the board of arbitration:
First. The awards as made by the superior jury are final and binding upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, unless the same are impeached for fraud, or unless misconduct amounting to fraud is proven.
Second. The lists of awards as made by the superior jury are to be transmitted to the Exposition Company, and certificates of awards shall be authorized by said company, and thereafter said lists are to be transmitted to the National Commission and certificates of award authorized by said Commission, all without further question or investigation, unless the said awards are impeached for fraud or misconduct, as hereinbefore stated.
Third. No complaint or protest as to any of said awards will be received or considered, either by the Exposition Company or the National Commission, unless the same is made in writing over the signature of some competing exhibitor and substantiated by affidavit or other sworn testimony establishing a prima facie case of such fraud or misconduct in procuring or making of said award.
The arbitration committee of the Exposition Company replied to the foregoing propositions as follows:
DEAR SIR: After consulting Judge Boyle I find that the suggestions you have presented for a finding by the board of arbitration will be acceptable to both of us if the following amendments are made:
First. Change in the first clause, so as to read as follows:
"The awards as made by the superior jury are final and binding upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, except as to any award or awards which are impeached by said company or Commission for fraudulent conduct on the part of said jury in making the awards."
Second. Omit entirely the third clause.
We are of the opinion that ample provision is made in the rules and regulations for having any fraud or fraudulent conduct on the part of any subordinate jury or juror fully considered and determined by appeal to the superior jury, and that no further precaution or provision is needed unless the conduct of the superior jury is shown to have been fraudulent.
Our purpose in striking out the third clause is that a charge of fraud against the superior jury should be made only when supported with the character and dignity pertaining to the Exposition Company or the National Commission, and that the provision made in the third clause for affidavits is wholly unnecessary because the charge would not be made by either of those bodies except upon such evidence as they would be satisfied warranted making the charge.
Yours, very truly,
CHAS. W. KNAPP,
Member Board of Arbitration.
Hon. JOHN M. THURSTON,
Member Arbitration Board, National Commission.
On November 12, 1904, the Commission addressed the following communication to the President of the Exposition Company, forbidding the use of the signature of the president of the Commission to any certificate of award until the matter at issue was determined.
SIR: Your letter of November 8 received and contents noted. The statements contained therein as to what occurred in your office on the 19th of October in your interview with Mr. Betts, Mr. Miller, and the writer do not accord with the distinct recollection or understanding of any of the three parties mentioned.
I am glad to know that our communications will hereafter be in writing, that these misunderstandings may be avoided. The National Commission is in entire accord with this position, and we will try and observe our part of this understanding.
The informal conferences between the members of the National Commission and representatives of your company seem to have resulted in no definite understanding, and the Commission therefore insists that arbitration be had to determine the true effect and meaning of section 6 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, as affecting the rights and duties of the National Commission to approve or not approve the awards.
In the meantime and until this question is determined the
Commission can not authorize the use of its president's
signature on any certificate of award.
In any arrangement preliminary to the settlement of this controversy the writer will be pleased to confer with your arbitration committee at any time.
Very respectfully,
JOHN M. ALLEN,
Acting President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS,
President Exposition Company, Building.
After many futile efforts to reach an agreement as to the subject-matter to be submitted for arbitration, it became obvious to the Commission that it was the intention of the Exposition Company to ignore the right of the Commission to finally consider or approve the awards of the superior jury. Under these circumstances the president of the Commission was directed, on November 22, 1904, by resolution, to forward to the president of the Exposition Company a communication summing up the controversy and stating clearly the stand taken by the Commission.
The communication is as follows:
St. Louis, November 22, 1904.
Sir: To the end that an understanding may be reached as to issues involved in correspondence between your company and the National Commission, extending from the month of May, 1904, almost to the present date, relative to the appointment of jurors and the awarding of premiums, it appears desirable and necessary that the law and the facts be briefly stated and the relative position of your company and the Commission clearly defined.
In so far as applicable to the subjects referred to, section 6 of the act of Congress making an appropriation for the exposition, and for other purposes, approved March 3, 1901, reads as follows:
"That the allotment of space for exhibitors, classification of exhibits, plan and scope of the exposition, the appointment of all judges and examiners for the exposition, and the awarding of premiums, if any, shall all be done and performed by the said Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject, however, to the approval of the Commission created by section two of this act."
Under and in conformity with the provisions of law above cited, certain general and special rules and regulations providing for an international jury and governing the system of making awards were submitted by the company and approved by the Commission in the year 1903.
The general rules applicable read as follows:
SEC. 2. No exhibit can be excluded from competition for award without the consent of the president of the Exposition Company after a review of the reasons or motives by competent authorities hereafter to be provided.
SEC. 3. In a fixed ratio to the number of exhibits, but reserving to the citizens of the United States approximately 60 per cent of the jury membership, the construction of the international jury will be based upon a predetermined number of judges allotted to each group of the classification and upon the number and importance of the exhibits in such group.
SEC. 4. A chairman of the group jury will be elected by his colleagues in each group, this chairman to become, by right of his position, a member of the department jury, which department jury shall in turn elect its chairman, who shall thereupon become a member of the superior jury.
SEC. 5. Special rules and regulations governing the system of making awards and determining the extent to which foreign countries may have representation on the juries, will be hereafter promulgated.
SEC. 6. Allotment of space for exhibitors, the classification of exhibits, the appointment of all judges and examiners for the exposition, and the awarding of premiums, if any, shall be done and performed by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject, however, to the approval of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission.
The special rules provide for the appointment of three graded juries, designated as, first, the general organization of group juries; second, department juries, and, third, the superior jury.
At the conclusion of the recital of the manner of selecting the jurors a paragraph in section 3 of the rules provides that "all the above nominations shall be made not later than August 1, 1904, except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made at any subsequent time."
In conclusion, the section last referred to reads as follows:
"The nominations of group jurors and alternates, when approved by the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for approval of that body.
"These nominations having been considered and confirmed by the authorities as provided by section 6 of the act of Congress relating to the approval of the awarding of premiums, the appointment of the international jury shall be made in accordance with section 6 of Article XXII of the official rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company."
"The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, and shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter."
"The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the awards to be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases that are formally presented for its consideration."
"The work of the superior jury shall be completed on October 15, 1904, and, as soon as practicable thereafter, formal public announcement of the awards shall be made. A final complete list of awards shall be published by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, in accordance with the provisions of section 6 of the act of Congress, and section 6, Article XXII, of the rules and regulations."
Sec. 27 of the special rules and regulations provides that—
"The diplomas or certificates of award for exhibitors shall be signed by the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, the secretary of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the director of exhibits, and the chief of the department to which the exhibit pertains."
The foregoing rules clearly required the submission of the names of all proposed jurors to the Commission for its approval or disapproval prior to August 1, 1904, except as to nominations to fill vacancies.
Realizing the necessity for the exercise of great care on the part of the Commission in the discharge of its duties in the premises, and the necessity for ample time for investigation as to the fitness of persons and their willingness to serve as jurors of awards, the Commission addressed you a letter under date of May 18, 1904, reading as follows:
"SIR: Inasmuch as objections may be urged to the appointment of certain persons upon juries of awards, it is the intention of the National Commission to give public notice, allowing reasonable time for the filing of any objections that may be offered to the appointment of any individual on a jury. As this proceeding will necessarily consume time, it is desirable that the names of persons proposed for the respective juries be transmitted to the Commission from time to time, as the respective groups are completed by the company. It is believed that final action can be reached in a more orderly and satisfactory manner by taking up the names proposed for each jury separately rather than to have the entire membership of all the juries submitted for consideration simultaneously.
Yours, very respectfully,
THOS. H. CARTER, President."
Our files do not show any recognition of this communication by your company. A short time thereafter the Commission was unofficially advised that certain jurors had been selected by the company and were actually exercising the functions of judges and examiners without notice to or approval by the Commission, and on the 23d of May, 1905, this fact was duly called to your attention by letter. Some time later the director of exhibits appeared before the Commission and admitted that certain examiners and jurors had been selected, without reference to the Commission, to pass upon exhibits of a perishable character. In three communications, each bearing the date of June 3, 1904, you transmitted the names of the jurors referred to, and in the light of the explanations made by the director of exhibits and in your communications, the Commission, with many misgivings as to the regularity of the proceedings and solely to avoid embarrassment to the exhibitors and to the company, approved the names submitted as of the date of their selection by the company.
Aside from the few jurors thus irregularly selected for
emergency work, no jurors were nominated or submitted to the
Commission as required by the rules and regulations prior to
August 1.
The first list of group jurors was transmitted in your
communication bearing date of August 10, delivered to the
Commission about August 15, and the last list was transmitted to
this Commission on October 27.
The respective dates of your letter transmitting nominations of
group jurors and the respective dates of the receipt of the same
by the Commission are as follows:
———————————————|——————|——————-
| |
| Date of | Date same
| letters of | letters
| Exposition | received
| Company. | by National
| | Commission.
———————————————|——————|——————-
Department. | |
| |
Education and Social Economy | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
| Sept. 6 | Oct. 3
Art Department | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
| Aug. 23 | Aug. 26
| Aug. 26 | Aug. 28
| Aug. 27 | Aug. 29
Liberal Arts | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
Manufactures | Aug. 25 | Aug. 29
Machinery | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
| Aug. 16 | Aug. 20
| Corrected list
| Oct. 18.
| Sept. 7 | Sept. 10
Electricity | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
| Sept. 9 |
Transportation | Aug. 9 | Aug. 15
| Sept. 8 | Oct. 3
Horticulture | June 3 | June 6
| Aug. 18 | Aug. 19
| Aug. 23 | Aug. 24
Agriculture | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
| Aug. 13 | Aug. 22
| Aug. 31 | Sept. 3
| Sept. 2 | Do.
Fish and game | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
| Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
| do | Sept. 3
Mines and metallurgy | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
| Sept. 6 | Oct. 3
| Sept. 13 | Oct. 27
| Corrected list
| Oct. 18.
Anthropology | Aug. 10 | Aug. 15
Physical culture | do | Do.
Livestock | Aug. 4 | Aug. 19
| Aug. 11 | Aug. 18
| Sept. 1 | Sept. 14
Poultry | Sept. 26 | Oct. 3
Dogs and pigeons | Oct. 17 | Oct. 27
Rabbits | Oct. 22 | Do.
| |
Country. | |
| |
Austria | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15
| Sept. 7 | Sept. 12
Argentine | Aug. 23 | Aug. 26
Brazil | Aug. 17 | Aug. 22
| Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
Belgium | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15
Bulgaria | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
Ceylon | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15
China | do | Do.
| Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
Cuba | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15
Egypt | Aug. 14 | Aug. 18
France | Aug. 12 | Aug. 15
| Sept. 1 | Sept. 12
Germany | Aug. 24 | Aug. 26
| Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
| Sept. 1 | Sept. 12
| Sept. 4 | Do.
Guatemala | do | Do.
Great Britain | Aug. 12 | Aug. 18
| Aug. 24 | Aug. 26
| Sept. 1 | Sept. 12
Hungary | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
| Aug. 16 | Sept. 18
Holland | Sept. 8 | Sept. 15
Haiti | do | Sept. 12
India | Aug. 24 | Aug. 26
Italy | Aug. 12 | Aug. 18
| Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
| Aug. 26 | Aug. 30
| Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
| Sept. 7 | Sept. 12
| Sept. 16 | Sept. 17
Japan | Aug. 23 | Aug. 26
| Sept. 7 | Sept. 8
Monaco | Sept. 2 | Sept. 12
Mexico | Aug. 12 | Aug. 18
| Sept. 6 | Sept. 12
Netherlands | Aug. 23 | Aug. 26
Nicaragua | do | Do.
Porto Rico | Aug. 26 | Aug. 30
Portugal | Aug. 24 | Aug. 22
Russia | Aug. 31 | Sept. 1
Sweden | Aug. 12 | Aug. 19
| Sept. 3 | Sept. 13
Siam | Aug. 12 | Aug. 18
Venezuela | Aug. 16 | Do.
| Sept. 1 | Sept. 2
———————————————|——————|——————-
On the morning of October 3 thirteen letters of transmittal signed by you, bearing dates between August 31 and September 27, were delivered to the Commission, inclosing twenty nominations to fill vacancies in group juries, and on October 6 the secretary of the superior jury delivered to the Commission what purported to be a corrected list of group jurors who had actually served. Thereafter, in your letters of October 17, 22, and 24, delivered to the Commission on October 27, you transmitted what you assume to be "a roster of those who served as group jurors in the various departments of the exposition."
This last series of names transmitted by you does not agree with the list delivered by the secretary of the superior jury on October 6, but by checking and comparison we find that the several lists delivered to the Commission between October 3 and October 27 show the names of over sixty persons who served as group jurors without having been submitted to the Commission for approval, and these have not been approved. Other names appear on the lists referred to which were originally approved by the Commission for service in one group who were, without notice to the Commission, assigned to service in other groups. Upon this point it is believed by the Commission that the names should have been resubmitted for approval in order to make the appointments valid, it being evident that the Commission might regard a person as a competent judge of live stock, but incompetent to pass upon the merits of a mineral exhibit or of electrical appliances.
It is obvious from the foregoing record that the rules were not observed by the Exposition Company in the nomination of jurors, and it is further clear that through the failure of the company to observe the rules the Commission was in all instances deprived of opportunity to give notice or to take reasonable time to make proper investigation as to the fitness of nominees, and their willingness to serve, and in many cases no opportunity whatever was allowed for the purposes indicated, and, finally, as to a large number of the jurors, the Commission was not advised of their selection until they had exercised their functions and departed from the grounds.
Disregard of the rules and regulations in this behalf not only defeated the purpose of the law in providing for the exercise of the powers of approval or disapproval on the part of the Commission, but left insufficient time for notice to the persons appointed to enable them to appear and discharge their duties within the allotted period, and in consequence a large number of those approved by the Commission on short notice, being unable to appear within the time stated, were set aside by the company and substitutes named, of whose competency the company could not, in the nature of things, be advised, and of whom the Commission had no knowledge whatever.
Notwithstanding the violation of the rules, and manifest irregularity in the formation of the group juries, we understand you to inform us that the power of approval or disapproval of awards vested in the National Commission by section 6 of the act of Congress shall not be exercised as to any award made in connection with the exposition. To the end that there may be no misunderstanding upon this point, the following quotation from your letter to the acting president of the Commission under date of November 8 is incorporated:
"I desire to state emphatically that at no time have I ever told you, or said anything that would justify you in believing, that the Exposition Company accept the contention that the National Commission has the right to approve or disapprove the awards of the superior jury before they are final. * * * That neither the Exposition Company nor the National Commission had the right to review the awards or overturn them."
The Commission understands your contention to be that the judgment of the superior jury is not only final but conclusive, and that the rule under which this contention is made operates to nullify the language of the act of Congress, which provides that "The awarding of premiums, if any, shall be done and performed by said Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, subject to the approval of the Commission created by this act." Even if such construction could be accepted as plausibly tenable, which the Commission denies, it could only be so regarded by virtue of previous conformity to the rules providing for the nomination of jurors by the company and their approval by the Commission. To commit the Commission to the approval of the conclusions reached by jurors, with whose selection they had nothing whatever to do, can not be accepted as even a colorable compliance with the law. The Commission holds that the judgment of the superior jury is final in so far as the juries are concerned, but that above and beyond the superior jury the Exposition Company and the National Commission have certain statutory duties to perform which they could neither delegate nor ignore.
The files of the National Commission are to-day encumbered with complaints and affidavits which amply vindicate the wisdom of the law in providing for final approval of awards before their promulgation. It is not the intention to here assume that any charge of fraud or misconduct on the part of any person connected with the awarding of premiums has been established, but the fact must be stated that reputable persons have filed charges with the Commission in the form of affidavits and otherwise, alleging such grave misconduct on the part of certain persons who acted in connection with the awards as to bring about an unavoidable necessity for a reasonable investigation before final approval is given to the acts of the persons charged with fraud and misconduct.
The value of each award is dependent upon the credit to which the action of the juries, the company, and the Commission may be entitled at every step from the beginning of the examination to the final approval of the award.
At an informal conference in the course of an attempt to reach a
basis for action, three members of the Commission suggested to
your executive board the propriety of submitting for the
approval of the board of arbitration the following:
First. The awards, as made by the superior jury, are final and binding upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, unless the same are impeached for fraud, or unless misconduct, amounting to fraud, is proved.
Second. The lists of awards, as made by the superior jury, are to be transmitted to the Exposition Company, and certificates of award shall be authorized by said company; and thereafter said lists are to be transmitted to the National Commission and certificates of award authorized by said Commission, all without further question or investigation, unless the said awards are impeached for fraud or misconduct, as hereinbefore stated.
Third. No complaint or protest as to any of said awards will be received or considered either by the Exposition Company or the National Commission unless the same is made in writing over the signature of some competing exhibitor and substantiated by affidavits or other sworn testimony establishing a prima facie case of such fraud or misconduct in procuring or making of said award.
Your representative did not entertain the proposition for arbitration, according to the suggestions submitted, but proposed to change the first clause so as to confine the impeachment of an award or awards to fraudulent conduct on the part of the superior jury, and thus to exclude inquiries concerning fraud, if any, practiced on any jury by successful competitors, or misconduct on the part of individual jurors, or misconduct on the part of any officer or representative of the Exposition Company, amounting to fraudulent influence and affecting the character of an award, or the course of procedure in reference thereto. The representatives of the Exposition Company declined to consider the third clause suggested.
A communication was received from Mr. Knapp, a member of your arbitration board, under date of November 11, submitting amendments to the suggestions transmitted by the Commission under the same date, as follows:
(1) Change in the first clause so as to read as follows:
"The awards as made by the superior jury are final and binding upon the Exposition Company and the National Commission, except as to any award or awards which are impeached by said company or Commission for fraudulent conduct on the part of said jury in making the award."
(2) Omit entirely the third clause.
The restrictions thus sought to be placed upon the investigation of charges of fraud or misconduct as proposed by the amendment were unsatisfactory.
First. Because the impeachment of an award, as construed by your Mr. Knapp's letter, was to be confined exclusively to the company and the Commission, whereas in the judgment of the Commission any party feeling aggrieved, and having knowledge of the fraud or misconduct complained of, should be permitted to come forward with the charges and proofs.
Second. In confining the investigation of alleged fraudulent conduct to the superior jury alone, the proposed amendment would obviously operate to preclude any inquiry into any charge of fraud or misconduct on the part of any group or department jury or jurors, or any person or persons not connected with the juries, who might, through fraud, bribery, or misrepresentation have illegally or wrongfully influenced or procured an award, the facts concerning which may not have been brought to the attention of the superior jury for investigation.
Third. In confining the investigation to the action of the superior jury your proposed amendment practically precluded the possibility of any investigation, for the reason that the good faith of the superior jury is not regarded by the Commission as open to question, nor has the Commission contemplated as possible any necessity to question the findings of the superior jury on any subject properly and fully presented to, and decided by, that body on the merits.
It has been, and is, the contention of the Commission that fraud or corruption at any stage of the proceedings, whether discovered before or after action by the superior jury, if not investigated and adjudicated by that jury on the merits, should be open to the freest and fullest investigation by the Company and the Commission before final approval of the award.
In conclusion we briefly recapitulate the following points of law and fact, which we hold to be beyond dispute:
First. The law provides that the appointment of all judges and examiners for the exposition shall be approved by the Commission.
Second. The rules provide that all nominations of group jurors shall be made not later than August 1, 1904, except that nominations made to fill vacancies may be made at any subsequent time.
Third. That the nominations of jurors were not made to the
Commission prior to August 1, as required by the rules.
Fourth. That no appointment of a juror could be legal or
effective until approved by the Commission.
Fifth. That a large number of jurors were not nominated to the
Commission until after they had performed their functions and
repaired to their homes.
Sixth. That nominations of jurors were not made to the
Commission in time to permit of any reasonable notice or
investigation as to their fitness or willingness to serve.
Seventh. That in contemplation of law the Commission in approving or disapproving of an award would be called upon to exercise a quasi-judicial rather than a mere ministerial function, or, in other words, that the approval was not contemplated as a perfunctory act, and that, therefore, under no theory of construction can it be held that the Commission, not having been consulted in the appointment of jurors, as provided by the rules, is estopped from investigating charges of fraud or misconduct in procuring or making the awards.
Eighth. That before approval, it is the right, and is, therefore, the duty of the Commission, under the law, where the charges are of a character sufficiently grave and adequately sustained by affidavits, or otherwise, to investigate any charge of fraud made at any stage of the proceedings, either in the selection of the jurors or in procuring or making the awards.
Ninth. That under special rule No. 27 neither the superior jury nor the Exposition Company has the right to issue or promulgate any diploma, certificate, or other evidence of award for exhibitors without the signature of the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission having been previously attached thereto by authority of the Commission.
Holding these views and representing the Government of the United States in these important transactions, the Commission can not permit the use of its name, nor the name of any of its officers or members, in connection with any diploma, certificate, or other evidence of award while any part of the proceedings rest under adequately supported and uninvestigated charges of bribery, attempted bribery, corruption, fraud, or misconduct amounting to fraud.
In view of the position of your company, as announced in your letter of November 8, from which quotations are herein made, by direction of the Commission, I hereby notify you to refrain from using the name of the Commission or of any of its officers or members in or connected with any diploma, certificate, or other evidence of award for any exhibit or under special rule No. 27, until such time as the proposed award shall have been by you submitted to the Commission for approval, as provided in section 6 of the act of Congress and rule 6 of Article XXII of the general rules and regulations, which rules we hold to have the effect of law until modified or repealed by the consent of the Commission.
Respectfully, THOS. H. CARTER, President.
Hon. D.R. FRANCIS,
President Exposition Company.
A formal acknowledgment of the receipt of the foregoing communication was received from the Exposition Company on November 30, 1904.
No reply has ever been made to the letter or the subject-matter thereof on the merits. The allegations therein contained of flagrant violation of the rules and regulations in the selection and organization of the juries are strongly supported by the records and the silence of the officials of the Exposition Company. The charges of fraud and corruption in connection with certain awards, referred to in the letter, have never been denied nor explained.
The fact that there was a disagreement between the National Commission and the Exposition Company regarding awards became known through the public press, and thereupon the files of the Commission were quickly supplied with letters from exhibitors charging fraud and favoritism, and asking for information as to the status of the awards in the event of certificates of award being issued without the approval of the Commission.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that a concern known as "The Official Ribbon Company," acting under a concession from the Exposition Company, was disposing of ribbons certifying over the signatures of the president and the director of exhibits of the Exposition Company that awards had been made to the holders for the specific exhibits therein named.
Judging from the letters received by the Commission, these ribbons were disposed of indiscriminately and regardless of the fact as to whether or not the purchaser was entitled to the award set forth on the ribbon. Thus exhibitors who had been awarded silver medals by the jurors could and (the Commission is informed in some cases) did buy and display for advertising purposes ribbons certifying that they had received higher awards.
The relations of the Official Ribbon Company to the Exposition Company were based upon a contract, under the provisions of which the Exposition Company received 60 per cent of all moneys paid by the purchasers of the said ribbons.
The Official Ribbon Company carried on its correspondence under the letter heads of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, bearing the names of the president and other officers of said company.
Notwithstanding these communications, the ribbons continued to be advertised and sold, and, at the date of writing this report, they are prominently displayed in the place of business of a director of the Exposition Company, who was an exhibitor at the exposition.
The ribbons were sold to a large number of exhibitors before any awards were legally made, and bore notice that the holder thereof had received the award shown thereon.
Litigation has arisen between the Exposition Company and various exhibitors, seeking redress of wrongs or investigation of alleged fraud, which is now pending in the courts.
Within a few days of the time for filing this report under the provisions of the law, a director of the Exposition Company requested the Commission to specify the awards it would approve without investigation, to the end, presumably, that unchallenged awards might be submitted for approval. The Commission declined to enter upon the matter in this form for four reasons:
First. Because in its judgment every award should be subject to challenge on account of fraud, or misconduct amounting to fraud, at any time before the approval thereof.
Second. Because, through the means suggested, awards made by the company which were under charges of fraud and corruption would escape investigation, and the guilty parties would thereby be relieved from probable prosecution on account of criminal connection therewith, should the subject to be investigated disclose criminal action.
Third. The proposal did not come officially from the Exposition Company.
Fourth. That the proposition was made at so late a day as to preclude the possibility of investigation during the life of the Commission.
Thus it unhappily occurs that the awards must be made, if made at all, without the approval necessary to give them legal effect. This approval the Commission could not give without investigation, in the presence of unexplained charges of irregularity and fraud in certain cases.
By means of procrastination and evasion in the preparation of the subject-matter, in disagreement for arbitration, and finally by the issuance by authority of the company of official ribbons for a money consideration without the knowledge or approval of the Commission, the whole subject of the awarding of premiums is left without final action by the Commission at the date of the termination of its existence.
No list of the awards made has been submitted by the company to the Commission for approval, nor has the Commission ever been advised of the reasons for the persistent refusal of the company to submit the awards for its examination, save and except as set forth in the correspondence on the subject embodied in this report.
The whole matter turns upon the insistence of the Commission to investigate the charges of fraud made and fortified by affidavits in certain cases.
The company was notified that the Commission would accept the findings of the superior jury as conclusive in all cases excepting those in which fraud or misconduct amounting to fraud was charged. Under these circumstances, for the apparent purpose of avoiding such investigation and for no other reason known to the Commission, the company elected to decline agreement upon the matter to be arbitrated and to withhold all of the awards from the Commission. At the time of writing this report the Commission is not advised of any award made by the superior jury, nor does any award seem to have been promulgated, except through the Official Ribbon Company herein referred to, whose operations and whose relations to the Exposition Company should be inquired into by some competent authority.
At midnight on December 1, 1904, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition closed, and thereafter the disposition of the salvage was called the attention of the Commission by a communication from an attorney in St. Louis, which set forth charges of irregularity and discrimination on the part of the company in awarding a contract for the wrecking of the exposition buildings and the sale of the salvage. The attention of the Commission was called to statements from various contractors who had bid on the salvage of the exposition, that their bids had been ignored, and that favoritism had been shown to the wrecking concern which eventually obtained the salvage contract. The Commission decided that in view of the seriousness of the charges the subject required attention, and that statements supported by affidavits should be received setting forth all the facts in connection with the transaction. Prior to taking this step, however, the president of the Commission addressed the following communication to the president of the Exposition Company:
WASHINGTON, D.C., February 28, 1905.
SIR: I am directed to advise you that in the judgment of the National Commission the interest of the United States in the disposition of the property of the Exposition Company is manifest from a perusal of section 20 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, making an appropriation for the exposition and for other purposes.
In the proceeds of the sale and disposition of the property purchased with the funds supplied by the General Government, the city of St. Louis, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the United States is interested to the extent of one-third. Believing that this view of the law is correct, the Commission feels called upon not only to report the amount received from the sale or sales of the property of the exposition, but likewise where the bona fides of transactions is called in question to ascertain and report to the President of the United States the facts and circumstances therewith connected.
These suggestions are called forth by certain statements presented to the Commission, which, if true, affect the interests of the United States as defined by section 20 of the aforesaid act of Congress. These statements relate to the specifications and instructions dated October 1, 1904, signed by Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works, under which bids were to be received for wrecking buildings and structures on the exposition grounds, together with a certain contract bearing date November 30, 1904, between the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and the Chicago House Wrecking Company, said to be of record in the office of recorder of deeds in the city of St. Louis, book 1811, page 195 and following pages.
There is obviously a marked variance between the property referred to in the specifications and instructions and the property enumerated in the recorded contract. The specifications seemed to require that 50 per cent of the amount of the bid should accompany the same in the form of a check certified by some banking institution in the city of St. Louis, and that the remainder of the amount bid should be paid upon the execution of the contract.
Further, the specifications required that a bond should be filed with the Exposition Company in an amount equal to the bid to guarantee faithful execution of the terms of the contract by the bidder. The specifications expressly reserved copper wire, the intramural railway, the railroad tracks in the buildings, all machinery, etc., whereas the contract executed on November 30 seems to include all the items referred to and many other pieces of property not mentioned in the specifications.
The contract as executed seems to call for the payment of $450,000, of which only the sum of $100,000 was to be paid in cash and the remainder at stated periods in the future. Instead of requiring a bond equal to the amount of the bid the bond called for in the contract is less than 10 per cent of the amount of the bid.
It is alleged:
First. That secrecy was observed in handling the bids for the
wrecking of buildings.
Second. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company was favored from
the beginning.
Third. That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than that of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter might have further opportunity to raise its figures.
Fourth. That only a partial list of the property, which did not include many valuable articles, was submitted to bidders outside of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and that a complete list was refused other bidders.
Fifth. That a written offer of $400,000 cash, and more if lists could be secured, was ignored.
Sixth. That a bid of $450,000, half cash, was presented to the
Exposition Company after the announcement of the sale of the
salvage to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $386,000.
Seventh. That the contract was eventually given to the Chicago
House Wrecking Company for $450,000, with contract provisions
inferior to the former $450,000 bid made by a party outside the
Chicago House Wrecking Company.
Eighth. That the contract with the Chicago House Wrecking
Company does not adequately protect the Government, the city of
St. Louis, and the stockholders, the $40,000 bond being out of
all proportion to the size of the sale.
Ninth. That the sale of the salvage to the Chicago House
Wrecking Company was consummated over the protests of some of
the directors of the Exposition Company.
Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item of copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted; also 5,000 electric lights, 5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons of other piping, the railway system on the exposition grounds, the fire apparatus, etc., were omitted.
Eleventh. That, according to an estimate made by several reputable contractors, the property sold was of the reasonable value of $1,955,000.
Twelfth. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company, through undue advantage, obtained inside information as to the extent and value of the property to be sold, and thereby, to the material injury of the United States, secured a contract with the Exposition Company insuring a profit of more than $1,000,000.
The above matters have been called to the attention of the Commission by Mr. Frank E. Richey, attorney and counselor at law, Oriol Building, Sixth and Locust streets, St. Louis, Mo., who accompanies his statements with copies of the contract and specifications referred to and many statements which he believes corroborate the charges he presents.
As the Commission may feel called upon to refer to this important transaction in its final report, it desires to afford the Exposition Company an opportunity to submit such statement or to take such action as it may deem proper in the premises.
Respectfully,
THOMAS H. CARTER, President.
Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS, President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, St. Louis, Mo.
To the foregoing communication the secretary of the Exposition Company made the following reply:
ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., March 7, 1905.
SIR: At a meeting of the executive committee of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company held this day the secretary, in the absence of the president, was instructed to prepare and to forward at once a response to the inquiries embodied in the letter of the National Commission bearing date of February 28, as regards the disposition of the salvage of the exposition.
At a meeting of the board of directors of the Exposition Company held September 13, 1904, on the recommendation of the executive committee a special committee on disposition of salvage was provided for "to consider and report at a date as early as practicable a plan for disposing of the property of the Exposition Company." Records and correspondence of the Exposition Company upon the disposal of the property are voluminous and definite. They show frequent meetings of the salvage committee, together with progress reports, consideration, and action by the executive committee and by the board of directors at almost every meeting, until, on the 13th of December, the salvage committee reported its recommendation, with the approval of the executive committee, to the board of directors that the property, with certain exceptions, be sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $450,000. From this sale were excepted the intramural cars and equipments, the property of the General Service Company, and certain other items, which are specified in the contract of sale.
For the cars and equipments the Exposition Company, as shown by the report of the auditor forwarded monthly to the National Commission, has received about $150,000. The property of the General Service Company, including buildings, horses, vehicles, and other physical property, is still in the possession of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company.
At the meeting of the board of directors held December 13, fifty-four members of the board being present, the recommendation of the committee on salvage, approved by the executive committee, that the physical property be sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $450,000, was approved. Not only was the vote unanimous, but the terms of the sale were made the subject of much congratulation by directors. No word of protest or of adverse criticism by any director of the Exposition Company is of record in the proceedings of the board and of the several committees or has come to the knowledge of the officers of the Exposition Company.
The salvage committee, before arriving at terms of sale, as the records show, held many meetings and resorted to various methods to elicit proposals for the property. Early in October sealed bids were invited for the wrecking and removal of the exhibit buildings. These advertisements were published in daily papers and in technical journals not confined to St. Louis. In addition to the advertising, circular letters were sent out to a long list of addresses of persons who had from time to time addressed letters on the subject of the salvage or parts of it to the exposition. Correspondence was taken up by the director of works with persons and firms in various parts of the country who were known to be in the wrecking business. Specifications were prepared and furnished to all who desired them.
On the 10th of November bids were opened by the committee on salvage. They were of very unsatisfactory character. Most of the bidders selected single exhibit buildings or small groups of minor buildings. The highest bid for all of the exhibit buildings opened that date was $50,000. One bid of $325,000 was made for "buildings, structures, salvage of all kinds, and all property owned by the Exposition Company." On the 12th of November the salvage committee rejected all bids. During the following two weeks the salvage committee held frequent meetings. Hearings were given by officers of the exposition to all persons desiring to negotiate for salvage. By wire and by mail persons and firms who might be interested were advised that the property was being offered for sale. Proposals were invited for all physical property of the company, except the intramural cars and equipments and the general service outfit.
The salvage committee waited for proposals in response to this invitation, covering the physical property generally, until nearly the end of November. Three bids were received. The highest was $420,000; the next highest was $300,000. After careful consideration and much negotiation with the various bidders, the salvage committee proposed to the highest bidder, namely, the Chicago House Wrecking Company, which had bid $420,000, to recommend the sale of the physical property to the board of directors, with the exceptions mentioned, for $450,000. This, after some delay, was accepted by the Chicago House Wrecking Company on the 30th of November, and was reported to the board of directors on the 13th of December, and was ratified unanimously.
The records and correspondence showing the proceedings throughout are on file in the office of the secretary, and are ready for inspection and investigation.
The allegations set forth in the letter of the National
Commission as having been made to that body and the answers to
be given to such allegations are:
First. That secrecy was observed in handling the bids for the
wrecking of buildings.
Answer. It was the judgment of the salvage committee that better results could be obtained if secrecy was observed, in so far that the amounts of bids were not made public until the sale was accomplished. The wisdom of this judgment was vindicated in the amount realized for the salvage when compared with the lower bids.
Second. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company was favored from the beginning.
Answer. This is utterly false.
Third. That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than that of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter might have further opportunity to raise its figures.
Answer. No higher bid was received either before or after the sum of $450,000 had been agreed upon to be recommended by the committee on salvage.
Fourth. That only a partial list of the property, which did not include many valuable articles, was submitted to bidders outside of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and that a complete list was refused other bidders.
Answer. No complete list was submitted to the Chicago House Wrecking Company or to any other bidder. The Exposition Company, through the salvage committee and the executive committee, with deliberate intent refused to furnish any list purporting to be complete.
Fifth. That a written offer of $400,000 cash, and more, if lists could be secured, was ignored.
Answer. No such offer was received.
Sixth. That a bid of $450,000, half cash, was presented to the
Exposition Company after the announcement of the sale of the
salvage to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $386,000.
Answer. No such bid of $450,000 was received; the Chicago House
Wrecking Company did not make a bid for $386,000.
Seventh. That the contract was eventually given to the Chicago
House Wrecking Company for $450,000, with contract provisions
inferior to the former $450,000 bid made by a party outside the
Chicago House Wrecking Company.
Answer. This statement is not true. There had been no bid of
$450,000 on any terms when the sale was closed. The contract
provisions were superior to any made in the bids.
Eighth. That the contract with the Chicago House Wrecking
Company does not adequately protect the Government, the city of
St. Louis, and the stockholders, the $40,000 bond being out of
all proportion to the size of the sale.
Answer. The bond of $40,000 was not taken to secure the payment of the $450,000, or any part of it. The first payment of $100,000 was made on the signing of the contract of sale. The remaining $350,000 was secured adequately by a mortgage on the property covered by the bill of sale. The $40,000 bond was required to enforce other conditions of the contract, namely, those relative to the wrecking and removal of the property under conditions of leases upon which the property stood. A part of the contract required that property be kept insured for the benefit of the Exposition Company until all payments were made. The bond covered these provisions. The Chicago House Wrecking Company made its second payment of $100,000 on February 1. The third payment will be due March 15. The company holds a mortgage on the property to secure the remaining payments, and only releases the property to the Chicago House Wrecking Company as the payments are made.
Ninth. That the sale of the salvage to the Chicago House Wrecking Company was consummated over the protests of some of the directors of the Exposition Company.
Answer. On the contrary, as the records show, the board was unanimous in approval of the contract of the sale and, as stated, there is no record anywhere of objection on the part of any director.
Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item of copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted; also 5,000 electric lights, 5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons of other piping, the railway system on the exposition grounds, the fire apparatus, etc., were omitted.
Answer. The first specifications, probably those referred to in this paragraph, related only to exhibit buildings. Subsequently the salvage committee informed bidders when bids were taken on all of the physical property that the intramural cars and equipments were to be excepted, and also the property of the General Service Company, which was owned by the Exposition Company. Quantities of wire had been purchased under the contracts permitting return on a percentage of the price paid. As regards the iron piping, bidders were informed of the clause in the ordinance authorizing the use of Forest Park which declared that "sewers, drains, conduits, pipes, and fixtures shall become and be the property of the city." By reference to the contract of sale to the Chicago House Wrecking Company it will be observed that the company sells "subject to whatever rights the city of St. Louis may be entitled to in certain underground pipes, sewers, and conduits in Forest Park." Some of the fire apparatus was loaned or rented to the Exposition Company, and was not owned by it. Many things used by the Exposition Company were sold to it with the privilege of return, or with a contract to return at stipulated amounts or percentages. The exposition officers and the salvage committee answered inquiries, as far as were in their power, made by bidders regarding the property, but from first to last refused to furnish an itemized list. By reference to the contract of sale it will be observed that no list is contained therein, but that the company sells and transfers "the interest, or right, or ownership in or to any and all physical property purchased, constructed, or acquired by the said Exposition Company, excepting as hereinafter mentioned."
Eleventh. That according to an estimate made by several reputable contractors the property sold was of the reasonable value of $1,955,000.
Answer. The Exposition Company has no knowledge of such estimates. If contractors did place such estimates upon the value of the physical property they were singularly lacking in enterprise when they did not come forward with higher bids. The amount realized was the highest bid made for the property.
Twelfth. That the Chicago House Wrecking Company, through undue advantage, obtained inside information as to the extent and value of the property to be sold, and thereby to the material injury of the United States secured a contract with the Exposition Company insuring a profit of more than $1,000,000.
Answer. The Chicago House Wrecking Company obtained no information that was not accessible to and obtainable by any other bidder.
Very respectfully,
WALTER B. STEVENS,
Secretary.
Hon. THOMAS H. CARTER,
_President National Commission,
Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
ST. LOUIS, March 7, 1905.
MY DEAR SENATOR: I send herewith, by direction of the executive committee, a reply to the letter from the Commission of February 28. President Francis is absent from the city, having gone last week to New Orleans. I think I should add something from my personal knowledge. Mr. Richey is well known to me, and has been for years. He must have been badly misinformed to have made such allegations as are contained in the letter. I have all of the minutes of the various meetings and a collection of correspondence which go to show that many of these allegations are without foundation. Some of them, I can see, are inferences drawn from misstatements of the facts and from misunderstandings of the real situation.
I have never so much as heard an intimation that any director of the company, or anyone else who knew of the transactions, protested against the sale or adversely criticised the amount realized. On the other hand, the general impression among directors and on the part of the public seems to be that the Exposition Company realized more than was to be expected. The salvage of the World's Fair in Chicago sold for $80,000, that of Omaha for $37,500, and that of Buffalo for $67,000.
Before the exposition closed the management had begun to dispose of salvage in a small way, but the results were very discouraging. It looked much as if the property of this exposition would go as had that of previous expositions, for a very small fraction of the cost. At one time the directors of the company thought it might be necessary to organize a company and carry the salvage through a series of years in order to realize on it. But the best that could be figured from such a course was from $300,000 to $350,000 for the same property sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $450,000.
The only persons who raised any question about the sale and the amount realized were two disappointed bidders. These bidders were given all of the time they asked. They were furnished information in reply to their inquiries. They could not be given lists of the property of the exposition because, after careful consideration of such lists, it was deemed inadvisable by the exposition to attempt a sale on that basis. It was the conclusion that more could be realized by selling all right and title to the physical property of the exposition. I believe that more was realized than would have been obtained on bids if an inventory had been furnished.
The Chicago House Wrecking Company was doing business on the grounds during the exposition and previous thereto. The officers of that company have been in the wrecking business for years. Looking forward to the time, they saved, as I happened to learn, clippings from the newspapers showing contracts let by the exposition; also clippings showing purchases of various kinds. In fact, for months they were gathering through outside sources all the information they could as to the character of the company's property. In this way they obtained their information as to this property. They were given no list from the company. They were given no advantage over other bidders. I know it to be a fact that the Exposition Company did all in its power to induce other bidders to come from other cities, and stimulated competition. The correspondence and telegrams passing through my hands show this. There was a great deal of property that the exposition had the use of and did not own. This applied to fire apparatus, to electric switch boards, to machinery, to street sweepers, to watering carts, and to a great variety of things that were of utility and were loaned by the manufacturers or dealers, who wished to have them in service for the advertising to be gained thereby.
The city is claiming, under the ordinance from which I have quoted in the other letter, the piping on that part of the ground included in Forest Park, and only to-day wrote asking to know when this pipe could be taken up by the city.
It will afford me pleasure to answer any inquiry or to forward to you any document relating to this salvage matter which you may desire to see.
Can you advise me how long you expect to remain in Washington?
Very truly, yours,
WALTER B. STEVENS,
Secretary.
Hon. THOMAS H. CARTER,
President National Commission,
Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
Having been elected a Senator of the United States from the State of Montana, Mr. Thomas H. Carter, president of the Commission, resigned his office as member of the Commission on March 9, 1905. At a meeting of the Commission held on March 20, 1905, the following letter was received from Mr. Carter, and his resignation as president of the Commission was duly accepted:
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 9, 1905.
GENTLEMEN: Finding that my duties as United States Senator, assumed on the 4th of this month, will so far require my attention as to render it difficult to longer continue a member of the Commission, I have determined to hand my resignation to the president, and preliminary thereto I respectfully resign the position of president of the Commission.
In tendering my resignation I can not refrain from expressing to the Commission jointly, and to the members separately, my grateful appreciation of the unfailing confidence and cordial support with which I have been favored at all times by the members of the Commission, without exception.
It is questionable whether any like body of men, selected from the country at large, has ever acted more harmoniously in the discharge of any public duty.
With deep regret, and only from a sense of duty, I sever my
relations with the Commission, and in doing so wish each of my
associates on the Commission long life and prosperity.
Respectfully submitted.
THOS. H. CARTER.
The honorable LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION,
Washington, D.C.
Mr. Carter also addressed a letter to the President of the United States, tendering his resignation as a member of the Commission, which reads as follows:
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 9, 1905.
SIR: My election to the Senate of the United States from the State of Montana imposes upon me duties which render it quite impracticable for me to devote the time and attention necessary to a proper discharge of my duties as a member of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission. I therefore respectfully tender you my resignation as a member of the Commission, and in doing so I thank you sincerely for the cordial and unfailing support and consideration you have always extended to me as a member of that body.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
THOS. H. CARTER.
The PRESIDENT,
Washington, D.C.
Mr. John M. Thurston was thereupon unanimously elected to succeed Mr.
Carter as president of the Commission.
At this meeting Mr. John D. Waite, of Lewistown, Mont., recently appointed by President Roosevelt as a member of the Commission to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Mr. Carter, appeared and took his place on the Commission.
At the same meeting the secretary of the Exposition Company requested the privilege of making a personal explanation with reference to the disposition of the salvage.
From his statement it appears that he was not connected personally with the transaction, which was conducted by a committee, of which the president of the Exposition Company was chairman. The secretary did not leave any written statement or explanation, but in general terms said the exposition officials were entirely satisfied with the amount of money received for the salvage; that it was more than they expected, and that they thought the result of the sale was a subject for congratulation.
Upon the suggestion of the Commission the secretary of the Exposition Company on March 23 addressed a communication to the Commission on this subject, of which the following is a copy:
DEAR SIR: By way of supplement to the letter forwarded to the National Commission March 7, and in accordance with suggestion made verbally by the Commission at the meeting Monday, March 20, I submit this statement relevant to the tenth allegation on page 3 of the letter from President Carter, dated February 28, 1905.
Tenth. That the specifications were misleading, in that one item of copper wire, valued at $650,000, was omitted; also 5,000 (500,000) electric lights, 5,000 tons of iron piping, 3,500 tons of other piping, the railway system on the exposition grounds, the fire apparatus, etc., were omitted.
Answer. The Exposition Company purchased under contract with the American Steel and Wire Company, dated April 3, 1902, copper wire to the amount of $320,160.33. The estimated salvage under this contract as furnished by the electrical engineer of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company on or about November 14, 1904, was $121,753.68. Of this estimated salvage the sum of $46,700 was based on the presumption that the Exposition Company could sell in the open market the copper wire in its storehouse that had never been used. The contract with the American Steel and Wire Company, as read to the National Commission, provided that wire in good condition should be taken back by the American Steel and Wire Company at 55 per cent of its original cost. Owing to changes in the head of the electrical department, Mr. Rustin being compelled to give up his position on account of sickness, and owing to changes made in the plans for electric lighting, the Exposition Company at the opening was in possession of this quantity of unused wire, estimated in the salvage to be worth $46,700, if sold at the market value, but worth to the Exposition Company $23,860 if it was returned to the American Steel and Wire Company under its contract at 55 per cent of the original cost. The Exposition Company claimed that this unused and unpacked wire should not be returned under the contract and endeavored to sell it. The company was prevented from making sale by an injunction taken out by the Chicago House Wrecking Company. The Wrecking Company had purchased the Steel and Wire Company's rights of salvage under the contract of April 3, 1903. This injunction was pending in court at the time the sale of salvage was negotiated in November. If the contention of the Chicago House Wrecking Company was sustained it would have reduced the estimated salvage on the copper wire to $97,893.68. The purchase of the general salvage by the Chicago House Wrecking Company ended the injunction proceedings. Copies of the contract with the American Steel and Wire Company and of the contract between the American Steel and Wire Company and the Chicago House Wrecking Company, which are of record in the office of the recorder of St. Louis City and in the office of the county clerk of St. Louis County, will be forwarded to the National Commission if desired. The reason that the copper wire could not be included in the original specifications was the pending injunction proceedings.
The Exposition Company purchased electric light bulbs referred to in the tenth allegation, of different sizes and under different contracts, to the amount of $65,688. The estimated value of lamps not used at the time of the close of the fair was $16,890.
As regards the fire-fighting apparatus it may be explained that most of this material was procured by the exposition on a rental or loan basis. The Exposition Company owned one second-hand La France fire engine, one second-hand Silsby fire engine, one fuel wagon, and four combination chemical hose wagons. The total cost of this apparatus to the Exposition Company was $5,325.
As regards the piping it can be stated that the Exposition Company had no unused piping; the company did not buy pipe and carry it in stock, but paid under contract for the pipe of various sizes after it was laid in the ground at so much per foot. This was the general practice by the company as regards the piping. By reference to the letter of March 7, it will be observed that the answer to the tenth allegation explains why the company could only sell the piping "subject to whatever rights the city of St. Louis may be entitled to in certain underground pipes, sewers, and conduits in Forest Park." It can be stated that this complication of title to the piping applied to two-thirds if not three-fourths of all of the piping which had been laid at the expense of the Exposition Company.
Because the copper wire was involved in the injunction proceedings, because the electric lights constituted a minor item as shown by the figures given above, because the piping was involved in the construction of the city ordinance, because the greater part of the fire apparatus was not owned by the Exposition Company these items were not mentioned in the original specifications.
As stated in the former letter, the intramural cars and equipments were excepted from all offers of sale because the company had already contracted for the sale of them.
After the first bids received under the specifications referred to in the tenth allegation had been rejected because they were in the opinion of the salvage committee wholly insufficient, new bids were asked for all of the salvage of the company including such right and title as it might have in the copper wire, in the electric lights, in the iron piping, in the fire apparatus, etc., with the exceptions of the intramural cars and equipments and the property of the General Service Company. From that time to the acceptance of the proposition to sell the Chicago House Wrecking Company the negotiations proceeded on the plan that the Exposition Company would sell all right, title, and interest to its property with the exceptions of the cars and equipments and property of the General Service Company.
Under the original specifications a certified check for one-half of the amount of the bid was required and the terms were half cash, but this requirement and these terms did not enter into the negotiations following the rejection of the first bids. All bidders showing a disposition to bid for right, title, and interest of the Exposition Company to all salvage except as stated were treated alike. Certified checks were not required on these later bids. The negotiations were carried on verbally with the bidders in turn, it being understood that the company would insist upon what it deemed to be an adequate cash payment when the contract of sale was concluded.
The secretary of the company is authorized to say that the executive committee courts the fullest investigation of all circumstances connected with the sale of the salvage and that if the National Commission shall deem it necessary to include in its report mention of the allegations contained in the letter of the president of the Commission, dated February 28, the committee asks that in justice to the Exposition Company such investigation shall be made and the conclusions of the Commission shall be given.
Very respectfully, WALTER B. STEVENS, Secretary.
Mr. LAURENCE H. GRAHAME,
Secretary National Commission, Washington, D.C.
Another communication bearing on the disposition of the salvage was received from Mr. Stevens, as follows:
DEAR SIR: At a meeting of the National Commission on the 20th the suggestion was made by a member of the Commission that the answer to allegation third did not fully cover the ground. The allegation and the answer were:
That the exposition officials rejected higher bids than that of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, so that the latter might have further opportunity to raise its figures.
Answer. No higher bid was received either before or after the sum of $450,000 had been agreed upon to be recommended by the committee on salvage.
The purpose was to answer that no higher bid than that made by the Chicago House Wrecking Company was received either before; at the time, or after the sum of $450,000 had been agreed upon to be recommended by the committee on salvage.
On the 30th of November, early in the day, the Chicago House Wrecking Company made a bid for $420,000. Up to that time and during that day the next highest bid was under $400,000. Late in the day, the 30th of November, the salvage committee, after conference with all bidders who presented themselves, made the proposition to the Chicago House Wrecking Company that if it would raise its bid from $420,000 to $450,000 the committee would recommend acceptance by the executive committee.
Respectfully, WALTER B. STEVENS, Secretary.
Mr. LAURENCE H. GRAHAME, Secretary National Commission, Washington, D.C.
As a result of the inquiry instituted by the Commission into the disposal of the salvage, statements supported by affidavits were received and the same are appended to this report and marked "Appendix No. 2."
Under the act of Congress the Commission had no power to undertake a more thorough investigation of the charges and allegations made in respect to the manner in which the salvage of the exposition had been disposed of.
Without authority to send for persons and papers, to administer oaths, or to compel witnesses to testify, any further attempt upon the part of the Commission to inquire into the salvage matter would have been futile and ineffective. If any further action is to be taken to ascertain whether or not the financial interest of the United States has been sacrificed by the manner in which the salvage was disposed of, the inquiry must be conducted by some committee or official having these powers, which the Commission did not possess.
A careful perusal of the law under which the Commission was appointed will show the narrow limits of its legal authority, and the records disclose the policy of the Exposition Company not only to confine the Commission strictly within the narrowest limits of the law, but also to question and resist the exercise of its authority in many instances where the law seemed to place such authority beyond question.
From the very beginning the Commission sought to establish harmonious relations with the company, and at all times refrained from contention with its officials as to all matters not vitally affecting the interest of the Government, and endeavored in every possible way to cooperate with the company in promoting the exposition and insuring its success.
It is pleasant to turn from disagreements to achievements. From the scientific, the artistic, and the industrial points of view the exposition was a pronounced success. The munificent and unfailing support given the enterprise by the Government of the United States guaranteed that it would be a great exposition.
Considering the primary appropriation of $5,000,000, the loan of $4,600,000, and the contributions by the direct appropriations and by indirect means through the assignment of officers paid from other appropriations, together with the exhibits from Districts, Territories, and dependencies of the United States, and for the Government exhibit, the aggregate contributions, direct and indirect, to the success of the fair approximated substantially $15,000,000 on the day the gates were opened to the public.
In addition to this proclamations were twice issued by the President inviting foreign nations to participate in the exposition; the consular and diplomatic representatives of the Government were inspired to aid the exposition to the extent of their ability, within the limits of official propriety; the army transports and the vessels of the Navy were generously employed in furtherance of the project, where such employment was found consistent with duty. Never in history has any Government done so much in aid of any like enterprise. With such support from the Government failure was impossible under any rational management.
[Transcriber's note: The easiest way to explain the garbled nature of the following paragraph, is that the first line beginning with St. Louis is a misplaced duplicate of the third line below it, replacing some other typeslug.]
Fortunately the construction of the main exhibit buildings was placed by the directors of the Exposition Company in charge of two gentlemen deserving of special mention on account of the devotion and exceptional ability displayed by each. As chairman of the committee on grounds and buildings, Mr. William H. Thompson, of St. Louis, discharged the duty of director of works. To the united ous devotion to the task assigned him. With rare ability and commendable persistence Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, the talented architect of St. Louis, discharged the duty of director of works. To the united efforts of these gentlemen the exposition and the country are indebted for the magnificent architectural creations which adorned the exposition grounds. Their relations to the work of construction and to the affairs of the company enabled them to act with a necessary degree of self-reliance and independence on their own initiative.
Among the many contributions made by the Government of the United States to the success of the exposition, the exhibit from the Philippine Islands deserves marked attention. This exhibit was so extensive, interesting, and unique that it became the center of predominating interest. Through its various departments a most valuable and accurate knowledge of the Philippine Archipelago was diffused, not only throughout the United States, but throughout the world.
By a fortunate coincidence it occurred that the Secretary of War, who had most to do with the marshaling of this exhibit, had been prepared for the work by his experience as governor of the Philippine Islands. Hon. William H. Taft, as president of the Philippine Commission, and subsequently as governor of the Philippine Islands, manifested a sympathetic interest in the condition of the people, the resources of the islands, and in the proper adjustment of both to their new relationship with the United States. About the time the exposition was projected Governor Taft, whose long and faithful service in the Philippines had endeared him to the inhabitants, was called by the President to accept the portfolio of war. His familiarity with the people and the resources of the islands proved of inestimable value in the preparation of the representation and exhibits at the exposition. Through his efficient Chief of the Insular Bureau, Col. Clarence R. Edwards, the Secretary, with great zeal and effectiveness, addressed himself to the task of securing appropriate representation for the Philippine people.
The administrative work was placed in charge of Dr. W.P. Wilson, of the Philadelphia Museum. A more appropriate selection of an executive officer could not have been made. Industrious, painstaking, and devoted, Doctor Wilson threw all his energy and superior ability into the task assigned him.
In Dr. Gustavo Neiderlein and Mr. Edmund A. Felder, Doctor Wilson had able and faithful lieutenants. Through the combined efforts of such competent and devoted men the Philippine exposition was developed into a revelation of world-wide interest.
The extremes of civilization found in the Philippine Islands were exhibited upon the grounds. The industrial conditions existing in the islands in their various stages of progress were clearly set forth. The millions of visitors who were interested and instructed by this remarkable exhibit must have been deeply impressed with the importance and extent of our new possessions in the Orient.
It is quite impossible to compute the value to the American people of this Philippine exhibit. In giving to the country the basis upon which to form a just conception of the character and possibilities of our new possessions the Philippine department alone fully justified the interest of the nation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
The official report of the Philippine exhibit, filed with the records of the Commission, is replete with interest and will justify careful perusal.
The response of foreign governments and peoples to the invitation of the President of the United States was in every way most gratifying. For an adequate description of the manner and extent of foreign participation in the exposition, reference must be made to the reports of the respective commissioners to their governments, copies of which are filed with this report.
The Commission, desiring to tersely review the exhibits of the various countries, called upon their several representatives for a brief statement of the nature and extent of their exhibits. The responses received convey but a meager idea of the great display made, but a perusal of the epitomized reports will serve to convey an outline of the exhibits made and the buildings constructed.
Condensed summaries of these reports have been prepared and are submitted as a part of this report, marked "Appendix No. 3."
Inspired by the example of the General Government, and stimulated by the extent of foreign participation, in response to the invitation of the President, the several States, Territories, and Districts of the United States contributed to the success of this exposition in a far greater degree than on former occasions of like character.
As in the case of foreign countries, the Commission called upon the representatives of the various States, Territories, and Districts for a brief statement of the extent and character of the exhibits made by them. The reports of the representatives to the authorities by which they were appointed have been collected as far as practicable and are filed with this report.
Condensed summaries of these reports have been prepared and are submitted as a part of this report, marked "Appendix No. 4."
The board of lady managers appointed by the Commission proved themselves eminently qualified to perform the exacting and comprehensive duties assigned them. Their organization was one of the most popular and successful instrumentalities of the exposition.
These distinguished and representative women of our country were quickly recognized as organizers and leaders of the many public and semiofficial entertainments and functions, which all must agree were so necessary and contributed so greatly to the success of the exposition.
It is undoubtedly true that their efforts in enlisting the sympathy and support of the women of the United States not only made possible an adequate presentation and exploitation of woman's work and woman's sphere, but also secured the attendance of thousands upon thousands of the best people of the land who otherwise would have remained away.
It is not too much to say that the money appropriated for and expended by the board of lady managers was, from the standpoint both of national interest and financial success, one of the wisest expenditures made in connection with the exposition.
This board of lady managers was fortunate in the selection of Mrs. Daniel Manning as its president. Mrs. Manning, in addition to her experience in public life and affairs, and her well deserved general popularity, proved herself possessed of rare executive ability, and the management of those features of the exposition coming under the supervision and direction of the board won the respect and admiration of the exposition officials and of all the representatives of our own and other governments having connection with or participating in the exposition.
It is but fair to say that this tribute of the Commission to the efficiency of the board of lady managers is given not in compliment, but in justice.
The vast amount of work performed by the lady managers and the delay in the completion by the company of authoritative reports necessary to enable the board to complete their final report to this Commission have delayed the closing and presentation of this report by the Commission beyond the period of six months from the close of the exposition.
The final report of the board of lady managers is now presented in connection with the report of the Commission, and is herewith filed, marked "Appendix No. 5."
The Commission calls particular attention to the excellence and the interesting features of the report of the board of lady managers, and suggests that its publication and distribution as a document is especially to be desired.
The exhibit made by the Government of the United States will long stand as monumental in the history of Government exhibits. Not content with the exhibition of special features of governmental activity in the various departments of the exposition, Congress provided for the erection of a Government exhibition palace, which was confessedly the most striking and successful architectural triumph upon the exposition grounds.
The Government Building was located on an eminence at the eastern termination of "Louisiana Way," the principal avenue on the exposition grounds. From its commanding position all portions of the exposition grounds could be seen. Within the building every department of the Government was represented by an appropriate exhibit upon a liberal scale.
This great Government exhibit was under the direction and control of a board, consisting of the following-named gentlemen:
Members United States Government Board.—Mr. Wallace H. Hills, Treasury Department, chairman; Mr. William H. Michael, Department of State; Mr. John C. Scofield, War Department; Mr. Cecil Clay, Department of Justice; Mr. John B. Brownlow, Post-Office Department; Mr. B.F. Peters, Navy Department; Mr. Edward M. Dawson, Department of the Interior; Mr. S.R. Burch, Department of Agriculture; Mr. Carroll D. Wright, Department of Commerce and Labor; Dr. F.W. True, Smithsonian Institution and National Museum; Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, Bureau of Fisheries; Mr. G.W.W. Hanger, Department of Labor; Mr. Williams C. Fox, Bureau of the American Republics; Mr. Roland P. Falkner, Library of Congress; Dr. A.C. True, Agricultural Colleges; Mr. William V. Cox, secretary; Mr. William M. Geddes, disbursing officer; Mr. C.S. Goshert, clerk of board.
The members of this board cooperated in a united effort to install a Government exhibit in every way representative and creditable. To their success the millions of visitors bore cheerful witness in expressions of unbounded satisfaction. The board was at all times harmonious within itself, and it is pleasing to note that its relations with the National Commission were always of the most cordial character. From the report of the Government board a fair but an inadequate estimate may be formed of the extent and brilliant success of this feature of the exposition.
Under the law the life of this Commission expires on the 1st day of July, 1905. The Commission has delayed closing its final report to the last day of its existence in the hope that before that time a full and final report might be received from the Exposition Company. Unfortunately, however, no such report has been received, and therefore the Commission is unable to submit the same to the President.
The monthly financial reports of the Exposition Company have been received up to and including the month of April, 1905, and have been transmitted as received to the President in accordance with the act of Congress.
After repeated and urgent requests for a complete report from the
Exposition Company the following final answer was received:
[Telegram.]
St. Louis, June 17, 1905. Hon. John M. THURSTON, President National Commission, Portland, Oreg.:
Think it will be several weeks before report of two divisions can be completed, and several months before president's report will be ready. Impossible to close up as rapidly as desired.
WALTER B. STEVENS, Secretary.
It will at least be seen that the Commission has exhausted all its powers and made every effort possible to comply with the act of Congress in the making and transmission of this, its final report, and the failure to accompany this report by full and complete reports from the Exposition Company is in no wise due to any lack of endeavor on the part of the Commission.
According to section 3 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, the National Commission was allowed the sum of "ten thousand dollars per annum, or so much thereof as may be necessary," for the purpose of defraying the clerical, office, and other necessary expenses of the Commission. Including the year 1901 the amounts thus allowed aggregate the sum of $41,923.36. The expenditures for the entire term of the Commission's existence amount to $32,763.22. This includes an investment of $952.16 in furniture, which has been delivered to the Secretary of the Treasury.
Total unexpended balance reverting to credit of Exposition Company, $9,160.14.
The expenditures made by the Commission from April 23, 1901, to June 30, 1905, are set forth in a statement, submitted herewith as Appendix No. 6.
This report can not fairly be concluded without commendatory reference to the zeal and devotion of the people of the city of St. Louis toward this great enterprise. With great generosity and hospitality their beautiful homes were thrown open to visitors; constant and delightful entertainment was provided, and there can be no doubt that the millions who came to see the exposition took away with them abiding and affectionate remembrance of the universal consideration and courtesy shown them.
The directors of the Exposition Company, comprising ninety-odd representative business men of the city, devoted time and attention to the affairs of the exposition with unfailing interest and fidelity. They not only contributed as subscribers to the stock of the Exposition Company, but in cases of emergency volunteered advances from their private fortunes and freely loaned their credit to the exposition.
The daily newspapers and other publications of the city were tireless in their efforts to sustain the enterprise, and to set forth its unusual attractions.
The residents of the Louisiana Purchase in particular, and the people of the whole country in general, are indebted to the people of St. Louis and the press of that city for the commendable and stupendous efforts made in behalf of the exposition.
As a landmark in the world's progress the Louisiana Purchase Exposition well deserves and will doubtless be accorded a conspicuous place in exposition history.
Portland, Oreg., June 30, 1905.
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION,
By JOHN M. THURSTON, President.
The PRESIDENT.
The following is a copy of letter received from the firm of Messrs.
Jones, Caesar, Dickinson, Wilmot & Co.:
St. Louis, June 5, 1905.
DEAR SIR: We are duly in receipt of your telegram, reading as follows: "Send statement liabilities Exposition Company to June 1, showing cost of restoring grounds and approximate cost of matters in litigation," and beg to send you herewith a statement of the estimated financial position of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, made up as at May 3, 1905, which we have just received and which we understand has been approved by the president of the Exposition Company. In his statement are included the estimated future liabilities of the company, including $200,000 for the restoration of Forest Park, and after providing therefor there appears an estimated surplus of assets of $467,211.45, subject, however, to possible liabilities on suits and claims pending against the Exposition Company.
With regard to the estimate of $200,000 for the restoration of Forest Park, it may be well to mention that the company is under obligation to restore the park without any limit as to cost. Moreover, the company has given the city of St. Louis two bonds aggregating $650,000, which we understand is the amount of an estimate made on behalf of the city of the probable cost of restoration. Of the bonds given, one is for $100,000, secured by guarantee of certain directors of the Exposition Company, and the second for $550,000, secured as to $100,000 by personal guarantees, and as to the balance by a mortgage on the Art Building. We understand that an effort is now being made to effect a settlement of the company's liability to the city, but we are of course unable to say whether the estimate of $200,000 now taken into account will eventually prove sufficient or, if not, by how much the estimate will be exceeded.
With regard to the suits now pending against the Exposition Company, it is of course impossible to make any estimate of the eventual liability to fall on the company.
We would call your attention to the note made in the statement as regards the cash in trustees' funds and would point out that, as the liability of the company as principal under the various bonds is included in the statement of liabilities, this cash may practically be regarded as an available asset. In other words, if the cash is excluded from the assets, the liability falling on the company under the various bonds should be correspondingly reduced.
We should be glad to be advised whether there are any further points in connection with this statement with which you would desire us to deal, either by letter or in our final report, and would add that, on hearing from you, we are prepared to send in the signed report.
We are sending a copy of this letter to the secretary of the
Commission, in case it should not reach you at Portland.
Yours, faithfully,
JONES, CAESAR, DICKINSON, WILMOT &, CO.
Hon. J.M. Thurston
President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission,
Portland, Oreg.
STOCK EXCHANGE BUILDING,
St. Louis, June 8, 1905.
GENTLEMEN: We beg to inclose herewith statement of receipts and disbursements of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company from the date of its incorporation to April 30, 1905, and to report as follows on the audits which we have from time to time made, and which together cover the whole of the period above mentioned. For your convenience we propose to deal in this report with the accounts for the whole period, and therefore to repeat some of the comments contained in our previous reports.
Receipts.
Collections on account of sales of capital stock:
The total subscriptions to capital stock, as shown by the
treasurer's record, amount to ……………. $5,294,490.00
Of this sum there had been collected, in cash,
to April 30, 1905 ……………. $4,821,456.11
In a number of cases where the liability on
subscriptions was disputed, compromises
were effected, and under these compromises
the company waived claims amounting to 48,952.09
——————
4,870,408.20
Which would leave a balance uncollected on
April 30, 1905 of ……………………….. 424,081.80
We have been furnished with detailed statements of claims in the hands of attorneys for collection, amounting in the aggregate to about $25,000 more than the balance shown above as outstanding. We are informed that this difference represents principally receipts by the company which were credited as capital stock collections, but in respect of which no certificates were ever issued, though it is also due to some extent to clerical errors in the treasurer's books, which have not yet been located and adjusted.
The greater part of the balance now outstanding is expected to prove irrecoverable, owing to deaths, removals, etc., of subscribers, and to repudiations of liability in some cases. In this connection, it may be mentioned that the number of subscribers exceeded 20,000.
It should be added that it is not yet possible for the treasurer's department to prepare any final report and adjustment of the capital stock accounts, and that such a report will necessarily be deferred until the whole, or at any rate the greater part, of the suits now pending can be disposed of.
Proceeds of Sale of City of St. Louis Bonds.
In accordance with an amendment of the charter of the city of St. Louis, approved at a general election held on November 6, 1900, the city sold, in the month of June, 1902, its 3-1/4 per cent bonds to a par value of $5,000,000. The price realized for these bonds was $1,000.01 for each $1,000 bond, and the proceeds were turned over to the treasurer of the company on the following dates:
June 26, 1902 …………………………. $1,800,018.00
July 2, 1902 ………………………….. 3,200,032.00
——————-
5,000,050.00
A question arose whether the sale price included accrued interest on the bonds to the date of sale, and as the city officers and the purchasers of the bonds were unable to agree on this point, the company, in order to avoid the delay and loss that would have resulted from a second offering of the bonds, decided to pay the accrued interest, amounting to $35,901.34. The net realization to the company from the issue of the bonds was therefore—
5,000 bonds, at $1,000.01 ………………. $5,000,050.00
Less accrued interest paid ……………… 35,901.34
——————-
4,964,148.66
United States Government Aid.
Of the total sum of $5,000,000 appropriated by act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, there has been received by the company the sum of $4,752,968.45, of which sum $250,000 was in the form of souvenir gold coin. We understand, however, that amounts have also been paid by the United States Treasury out of this appropriation which have not been reported to, or included in the accounts of, the company.
United States Government Loan.
Pursuant to an act of Congress approved February 18, 1904, there was advanced to the company from the United States Treasury, by way of loan, the sum of $4,600,000, repayable by semimonthly installments, commencing June 15, 1904, and equivalent to 40 per cent of the receipts from admissions and concessions during the half month immediately preceding the date of payment, it being provided that each installment after July 1 should amount to not less than $500,000. The whole of this loan was duly repaid on the following dates:
June 16 …………………………… $195,057.04
July 1 ……………………………. 213,092.15
July 15 …………………………… 500,000.00
August 1 ………………………….. 500,000.00
August 15 …………………………. 500,000.00
August 31 …………………………. 500,000.00
September 14 ………………………. 500,000.00
October 1 …………………………. 500,000.00
October 15 ………………………… 500,000.00
October 31 ………………………… 500,000.00
November 15 ……………………….. 191,850.81
——————
4,600,000.00
Loan on Security of Capital Stock Subscriptions and Premium on
Souvenir Coins.
On August 22, 1903, the company entered into a contract with the Mississippi Valley Trust Company, the Lincoln Trust Company, the Mercantile Trust Company, and the St. Louis Union Trust Company, as trustees, under which it assigned all subscriptions which were at that date wholly or partly unpaid, together with all further subscriptions which might be received, and the premium to be received on the sale of $239,000 souvenir gold coin, in consideration of the sum of $600,000, with a provision that when the trustees should have received the full sum of $600,000, together with interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum and expenses of collection and management, they would reassign the subscriptions and rights to the company.
Prior to the completion of the loan there was received by the company from the sources assigned upwards of $162,000, and this amount was deducted from the loan, making the net amount received by the company $438,000. Payments were subsequently made on account of this loan out of the receipts from the above-mentioned sources, and on March 15, 1904, the balance then outstanding of $92,515.25 was paid out of the general funds of the company, in anticipation of receipts from the sources assigned and with a view to effecting a saving of interest charges.
It should be added that the subsequent receipts from capital stock subscriptions have amounted to more than the amount temporarily advanced out of the general funds of the company.
Admissions.
We have agreed the figures of receipts shown by the books of the auditor and the treasurer with those of the admissions department.
We have agreed the receipts from sales of tickets with the ticket custodian's record, and have verified the tickets appearing on that record as unsold. We have also satisfied ourselves that the system in the admissions department was such as to provide adequate safeguards for the collection by the company of the admissions receipts derived from other sources.
It would appear that the total loss of the company in this department through shortages of employees, counterfeit and mutilated coins, etc., amounted to about $1,250, about one-third of which is probably recoverable from the bonding company, so that the final loss to the exposition will be very small.
The total receipts for admissions are distributed as follows:
Exposition period:
Admissions of individuals ……………. $6,042,746.65
Vehicles …………………………… 5,671.50
——————-
$6,048,418.15
Pre-exposition period ……………………………….
175,906.25
Post-exposition period ………………………………
16,156.50
——————
6,240,480.90
The details of the attendance and revenue during the exposition
period are as follows:
———————————————————+—————-+———————-+————-
| Number. | Receipts. |Cents per
| | |admission
———————————————————+—————-+———————-+————-
Adults: | | |
General admission ……………… | 11,180,996| $5,589,715.50 | 50.00
Season and other commutation tickets | 961,175| 291,827.00 | 30.32
Children: +—————-+———————-+————-
General admission ……………… | 621,640| 155,634.25 | 25.04
Season and other commutation tickets | 40,805| 5,569.90 | 13.65
+—————-+———————-+————-
Total paid attendance …………… | 12,804,616| 6,042.746.65 | 47.19
Free: | | |
Adults ……………………….. | 6,480,267 | …………. | ……..
Children ……………………… | 409,972 | …………. | ……..
+—————-+———————-+————-
Total exposition days ……….. | 19,694,855| …………. | ……..
Sundays (free) …………………. | 371,682| …………. | ……..
+—————-+———————-+————-
Grand total ………………… | 20,066,537| …………. | ……..
———————————————————+—————-+———————-+————-
It may be of interest to add that the attendance by months was
as follows:
———————————————-+————————————+————-+—————- | Exposition days. | | Date. +————————————+ Sundays | Total. | Paid. | Free. | (free). | ———————————————-+——————+—————-+————-+—————- April 30 and May …………. | 667,772 | 1,102,656 | 70,847 | 1,841,275 June ……………………. | 1,382,865 | 1,016,281 | 49,373 | 2,448,519 July ……………………. | 1,514,743 | 928,224 | 55,298 | 2,498,265 August ………………….. | 1,992,248 | 1,096,498 | 45,477 | 3,134,223 September ……………….. | 2,683,511 | 968,262 | 52,182 | 3,703,955 October …………………. | 2,758,149 | 864,180 | 64,107 | 3,686,436 November and December 1 …… | 1,805,328 | 914,138 | 34,398 | 2,753,864 +——————+—————-+————-+—————- Total ……………….. | 12,804,616 | 6,890,239 | 371,682 | 20,066,537 ———————————————-+——————+—————-+————-+—————-
Concessions.
We have agreed the amount of collections reported by the treasurer, together with the amount of bills still outstanding, with the amount of bills rendered (after deducting allowances and rebates), as reported by the concessions department. Inasmuch as all bills originated in the concessions department and the collections were made by the treasurer, we think this reconciliation affords a satisfactory check on the receipts reported by the treasurer.
We have also looked into the system in this department, and believe that it was well calculated to secure, as far as possible, the proper collection of revenues accruing due to the exposition.
The net receipts of this department, as shown by its records, are as follows:
Pike rentals ……………………………. $218,187.50
Concessions revenue:
Exposition period ………………………. 2,812,995.59
Pre-exposition period ……………………. 32,366.06
Post-exposition period …………………… 1,855.54
——————
3,065,404.69
The difference between this figure and the total of $3,076,958.69, shown in the inclosed accounts, consists of refunds of $15,554, which are treated in the statement as disbursements, less $4,000 rents collected by the concessions department, credited in the statement against the rent paid by the company, as the latter practically acted only as agent in the transaction.
Under the lease of the Catlin tract, on which the greater part of the concessions were built, sureties were required, and for the protection of these sureties and of sureties under other bonds it was arranged that all ground rentals received from concessions on the "Pike" should be paid into a special fund for the purpose of securing such sureties against loss in respect of the bonds given by them. Upon the books of the company, therefore, the above figure of "Pike rentals" has been credited to a separate fund account, together with an amount of $2,580.68 interest allowed on this fund.
There was withdrawn from this fund the sum of $100,000 on account of payment of rentals of the tract, and the fund now amounts to $120,768.18, as shown among the cash balances in the inclosed statement.
The total earnings accruing due to the company
under concession contracts amounted to ……………….
$3,803,724.53
Of this total there has been collected
(as above) the sum of ………………… $3,065,404.69
There was waived by the company under various
compromises the sum of ……………….. 434,204.36
And there still remain uncollected bills
amounting to ………………………… 304,115.48
——————-
3,803,724.53
We have seen authorizations from the executive or concessions
committee for all the important compromises effected.
Intramural Railway.
We have agreed the receipts shown by the general books of the company with the report of the manager of the railway. The number of passengers carried and the amount of revenue therefrom, by months, were as follows:
Date. Passengers Revenue.
carried
April 30 and May …………………….. 295,152 $29,515.20
June ……………………………….. 861,409 86,140.90
July ……………………………….. 815,034 81,503.40
August ……………………………… 1,018,195 101,819.50
September …………………………… 1,394,444 139,444.40
October …………………………….. 1,273,207 127,320.70
November and December 1 ………………. 617,297 61,729.70
Total ………………………………. 6,274,738 627,473.80
It is not possible to arrive at the cost of operating the railway, as the power was furnished from the general power plant, and the cost thereof can not be ascertained separately.
Service, Power, Light and Water, Transportation.
We have agreed the collections from these sources with the books of the treasurer, and as regards the principal items we have also agreed the accounts shown on the general books with those of the departments in which the charges originated, subject to some inconsiderable differences which are now being investigated and will be adjusted by the company as soon as possible.
Music Department.
We have agreed the receipts shown by the auditor with the report of the bureau of music.
The total receipts are made up as follows:
Music furnished German Tyrolean Alps Company ………. $67,220.25
Music furnished other parties ……………………. 300.00
Receipts from admissions to Festival Hall and sales of
reserved seats ……………………………….. 77,078.23
Total earnings ……………………………….. 144,598.48
Add refund on expenses credited this account ………. 1,940.00
Total as per statement ………………………… 146,538.48
We have verified the receipts from the German Tyrolean Alps
Company with the contract.
Premium on Souvenir Gold Coin, less Expense.
This total represents the premium of $2 per coin on $67,176.00
33,588 coins sold
Less expenses ………………………………… 13,506.67
Total ……………………………………… 53,669.33
We have agreed the number of coins sold with the difference between the number originally received and the number now certified to be on hand.
Photo-Pass Receipts.
The system in regard to the collections in this department appeared to be such as to insure the full amount of collections being received by the company.
Photographic passes were charged in some cases at $1 and in others at $2, and many were issued without charge, and it is not therefore possible, without a very great amount of work, to check the collections against the number of passes issued.
Interest on Deposits.
This total represents the amount of interest received on balances from time to time remaining on hand in the company's bank. We have included therein the amount of $2,580.68 received In respect of the Pike rental fund and credited on the books of the company to that fund.
Miscellaneous Collections.
This total is made up as follows:
Insurance premiums refunded ……………….. $63,983.17
Refrigerating plant receipts ………………. 20,178.99
Garbage coupon books ……………………… 11,506.80
Miscellaneous revenues ……………………. 31,230.52
Refund account, overpayments ………………. 4,715.96
Personal damage account, receipts ………….. 2,572.50
Uniform special fund ……………………… 2,514.89
Damage to property, receipts ………………. 72.50
—————-
Total …………………………………. 136,775.33
We have checked the insurance receipts with the report of the agents of the policies canceled and of the amount of return premiums due the company thereon.
We have agreed the receipts from the refrigerating plant, which represent the company's proportion of the profits on the operation thereof, with the report of the manager. A final audit of the books of the plant is now being made by the Exposition Company, and it is possible that a small further sum will be received on this account.
We counted the garbage books remaining on hand and satisfied ourselves that the number thereof, together with the number reported as sold, made up the total number originally received.
The remainder of the receipts included under this head consists of various incidental receipts which it is not possible to verify completely.
Salvage.
This amount is made up as follows:
Contract price for salvage sold to Chicago House
Wrecking Company ………………………. $450,000.00
Less amount not yet due or paid …………… 150,000.00
——————
300,000.00
Resale of cars and motors under original
purchase contract with St. Louis Car Company 158,667.25
Miscellaneous sales ……………………… 4,198.03
——————
Total ………………………………… 462,865.28
We have verified the two large items with the original
contracts.
Special Fund.
We have not been able to obtain a detailed statement of the badge fund, which represents deposits made by employees in respect of badges issued to them, and it is probable that the greater part of this sum has been refunded and charged through various departments to other accounts.
The pay-roll fund represents unclaimed wages and has been agreed with a detailed list submitted to us.
Disbursements.
Properly approved vouchers have been produced to us for all disbursements except as regards two payments aggregating $252.45, the vouchers for which have, we understand, been mislaid.
The only items calling for special comment are, we think, the following:
Special Installation of Exhibits.
This sum represents the purchase price of the whole of the capital stock of the General Service Company, which held a concession for hauling and storage. From a balance sheet of that company, recently prepared, it would appear that the amount to be realized by the Exposition Company in respect of this investment will be about $104,000. We are advised by the president that in spite of the apparent loss of $21,000 involved, this transaction is regarded by the Exposition Company as an advantageous one, inasmuch as, at the time it was effected, there were serious controversies and substantial claims in question between the two companies, and by the purchase these claims were, of course, completely disposed of; and, moreover, the installation of exhibits was much expedited and serious inconvenience to exhibitors avoided.
Money Advanced.
The principal item included under this head is an amount of $152,000 advanced to the emergency exploitation committee from time to time to meet the expenses incurred by that committee. Practically the whole of this amount has been expended, but up to the date of our audit vouchers for the expenditures had not been turned in by the committee or put through the general books of the company. We understand that this is now being done.
Board of Lady Managers.
Included under this head is the full amount of $100,000 appropriated for the board out of the Government loan of $4,600,000. This sum was paid by the company into a special account, subject to the order of the board, and no details as to the disbursement thereof appear on the books, owing, as we are informed, to the fact that no report of such disbursements has yet been made by the board to the Exposition Company.
Cash Balances.
Certificates of deposit have been produced to us, and we have been furnished with a certificate from the bank as to the balance on current account.
The cash immediately available for the general purposes of the company amounts to $668,754.36, the remaining $182,846.41 being deposited in a special account to secure the sureties under various bonds given on behalf of the company.
Of this total of $182,846.41, the sum of $120,768.18 is derived from Pike rentals, as hereinbefore explained. The balance of $62,078.23 consists of receipts of the music bureau, which were originally paid into a separate fund because of a difference between the bureau of music and the division of concessions as to the policy in operating Festival Hall. Subsequently the president recommended that this fund be added to the fund held for the protection of the sureties, in accordance with the authority granted to the executive committee by the board of directors to make such provision as might be deemed advisable to protect these sureties, and the president informs us that this suggestion was approved by the executive committee.
It will of course be understood that the maintenance of the separate funds would become a matter of practical importance only in the event of the funds of the company proving insufficient to meet its liabilities, a condition which is not now deemed likely to arise.
General Financial Condition of the Company.
We have been furnished by the president of the Exposition Company with a statement of the estimated assets and liabilities of the company on May 3, 1905, a copy of which we append hereto. From this statement it will be seen that, subject to whatever liability may eventually result in respect of suits and disputed claims now pending against the company, it is estimated that the assets will exceed the liabilities by $467,211.45.
In arriving at this figure, the liability of the company in respect of the restoration of Forest Park is estimated at $200,000. In this connection it may be well to point out that the company is under obligation to restore the park without any limit as to cost, and has, moreover, given the city of St. Louis two bonds aggregating $650,000, being the amount of an estimate made on behalf of the city of the probable cost of restoration. Of the bonds given, one is for $100,000, secured by guarantee of certain directors of the Exposition Company, and the second for $550,000, secured as to $100,000 by personal guarantees and as to the balance by a mortgage on the Art Building.
Legislation is now pending looking to the acceptance by the city of a fixed sum in settlement of the company's liability and the carrying out of the work of restoration by the city itself, but it is not, of course, possible to say at the present time whether the estimate of $200,000 now taken into account will eventually prove sufficient.
It is not at present possible to estimate the liability on suits and claims pending.
In conclusion, we would state that every facility was extended to us by the officials of the company in the course of our audits.
Yours, faithfully, Jones, Caesar, DICKINSON, WILMOT & Co.
LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION, Washington, D.C.
Statement of receipts and disbursements from the incorporation of the company to April 30, 1906 (inclusive).
Capital liabilities:
Collections on account of sales of
capital stock ……………………… $4,821,456.11
Proceeds of sale of city of St. Louis
bonds ……………………………… 5,000,050.00
United States Government aid …………… 4,752,968.45
—————— $14,574,474.56
Loans contracted:
United States Government ………………. 4,600,000.00
Loan on security of capital stock
subscriptions, etc ………………….. 438,000.00
—————— 5,038,000.00
Revenue:
Admissions collections (Exhibit A) ……… 6,240,480.90
Concessions collections (Exhibit B) …….. 3,076,958.69
Intramural railway receipts ……………. 627,473.84
Service, power, light, and water receipts
(Exhibit C) ………………………… 655,684.00
Transportation collections (Exhibit D) ….. 218,207.20
Music Department collections …………… 146,538.48
Premium on souvenir gold coin
(less expenses) …………………….. 53,669.33
Photo pass receipts …………………… 51,469.00
Interest on deposits (Exhibit E) ……….. 131,407.83
Miscellaneous collections (Exhibit F) …… 136,775.33
Salvage ……………………………… 462,865.28
—————— 11,801,529.88
Special funds
Badge ……………………………….. 6,830.00
Pay roll …………………………….. 5,769.04
—————- 12,599.04
——————-
31,426,603.48
Preliminary expenses ……………………………….. $37,418.78
Construction (Exhibit G) ……………………………. 16,729,755.48
Rent of grounds and buildings (Exhibit H) …………….. 1,240,113.80
Maintenance and operating (Exhibit I) ………………… 1,070,537.51
Special installation of exhibits …………………….. 125,000.00
Exhibits division (Exhibit J) ……………………….. 2,189,125.93
Exploitation division (Exhibit K) ……………………. 1,327,337.11
Protection—Fire, police, insurance, etc. (Exhibit L) ….. 1,089.992.35
Concessions and admissions division (Exhibit M) ……….. 564,112.28
Executive and administrative division (Exhibit N) ……… 440,874.46
Transportation bureau (Exhibit O) ……………………. 321,074.58
Money advanced (Exhibit P) ………………………….. 167,350.14
Sundry disbursements (Exhibit Q) …………………….. 114,920.78
Board of lady managers:
Government appropriation ……………….. $100,000.00
Miscellaneous disbursements …………….. 16,831.20
Furnishing rooms ………………………. 2,558.31
—————- 119,389.51
——————-
25,537,002.71
Loans repaid ………………………………………. 5,038,000.00
Cash balances:
Cash in bank, general fund ……………… 5,067.22
Local treasurer's cash …………………. 24.58
Certificates of deposit ………………… 663,662.56
—————-
668,754.36
Certificates of deposit, D.R. Francis and
W.H. Thompson, trustees (Exposition
Company sureties) ……………………. 182,846.41
—————- 851,600.77
——————-
31,426,603.48
We have examined the above statement of receipts and disbursements, with the books of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, and certify the same to be correct. Satisfactory evidence has been produced to us as to all payments made, and proper certificates have been furnished as to the balance of cash in bank, on deposit, and on current account.
JONES, CAESAR, DICKINSON, WILMOT & Co., Certified Public Accountants.
St. Louis, June 9, 1905.
Estimate of current assets and liabilities at close of business,
May 3, 1905.
Cash on hand with treasurer …………………………. $199,888.36 Cash on hand with local treasurer ……………………. 508.33 Cash on hand with paymaster …………………………. 1,500.00 Cash on hand with police court ………………………. 300.00 Bills receivable, S.W. Bolles ……………………….. 153.10 Due from Alexander on account of insurance ……………. 2,040.80 Due from bonding company on account of gatemen ………… 335.20 Estimated revenue from admissions, three months ……….. 3,750.00 Estimated collections from concessions, balance due …………………………… $281,252.98 Estimated collections from Pike rentals, balance due …………………………… 23,862.00 —————— 20,000.00 Estimated collections from service bills, balance due …………………………… 109,211.01 10,000.00 Estimated collections from capital stock, balance due …………………………… 473,741.69 20,000.00 Estimated collections from other sources ……………… 5,000.00 Salvage, per certificates of deposit 463,662.56 Salvage, per bills receivable 150,000.00 —————— 613,662.56 Assets of General Service Company (excluding bills against Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company) ………………………. 40,000.00 Cash in hands of trustees, on account of ground rent ……………………………. 120,768.18 Cash in hands of trustees, on account of music …………………………………. 62,078.23 —————- 182,846.41 ————— $1,099,984.76
(See note.)
Warrants unpaid ………………………….. $43,863.60
Less warrants payable to General Service
Company ……………………………….. 13,706.33
—————- 30,157.27
Special and trust fund ……………………………… 12,599.04
Vouchered accounts, no warrants drawn ………. 56,664.66
Less General Service Company vouchers ………. 26,255.93
—————- 30,408.73
Ground rent ……………………………………….. 9,500.00
Tesson heirs' claim ………………………………… 5,300.00
Unvouchered accounts:
Division of works—
Electrical department …………………. $31,257.10
Mechanical department …………………. 12,702.44
Civil engineering …………………….. 7,723.56
Director's office …………………….. 2,994.24
—————- 54,677.34
Concessions and admissions—
Woodward & Tiernan ……………………. 2,945.15
J.E. Allison …………………………. 39.28
David L. Grey ………………………… 456.00
—————- 3.440.43
Division of exhibits—
Director's office …………………….. 2,140.50
Awards ………………………………. 1,784.50
Art …………………………………. 262.87
Live stock …………………………… 59.25
Electricity ………………………….. 30.25
Education ……………………………. 4.10
Manufactures …………………………. .25
Physical culture ……………………… $30.70
Anthropology …………………………. 387.40
Machinery ……………………………. 76.00
Mines and metallurgy ………………….. 200.00
Model street …………………………. 30.70
Salary, three days in May ……………… 107.46
—————- $5,113.98
Park restoration, three days' salaries and wages ………. 448.41
Park restoration, Art Museum, salaries and wages ………. 117.17
Transportation, salaries and wages …………………… 29.04
Legal department, salaries and wages …………………. 112.11
Secretary's office, salaries and wages ……………….. 426.20
Auditor's office, salaries and wages …………………. 128.61
Collector and local treasurer, salaries and wages ……… 54.40
Treasurer's office, salaries and wages ……………….. 27.76
Care of buildings (janitors), salaries and wages ………. 17.91
Report of Congress of Arts and Sciences ………………. 4,213.91
Diplomas ………………………………………….. 44,000.00
Unmatured liabilities:
Administration expenses during liquidation of
Exposition Company (estimated) …………………… 100,000.00
Publication of president's report ………………….. 10,000.00
Publication reports Congress of Arts and
Sciences ………………………………………. 18,000.00
Publication of physical-culture reports …………….. 5,000.00
Restoration of Forest Park (estimated) ……………… 200,000.00
Restoration of leased tracts and additional
rental thereon (estimated) ………………………. 50,000.00
Taxes for three years on leased tracts, in litigation
(estimated) ……………………………………. 25,000.00
Contingent fund ………………………………….. 20,000.00
Administration expenses of superior jury ……………. 4,000.00
Excess of current assets over current liabilities,
which is exclusive of contingent liabilities in the
shape of suits pending versus Louisiana Purchase
Exposition Company, and other items as per memorandum
below …………………………………………… 467,211.45
—————
$1,099,984.76
Suits pending against Exposition Company:
Exposition Water Company ………………………….. 63,000.00
Fraternal Identification Company …………………… 50,000.00
Charles Holloway …………………………………. 2,000.00
Star Bottling Company …………………………….. 235,449.79
Do ……………………………………………. 30,600.00
Gardner T. Voorhees ………………………………. 25,000.00
Exposition Water Company ………………………….. 63,000.00
Bessie M. Liggett (two suits), action for rent
of New York office ……………………………… 1,500.00
Willis ………………………………………….. 15,000.00
John Culligan ……………………………………. 100.00
——————-
$562,849.79
(In addition to the above there are a number of claims made by concessionaires, aggregating a large amount, which have not yet been put in suit.)
There may be an appropriation made at next session of Congress to pay amount due Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company on account of Philippine exhibit, which amounts to ………… $100,000.00
(This is so uncertain that it can not be counted as a probable asset.)
NOTE.—In the assets is listed trustees' fund, $182,846.41. This amount is not at present an available asset, for the reason that it is a trust fund placed to secure bondsmen for ground rent and other purposes, and may be partially or totally absorbed for the reimbursement of bondsmen who may be defendants in suits that may be instituted.
* * * * *
EXHIBIT A.—Admissions collections, April 30, 1905.
Admissions collections:
Preexposition ……………………………………. $175,906.25
Exposition ………………………………………. 5,704,846.15
Postexposition ………………………………….. 16,156.50
Chicago day tickets ………………………………… 270.00
National Commission season tickets …………………… 28,637.50
November tickets …………………………………… 4,870.00
St. Louis day admissions ……………………………. 39,536.00
Season tickets …………………………………….. 94,030.00
Single admission tickets ……………………………. 14,651.00
Special August tickets ……………………………… 1,410.00
Stockholders' tickets ………………………………. 160,167.50
——————-
Total …………………………………………. 6,240,480.90
EXHIBIT B.—Concessions collections, April 30, 1905.
Concessions revenue:
Preexposition ……………………………………. $32,366.06
Exposition ………………………………………. 2,808,995.59
Postexposition …………………………………… 1,855.54
Concessions receipts, subsequently refunded (contra) …… 15,554.00
Catlin tract Pike rentals …………………………… 218,187.50
——————-
Total …………………………………………. 3,076,958.69
EXHIBIT C.—Receipts account of service, power, light, and water bills, etc., April 30, 1905.
Miscellaneous, prior to September 3, 1902 …………….. $434.45
Animals, care of …………………………………… 55.00
Bags ……………………………………………… 1,971.30
Blacksmith shop ……………………………………. 121.35
Building permits …………………………………… 1,015.58
Cinders …………………………………………… 142.50
Coal sold …………………………………………. 1,040.70
Cleaning closets …………………………………… 263.50
Cord wood …………………………………………. 3,020.94
Cremating animals ………………………………….. 141.30
Damages …………………………………………… 11.41
Dam in Arrowhead …………………………………… 3,068.93
Draft returned …………………………………….. 1,000.00
Electric connections, various service ………………… 686.00
Electric power service ……………………………… 7,609.09
Force account ……………………………………… 21,798.14
Freight charges ……………………………………. 119.11
Garbage cans ………………………………………. 465.00
Gas connections and inspections ……………………… 530.00
Hauling garbage, etc ……………………………….. 871.54
Light service ……………………………………… 7,639.57
Miscellaneous ……………………………………… 5,264.41
Miscellaneous hauling ………………………………. 22.75
Paving ……………………………………………. 138.60
Permits other than buildings ………………………… $830.59
Piling ……………………………………………. 589.10
Rebates on collections ……………………………… 15,011.58
Removing garbage …………………………………… 1,767.85
Removing rubbish …………………………………… 435.60
Rent of cross arms …………………………………. 438.95
Rent of conduits …………………………………… 1,108.04
Repairs …………………………………………… 24.12
Salvage …………………………………………… 87.26
Sawmill …………………………………………… 950.42
Alternating currents ……………………………….. 26.26
Amperes oven service ……………………………….. 41.25
Compressed air service ……………………………… 1,310.50
Electric heater service …………………………….. 533.31
Fan power service ………………………………….. 1,948.36
Furnace service ……………………………………. 5.71
Gaslight service …………………………………… 5,799.75
Arc light service ………………………………….. 13,112.32
Incandescent service ……………………………….. 243,578.64
Miscellaneous service ………………………………. 17,246.36
Changing electric service …………………………… 150.00
Miscellaneous electric service ………………………. 81,425.68
Miscellaneous light service …………………………. 3,907.45
Picture machine service …………………………….. 27.50
Searchlight service ………………………………… 202.20
Motor service …………………………………….. 82,597.25
Steam service ……………………………………… 1,661.02
Telephone service ………………………………….. 540.56
Water service ……………………………………… 68,023.74
Water applications and inspections …………………… 14,672.50
Sewer applications and inspections …………………… 6,240.00
Plumbing applications and inspections ………………… 5,436.00
Compressed air connections ………………………….. 35.00
Electric heater connections …………………………. 40.00
Fan power applications and connections ……………….. 150.00
Gas connections ……………………………………. 1.059.40
Gas inspections ……………………………………. 211.00
Arc light connections ………………………………. 170.64
Incandescent light connections ………………………. 5,780.32
Miscellaneous electric connections …………………… 116.85
Miscellaneous light connections ……………………… 210.00
Light applications, etc. ……………………………. 413.00
Miscellaneous connections …………………………… 60.64
Miscellaneous inspections …………………………… 6.50
Motor applications and connections …………………… 2,556.43
Picture machine connections …………………………. 5.00
Plumbing applications ………………………………. 1,202.75
Plumbing inspections ……………………………….. 1,055.50
Sewer applications …………………………………. 647.00
Sewer inspections ………………………………….. 420.00
Sanitary sewer applications …………………………. 1,820.00
Sanitary sewer inspections ………………………….. 1,530.00
Steam pipe connections ……………………………… 7.50
Steam sewer connections …………………………….. 191.35
Water applications …………………………………. 2,702.35
Water inspections ………………………………….. 1,605.00
High pressure applications ………………………….. 3,125.00
High pressure inspections …………………………… 1,047.50
Various direct currents …………………………….. 26.00
Force account, post-exposition ………………………. 78.33
Arc light service, post-exposition …………………… 591.41
Gas connections, post-exposition …………………….. 10.00
Gaslight service, post-exposition ……………………. 92.16
Crane service, post-exposition ………………………. 19.50
Incandescent light service, post-exposition …………… 112.93
Miscellaneous service, post-exposition ……………….. 89.98
Water service, post-exposition ………………………. $1,333.02
Removing garbage, post-exposition ……………………. .40
Gas inspections ……………………………………. .50
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 655,684.00
EXHIBIT D.—Transportation collections, April 30, 1905.
Switching:
Exposition period ………………………………… $135,087.12
Postexposition period ………………………………. 71,169.34
Car service ……………………………………….. 5,148.30
Parking private cars ……………………………….. 2,506.00
Drayage …………………………………………… 5.32
Miscellaneous ……………………………………… 4,291.12
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 218,207.20
EXHIBIT E.—Interest receipts, April 30, 1905.
Interest on deposits ……………………………….. $116,356.03
Interest on Government loan …………………………. 3,926.63
Washington University, special fund ………………….. 8,544.49
Pike rental, special fund …………………………… 2,580.68
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 131,407.83
EXHIBIT F.—Miscellaneous collections, April 30, 1905.
Refunds prior to September 3, 1902 …………………… $4,870.46
Admissions, exposition ……………………………… 201.61
Admissions department ………………………………. 102.66
Ceremonies, dedication ……………………………… 22.40
Conscience fund ……………………………………. 31.25
Drafts returned ……………………………………. 186.00
Freight charges refunded ……………………………. 367.70
Miscellaneous collections …………………………… 2,411.98
Interest on stock notes …………………………….. 1,260.04
Interest on stock of estate …………………………. 3.90
Interest and costs, delinquent subscriptions ………….. 111.52
Janitor service ……………………………………. 1,650.62
Lost property ……………………………………… .50
Miscellaneous sales ………………………………… 9,516.84
Percentages, Bell Telephone Company pay stations ………. 1,363.51
Postage …………………………………………… 5.39
Redemption of horses and vehicles ……………………. 86.00
Rent ……………………………………………… 13.00
Sale of buildings ………………………………….. 50.00
Sale of property …………………………………… 3,248.78
Geo. F. Parker, resident representative, London ……….. 145.03
Intramural railway maintenance ………………………. 180.55
Concessions department, ticket account ……………….. 47.50
Concessions ……………………………………….. 10.50
Ticket sellers, change account ………………………. 40.00
Impounding vehicles ………………………………… 1.00
Force account, postexposition ……………………….. 228.00
Miscellaneous, postexposition ……………………….. 75.62
Postage, postexposition …………………………….. 2.85
Physical-culture fund ………………………………. 3,495.31
Aeronautics entry fees ……………………………… 1,500.00
Insurance premiums refunded …………………………. 63,983.17
Refrigerating plant receipts ………………………… 20,178.99
Garbage coupon books ……………………………….. 11,506.80
Refund account, overpayments ………………………… 4,715.96
Personal damage receipts ……………………………. 2,572.50
Property damage receipts ……………………………. 72.50
Uniform account, special fund ……………………….. 2,514.89
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 136,775.33
EXHIBIT G.—Construction, April 30, 1905.
Architecture, department of …………………………. $138,395.61
Architects' commissions …………………………….. 81,000.00
Architects' fees and expense ………………………… 94,019.88
Agriculture Building ……………………………….. 524,185.51
Approaches to Government Building ……………………. 34,585.90
Art Building ………………………………………. 945,849.45
Athletic field …………………………………….. 16,000.00
Band stands ……………………………………….. 25,793.00
Barracks buildings …………………………………. 26,925.75
Bridges, permanent …………………………………. 102,785.07
Bridges, temporary …………………………………. 1,666.78
Building, engineers ………………………………… 11,578.85
Cascades and terraces, excavating ……………………. 142,629.08
Civil engineers ……………………………………. 308,031.74
Dairy barn building ………………………………… 27,570.08
Day nursery building ……………………………….. 6,035.82
Drainage ………………………………………….. 100,813.86
Drinking fountains …………………………………. 898.00
Director's office ………………………………….. 224,008.48
Electricity and Machinery …………………………… 444,553.70
Electricity and machinery department …………………. 122,589.49
Electric and power plant ……………………………. 2,868,047.38
Electrical subway ………………………………….. 23,494.33
Emergency installation ……………………………… 13,746.91
Engine house ………………………………………. 41,152.18
Exhibitors' exposition power plant …………………… 201,099.93
Exhibitors' pre-exposition power plant ……………….. 16,989.63
Entrances …………………………………………. 31,736.00
Finish on bridges, lagoons, and cascades ……………… 155,488.72
Festival Hall ……………………………………… 221,999.45
Fire department, temporary building ………………….. 220.71
Fire plant ………………………………………… 370,622.09
Forestry, Fish, and Game Building ……………………. 174,317.38
Fences ……………………………………………. 37,325.16
Filtration plant …………………………………… 11,689.20
Freight platforms ………………………………….. 14,298.51
Furniture and fixtures ……………………………… 19,727.83
Garbage crematory ………………………………….. 8,746.90
Grading …………………………………………… 269,454.94
Gas piping ………………………………………… 44,665.62
Horticulture Building ………………………………. 225,408.27
Horses, harness, and vehicles ……………………….. 7,069.30
Hospital building ………………………………….. 20,508.38
Hauling and piling up soil ………………………….. 1,720.80
Implements and tools ……………………………….. 9,271.02
Intramural railway …………………………………. 498,393.90
Landscape gardening ………………………………… 500,566.59
Louisiana Purchase Monument …………………………. 7,593.93
Liberal Arts Building ………………………………. 475,370.95
Live stock exhibit buildings ………………………… 147,464.55
Machinery Building …………………………………. 497,408.35
Manufactures Building ………………………………. 710,284.49
Mines and Metallurgy Building ……………………….. 491,802.41
Mural decorations ………………………………….. 41,467.88
Philippine Commission ………………………………. 198,442.15
Police station …………………………………….. 6,646.17
Preparing grounds ………………………………….. 738,508.51
Press building …………………………………….. 4,899.32
Pump well, pavilion, and conduit …………………….. 37,845.24
Plumbing ………………………………………….. 129,834.02
Refrigerating and ice plants ………………………… 37,177.84
Restaurants and colonades …………………………… 174,106.80
Reservoirs ………………………………………… 3,013.53
Roadways ………………………………………….. 441,676.12
Sculpture …………………………………………. 518,039.87
Sculpture Hall Building …………………………….. $39,388.99
Service building …………………………………… 41,743.81
Shelter houses …………………………………….. 4,924.35
Stables …………………………………………… 6,167.01
Sewers ……………………………………………. 62,700.14
Sawmill …………………………………………… 6,781.24
Street railway, private right of way …………………. 12,788.98
Supplies, miscellaneous …………………………….. 9,053.73
Temporary boiler house ……………………………… 1,808.50
Textiles Building ………………………………….. 381,446.85
Ticket booths ……………………………………… 6,940.00
Turnstiles ………………………………………… 25,416.15
Town Hall Building …………………………………. 15,398.34
Transportation Building …………………………….. 675,586.39
Triumphal causeway …………………………………. 7,885.00
Uniforms ………………………………………….. 1,054.42
United States life-saving exhibit ……………………. 925.25
Varied Industries Building ………………………….. 733,831.21
Warehouse Building …………………………………. 24,446.87
Water mains ……………………………………….. 159,650.94
Waterways …………………………………………. 34,643.38
Water rent ………………………………………… 72,207.50
West pavilion ……………………………………… 5,722.50
Widening and straightening river Des Peres ……………. 115,159.78
World's fair terminals ……………………………… 454,824.81
——————-
Total ………………………………………….. 16,729,755.48
EXHIBIT H.—Rent of grounds and buildings, April 30, 1905.
Washington University tract …………………………. $750,000.00
Other tracts west of Skinker road ……………………. 230,250.00
Catlin tract ………………………………………. 200,000.00
Sundry ground rents ………………………………… 25,403.36
Coliseum ………………………………………….. 18,666.66
Offices …………………………………………… 15,793.78
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 1,240,113.80
EXHIBIT I.—Maintenance and operating, April 30, 1905.
Care of buildings ………………………………….. $89,251.97
Electric and power plant ……………………………. 675,462.29
Electric power rentals ……………………………… 28,438.91
Fuel not yet distributed ……………………………. 2,299.43
Gas-light buildings ………………………………… 1,474.16
Garbage cremation ………………………………….. 5,083.08
Maintenance of—
Grounds …………………………………………. 77,902.63
Roads …………………………………………… 20,228.49
Lagoons, cascades, and basins ……………………… 2,408.33
Fire plant ………………………………………. 3,499.69
Operating expenses:
Buildings ……………………………………….. 11,914.50
Landscape gardening ………………………………. 24,365.86
Lavatories ………………………………………. 583.83
Waterways ……………………………………….. 1,405.87
Miscellaneous ……………………………………. 5,308.30
Repairing buildings ………………………………… 46,672.38
Refrigeration ……………………………………… 14,735.53
Removal of garbage and rubbish ………………………. 21,227.60
Sewers, water supply system …………………………. 1,824.17
Special police …………………………………….. 7,034.94
Telephone rentals ………………………………….. 29,102.97
United States Life-saving station ……………………. 312.52
Total …………………………………………… 1,070,537.51
EXHIBIT J.—Exhibits division, April 30, 1905.
Aeronautics ……………………………………….. $42,405.98
Agriculture ……………………………………….. 77,382.24
Agriculture, live-stock section ……………………… 281,275.37
Anthropology ………………………………………. 76,443.95
Art ………………………………………………. 131,138.89
Director's office ………………………………….. 145,899.05
Education …………………………………………. 49.684.59
Electricity ……………………………………….. 52,934.65
Fish and game ……………………………………… 27,664.88
Forestry ………………………………………….. 13,409.84
Horticulture ………………………………………. 91,174.48
International congresses ……………………………. 131,842.43
International jury of awards ………………………… 109,882.62
Liberal arts ………………………………………. 45,094.44
Machinery …………………………………………. 61,686.62
Manufactures ………………………………………. 86,487.23
Mines and metallurgy ……………………………….. 85,042.23
Music …………………………………………….. 494,984.48
Physical culture …………………………………… 87,876.53
Social economy …………………………………….. 42,376.81
Transportation …………………………………….. 54,438.62
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 2,189,125.93
EXHIBIT K.—Exploitation division, April 30, 1905.
Argentina …………………………………………. $29,958.08
Australia …………………………………………. 4,452.20
Alabama …………………………………………… 22.30
Arkansas ………………………………………….. 98.41
Bureau of information ………………………………. 9,728.37
Brazil ……………………………………………. 16,789.30
Central American States …………………………….. 12,643.84
Cuba ……………………………………………… 5,503.48
California ………………………………………… 600.20
Colorado ………………………………………….. 61.91
Connecticut ……………………………………….. 689.77
Director's office ………………………………….. 22,865.10
Domestic office ……………………………………. 36,415.86
Domestic incidentals ……………………………….. 32,722.72
Delaware ………………………………………….. 125.43
Dutch manufacturers in Holland ………………………. 1,012.33
Egypt …………………………………………….. 5,432.26
Europe ……………………………………………. 43,773.46
Eastern headquarters ……………………………….. 9,310.59
Emblem account …………………………………….. 1,035.38
Emergency exploitation ……………………………… 872.27
Fourth of July celebration ………………………….. 8,561.24
Florida …………………………………………… 1,019.40
Germany …………………………………………… 10,724.77
Georgia …………………………………………… 191.61
Foreign incidentals ………………………………… 18,232.25
India …………………………………………….. 4,949.36
Italy …………………………………………….. 11,011.31
Idaho …………………………………………….. 80.60
Illinois ………………………………………….. 22.05
Incidentals, various States …………………………. 3,696.96
Indiana …………………………………………… 35.75
Indian Territory …………………………………… 755.43
Iowa ……………………………………………… 164.03
Kansas ……………………………………………. 15.00
Kentucky ………………………………………….. 1,524.99
London …………………………………………… 17,807.78
Maine …………………………………………….. $94.25
Maryland ………………………………………….. 671.66
Massachusetts ……………………………………… 264.14
Michigan ………………………………………….. 1,339.55
Minnesota …………………………………………. 959.58
Mississippi ……………………………………….. 193.05
Municipal exhibits …………………………………. 52.55
Nebraska ………………………………………….. 417.41
New England States …………………………………. 78.00
New York ………………………………………….. 657.19
New York, New Jersey, and Rhode Island ……………….. 455.90
North Carolina …………………………………….. 1,499.92
New Hampshire ……………………………………… 150.25
North Dakota ………………………………………. 317.96
Netherlands ……………………………………….. 45.00
Oriental countries …………………………………. 46,388.68
Ohio ……………………………………………… 429.80
Paris …………………………………………….. 11,229.17
Portugal ………………………………………….. 1,384.62
Press representative to Europe ………………………. 14,144.79
Pan-American Exposition Building …………………….. 15,826.09
Press and publicity ………………………………… 435,118.82
Pennsylvania ………………………………………. 241.10
Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela ………………………… 17,652.97
Rhode Island ………………………………………. 965.80
Russia ……………………………………………. 600.00
South Carolina …………………………………….. 1,826.18
Southern States ……………………………………. 3,737.28
South Dakota ………………………………………. 123.85
South Africa ………………………………………. 945.33
Spain …………………………………………….. 2,261.23
Special Commissioner Buchanan ……………………….. 25,070.45
New York and Massachusetts ………………………….. 159.50
Special Commissioner Hayward ………………………… 3,000.73
Sweden and Norway ………………………………….. 12,318.15
South Carolina and Interstate and West Indian Exposition .. 11,948.82
Saengerfest subscription ……………………………. 5,000.00
Tennessee ………………………………………… 697.51
Texas …………………………………………….. 159.00
Transportation day …………………………………. 7,908.22
Vermont …………………………………………… 10.00
Virginia ………………………………………….. 1,122.80
Windward Islands and Trinidad ……………………….. 1,200.00
World's Fair Fraternal Association …………………… 2,945.00
Dedication ceremonies ………………………………. 233,341.16
Ceremonies ………………………………………… 2,744.13
Bureau of ceremonies ……………………………….. 39,693.86
Entertainments …………………………………….. 70,583.36
Receptions and entertainments ……………………….. 8,736.73
Competitive drills …………………………………. 7,500.00
Pike day expenses ………………………………….. 9,190.57
Promotion …………………………………………. 5,928.26
Firemen's convention and tournament ………………….. 2,814.60
Good roads conventions ……………………………… 2,286.35
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 1,327,337.11
Exhibit L.—Protection, April 30, 1905.
Fire department ……………………………………. $162,471.26
Medical department …………………………………. 37,559.01
Jefferson Guards …………………………………… 471,245.74
Custodian of buildings ……………………………… 2,354.07
Fire-fighting exhibit:
Preexposition ……………………………………. 16,500.00
Exposition ………………………………………. 25,000.00
Insurance:
Accident ………………………………………… $86,174.33
Boilers …………………………………………. 541.28
Buildings ……………………………………….. 260,172.35
Contents of buildings …………………………….. 24,607.07
Miscellaneous ……………………………………. 1,404.90
Premium on Fidelity bonds …………………………… 1,962.34
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 1,089,992.35
EXHIBIT M.—Concessions and admissions division, April 30, 1905.
Advance payments, concessions ……………………….. $27.00
Admissions department ………………………………. 280,337.55
Concessions department ……………………………… 222,664.57
Collector's office …………………………………. 36,756.99
Ticket account …………………………………….. 138.00
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 564,112.28
EXHIBIT N.—Executive and administrative division, April 30, 1905.
Auditor's office …………………………………… $61,025.11
Collector's office …………………………………. 36,756.99
Incidental expenses ………………………………… 24,341.83
Legal department …………………………………… 87,598.15
Local treasurer's office ……………………………. 12,703.22
President's office …………………………………. 9,963.17
President's contingent fund …………………………. 1,413.63
Secretary's office …………………………………. 155,687.16
Supply department ………………………………….. 21,430.07
Treasurer's office …………………………………. 29,954.53
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 440,874.46
EXHIBIT O.—Transportation bureau, April 30, 1905.
Director's office ………………………………….. $12,003.04
Equipment …………………………………………. 805.00
Intramural Railway:
Operating ……………………………………….. 59,578.81
Maintenance ……………………………………… 5,694.39
Operating department ……………………………….. 210,976.38
Traffic manager ……………………………………. 15,449.05
World's Fair terminal, maintenance …………………… 16,567.91
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 321,074.58
EXHIBIT P.—Money advanced, April 30, 1905.
Board of lady managers ……………………………… $3,000.00
Bolles, S. W ………………………………………. 153.10
Buchanan W. I ……………………………………… 71.02
Chase, C.A., paymaster ……………………………… 1,500.00
Emergency exploitation committee …………………….. 152,986.49
Kurtz & Watrous ……………………………………. 8,000.00
Money changers at entrances …………………………. 665.20
Moore, Thomas M ……………………………………. 1,100.37
Thompson, J.C., jr …………………………………. 16.00
——————-
Total …………………………………………… 167,350.14
EXHIBIT Q.—Miscellaneous, April 30, 1905.
Accrued interest, city of St. Louis bonds …………….. $35,901.34
Band contests ……………………………………… 500.00
Bond for rent of land ………………………………. 540.00
Disbursement agent, United States Government ………….. $8,500.38
Interest on bills payable and advances on capital stock … 15,625.55
Inside Inn ………………………………………… 147.49
National Civic Federation …………………………… 73.13
Operating expenses, sanitation ………………………. 400.44
Press parliament …………………………………… 1,132.90
Personal damages …………………………………… 6,171.70
Postage …………………………………………… 21.64
Refund:
Admissions ………………………………………. 405.20
Concessions collections …………………………… 15,554.00
Grounds and buildings collections ………………….. 1,656.97
Photo pass account ……………………………….. 1,154.00
Transportation collections ………………………… 502.53
Sanitation ………………………………………… 430.90
Supervision of sanitation …………………………… 382.19
Telegrams …………………………………………. 2,254.46
Refund, overpayment of capital stock …………………. 1,816.33
Ways and means committee ……………………………. 65.26
Million Population Club …………………………….. 20.00
Park restoration …………………………………… 9,527.35
Park restoration, Art Museum ………………………… 1,043.39
Salvage expense ……………………………………. 240.31
Damage to property …………………………………. 5,269.00
Refund, season tickets ……………………………… 75.00
Special exhibit, Agricultural Hall …………………… 5,509.32
——————-
Total …………………………………………….. 114,920.78
Condensed statement showing estimated financial result of the exposition.
Subscribed funds:
United States Government …………………………… $4,752,968.45
City of St Louis ………………………………….. 4,964.148.66
Individual subscriptions …………………………… 4,839,867.28
——————— $14,556,984.39
Loans:
United States Government …………………………… 4,600,000.00
Loan on stock subscriptions, etc. …………………… 438,000.00
———————
5,038,000.00
Less repaid ………………………………………. 5,038,000.00
———————
Revenue:
Admissions ……………………………………….. 6,244,544.65
Concessions ………………………………………. 3,081,406.78
All other sources …………………………………. 1,931,571.35
———————
11,257,522.78
———————
25,814,507.17
Expenditures:
Construction ………………………………………$16,729,755.49
Less salvage 625,680.90
———————
16,104,074.59
Rents of grounds and buildings ……………………… 1,279,913.80
All other expenses ………………………………… 7,713,307.34
Estimated liability for restoration of site ………….. 250,000.00
——————-
$25,347,295.73
Surplus, subject to liability on pending suits and claims 467,211.45
———————
25,814,507.18
The above condensed statement has been prepared from the accounts of the company to May 3, 1905, and from an estimate of future receipts and expenditures furnished us by the president of the Exposition Company.
JONES, CAESAR, DICKINSON, WILMOT & CO.
ST. Louis, June 12, 1905.
State of Missouri, City of St. Louis, ss:
Before me, this the 16th day of March, 1905, personally appeared H.S.
Albrecht, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says:
My name is H.S. Albrecht. I reside in St. Louis. Have lived here the past twenty-five years. I am engaged in business in St. Louis. In regard to the sale of the salvage of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company I herewith make the following statement:
When I saw by the papers that bids were requested for the wrecking and removal of certain exhibit buildings now on the World's Fair grounds I decided that I would make a bid on same. I submitted a bid on that part of the salvage to be disposed of as shown in the specifications prepared by Director of Works Taylor and on following buildings:
Mines and Metallurgy; Liberal Arts; Education and Social Economy; Manufactures; Electricity; Varied Industries; Machinery; Transportation; Forestry, Fish, and Game; Agricultural; Horticulture; four dairy barns, octagonal; live-stock forum; Live-Stock Congress Hall; stock barns; Steam, Gas, and Fuel Building, and cooling towers; Festival Hall; terrace of States, including pedestals and statuary; two pagoda restaurant buildings on Art Hill; four fire-engine houses; five toilet-room buildings; five band stands.
The time limit set for the removal of the buildings and debris was short—namely, three months—and no one could make a reasonable bid. I made my bid in the sum of only $50,000 for that reason, and accompanied same by a certified check for $25,000, as required by the Exposition Company.
The bids were to be opened at 12 o'clock noon of November 10. I, with a number of other bidders, was present in an anteroom adjoining the office of Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works. The bids were not opened at the appointed hour, and we waited there for three hours and until 3 o'clock. We expected the bids to be opened in public, as is done by the United States Government and the city when they dispose of large properties. We were called into Mr. Taylor's office and were informed by President D.R. Francis that the bids would not be opened in public, but in private. I immediately arose and offered an objection to this mode of procedure, as I did not think it was the proper way to handle the matter. I told them what I thought of the whole proposition. My protest was a vigorous one. A Mr. Harris, a representative of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, immediately arose and stated that he desired to have his bid kept secret. Mr. Francis overruled my objection and sustained Mr. Harris. Mr. Francis asked the other bidders present what they desired as to the manner of handling the bids, and they all stated that the bids should be opened in public and not in private. Not only as a contractor, but as a stockholder of the Exposition Company, I demanded that the bids be opened publicly, in a straightforward manner. We were instructed to go out into the anteroom and remain until called for. About fifteen minutes later I was recalled alone to the meeting room of the salvage committee, where President Francis questioned me in regard to the $50,000 bid, and asked whether I could remove the property in the time limit set. I informed the gentlemen that I could make my bid considerably higher if I was granted more time in which to remove the debris. President Francis asked me how much more I could bid, and I told him I could not state offhand. The conditions as to the removal of the wreckage in the specified time, namely, three months, were somewhat prohibitive, as it would be impossible to fulfill the requirements without an enormous expense. It would be well-nigh impossible to get sufficient men and teams on the work to complete the same in the specified time. President Francis stated to me that it was probable that all the bids would be rejected. I requested him to ask for new bids, which were to be opened in public, or that the property be sold at public auction. I saw by the newspapers a few days later that all bids had been rejected, and my check for $25,000 was returned to me. I later saw by the papers that the Exposition Company contemplated forming a company among the directors and wreck the buildings themselves and dispose of the salvage. Later on I saw in the papers that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was figuring to buy all the World's Fair property, and was about to close a deal for the purchase of the salvage in the sum of $386,000.
No further information as to the sale of the salvage was ever furnished me, nor was any notice given me that further or additional bids would be received.
I had never at any time been furnished a list of the property for sale, and made my bid on the buildings as shown by the specifications prepared by Mr. Taylor, director of works. I requested a list of the property for sale, but was never able to get one.
As soon as I heard that the property of the exposition was to be sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for the sum of $386,000 I wrote a letter to President Francis as follows:
GENTLEMEN: Noticing in the daily papers that you will sell the entire property owned by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, including railway tracks, exhibit and other buildings, fencing, furniture, wiring, lamps, piping, plumbing, machinery, etc.—in fact, everything owned by the company. If this is the fact we can pay you about $400,000 and perhaps more. Will you kindly furnish us a complete list of everything that you have for sale and specified time of removal, so we can give you an intelligent bid or proposition?
Very respectfully,
SCHOELLHORN-ALBRECHT REAL ESTATE CO.,
Per H.S. ALBRECHT, President.
President D.R. FRANCIS and
BOARD OF DIRECTORS ON SALVAGE,
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis.
I failed to receive a reply to the above letter or to receive a list of the property to be sold, and was not notified that further bids would be received therefor. As far as I know, none of the former bidders, nor any one else, for that matter, were given the slightest opportunity to bid on the whole property, except the Chicago House Wrecking Company.
There seemed to be a disposition on the part of the salvage committee to observe the greatest secrecy in procuring the bids and the awarding of the contract. The property was not properly advertised and lists were not furnished to bidders, as is customary in public sales, where large amounts of valuable property is to be sold.
From the contract between the Exposition Company and the Chicago House Wrecking Company, now a matter of record here, I have noticed the nature of the material and property sold to the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and had I been furnished a list of that property I would have bid $750,000, all cash, and would have made a great profit on it at that price. If the property had been properly listed and widely advertised, much higher bids would have been made. If the property had been properly advertised and had been sold at public auction, in detail, I am safe in saying that the Exposition Company would have realized more than $1,000,000 out of the salvage. In my opinion the property delivered to the Chicago House Wrecking Company was of the market value of fully $1,500,000.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 16th day of March, 1905. My commission expires on the 22d day of July, 1909.
[SEAL.] IRA C. MONEY, Notary Public, City of St. Louis, Mo.
STATE OF MISSOURI, City of St. Louis, ss:
Before me, this the 16th day of March, 1905, personally appeared Charles
L. McDonald, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says:
My name is Charles L. McDonald. I reside in the city of St. Louis. Am connected with the St. Louis Steam Forge and Iron works. I saw by the St. Louis Globe-Democrat of October 17, 1904, that Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, had requested sealed proposals addressed to the "Committee on Salvage and Sale of Buildings," for the wrecking and removal of certain exhibit buildings now on the World's Fair grounds, and that specifications and instructions for the above-mentioned work and drawings and specifications of the buildings to be wrecked could be seen at the office of Mr. Taylor. All bids were to be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 o'clock noon of Thursday, November 10, 1904.
The specifications and instructions as prepared by Mr. Taylor for the wrecking of the buildings, and for which sealed proposals were requested, only applied to the following buildings: Mines and Metallurgy; Liberal Arts; Education and Social Economy; Manufactures; Electricity; Varied Industries; Machinery; Transportation; Forestry, Fish, and Game; Agriculture; Horticulture; four dairy barns, octagonal; live stock forum; Live Stock Congress Hall; stock barns; steam, gas, and fuel buildings and cooling towers; Festival Hall; terrace of States, including pedestals and statuary; two pagoda restaurant buildings on Art Hill; four fire-engine houses; five toilet-room buildings; five band stands; and excluded, or rather did not include, all electrical wiring, piping, plumbing, roadmaking machinery, fire hose in the various buildings, two hospitals complete, Jefferson Guards' uniforms and accouterments, railroad tracks in the various buildings, the Intramural Railway, which included all the equipment (except the cars), hothouses, horses, wagons, and vehicles of all kinds, and many other valuable items.
I submitted a bid on one of the buildings only. However, I was associated with Mr. Albrecht and others when he submitted a bid on all the buildings as shown by the printed list, and was also concerned with him in his proposition of December 5, wherein he offered $400,000 cash for the property, and more if a list of all the property could be secured.
The conditions embodied in the specifications and contract, with reference to the time limit for the removal of all the debris from day to day as the work progressed were too exacting, in that they did not allow sufficient time, and if the same were strictly enforced by Director of Works Taylor would materially add to the expense of the contractor. The time was too short for the amount of work to be done.
On November 10, at the hour called for the opening of the bids, I was present and appeared with other bidders before the committee on salvage. I, with a number of other bidders, waited until after 3 o'clock for the committee to get together and open the bids, and was very much surprised when President Francis announced that all bids would be opened in secret by the committee. This procedure was not in accordance with the custom of the Government and city in the handling of its property when same is for sale under bids. Mr. Albrecht objected to the bids being opened in secret session and demanded that they be opened before the bidders. President Francis asked me what I had to say about the way in which the bids were to be handled, and I answered that I could do nothing more than emphasize the protests of Mr. Albrecht.
I have been a bidder at many sales of both Government and city, property, and the method employed at such sales provided for the opening of bids in public in the presence of such bidders as desired to be present.
A few days later I saw by the papers that the Exposition Company had rejected all bids. After the rejection of our first sealed bids, I learned through another bidder, with whom I was interested, that the World's Fair officials had announced that it was probable that they would wreck the exposition buildings themselves. Upon this information I dropped the matter and heard nothing further about the bidding until it was announced that the Chicago House Wrecking Company had secured the contract. When I heard that the Fair Company proposed to do its own wrecking I thought it a good plan.
The carrying on of the bidding through private negotiations, as President Francis terms it, was not, I contend, the most advantageous to the Exposition Company and its stockholders. If they had given all the bidders an equal show in the matter, and had furnished a list of the property to be sold, much higher bids would have been obtained.
The secrecy with which the contracts were handled did not give the bidders a fair opportunity, and was, I believe, an injustice to the thousands of stockholders of the exposition. The United States Government, the city of St. Louis, and the stockholders were partners in the exposition, which made the fair unquestionably a public institution. Why, then, were not the bids opened in public, thus securing the largest amount for the exposition and for the stockholders? This was not done. If it had been the bidding would have been greatly stimulated, bringing results quite different. The salvage committee refused to allow the bids to be opened publicly before the contractors, but held them for their eyes only. This is not in accordance with the manner of handling bids on big public works. When the partial list of property was given out the requirements in the specifications almost made the bidding prohibitive. The Exposition Company demanded a check for half of the amount of the bid. In all my experience I have never before been asked to meet such a requirement. In itself that was almost enough to drive off the bidders. The Chicago House Wrecking Company put up less than one-fourth of the price to be paid, or $100,000.
I am of the opinion that had the Exposition Company properly prepared a list of its properties and holdings and furnished the prospective bidders with such lists and an opportunity for the examination of the articles mentioned therein, together with a reasonable period of time for removal of the buildings and debris, they could easily have obtained $750,000.
I have obtained a more comprehensive knowledge of the amount and character of the material and property since put into the hands of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, and am of the opinion that at the time the contract was made with the Chicago House Wrecking Company the property sold represented a value in excess of $1,000,000.
There was present in the office of Mr. Taylor, director of works, at the time the bids were to be opened the following members of the salvage committee: President Francis, Director of Works Taylor, John A. Holmes, Mr. Samuel Kennard, and Mr. John Scullin.
Had I been furnished with a list of all the properties that I have since learned was acquired by the Chicago House Wrecking Company I would have gladly submitted a bid in the amount of $500,000.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 16th day of March, 1905. My commission expires on the 22d day of January, 1909. [SEAL.] IRA C. MONEY, Notary Public, City of St. Louis, Mo.
STATE OF ILLINOIS, County of Cook, ss:
Before me this the 28th day of March, 1905, personally appeared Mr. S.
Krug, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says:
My name is S. Krug. I am a resident of Chicago. Have resided here for the past thirty-seven years. For the past twenty-seven years I have been engaged in the excavating and sand business. During this time I have also been engaged on contracts for wrecking large buildings. I wrecked the First National Bank Building, the Metropolitan Building, the Montauk Block; Hibbard, Spencer & Bartlett store, and numerous other large buildings in Chicago.
In regard to the sale of the World's Fair salvage at St. Louis I will make the following statement:
I was told by a friend of mine that bids had been requested for wrecking and removal of certain World's Fair buildings at St. Louis, and that specifications and instructions could be obtained from Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works. For business reasons I did not wish the Exposition Company to know that I wanted to figure on the contract. I asked a friend of mine to procure a copy of the specifications for me. It was necessary for him to deposit $10 for the specifications. He sent the specifications to me. Mr. John M. Dunphy, who is in my employ, and I went over the specifications at length and studied them pretty thoroughly. The specifications only referred to exhibit buildings, band stands, fire-department houses, live-stock barns, dairy barns, Festival Hall, fuel building, terrace of States, and toilet-room buildings. On October 24, 1904, some ten days after we read over the specifications and instructions, Mr. Dunphy, Mr. Powers, and myself went to St. Louis to look over the plans to see the nature of the material and the construction of the various buildings. We went to Mr. Taylor's office and were informed that Mr. Taylor was busy and could not see us. Mr. Taylor's secretary, Mr. Carl Hoblitzelle, took us into an adjoining room. He did not ask our names, and we did not tell him who we were. While we were waiting in this room—I presume we were there about five minutes—Mr. Frank Harris, a member of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, came into the room. It looked to me as if he had been posted as to our, being there and came to see who we were. Mr. Harris remained there three or four minutes and then left. We asked the clerk in charge of the office there for the plans of the various buildings to be wrecked. He handed us two sets of plans—one for the Agricultural and one for the Horticultural Building. We requested more plans of him, but he said he was too busy to take them down and immediately left the room and remained out all the time we were in there. We went to the shelves and took out the plans ourselves and looked them over. After we had looked over the plans for a couple of hours we went out on the exposition grounds, and spent the rest of that day and the next on the grounds, and on the following day we returned to Chicago. The bids were to be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 o'clock noon Thursday, November 10, 1904. Mr. Schmitt, my bookkeeper, and myself went to St. Louis on November 9 and were present at Mr. Taylor's office in the Administration Building before the hour of 12 o'clock noon, November 10. I had prepared my bid. At this time I only bid on the stock barns, live-stock forum, Congress Hall, Agricultural and Horticultural buildings. I also had a separate bid prepared for the Transportation Building, which I submitted. I took my bids and handed them to Mr. Carl Hoblitzelle, Mr. Taylor's private secretary. He placed them in his desk and said he would bring them to the attention of the committee when the time came to open the bids. Mr. Schmitt and I then went into an anteroom, where the other bidders were gathered. There were present at the time Mr. H.S. Albrecht, of the firm of Schoellhorn & Albrecht, St. Louis; Mr. Charles McDonald, of the St. Louis Steam Forge Company, St. Louis; Mr. W. Ware, of the Columbia Wrecking Company, St. Louis; a Mr. Schaeffer and son, of St. Louis, and Mr. Frank and Abraham Harris, who represented the Chicago House Wrecking Company. There were one or two other gentlemen present, but I can not now recall their names. Some middle-aged man came in with the Harris Brothers. He seemed to have free access to the room where the salvage committee was in session, and ran back and forth two or three times and held a conversation with the Harris Brothers in the hall. We expected the bids to be opened at 1 o'clock. It was now some time after 1 o'clock. We were all waiting there when President Francis came in and announced that they were going to lunch, and for us to come back later on. We all left the room and I with several other gentlemen went to get a little lunch. We were back in the anteroom of Mr. Taylor's office by 2.30 p. in. We waited there until 4 o'clock when Mr. Taylor's secretary came into the room and requested all the bidders to go into the room where the salvage committee was in session. The committee met in Mr. Taylor's office. President Francis, Mr. Taylor, Samuel Kennard, Mr. Holmes, and some other gentleman, I can not call his name now. President Francis arose and said: "Gentlemen, the bids are all there on the table and we will open them shortly." He asked how we wished the bids handled—that is, whether we wanted them opened in our presence or in a secret session of the Committee. Mr. H.S. Albrecht, of St. Louis, immediately arose and stated that he wanted the bids opened in the presence of the bidders present, as he wanted everything to be open and above board. All the other bidders present requested that the bids be opened in their presence, except Mr. Abraham Harris, president of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, who arose and offered an objection to the bids being opened in public, and stated that he did not want his bid to be opened in public, but wanted it opened in private, for the reason that he did not want everybody to know what his bid was; that if he was the successful bidder his bid would be published and everybody would know what it was, but if he was not the successful bidder he did not want it known what amount he bid. President Francis held a whispered conversation with several members of the committee and then turned to the bidders and said: "Gentlemen, we have decided to open the bids in secret session." He thus favored Mr. Harris and ignored the demand of the other bidders. Mr. Albrecht again demanded that the bids be opened in our presence. We were then told to repair to the anteroom and wait until called for. While we were waiting in the anteroom Mr. Taylor's secretary called Mr. Abe Harris into the committee room, where the salvage committee was opening the bids. He remained in there some little time. As soon as Mr. Harris came out Mr. H.S. Albrecht was called in. He told me when he came out that he had entered a vigorous protest as to the way the bids were being handled, and that he as a stockholder and a bidder had again demanded that the bids be opened in the presence of the bidders. Mr. Schmitt and myself were next called into the room where the salvage committee was in session. Mr. Taylor asked me if I knew a Mr. Schluetter, of Chicago. I told him that I was well acquainted with the gentleman, that I had done considerable work for him in Chicago, and that he had always paid me for it. When I made this remark President Francis looked at Mr. Taylor and laughed in rather a sneering way. I presumed from his actions that the Exposition Company had had some trouble with Mr. Schluetter. President Francis said to me, "Mr. Krug, you have some excellent recommendations here from prominent people and banks of Chicago." I told him that I was well able to carry out any contract I undertook, as I had good financial backing and understood my business. He said to me, "Mr. Krug, your bid is very satisfactory, but why have you not submitted a bid on all the buildings shown in the specifications?" I told him I had taken into consideration the insurance on the various buildings and that I was afraid I might have trouble in getting insurance on all the buildings, and therefore submitted a bid on buildings that were quite a distance apart and less liable to fire. I told President Francis at this time that I was willing to submit a bid for $76,600 on all the buildings shown in the specifications prepared by Mr. Taylor. My first bid did not include all the buildings shown in the specifications. I made this offer offhand. He asked me if I wanted to figure on wrecking the buildings for the Exposition Company on a percentage basis, they to own all the material and sell it and I to get a per cent for doing the work. I told him I would take it by contract for an agreed figure or would do the work for him on a percentage basis, and that I would be glad to do anything for him I could. President Francis said to me, "Mr. Krug, you put in your bid for $76,600 in writing and have it in this office to-morrow morning." We were then asked to wait out in the anteroom. We waited there until about 6 o'clock. At about 6 o'clock Mr. Taylor's secretary came in and announced that the meeting had adjourned until the next day. We all left the room then. At 10 o'clock the next morning, November 11, 1904, Mr. Schmitt and myself went to Mr. Taylor's office, where I filed my bid in writing for $76,600 to cover all the buildings shown in the specifications. We waited there until about 4 o'clock, expecting some decision from the salvage committee. About 4 o'clock Mr. Taylor's secretary came in and announced that the meeting of the salvage committee had adjourned until the following Monday.
The conditions embodied in the specifications as to the time allowed for removal of the wreckage were so prohibitive as to render it almost impossible to carry them out. The time limit—namely, three months—was too short. It would entail an enormous expense and waste of material to try to comply with the time conditions stated in the specifications.
The amount required by the specifications to be deposited in the form of a certified check, payable to the Exposition Company, viz, 50 per cent of the amount of bid, was very exorbitant. This check was to be forfeited to the Exposition Company in the event the successful bidder failed to enter into a contract with the salvage committee within five days after they accepted the bid. I consider the amount demanded, 50 per cent, very excessive, and it had the effect of frightening bidders away. A 5 to 10 per cent deposit is usually the amount required by the Government and the city.
The specifications also stipulated that the full amount of the contract, less the amount of the certified check, held and to be appropriated by the Exposition Company, must be paid to the Exposition Company at the time the contract is signed. I consider this out of all reason, and in itself would have a tendency to prohibit bidding.
The time-limit clause, namely, three months, from March 1 to June 1, 1905, in which all the buildings must be torn down and the grounds cleared, was entirely too short a time, and out of all reason, as it would be physically impossible for any contractor to do the work in the time specified, and no contractor would attempt it under the terms of the specifications unless he knew he would be favored with an extension of time later on.
The specifications appear to me to have been drawn up with the intent and purpose of discouraging bidders. In all my experience I have never encountered such requirements as set forth in those specifications.
I told Mr. Taylor and President Francis that the time limit was too short, and that I would be glad to make a much higher bid if they would extend the time. They said, "We cannot extend the time one day—the grounds must be cleared by June 1, 1905."
On the following Monday, November 14, 1904, I went to Mr. Taylor's office at 10 a.m. I was informed by Mr. Taylor's private secretary that all bids had been rejected, and that I would be notified if further bids would be requested. I returned to Chicago that night, and awaited some advice from the Exposition Company as to what disposition was to be made of the property, and if new bids would be requested. For fear that something might happen that I would get slipped up on, and the contract be given to some one else, I sent my agent, Mr. John M. Dunphy, to St. Louis, so that he would be on the ground and be in touch with what was going on, and told him to watch the papers to see if new bids were requested. Mr. Dunphy was in St. Louis from November 20 to 26, inclusive, and he informed me that during all this time he was unable to get any information as to what the Exposition Company was going to do with the property or whether new bids would be asked for. Mr. Dunphy was compelled to return to Chicago on the night of November 26. He asked a friend of his, a Mr. William H. Ranstead, who lives in St. Louis, to look out for news in regard to the wrecking of the World's Fair buildings, and if new bids were requested to notify him immediately by telephone or by telegraph. On November 28 I received a telegram from Mr. Ranstead, as follows:
ST. Louis, November 28. S. KRUG and John Dunphy, 167 Dearborn street, Chicago, Ill.:
Salvage committee met at 2 p. m. At the adjournment Mr. Taylor and President Francis called me in and wished me to wire you to come on first train. Everything looks well. Meet me at the Lindell Hotel before you go to the grounds. Also wire me in care Lindell Hotel when you leave.
This message was received by me at about 8.40 a. m. November 29. Mr. Dunphy and I took the first train out to St. Louis. We left here at 11.03 a. m. and arrived St. Louis at 6 p. m. November 29. We met Mr. Ranstead at the hotel and talked matters over. The next day, November 30, Mr. Ranstead, Mr. Dunphy, and myself went to the fair grounds and called at office of Mr. Stevens, secretary of the Exposition Company. This was about 10.30 a. m. At about 11 a. m. Mr. Stevens took us to the room where the salvage committee was holding a meeting. Mr. Stevens did not remain in the room during the meeting. There were present President Francis, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Kennard, and Mr. Holmes, members of the salvage committee. After a short preliminary talk, we were told by Mr. Francis that we would have to put in our bid for all the buildings shown in the specifications, including copper wire and railroad iron, and that we would have to have the bid in by 4 o'clock that afternoon. It was then about: 12 o'clock. We protested against such short time for figuring on all the property shown by the specifications. I requested more time and told them I would be able to make an intelligent bid if granted more time. I asked President Francis to give me the figures on the steel rails and the copper wire, and stated that he should have the figures showing the amount on hand, as it was all bought by weight; that if I could get an idea of the amount of wire and rail I could get my bid in all right in time. He stated he could not give me the figures on the rail and the wire. Mr. Kennard then stated that I could put in a bid for the buildings that were shown in the specifications, including the intramural stations, the fences, and the bridges by 4 o'clock that day, and that I could have until Friday, December 2, to put in my bid on the railroad iron and the copper wire. I asked if it would be possible for me to get an extension of time in which to do the work, providing I secured the contract. President Francis stated that the time could not be extended one day. I then asked for a list of the property so I could figure on all of it. President Francis stated that they did not have any lists and that it would be necessary for us to go over the ground and get our own data. He stated to me then that there were 2,000 tons of steel rails. We then left the office and walked over the grounds and looked at the buildings, the intramural stations, the fences, and bridges, on which we were asked to submit a bid that afternoon. We did not look over the rail and the wire, as we thought we would have more time the following day for that. We went back to Mr. Taylor's office at 4 o'clock p. in. We waited there in the anteroom until about 5.30 p. in. While we were waiting in the anteroom Mr. Frank and Mr. Abe Harris, of the Chicago House Wrecking Company were closeted with the salvage committee in Mr. Taylor's office. While we were waiting there they came out of Mr. Taylor's office without their overcoats or hats on. They had left them in the room where the salvage committee was in session. Mr. Dunphy, Mr. Ranstead, and myself were then requested to enter the room where the salvage committee was in session. Mr. Frank and Abe Harris waited outside until we got through. The same members of the salvage committee present at the morning session were present at this meeting, including Mr. John Scullin, but Mr. Scullin only remained a few minutes after we entered the room. There was another gentleman present, but I do not know who he was. President Francis told me later that he was an insurance agent and that he held insurance on all the buildings then. I handed the bid, or rather Mr. Dunphy handed the bid to President Francis, who in turn handed it to Mr. Kennard, who opened it and read it aloud. The bid was for $101,000 for the buildings mentioned in the specifications, the intramural stations, the fence around the grounds (except the stadium fence), and the bridges. Mr. Francis held a whispered conversation with Mr. Taylor, and then turned to us and said that the committee had decided to let the contract that day, and that they would not wait until Friday for the bid on the other material, that is the rails and the copper wire, and that it would be necessary for me to put in my bid that night, as they would be in session until 11 p. m. I stated that I could not make an intelligent bid on such short notice, unless I was furnished with figures showing amount of rail and wire purchased by them. Mr. Taylor spoke up and asked me if I knew a man by the name of Evans, of Chicago, who was in the wrecking business, I told him that I did not know a Mr. Evans, of Chicago, who was engaged in the wrecking business, and that I was well acquainted with all the prominent wrecking concerns and contractors in Chicago but had never heard of or met Mr. Evans, the gentleman referred to. Mr. Taylor asked me why I could not get in a bid in the same time that Mr. Evans got his in, and stated that Mr. Evans had submitted a bid on all the property from Chicago by wire in three hours. I stood up then and spoke to President Francis and said, "President Francis, how do you know but that this bid of Mr. Evans may be a dummy?" President Francis arose from the table and stood opposite me, and, scratching his head, said: "Well, Mr. Drug, you have got me a guessing. There may be something in that."
President Francis said to me, "Mr. Drug, I made a mistake this morning in giving you the number of tons of steel rail; there are 4,000 tons instead of 2,000 tons of rail." I then told him that it would be impossible for me to give him any kind of an intelligent bid without some kind of a list of the property to figure on. President Francis stated that the matter would be settled that night and that I had until 11 p. m. to bring in my figures on all the property to be disposed of as shown by the specifications, and including the intramural stations, the bridges, the fence around the grounds, the copper wire, and the railroad rails. We then left the room, and as we were passing out President Francis asked our names and where we were stopping as they would call us up later on that day.
As soon as we walked out of the room Mr. Frank and Abe Harris of the
Chicago House Wrecking Company went in.
We left the fair grounds immediately and went to the Lindell Hotel, where we prepared a new bid. About 7.30 p. m. we decided to put in our bid by telephone. Mr. Dunphy called up Mr. Taylor's office and was informed by the party who answered the telephone that the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 o'clock p.m. Mr. Dunphy told me that the salvage committee had adjourned, and I supposed they had adjourned to get something to eat and would be back shortly. I told him to call up again. About 8.30 p. in. Mr. Dunphy called up Mr. Taylor's office and was told that the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 p. m. and would not be back that night. About 10 p.m. he called up President Francis's residence and was inform that President Francis was not at home, and also received the same reply when he called up Mr. Taylor's house, and when he called up Mr. Holmes's residence he was informed that Mr. Holmes had gone to bed. We were unable to reach any of the salvage committee. were not called up that evening, nor did we hear anything from the salvage committee that evening, although we waited in the corridor of the Lindell Hotel until after 12 o'clock midnight.
During our conversation with the committee nothing was said about fire engines, office furniture and furnishings, hose carriages, fire hose, horses, buggies, wagons, steam rollers, roadmaking machinery, three steel greenhouses, with plants of every description, surveying instruments, engineering tools, two hospitals complete, 2,000 folding cots, 2,500 opera chairs, 400 revolving chairs, 25,000 kitchen chairs, 200 roller-top desks, 300 flat-top desks, 200 typewriter desks, the brick in the roadways, and the various buildings, or numerous other valuable articles and pieces of property.
About 8.30 a. m. Thursday, December 1, Mr. Dunphy, my agent, called up Mr. Holmes's residence to find out what Mr. Holmes knew about the disposition of the bids. He was told by some lady who answered the telephone that Mr. Holmes was on his way to his office. He came and told me that Mr. Holmes was on his way to his office. I requested Mr. Dunphy to go to Mr. Holmes's office and try and ascertain what the committee had done about the bids. Later in the day Mr. Dunphy came to me and told me that Mr. Holmes had told him that the contract had been awarded to the Chicago House Wrecking Company between the hours of 6 and 7 p. m. of November 30.
On December 3, 1904, I addressed a letter to President Francis in which I offered him $199,000 for all railroad iron and ties and all wire in and about the exposition grounds. I also, in the same letter, offered to pay him $101,000 for the buildings, fences, bridges, and intramural stations on the exposition grounds, which would total $300,000.
On December 5 I addressed a letter to President Francis as follows:
St. Louis, December 5, 1904.
Dear Sir: Since I have made an examination of the property belonging to the Exposition Company I find a great deal more property than was stated to me at your meeting last Wednesday. If you will furnish me with a correct list of the property I think now that I can make you a bid of from $400,000 to $450,000 for same, half cash, balance to be paid when property is turned over. I am prepared to make my bid in three hours after I receive a list of the property. Should my proposition meet with your consideration call me up at the Lindell Hotel and I will call for the copy at once.
Yours, truly,
S. Krug.
Hon. D.R. Francis,
President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company,
St. Louis, Mo.
I never received a reply to either of the letters referred to.
In the specifications as prepared by Mr. Taylor it was stipulated that a charge of $6 per car would be made for switching empty cars into the exposition grounds, while I notice the contract between the Chicago House Wrecking Company provides that only $3 per car shall be charged for this service.
The specifications as prepared by Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works, provides that—
All bids must be made out upon blanks furnished by the director of works, and with each bid there shall be deposited a certified check, payable to the exposition, upon a responsible bank doing business in St. Louis, for the amount of 50 per cent of the amount of bid submitted, the sum indicated in said check to be forfeited to the Exposition Company in case the party or parties to whom award is made does not enter into contract with the Exposition Company within five days from date of said award for the work called for in these specifications and instructions—
while I see by the contract between the Exposition Company and the Chicago House Wrecking Company, which is of record in office of recorder of deeds, city of St. Louis, in book 1811, page 195 and following pages, that the bid of the Chicago House Wrecking Company was accompanied by a check for $100,000, which amount represented less than 25 per cent of the amount of their bid, viz, $450,000.
The specifications further stipulate that "A contract will be written by the Exposition Company for the faithful performance of this work, and upon the signing of same by the parties thereto, the full amount of said contract, less the amount of the certified check held and to be appropriated by the exposition Company, must be paid to the said Exposition Company by the contractor," while the contract between the Chicago House Wrecking Company and the Exposition Company, which is of record, provides that the Chicago House Wrecking Company shall execute and deliver to the said Exposition Company at the time the contract is signed four promissory notes three for $100,000 each, and one for $50,000, making a total, all told including the certified check, of $450,000, and allows them six months in which to make the payments.
The specifications further required—
That a surety company's bond for an amount equal to the amount of contract must also be given to the Exposition Company by the said contractor to protect the said Exposition Company from loss during the execution of the work and for faithful performance contract—
while the contract referred to shows that the Chicago House Wrecking Company furnished a bond in the small sum of $40,000, or less than one-tenth the amount required by the specifications.
From the above it is my belief that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was shown favoritism and that they were favored from the beginning of the deal.
I was never furnished a full list of the property to be disposed of by the Exposition Company. I personally requested a list two or three times, as did Mr. Dunphy, but we were unable to get one. Had I been furnished a list of the property that I learn has since been turned over to the Chicago House Wrecking Company under their contract I would have gladly bid $800,000, and would have made a very handsome profit on the deal at that price.
I consider the value of all the property turned over to the Chicago
House Wrecking Company on November 30 was more than $1,000,000.
I consider the manner in which the bids were handled was very irregular and not the usual custom in that the bids were opened in secret and not in the presence of the bidders, as requested by a majority of the bidders present, but as requested by Mr. Abraham Harris, who represented the Chicago House Wrecking Company. This is not the customary procedure when bids are called for by the city or the Government.
From what I saw there in the anteroom and in the presence of the salvage committee the several times we were there I am convinced that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was furnished inside information and that they were shown favoritism.
Mr. W.B. Stevens, the secretary of the Exposition Company, was not present in the committee room at any time while I was there talking over the bids and he does not know what was going on in there, except what has been told him and what he has gained from the papers he handled.
The contract between the Exposition Company and the Chicago House
Wrecking Company, which is of record in St. Louis, bears date of
November 30, 1904, while I note by a letter dated March 7 and signed by
Mr. W.B. Stevens, he states the contract was not closed until December
13, 1904, on which date the board of directors of the exposition met.
This was eight days after my letter of December 5 was delivered to Mr.
Stevens in person by Mr. Ranstead.
If the sale of the exposition buildings and the property to be disposed of had been properly advertised there would have been much more competition in the bidding. If a list of all the property to be disposed of had been furnished the bidders much higher bids would have been made. If the property had been sold at public auction, building for building, and other property in detail, so anyone could have bought what he wanted and had use for, I am confident that the Exposition Company would have received more than a million and a half dollars.
I consider the manner in which the salvage committee handled the bids very irregular in that great secrecy was observed, and will state that the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for the sum of $450,000 was unjust to other bidders, and detrimental to the interests of the United States, the city of St. Louis, and the stockholders of the Exposition Company.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. My commission expires on the 15th day of October, 1905. [SEAL] HARRIET A. Dumas, Notary Public.
STATE OF ILLINOIS, County of Cook, ss:
Before me, this, the 28th day of March, 1905, personally appeared Mr.
George J. Schmitt, who, being duly sworn on his oath, says:
My name is George J. Schmitt. I reside in Chicago, Ill.; have resided here for the past thirty-five years. Am employed as clerk and bookkeeper in office of Mr. S. Krug, contractor, of Chicago. I have been in Mr. Krug's employ for the past eight years. On November 9 I left Chicago for St. Louis with Mr. Krug, to look after his bids and do any clerical work that he might want done. We arrived St. Louis on morning of November 10, 1904. Mr. Krug had his bid made up, and upon arrival at St. Louis we immediately went to the National Bank of Commerce, where Mr. Krug wanted to have his draft cashed and his check certified. We then went to the Administration Building and called at the office of Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works, where Mr. Krug handed his bid to Mr. Taylor's clerk. This was about 12 o'clock noon on November 10. We were requested to go into the anteroom and wait until called for. There were present in the anteroom at the time Mr. Albrecht, Mr. McDonald, Mr. Schaeffer and son, Mr. Ware, of the Columbia Wrecking Company. One or two other gentlemen were present. I do not now recall their names. After we had been there some little time, Messrs. Frank and Abraham Harris, of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, came in. We all waited there until about 2 p. m. About this time President Francis passed through the room and went into Mr. Taylor's office. He came back shortly and said to us to come back in about an hour, as the salvage committee was going to lunch then. We went back again about 3 p. m. The same crowd of bidders present in the room. There, was some gray-haired gentleman who came in with the Harris brothers. When I first saw him I thought he was a member of the salvage committee, on account of his running back and forth into the room where the salvage committee was in session. I learned from Mr. Albrecht later on that the gentleman referred to was working for the Harris brothers. While we were waiting there to be called in he made two trips into the room where the salvage committee was in session, and came back each time and went and held a whispered conversation with the Harris brothers in the hall.
We waited in the room there until 4 o'clock, when Mr. Taylor's private secretary requested all the bidders to go into Mr. Taylor's office, where the salvage committee was in session. We all went in there. President Francis asked the bidders how they wanted the bids handled, whether opened in their presence or opened in secret session of the salvage committee. All the bidders present requested that the bids be opened in their presence, except Mr. Abe Harris, who got up and told President Francis that he did not want his bid opened in the presence of the bidders, as he did not want everybody to know what he had bid, and that if he was the successful bidder we would all know later on what he had bid, and if he was not the successful bidder he did not want his bid to be known. Mr. Albrecht got up and stated that he wanted his bid to be opened in the presence of the bidders, as he wanted everything to be open and aboveboard. President Francis then held a whispered conversation with Mr. Taylor and some other gentleman there, and then in a few minutes turned to the bidders and said, "Gentlemen, we have decided to open these bids in secret session of the salvage committee." and requested us to go into the anteroom and wait until called for. We all went back into the anteroom. In a few minutes President Francis requested the Harris brothers to come in the room where they were holding the meeting. They did so, and remained in there about ten or fifteen minutes. As soon as they came out Mr. Albrecht went in, and when Mr. Albrecht came out Mr. Krug and myself went in. President Francis spoke to Mr. Krug and said, "Mr. Krug, you seem to have some very good letters of recommendation here, and from the letters I judge you have done considerable work." Mr. Taylor asked Mr. Krug if he knew a Mr. Schluetter, of Chicago. Mr. Krug said that he was acquainted with Mr. Schluetter, had done considerable work for him, and had always been paid his money. I inferred from their actions that they had had some trouble with Mr. Schluetter. President Francis said, "Mr. Krug, your bid is very satisfactory." Mr. Krug had only submitted a bid on part of the buildings, as shown by the specifications. President Francis asked Mr. Krug if he could not put in a bid on all the buildings, and why he had not done so. Mr. Krug said that he was afraid he would have some trouble getting insurance on all the buildings, and for that reason only submitted a bid on buildings that were more isolated and less liable to fire. President Francis told him it would be an easy matter for him to get insurance, and he asked Mr. Krug what he would bid on all the buildings, according to the specifications. Mr. Krug said that he would be willing to bid $76,600 on all the buildings as shown in the specifications. President Francis asked Mr. Krug what he would wreck the buildings for on a percentage basis, or if he would take the work on a contract at a figure to be agreed upon, and they to own and dispose of all the material themselves. Mr. Krug studied awhile and said that he would be willing to do the work for President Francis, but it would take him some time to figure on the proposition so as to submit an intelligent figure. President Francis said that if they decided to wreck the buildings themselves on a contract that he would let him know when his bid would be wanted. At this time President Francis requested Mr. Krug to submit in writing his bid for $76,600 and have it in by 10 o'clock the next morning. We then left the room, and they requested us to remain in the anteroom. We were there until about 6 o'clock. During that time they called in other bidders. About 6 o'clock Mr. Taylor's secretary came into the room and announced that the salvage committee had adjourned until the next day at 2 p. m. We then left the grounds and went to the Lindell Hotel. When we reached the hotel that night we made up a revised bid. The next day we went to Mr. Taylor's office about 10 a. m. and gave to Mr. Taylor's clerk the bid in writing for $76,600, and he said he would bring it to the attention of the committee when they met. We waited there from 10 a. m. until 2 p. m. In the meantime Mr. Krug sent in his card to Mr. Taylor's office and asked if any action would be taken on the bids that afternoon. We were informed that nothing would be done with the bids that day, and that the salvage committee had adjourned until the following Monday. I left St. Louis that night for Chicago. I returned to St. Louis on Monday, November 14, 1904, arriving there at 10 a. m. Mr. Krug remained in St. Louis all the time. When I returned to St. Louis Mr. Krug and I went to Mr. Taylor's office. We reached there about 10 a. m., Monday, November 14. We waited there until about 2.30 or 3 p. m. While we were waiting in the anteroom Mr. Taylor's private secretary came in and told us that all bids had been rejected. We then left the grounds, and Mr. Krug and I returned to Chicago that night.
I never saw by the papers or otherwise where new bids were requested after the announcement that the first bids had been rejected. I watched the papers very closely, as we were desirous of submitting a new bid when called for.
From what I saw while I was in the anteroom and in the committee room I am fully convinced that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was given inside information as to what property was to be sold, and I consider that they were given privileges and favored from the beginning of the deal, in view of the fact that a majority of the bidders desired their bids opened in public, while the Harris brothers protested against such procedure, and they were sustained in their protest by the salvage committee.
I have had considerable experience in handling bids and being present when bids are opened, and I never before saw such proceedings as took place in the meeting room of the salvage committee on November 10, 1904.
I am sure that had the Exposition Company properly advertised the sale and furnished a list of the property to be disposed of, which I have since seen published in a catalogue gotten out by the Chicago House Wrecking Company and listed in the contract between the Exposition Company and the Wrecking Company, was turned over to the Chicago House Wrecking Company, that much higher bids would have been made, and considerably more money realized from the sale than they received from the Chicago House Wrecking Company.
Between the 15th and 20th of December, 1904, I came in possession of one of the catalogues that the Chicago House Wrecking Company sent out, showing all the property they had for disposal. It contained cuts and descriptions and computations that would take at least one month or more to compile and print. I have had considerable experience in getting up catalogues of material and property, and am confident that they could not have compiled all the figures, secured all the cuts and descriptions, and had the catalogue printed and on the market in a month's time.
I consider the manner in which the bids were handled very irregular, and that the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House Wrecking Company for $450,000, in view of the amount and value of the property turned over to them, as shown by their catalogue and their contract, to have been detrimental to the interests of the United States, the city of St. Louis, and the stockholders of the Exposition Company.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. My commission expires on the 9th day of November, 1908.
STATE OF ILLINOIS, County of Cook, 88:
Personally appeared before me this 28th day of March, 1905, Mr. John M.
Dunphy, who, being duly sworn, on his oath says:
My name is John M. Dunphy; I reside in the city of Chicago; I have resided here for the past forty-seven years. I was city treasurer of Chicago for one term; was commissioner of buildings for one term in this city; I have been engaged in the contracting business for the past forty years; I have been in the employ of Mr. S. Krug, contractor, of Chicago, for the past three years; I am very familiar with construction and wrecking work.
In regard to the sale of the salvage of the St. Louis Exposition I desire to make the following statement:
Through a friend, Mr. Krug received specifications and instructions for the wrecking and removal of certain buildings at the St. Louis Exposition. These specifications were obtained from Mr. Isaac S. Taylor, director of works of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. After we had looked over the specifications Mr. Krug suggested that we go to St. Louis and look over the plans and the buildings, with a view of submitting a bid on the work. Mr. Krug, Mr. Powers, and myself arrived in St. Louis on October 24, 1904. We called at Mr. Taylor's office that day. I asked for Mr. Taylor, but was informed by some clerk there that Mr. Taylor was too busy and could not see us. I talked with his secretary, Mr. Carl Hoblitzelle, in the presence of Mr. Krug and Mr. Powers. He told us he could answer all questions. I told him I wanted to look at the plans, as we desired to figure on some of the buildings that were to be disposed of. He took us into another room where the plans were stored and introduced us to some gentleman in charge there. I requested the plans from this gentleman. I asked for the plans for the Agricultural and Horticultural buildings. After we had finished looking these two plans over I looked around for the young man to ask for more plans, but could not find him, and we went to the shelves and got down the plans ourselves.
While we were there looking over the plans some gentleman came into the room and spoke to Mr. Krug. Later on I asked Mr. Krug who the gentleman was, and he told me it was a Mr. Frank Harris, of the Chicago House Wrecking Company. Mr. Krug further stated that Mr. Harris was a resident of Chicago, but was then interested in the Ferris Wheel at the exposition. We remained in St. Louis for two days longer looking over the plans and buildings, and then returned to Chicago. I never saw any notice in the newspaper requesting sealed proposals for the wrecking and removal of the exposition buildings. The first I knew about it was when Mr. Krug received the specifications from his friend. We talked over the matter of submitting bids on the work. On the 9th of November, 1904; Mr. Krug and Mr. Schmitt, a bookkeeper for Mr. Krug, went to St. Louis to submit a bid on the work, according to the specifications and instructions prepared by Mr. Taylor, director of works. The bids were to be in Mr. Taylor's office by 12 o'clock noon Thursday, November 1 1904. Mr. Schmitt returned to Chicago on Friday night. Mr. Krug remained in St. Louis. Mr. Schmitt went to St. Louis again on Monday, November 14. On Tuesday, November 15, Mr. Krug and Mr. Schmitt returned to Chicago and told me that all the bids had been rejected. Mr. Krug desired that some one be on the ground to look after his interests, and suggested that I go to St. Louis and keep in touch with affairs there and try and ascertain what was going on. I left Chicago for St. Louis on Sunday, November 20, 1904, and arrived at St. Louis morning of November 21. After I was informed that all bids had been rejected I did not see any published notice requesting additional or new bids, although I watched the papers pretty close and tried to keep in touch with what was going on. I went to Mr. Taylor's office several times while I was there and sent in my card, as agent for Mr. Krug. I was informed each time by some clerk in the office that Mr. Taylor was busy and could not see me. I remained in St. Louis until the evening of November 26, when I was compelled to return to Chicago. I requested Mr. Wm. H. Ranstead, a friend of mine who lives in St. Louis and who was in pretty close touch with what was going on, to look after matters there for me during my absence, and to keep me advised of what went on, and if new bids were requested to telephone or telegraph me. On the morning of Tuesday, November 29, 1904, I received a telegram from Mr. Ranstead requesting Mr. Krug and myself to go to St. Louis at once, as Mr. Taylor and President Francis desired to have a talk with us. We left Chicago for St. Louis on the first train out—11.03 a. m.—and arrived St. Louis at 6 p. in. November 29. We met Mr. Ranstead at the Lindell Hotel. We talked over matters that evening. The next morning, November 30, Mr. Krug, Mr. Ranstead, and myself went to the office of Mr. W.B. Stevens, secretary of the Exposition Company. We waited in Mr. Stevens's office some time. After a while Mr. Stevens took us to Mr. Taylor's office. The salvage committee was in session in Mr. Taylor's office. There were present at the time President Francis, Mr. Taylor, Mr. Samuel Kennard, and Mr. J.A. Holmes. We talked with the salvage committee, and asked them how they wanted us to submit a bid, and what they had to sell that they wanted us to bid on. President Francis said that he wanted us to bid on all the buildings shown in the specifications, and to include the intramural stations, the bridges, and the fence around the grounds; also the railroad rails and the copper wire. President Francis said that the bid must be in by 4 o'clock that afternoon. It was then about 12 o'clock noon. Mr. Krug said that he could not make an intelligent bid on such short notice and asked for more time. Mr. Kennard then spoke up and said: "Mr. Krug, you can give us a bid on the buildings, including the intramural stations, the bridges, and the fence this afternoon, and have it in by 4 o'clock, and we will give you until Friday, December 2, to put in your bid on the rail and the copper wire." President Francis then stated, "Mr. Krug, there are 2,000 tons of steel rail to be disposed of." Mr. Krug asked for a statement showing the amount of rail and copper wire, and stated he would be able to put his bid in before Friday if he was furnished the statement. President Francis stated they could not furnish such a statement. We then left the office and walked around the grounds looking over the stations, the bridges, and the fences. We did not look over the rail and wire that afternoon, as we thought we would have more time for that the following day. After we had gone over the ground we went and figured out a new bid and returned to the office of Mr. Taylor about 4 o'clock. The salvage committee was in session at the time. Mr. Frank and Mr. Abraham Harris, of the Chicago House Wrecking Company, were holding a conference with the committee at the time. About 5.30 p.m. the Harris brothers came out of the committee room without their overcoats and hats on. They had left them in the room where the committee was meeting. As soon as they came out we went in. We were asked if we had prepared our bid. I handed the bid to Mr. Francis, who in turn handed it to Mr. Kennard, who opened it and read it aloud. The bid was for $101,000. This was only for the buildings, as shown by the specifications, and on the intramural stations, bridges, and fences, it being agreed during the talk in the morning that these latter items should be included. President Francis then told Mr. Krug that he could not wait until Friday for the bid on the railroad steel and the copper wire; that it would have to be in by 11 p.m. that night, and that the salvage committee would be in session until that hour. He said, "To-morrow is the closing day of the Fair—Francis Day—and I will be very busy." During our talk there then, President Francis told Mr. Krug that he had made a mistake that morning in saying there were 2,000 tons of steel rail; that there were 4,000 tons. Mr. Krug then asked for a list of the rails and wire, or rather for a statement of the amount they had purchased, so he could figure on it, but he was unable to get same. We then left the fair grounds and went to the Lindell Hotel. As we were leaving the room President Francis asked our names and where we were stopping, and stated they would call us up over the telephone during the evening. When we arrived at the hotel we held a conference and agreed on a new bid. I went to the telephone at about 7.30 p.m. and called up Mr. Taylor's office. I was informed by the party who answered the telephone that the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 o'clock. I presumed they had adjourned to get something to eat and would return shortly. About 8.30 p.m. I again called up Mr. Taylor's office and was informed that, the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 p.m. and would not be back that night. Shortly after this I called up President Francis's house and was informed that he was not at home. I then called up Mr. Taylor's house and was told that he was not at home. About 10 p.m. I called up Mr. Holmes's residence and was informed that Mr. Holmes had gone to bed. I tried every way I could to reach some member of the salvage committee, but could not. The next morning, December 1, about 8.30 a.m., I called up Mr. Holmes's house and was informed that Mr. Holmes was then on his way to his office. I told Mr. Krug this, and he suggested that I go to Mr. Holmes's office and see him. I went to the office of Mr. Holmes and waited there some time. I think I was there about thirty minutes before he came in. When he came he invited me into his private office. I asked him what the salvage committee had done about the bids. He asked, "Did they not call you up?" I said "No; nobody called us up." He said, "Why, that is singular; it was understood that they would call you up before doing anything." I told him that I had telephoned the office of Mr. Taylor the night before, and was informed that the salvage committee had adjourned at 7 o'clock. I asked him if the contract had been awarded, and he told me that it had been given to the Chicago House Wrecking Company before they adjourned at 7 o'clock on the evening of November 30. I went back to the hotel and told Mr. Krug and Mr. Ranstead that the deal had been closed and that the contract had been given to the Chicago House Wrecking Company. I asked him for what amount the contract was closed and he refused to tell me. I came back to Chicago the next day, December 2.
While we were in the salvage committee room talking about the bids I asked President Francis for a list of all the property to be disposed of, so that we would know what to figure on and make an intelligent bid. He said that they were not furnishing lists to anyone; that they were only giving out the specifications, and that we could go out on the grounds and gather our own data. I never saw, by the papers or otherwise, that new bids were requested after I was informed that the first bids had been rejected.
I consider the manner in which the bids were handled very irregular, in that the bids were opened in secret, and not in public, as demanded by a majority of the bidders, and as is customary on large contracts. The manner in which the bids were handled was not in accord with the way the Government and the city handle bids.
I have had a great deal of experience in the past thirty years in figuring on specifications for the construction and wrecking of buildings, and never before saw specifications drawn up in the manner in which these specifications were drawn up. They required such a large deposit to accompany the bid and made the time limit too short, namely, three months. The usual amount required to be deposited with a bid runs from 5 to 10 per cent of the amount bid.
I have seen a list of the property acquired by the Chicago House Wrecking Company under the terms of the contract, and will say that I consider the market value of all the property at the time it was turned over to the Chicago House Wrecking Company, on November 30, 1904, to have been at least $1,000,000.
I will say further, that had the Exposition Company properly advertised the sale of the property, and had disposed of same in piece lots, they would have realized at least $1,200,000.
It was very apparent to me that the Chicago House Wrecking Company was being furnished inside information, and it was also evident that they were being favored in the deal.
I consider the awarding of the contract to the Chicago House Wrecking
Company for the sum of $450,000 was detrimental to the interests of the
United States, the city of St. Louis, and the stock-holders of the
exposition.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this 28th day of March, 1905. My commission expires on the 15th day of October, 1905. [SEAL.] HARRIET A. DUMAS, Notary Public.
In November, 1903, the organization commission was appointed by the
President as follows: Señor Francisco Sequi, president; Señor Ricardo
Pillado, secretary; Señor Luis Suberbuhler; Señor Antonio Lanusse; Señor
Francisco de Souza Martinez; Señor Manuel G. Llamazares.
Dr. Jose V. Fernandez, commissioner-general; Señor Eduardo Schiaffino, commissioner of fine arts; Señor Horacio Anasagasti, commissioner of liberal arts and mines; Señor Guillermo A. Puente, commissioner of manufacture and electricity; Dr. Damian Lan, commissioner of live stock; Señor Ernesto Nelson, commissioner of education; Señor Enrique M. Nelson, commissioner of agriculture and forestry; Señor Jose de Olivares, commissioner of press and propaganda; Miss Ernestina A. Lopez, Ph.D., delegate of the National Board of Education; Mrs. Sara C. de Eccleston, delegate to the Women's Congress; Dr. B. del Castillo, delegate of the Argentine Press Association; Dr. Luis A. Sauze, honorary commissioner; Dr. Vicente Casares, jr., honorary attaché; Señor Ricardo Fernandez Guerrico, honorary attaché; Señor Jorge Newbery, delegate of the municipality of Buenos Aires to the Congress of Electricity.
In the extent and importance of its participation the Argentine Republic ranked among the greatest foreign exhibitors at the International Exposition of 1904. The total amount of money expended, including the national appropriation by Congress, the contributions of the various ministries of the Government and of the art, industrial, and scientific institutions of the country, represented more than $300,000 gold. The total space covered by the Argentine exhibit sections, independent of the site occupied by the national pavilion, was about 20,000 square feet.
The Argentine commission constructed an elegant pavilion at the northern extremity of the grounds in the renaissance style, which was a copy, although reduced in dimensions, of the two higher stories of the central part of the "Casa Rosador," or "Pink Palace," the principal Government building in Buenos Aires. In the pavilion was installed the offices of the Commission, a reception and a reading room. On the second floor was exhibited an excellent archaeological collection.
Numerous photographs distributed on the walls, in albums, and in stereoscopic apparatus almost equaled a visit to the principal cities of the country. The principal exhibits of the Argentine Republic were found in the palaces of Agriculture, Mines, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Fine Arts, Education, and Electricity. The art façades constructed about each of the exhibit spaces in the greater palaces of the exposition were universally admired.
The Argentine Republic, being a country essentially agricultural, its section in the Agriculture Building revealed the productiveness of the country and its vast agricultural resources. Wool was displayed in numerous samples. That obtained from the Merino and Lincoln sheep was noticeable. The first species was of a short and exceedingly fine thread; the other, longer, coarser, and adapted for the manufacture of "cheviot."
The Argentine Republic is reputed to be the greatest producer of wool in the world, having outrivaled Australia in its annual output. It is said to have 120,000,000 sheep, or as many as Australia and the United States combined. Besides wool, there was a magnificent display of sheepskins and hides. The industry of footwear and harness was excellently displayed.
The Argentine section in the Palace of Agriculture showed the enormous development of the dairy industry, including the manufacture of butter and cheese. Two large Argentine establishments exhibited natural milk, pasteurized, sterilized, and maternized. Both of these companies each day produced 6,000 gallons of milk, for which 5,000 cows are milked daily. In eight years the export of butter has multiplied twelve times. The product exhibited was excellent, having been tested by examination and analysis made in various colleges of agriculture in the United States.
Numerous samples of wheat, corn, and cotton were shown also. There were samples of wheat weighing 67 pounds to the bushel. Statistics show that the annual harvest of wheat reaches 120,000,000 bushels. Argentine linseed also deserves consideration in this description, the Republic producing almost one-third of the linseed consumed in the world. Flax in abundance indicated the existence of an important textile industry in connection with the enormous production of linseed.
There were exhibited also various fibers extracted from native plants, and excellent samples of cordage showed what industry can get out of the rich Argentine textile material.
The Argentine section of the manufactures offered many interesting exhibits, among which figured a large variety of tanned leathers. In the same section was exhibited foundry work executed in the Arsenal de Guerra, of the city of Buenos Aires. There were also artistic medals, ornamental shields, and munitions of war. One of the industries of Buenos Aires is the manufacture of wax matches. The exhibit in the section of manufactures spoke eloquently in favor of the position reached by the industry in Buenos Aires. Exhibits of this industry showed that Argentina is rapidly passing into the rank of industrial nations. This suggestion was confirmed by the display of the other manufactures exhibited in the Argentine section, which consisted of furniture, textiles, hats, footwear, etc. The Republic also displayed an interesting collection of minerals, which generally are shown in the Departments Nacional de Minas Geologia, in the city of Buenos Aires. There were samples of gold, silver, and copper on exhibition; also an excellent display of coal.
Another Argentine section of great interest was that in the Liberal Arts Palace, where an extensive collection of plans and relief models were displayed, showing notable works undertaken by the Argentine Republic to facilitate river as well as ocean navigation. One of the models showed the harbor of Buenos Aires, which now occupies the second place in the South American continent.
An interesting exhibit representative of the Argentine Republic was that of the national press, which in the number of publications presented and extent of space covered was one of the most important displays of the kind in the exposition.
In consequence of the size and importance of the exhibit, it was found necessary to install it in a special section. The credit for the collection of the press exhibit was due principally to the Circule de la Prensa, or National Press Association of the Argentine Republic, one of the principal literary and journalistic institutions in the southern continent. Models of dams, as constructed in the interior of the country to facilitate irrigation, were also shown. The same section contained excellent lithographic and engraving work.
The Argentine Republic had two rooms in the west wing of the Palace of Fine Arts. The Argentine paintings received as many awards in this department as any other country in proportion to the number of exhibitors.
The intellectual development of the country revealed itself in the Palace of Education. A graphic statistical exhibit in the Argentine section showed that that country spends as much money per capita in public education as any other nation in the world. Another statistical display demonstrated the number of teachers employed. A diagram showed that the Argentine Republic comes next to France and among the Latin countries in respect to the number of students attending schools. The scholastic works, especially the needlework, ranked well with that in many of the advanced schools of the United States.
Austrian commission.—Mr. Adalbert R. Von Stibral, commissioner-general; Mr. Victor Pillwax, assistant commissioner; Mr. Dominik Fetz, secretary; Mr. Emil S. Fischer, commercial secretary.
Austrian commercial commission.—Count Johann Harrach, president; Mr. Oskar Edler Von Hoefft, first vice-president; Mr. Franz Hiess, second vice-president; Mr. Charles M. Rosenthal, executive commissioner; Mr. Johann Peterka, commercial director; Mr. Adolph Taussig, commercial representative and assistant commissioner.
One of the most interesting and, as far as the interior scheme of decoration is concerned, the most artistic of the various foreign buildings in the World's Fair grounds, was that of the Austrian Empire. It was most prominently situated at the western end of Administration avenue, immediately opposite the Administration Building of the World's Fair. The garden at the west end of the pavilion, though small, attracted a great deal of attention on account of its artistic beauty. Morning-glory and other vines had been planted around the building, and before the close of the fair had covered the walls and added much to the beauty of the structure.
The Austrian Government Building was of impressionistic architecture. It was 60 meters long, 35 meters wide, and built in the form of a T. From the transepts a middle aisle, 24 meters broad, extended to the building line. On either side of the aisle exits led to the loggias and to the lawns. The pavilion was built of wood and all the rooms had skylights. The style of architecture and decoration was modern, with a classical toning. The exterior of the building was faced with a grayish, yellow-colored gypsum, shaded with gold, dark blue, and light green. Two groups of figures, above life size, adorned the main porch of the central building. The imperial coat of arms, with a crown surrounded by a large wreath, was raised above the center of the pavilion, and to the right and left two sphinxes crowned the gables. The center building (garden front) was finished with two enormous square pylons, with festoons and masks and decorated with all the coats of arms of the Austrian crown lands. Four stela-bearing gilded busts were symmetrically placed along the front of the flower beds, in which monumental fountains had been erected. The interior of the building was divided into fifteen rooms. To the left and right of the entrance hall, which was adorned with a marble bust of the Emperor, were the official apartments, one of which was meant as a library and reading room and the other as a reception room. Beyond the entrance hall was the technical exhibition of the ministry of railways, which likewise occupied the room on the left-hand side for an exhibition, "Sceneries and People of Austria." The hall to the right was devoted to the department of the ministry of commerce for the building of waterways. At the back part of the middle aisle a large hall was devoted to the exhibits of the professional art schools, and two smaller ones showed interiors executed by the schools for arts and crafts in Vienna and Prague. The fine-arts exhibits of the Vienna Artists' Association and of the association called "Hagenbund" were on the right of the transepts; pictures by Bohemian and Polish artists on the opposite side.
The artists and artisans who took part in building and decorating the Austrian Government pavilion were as follows: The plans of the whole building, the entrance hall, the two halls of the ministry of railways, and the hall containing the exhibition of waterways were designed by the chief architect, Oberbaurat Ludwig Bauman, Josef Meissner substituting him in the superintendence of the works; contractor J. Lecoeur.
The library was designed by Leopold Bauer, architect, and the architect
Joseph Pleonik designed the reception room.
The plastic on the outside of the building was delivered by the sculptor Othmar Schimkowitz. The figurate frieze in the library was the work of the painter Josef Engerhart. The painter Ferdinand Andri executed the frescoes on the facade and Meinrich Tomec those in the department for waterways. The Emperor's bust, which was made of Lassar marble and which had been executed in the workshop of the Tyrol Marble and Porphyry Company (Fritz Zeller), Laas (Tyrol), was a copy of Professor Strasser's model.
The relief "Empress Elizabeth" (allegory) in the reception room was by the late Rudolf Weigl, sculptor.
Sandor Jaray had been intrusted with the interior decorations and fittings. The carpets were delivered by J. Ginskey, Maffendorf, and the ornamental locksmith work by Alexander Nehr.
The mosaic and artistic work was done by Max Freiherr von Spann and Johann Kappner; the fancy needlework by Carl Giani; the inlaid work (intarsia) by Michael Kehl, Josef Duchoslav, and Franz Makienec, and the bronze works by Johann Hastach, Carl Kratky, J. Schubert, and A.T. Lange. On account of the beauty of its furnishings and the harmonious color schemes of the interior the pavilion was especially attractive to women visitors to the fair.
Austria is the home of the European alpine railways. The oldest, the Semmering Railway, constructed in 1848-1854, lies on the South Railway main line from Vienna to Trieste and is the first mountain railway conducted exclusively on the adhesive principle. Then followed the Brenner Railway (1864-1867), the shortest railway communication between central Germany via Tyrol to Italy (Verona), and the Arlberg Railway (1880-1884), which opened up the route via Tyrol and Vorarlberg to the west (Switzerland and France). Four great panoramas in the exhibition showing the above-mentioned alpine railways were witness to Austria's prominence in this special field of railway technique. One room in the pavilion was devoted to the models of alpine railways. There were also plans of the lines, photographic views of buildings and of the tracks of the first three mentioned lines, which are in full working order. The lines in course of construction were further illustrated by models of tunnels, scaffoldings, foundations of arched bridge (with span of 80 meters) over the Isonzo (littoral lands of Austria), with statistical calculations and charts of the largest vaulted bridges ever built, and photographic views of the working in the Karawanken and Wocheiner tunnels. Among the other exhibits in this department may be mentioned a model of the groundwork of the Austrian State railways for express trains, photos of the imperial court train and of the newest locomotives and passenger carriages of the Austrian State railways, as well as plans for iron bridges, groundwork, locomotives, and passenger carriages of the State railways. The work published for the Emperor's jubilee, "History of the Railways of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy," together with a number of other publications on the statistics, pedagogy, and technique of railways, were exhibited. Finally, there was a chart of the railways of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy on a scale of 1:1000000.
For a long time the Austrian ministry of railways set itself the task of drawing the attention of the traveling public to the beauties of the scenery and the ethnographical charms in which Austria abounds, and thus inducing them to visit the country. To gain this end the ministry issued various publications, opened inquiry offices, and arranged exhibitions. The exhibition "Sceneries and People of Austria" in the Government pavilion was arranged, with the cooperation of several artists, for the same object. The exhibit principally consisted of a collection of views of the most beautiful parts of Austria, especially the Austrian Alps, and pictures of Austrian national life. Photographs taken by the best photographers, as well as a number of artistic amateur photos, representing important traveling districts in Austria (99 in all), were enlarged and reproduced as pigment prints or linographs. Two series of photographic prints were exhibited also, one consisting of Austrian castles and strongholds and the other of various favorite alpine resorts. Further, a selection of alpine and traveling works in luxurious editions were shown.
The whole exhibition was finished off with a collection of 14 pictures of costumes and sport, arranged like a frieze and illustrating special Austrian national scenes. Four bronze statuettes, viz, "Chamois-hunter," "Alpine tourist," "Ski sportsman," "Alpine dairy woman," had been placed in the room as decorations.
The exhibition of models, plans, and photographs of the existing and projected canal for deep-draft ships, arranged by the department of the ministry of commerce for the building of waterways, offered a general view of the whole network of the Austrian waterways, comprising those of the Danube, Moldau, and Elbe rivers, together with the system of canals.
The beautiful landscape of the river sides was shown by means of views of the Danube, contained in an album, while the plans, photographs, and models exhibited by the Danube Regulation Commission showed the river courses, the harbor in lower Austria and Vienna, as well as the construction for regulating the water level in the Vienna-Danube Canal. A map of Prague showed the harbor and canal construction works, some finished and others projected, in the precincts of the town. The drawings and photos exhibited in a corner of the hall by the Aussig-Teplitz Railway Company illustrated the position and traffic of the harbor of Aussig, the most important inland harbor of Austria. The charts, in addition to giving a view of the position of the canals and rivers, with canals projected, showed also longitudinal sections of the Danube-Oder Canal.
The exhibitions of the State professional art schools, arranged by the imperial royal ministry of public instruction, Vienna, gave an idea of the work done by these institutions. The exhibition was arranged in three divisions, the first two containing the exhibits of the schools for arts and crafts in Vienna and Prague (the largest of their kind in Austria) and the third the work of the other professional art schools.
The decoration of the two interiors of the schools for arts and crafts, Vienna (Director Felizian Freiherr von Myrbach) and Prague (Director Georg Stibral), as well as all the objects exhibited in these divisions, were designed at the above institutions and executed by the pupils. The organization of the "collective exhibition" of the other professional art schools was intrusted to the inspector of these schools and Hofrat Arthur von Scala, director of the Austrian Museum, Vienna. The interior and the exhibits themselves were executed in the workshops of 46 different professional art schools, with the cooperation of the pupils.
The amount of money appropriated by the Austrian Government for the participation of the Austrian Empire at the exposition was 1,100,000 crowns (about $220,000). The appropriation, however, was almost exclusively made for the display of Austria in connection with the Austrian Government Pavilion. The appropriated amount had to cover the expense for the erection of the pavilion and its installation, as well as the installation of two rooms in the Fine Arts Building, where the Vienna Artists' Association had an additional display. The appropriated amount had also to cover the transportation of the Austrian Government exhibits as well as the expense of the reshipment of same. The Government provided the 1,100,000 crowns not only for the erection of the pavilion and its sculptural works, but for the expenses of installation, transportation, etc. Part of this money was used by the various Government participants, viz:
(1) The imperial royal railroad ministry.
(2) The imperial royal department of waterways of Austria.
(3) The imperial royal ministry of education.
(4) And finally by four fine art associations. These fine art associations were: (1) the Vienna Artists' Association, (2) the "Hagenbund" Artists' Association of Vienna, (3) the Bohemian artists, and (4) the Polish Artists.
The fine art associations had their display each in one room of the thirteen contained in the Austrian Government Pavilion. The Vienna Artists' Association had also two rooms covering the Austrian section in the Fine Arts Building.
In reference to the commercial exhibit, a number of prominent individuals of Austria organized an exhibition of the manufacturers of Austria. They secured a number of participants, mostly glass and porcelain manufacturers as well as leather and jewelry merchants of Austria. Their exhibits representing Austria were displayed in the Manufactures Building, Varied Industries Building, Liberal Arts Building, and in the Agricultural Building.
By decree No. 4897 of July 21, 1903, the President of the Republic of
Brazil sanctioned the act of Congress making an appropriation of
$600,000 giving the Government authorization for the representation of
Brazil at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
On the 27th of the same month the following commissioners were appointed:
Col. F.M. De Souza Aguiar, president; Maj. J. Da Cunha Pires, secretary
and commissioner; Mr. J. Da Motta, assistant commissioner; Mr. Antonio
Olyntho, commissioner; Mr. J.C. Alves de Lima, commissioner; Dr. A. Da
Graca Couto, commissioner; Commodore J.C. Do Carvalho, commissioner;
Commodore A. Correa, commissioner; Mr. J.A. Dos Santos, commissioner;
Mr. A.J. Da Costa Couto, commissioner; Mr. Ferreira Ramos, commissioner;
Capt. J. Cordeiro da Graca, commissioner; Mr. Eugenio Dahne, assistant
commissioner; Mr. E. Da Rocha Dias, aide; Air. Ricardo Mardock and Mr.
A.C. Lopes Goncalves, commissioners from State of Amazonas.
One of the most attractive exhibits at the World's Fair was offered by Brazil. That country showed itself so rich and diversified in resources as to astonish the public, and in keeping with its large exhibit erected a building which soon became one of the features of the fair.
The Brazilian Building, which was designed and personally supervised by the commissioner-general, Col. F.M. de Souza Aguiar, was located in the southwestern part of the section occupied by the foreign governments, having on its north the Belgian, Cuban, and Chinese buildings, and on the east that of Nicaragua, on the south those of France and India, and on the west the Forestry, Fish and Game, Italian, and Administration buildings.
In the center of the grounds, surrounded by lawns with flower beds and wide gravel walks, stood the Brazilian Building in the French renaissance style of architecture. The main cornice, 80 feet high, was supported by eight groups of three columns each at the corners and sides of the two entrances of the building, and by six single columns at each loggia. These thirty-six columns were of the corinthian style of architecture, without the fluting ordinarily used with this particular column, and were ornamented only at the lower third of the shaft with the Brazilian coat of arms between floral festoons. Projecting above the roof of the building were three domes, two of which, on either loggia, were spherical in form, being 44 feet in diameter, while the apex of the central dome attained a height of 135 feet. The dome was octagonal in shape, having at each corner an exterior buttress, adorned with a large statue at its top. Encircling the same was a gallery from which could be viewed the greater part of the exposition grounds and the surrounding country. Above the cornice of the building was a balustrade decorated with shields, showing the coats of arms of the twenty-one States of Brazil.
The main floor was reached by means of a flight of nineteen granitoid steps on either the north or south side of the building, which led through two spacious porticoes. The second floor formed one large room only, the ceiling of which was divided into rectangular panels, supported by thirty-two Doric columns. The second floor was reached also by a majestic double staircase, where a spacious reception room, two apartments for ladies, and the offices of the commission were situated. In the center of the reception room was a marble statue representing "the Feast," mounted on a large pedestal and encircled by an upholstered settee. Above this statue the large central dome opened, supported by eight columns, which formed an interior gallery.
In simplicity, stateliness, and beauty of outline the Brazilian Pavilion was equal to any of the foreign buildings on the grounds. Its dome rose 90 feet above the main structure, which covered 191 by 132 feet, and it soon became known as a landmark in the foreign government section of the fair.
The interior decorations of the building were entirely in keeping with the magnificent exterior. The apartments were sumptuously furnished and decorated with rare statues. The colored glass which ornamented the central dome gave a soft tint to the furnishings beneath. On the walls were hung interesting photographs and charts illustrating the chief industry of the country-coffee culture. This industry was further demonstrated by machinery of the most improved pattern, showing the process of preparing coffee for the market. In sacks, in glass jars, and cases, coffee beans ranging in size from furled grains as small as peas to flat beans as large as cocoa beans were displayed. To illustrate the abundance of the product Brazil had built here a fountain which poured forth coffee beans instead of water. At night rows of electric lights, outlining the same, took the place of the Brazilian and American flags, which ornamented it by day. There were fifteen hundred of these lights distributed throughout the building, some clustered in rich chandeliers from the center of the reception halls and loggias, others placed in rows to outline galleries and dome.
In addition to the appropriation of $600,000 made by the Federal Government, many of the States contributed all the expenses toward propaganda, collection and transportation of exhibits from their own individual territories. The installations and booths (ten in all) in the exposition building were made at the expense of the Brazilian Government at a cost of $70,000. The cost of the main building, complete with its furnishings and improvement of grounds, was $135,000. The cost of transportation of exhibits from Brazil to St. Louis was $30,000. In all, Brazil had 2,400 exhibitors in 14 departments out of 16.
The government of the Dominion of Canada was represented at the World's Fair by the exhibition branch of the department of agriculture of Canada. This branch was organized some years ago for the purpose of collecting, installing, and maintaining exhibits at expositions where the government of Canada was officially represented. The personnel of the exhibition branch is as follows: Hon. Sidney A. Fisher, minister of agriculture; William Hutchinson, exhibition commissioner; W.A. Burns, secretary and assistant to the commissioner; W.H. Hay, decorator; S. Anderson, superintendent of installation.
The government and products of Canada were represented at the fair in several exhibits, viz, an official building or pavilion; a collection of minerals and mining products in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy; a display of the grains, grasses, and the agricultural products in the Palace of Agriculture; an exhibit of all the various fruits grown in the Dominion in the Palace of Horticulture; a special exhibit of the forest products of Canada showing the great variety of timber, bark, pulp wood, etc., in a building erected especially for the purpose; also a varied collection of the larger and smaller game, fish, etc., together with specimens of all the numerous varieties of wood produced in the forests and inland waters of the Dominion, exhibited in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, and in a special exhibit of live beaver in the same building.
As an appropriation for the installation of these exhibits the government of Canada made a preliminary grant of $150,000, which was supplemented by further appropriations for maintenance aggregating $175,000, making a total of $325,000.
The official pavilion was a structure built after the fashion of a clubhouse, located near the north entrance to the Palace of Agriculture, costing, with forestry building in rear, about $35,000. This building was furnished throughout with the products of Canadian factories and decorated with the work of Canadian artists, all suggestive of the natural wealth, progress, and enterprise of the country.
The mining exhibit occupied a space of 10,000 square feet, and comprised large quantities of coal and all the coarser metal ores, together with an extensive collection of all the finer metals minerals, building stones, and every product of the mines known to science and commerce.
The agricultural exhibit occupied a space of 12,000 square feet, and consisted of a large central figure in the form of an octagonal trophy rising to a height of 60 feet, in which were artistically worked over three hundred grasses, grains, and plants, all grown in Canada, and decorated with landscape views of the various breeds of cattle raised in the Dominion. On either side of this central figure was a pedestal of maple sugar and honey, respectively, and in the rear other products of tobacco, grain, flour, breadstuffs, etc.
The horticultural display consisted of a varied collection of all the fruits grown in Canada, comprising ninety-four varieties of apples in their natural state, taken from cold storage, and a large collection of pears, peaches, plums, grapes, currants, gooseberries, strawberries, cranberries, raspberries, and everything included in horticulture, presented in glass jars as well as in their natural state throughout their respective seasons.
The special exhibit of forest products consisted of sections of the great fir trees, pines, cedars, oaks, hemlocks, birch, ash, walnut, cherry, etc., and specimens of rough and polished lumber from every variety of wood grown in the Dominion, together with a large pyramid of pulp wood, of which Canada possesses millions of acres, railway ties, tan bark, etc.
In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building the exhibit consisted of an unique arch or bridge structure with a double span covering 80 feet, and on this structure and under it were numerous specimens of moose, deer, elk, buffalo, mountain goat, polar, grizzly, and brown bears, and every fur-bearing animal to be found in America. There was also a fine collection of game birds and water fowls, fish, etc. In this bridge structure was worked over three thousand varieties of wood, all grown in Canada. In another section of the building was shown a pool containing a family of live beaver, an interesting animal common to the streams and lakes of Canada.
Besides those already enumerated, Canada made a very creditable display of figure and landscape paintings in the Palace of Fine Arts, as well as a collection of various subjects in water colors.
Later in the season Canada made a very successful exhibit in the live-stock department. Her display was especially large in sheep and swine classes and almost equally good in poultry and pet stock.
In addition to those enumerated in the foregoing list, Canada is entitled to credit for a number of individual exhibits of various kinds scattered over the exposition grounds; for example, in the Building of Mines and Metallurgy there was an exhibit of natural and wrought nickel, every pound of the raw material coming from the Sudbury mines, in the Province of Ontario. The exhibit occupied a large space in the Mining Building and consisted of a varied and comprehensive display of nickel and nickel goods, from the natural ore to the finest and most polished culinary and domestic utensils. Every pound of raw material used in this display was from the mines situated in Denison Township, Sudbury District, Ontario, Canada.
In Machinery Hall there was an exhibit comprising a great variety of corundum products, every pound of whose raw material came from Canada. The exhibit showed corundum in bulk, in large wheels, small wheels, hones, and every variety of grinding and sharpening specialties. The amount of raw corundum used annually by the company reaches nearly 1,000 tons. In the Machinery Building, also, was an exhibit of asbestos and its products, the raw material of which came from Canada. The display consisted of steam-pipe coverings, mattings, packings, and everything of that nature required in heating and steam machinery; also asbestos mattings and fire screens, heavy papering and cardboards, and other things that asbestos can be worked into. All the asbestos came from the Shedford and Black Lake mines, in the Province of Quebec.
In the Manufactures Building was a very fine assortment of stones, etc., from different parts of Canada. Among the assortment were garnets from the Stikine River and also from the Province of Quebec; amethysts from Thunder Bay; labradorite, finest in the world, from the Isle of St. Paul; spinel from Ottawa County, Quebec; sodalite from British Columbia; pitanite, Litchfield, Quebec; lercon and perthite from Quebec; sunstone and lebra stone from Perth, Ontario, and crown sunstone from Renfrew County, Ontario.
Besides the exhibits mentioned there were in the Mines Building an exhibit of mineral water from Abenakis Springs, Quebec; in the Philadelphia exhibit in the educational department a fine display of asbestos and pulp.
Consequent on the visit to Ceylon of Hon. John Barrett, commissioner of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in the latter part of 1902, Hon. W.H. Figg was dispatched as advance commissioner to St. Louis to investigate the conditions of the proposed World's Fair of 1904 and to make preliminary arrangements for the representation of the colony thereat. Mr. Figg's report, dated New York, February, 1903, was followed by the appointment of a commission composed of the following members:
Hon. Stanley Bois, commissioner-general; Mr. R. Huyshe Eliot, assistant
commissioner; Mr. P.E. Pieris, assistant commissioner; Mr. Russell
Stanhope, assistant commissioner; Mr. Peter De Abrew, commercial agent;
Hon. J. Ferguson, C.M.G., Mr. F.C. Roles, Mr. H. Van Cuylenberg, and Mr.
D. Obeyesekeri, official visitors.
By vote $150,000 was placed at the disposal of this commission, and a further sum of $10,000 was contributed by the Planters' Association.
The scheme finally adopted for the exploitation of the products of Ceylon at the World's Fair was that all articles of artistic interest should be displayed in a special court and those of commercial importance in the various palaces. It was agreed that the practical demonstration of the use of tea should be carried on in the court and made as attractive as possible to the American public. A concession was accordingly obtained from the Exposition Company for the sale of tea in the cup at a nominal price, and an excellent site was allotted to the Government of Ceylon immediately west of and adjoining the lake, where the United States Life-Saving Service had its daily display and facing the north end of the Palace of Agriculture. The building (which was designed in Ceylon by Mr. Skinner) was rectangular in form, 120 feet long and 60 feet wide, and two stories in height.
Broad verandas, so characteristic a feature of oriental houses, ran round each floor, and there tea was served daily by 20 Cingalese servants. These tea servers dressed in spotless white, and with long hair fastened with big tortoise shell combs, made a most picturesque appearance and gave a touch of reality to the Cingalese pavilion.
From the center of the building sprang an octagon 75 feet high, reproducing the building where the kings of Ceylon used to show themselves to their subjects at their ancient capital of Kandy. Smaller octagons rose from the four corners. The ornamentation was characteristically Cingalese. Broad friezes painted by native artists represented the various birth stories of the Buddha. The door panels and quaint capitals were such as may be seen at many a temple in Ceylon and formed an appropriate setting for the impassive images of the Buddha. The building was constructed by Messrs. Broderick & Wind, contractors of New York, under the general supervision of Mr. Russell Stanhope, representative at St. Louis of the commissioner-general, at a total cost of $30,000.
Downstairs were the offices of the commission, while on the upper floor the greater portion of the fine art exhibit of Ceylon was situated. The native artist was seen at his best in the magnificent jeweled caskets of carved ivory and the exquisite reprousse work in silver, representing an art which has been handed down from father to son for twenty-five centuries in the caste of Cingalese silversmiths.
The department of manufactures was represented by massive furniture in calamander, ebony, and satinwood, carved with the most elaborate devices, dainty laces made by the nimble fingers of village women, beautiful productions on tortoise shell and gold, heavily embroidered cloths of gold, and a large collection of the various curios for which the East is famous, besides a display of tanned hides and jewelry of exceptional merit. There was a further display of art work in the international room of the Palace of Fine Arts. More than 100 exhibitors were represented in this building, the total value of their exhibits exceeding $50,000. Outside on the lake was an outrigger canoe of full size, such as is still in use among the fishermen of Ceylon.
The chief commercial exhibit of the country was to be found in the Palace of Agriculture, where a space of 2,000 square feet had been allotted to it. First and foremost was the great industry of tea cultivation. Thirty years ago the island exported a million tons of coffee annually, and tea was an unknown article; last year the quantity of the leaf which was exported to all parts of the world exceeded 150,000,000 pounds (of which 18,000,000 was sent to the United States), while coffee hardly figures on the customs returns The industry is almost exclusively in the hands of Europeans. All the chief producers were represented at the exposition, their interests forming the special province of an assistant commissioner.
The cocoanut palm and its cultivation was fully represented. The nut itself, the various fibers, matting and ropes made from its husk, the copra or dried kernel, from which is extracted the oil now so largely used in the manufacture of best soaps and hair oils; the desiccated and "shredded" cocoanut, the demand for which among confectioners is rapidly increasing; cocoanut butter, an excellent emollient and substitute for lard; the arrack, distilled from the "toddy" extracted from the flower, a valuable liquor after a few years in cask; the vinegar and "jaggery," or molasses; down to the brooms, made from the "ekels" or midrib of the leaves, were shown in infinite variety.
Rice, the staple food of the country, was represented in a few of its 350 varieties, and cinnamon in bark or oil, cloves, nutmegs, mace, cardamoms, pepper, vanilla, and citronella oil, cocoa and coffee, rubber, cinchona bark, from which quinine is prepared, croton seed, and annotto dye might also be seen. The fibers included those of the Kitul and Palmyra palms and the silky niyande (sansevier zeylanical). One hundred and twenty exhibitors were represented, and the value of the collective exhibit was $5,000.
The educational exhibit, which had been prepared under the direct supervision of the director of public instruction in Ceylon, illustrated the procedure adopted by the British Government in dealing with races with an advanced literature of their own, to whom a certain knowledge of English is a necessity. The present conditions of education—elementary, advanced, and technical—were well depicted, and the exhibit contained in addition a collection of the various scientific journals issued by the Colombo Museum and the department of the botanical gardens in Ceylon.
Graphite, locally known as plumbago, the only commercial mineral of the country, might be seen in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. More than 600,000 hundredweights of this valuable commodity were exported in 1899, the greatest demand being in the United States, where the article is employed in the manufacture of crucibles, for stove polish, and for lubricating purposes. A few of the choice rubies and sapphires, for which the island is so famous, were on view in the Ceylon court. Thirty firms and private individuals were represented in this department, the exhibits exceeding $12,000 in value.
In Liberal Arts the government of Ceylon snowed the admirable work turned out by its printing offices, and various private firms of printers and photographers were represented. The large model of the artificial harbor of Colombo was of particular interest as illustrating the position of the city as the tenth port in the world for tonnage entering and clearing. There was also a good private collection of coins found in Ceylon and covering a period of nearly two thousand years. The space occupied in the Palace of Liberal Arts was 600 square feet, and the value of the total exhibit was $1,000.
The musical instruments of the country, chiefly consisting of drums and the varied equipment of the "devil dancers," were shown in the Ceylon Building.
In the Palace of Forestry a space or 600 square feet was occupied by Ceylon. The chief exhibit there consisted of the massive trunk of a satinwood tree, hollowed out so as to form a receptacle for "books," which consisted of blocks of all the various trade timbers of the country. An exhibit prepared by the marine biologist illustrated everything connected with fishing in the Ceylon waters, from the crude fish trap of the villager to the latest addition to knowledge regarding the origin of the lustrous oriental pearl. Models of the various kinds of boats employed in the country were also shown. The wild animals of the country, its beautiful birds (including the swift, which builds the edible nest), and gorgeous butterflies, were well shown. The exhibit represented a value of $3,000.
Finally, in the department of anthropology there were shown, in the Ceylon Building, types of the various races found in Ceylon, illustrations of their pre-Christian civilization, the utensils of brass and wood still used in their houses, and all the accompaniments of their philosophic religions.
A special handbook was prepared by a subcommittee in Colombo containing information for the use of the American people regarding the trade and resources of the country.
The participation of China at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was authorized by an imperial decree issued in January, 1903. The same decree appointed an imperial commission, as follows:
His Royal Highness Prince Pu Lun, imperial high commissioner; Sir Robert Hart, Bart., G.C.M.G. (inspector-general of customs), president ex-officio; Mr. Wong Kai-Pah, imperial vice-commissioner; Mr. Francis A. Carl, imperial vice-commissioner; Mr. D. Percebois, secretary of Chinese imperial commission; Mr. J.A. Berthet, assistant to secretary of Chinese imperial commission.
The amount set apart by the Chinese Government to meet the expenses connected with China's participation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was 750,000 taels, or, roughly speaking, $500,000 gold. As with all previous expositions in which China has taken part, the collecting of exhibits was intrusted to the imperial Chinese maritime customs service, under the control of Sir Robert Hart, Bart., G.C.M.G., inspector-general of customs. This service, with its numerous branches and ramifications throughout the Empire and an experienced staff acquainted with both native and foreign tastes was in an exceptional position to succeed in making a representative collection of the best in Chinese arts, manufactures, and products. The commissioners of customs at the principal trading centers took the work in hand, selecting such exhibits as were suitable when offered by merchants, and purchasing outright such articles as could not be procured otherwise. The collections were made at the following treaty ports: Newchang, Tientsin, Chefoo, Chungking, Hankow, Kiukiang, Wuhu, Nanking, Chinkiang, Shanghai, Hangchow, Ningpo, Wenchow, Foochow, Amoy, Swatow, Canton, Pakhoi, Kiungchow, Mengtse, Lungchow, and Szemao.
Besides the Government exhibits from the foregoing-mentioned places, the provincial authorities of Hupeh, Hunan, Kiangaan, and Fukien also made collections. This is noteworthy, as it was the first time on record that the regular Chinese officials have taken any interest in a foreign exhibition. In addition to the Government participation, fifty-three firms and private individuals sent their quota of exhibits. The following table gives the kind, class, and approximate value of exhibits installed by each:
Porcelain curios, cloisonne, carpets, art work in metal,
tapestries, furniture, silks, ivory, fans, and jade …… $510,200
Furs and skins …………………………………….. 6,500
Cement and fire bricks ……………………………… 1,000
Fancy articles, wood carvings, paintings, and drawings, etc 11,600
Collections of butterflies ………………………….. 100
Preserved meats, fish, vegetables, and fruit ………….. 100
Chinese postal stamps and coins ……………………… 5,000
Silverware and lanterns …………………………….. 2,750
——————
Total …………………………………………… 537,250
Government exhibits ………………………………… 40,000
Provincial ………………………………………… 61,000
——————
Grand total ……………………………………… 638,250
The collection made by the twenty-two treaty ports comprised such articles as were not offered by the mercantile class. In nearly every case the ports' collection included samples of products and manufactures typical to the district, models of the prevailing architecture and of any special costume worn by the people, models of the types of boats in use, carriages and wheelwrights' work, agricultural implements and farm machinery, appliances and methods used in agricultural industries, agricultural seeds, equipment and method employed in the preparation of foods, minerals and stones and their utilization, musical instruments, chemical and pharmaceutical arts, gold and silver ware, weights and measures, coins and medals, and photographs of the port. The collections made by the provincial authorities comprised art work in jade, crystal, porcelain and bronze, Chinese books and publications, lacquered ware and fancy articles.
The total approximate value as given above was $638,250, but this sum included the cost of transportation and installation. It represents in fact the market value in the United States. There was in the neighborhood of 2,000 tons of shipments from China to St. Louis—800 tons from the south of China, and 1,200 from the north of China. The rate from the south of China, i.e., Hongkong, was $8 per ton, while from the north of China, i.e., Shanghai, or nearly 900 miles shorter trip, the rate was $14 per ton. The amount paid for transportation was more than $20,000, to which must be added some $2,000 for terminal and switching charges. The cost of installation for the entire exhibit was about $7,500. The exorbitant wages necessary for all work done at the exposition accounts for this heavy expenditure. Another large item of expense, according to the Chinese commissioner, was the 5 per cent rate charged in this country for fire insurance. Most of the foreign countries taking part in the exposition effected insurance in home companies at about half the above rate.
The total cost of the Chinese Government Pavilion amounted to $75,000. It was partly a reproduction of a portion of Prince Pu Lun's palace at Peking. Models were sent from China and copied in this country, the large arch at the entrance being a "Pai-Lou," or memorial arch, common in China as entrances to palaces, temples, and tombs. A small octagonal pavilion or tea house was shown. They are always at some beautiful spot in the gardens of the wealthy. Two flagstaffs outside were also copies of Chinese models. The wood carvings were very expensive, and good examples of what the Chinese workman can do in that line. Special men from China were imported to carry out the designs of the building and to do the painting in the Chinese style.
The space occupied by the Chinese in the Liberal Arts Palace was 28,000 square feet, and, with the exception of another 1,500 square feet in the Educational Department, China was not represented in other buildings of the exposition. The small exhibit in the Educational Palace was not an attempt to illustrate the Chinese system of education. It was intended simply to give the world an idea of the work being done by foreign societies—missionary and otherwise—in the educational line in China.
The maintenance of the staff looking after exhibits was about $30,000. The expense connected with the repacking and return of freight and unsold exhibits was about $15,000.
On July 20, 1903, the Cuban Congress passed the following resolutions authorizing the participation of that country at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:
The Executive is hereby authorized to dispose of $80,000 from the public treasury to meet the expenses which the representation of the Republic of Cuba will incur at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition which will take place at St. Louis, Mo., in the year 1904.
Of this amount $30,000 shall be set aside to meet the expenses of a special commission whose object is to study the advancement which may have been realized in agriculture, chemistry, and mechanical industries applicable to the industries of Cuba, also public instruction in hygiene.
The commission will report the results of their investigation to the Executive, which reports will be duly published.
The expenses incurred in the publication of the reports will be met by the public treasury and will not be included in the above allowed sum.
On the 15th of July, 1904, the Congress voted $50,000 as an additional sum for the same purpose.
The Cuban Pavilion at the exposition was constructed on a lot 140 by 170 feet. The building was 100 feet by 80 feet surrounded by a garden containing more than five hundred native plants. It was one story high. At its front was a beautiful terrace, and there were extensive porticoes on the sides. Access to the building was gained by a 32-foot stair on the front, and by lateral stairs of smaller size.
Five rooms surrounding a central court. Access to the roof was obtained by a winding stair placed on a tower. The style of architecture on the building in its exterior court and entrances was Florentine-Renaissance, from the last half of the fourteenth century. The other salons were decorated in the modern style, called "New Art." The building was lighted by more than four hundred incandescent lamps, arranged in such a manner that they formed part of the decorations. The cost of erecting the building was $31,050.
The members of the Cuban commission were as follows:
Mr. Gonzalo de Quesada, honorary president; Mr. Esteban Duque Estrada, commissioner-general; Mr. Antonio Carillo, secretary of the Cuban commission; Mr. Eduardo Morales de los Rios, commissioner of education; Mr. Sixto Lopez Miranda, technical commissioner of education for Cuba; Dr. J.J. Luis, commissioner of social economy; Mr. Enrique B. Barnet, sanitary commissioner; Mr. J.W. Flanagan, honorary commissioner; Mr. J.E. Bernal, Mr. Fernando Mesa, Mr. Francisco de Armas, assistant commissioners; Mr. Antonio E. Trujillo, disbursing officer; Mr. John R. Taylor, assistant sanitary commissioner. Technical commission: Dr. Enrique Jose Varona, doctor in philosophy and letters; Dr. Carlos de la Torre, doctor of natural sciences; Señor Carlos Theye, chemical engineer; Señor Manuel D. Diaz, civil engineer; Señor Ramon Jimenez Alfonso, agronomical engineer; Dr. Gaston Alfonso Cuadrado, doctor of sciences and pharmacy.
The exhibit of Cuba in the Department of Education comprised the whole educational system from the kindergarten to the university. For the organization of this exhibit the secretary of public instruction, Dr. Leopolds Cancio, appointed a committee of seven. The committee issued several circulars inviting the teachers to contribute to the educational exhibit.
Toward the beginning of March the first contributions began to arrive, and in the early days of April the first shipment was made. This was followed by others, and by the 25th of April all the educational exhibits were in the various booths and ready for display.
This exhibit was classified in groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8, which left the only two groups, 5 and 7, in which it was not represented.
In group 1 it was represented by the normal school of kindergarten of Habana, and by kindergarten public schools of Habana, Guanabacoa, Matanzas, Gardenas, Sagua la Grande, and Cienfuegos, by elementary public and private schools from most of the school districts of the country, by a teachers' academy, and by training and correctional schools for boys and girls.
In group 2 the six public secondary schools of the country were represented by photographs, reports, collections of shells and butterflies, pupils' work and reports.
The "San Alijandro" School of Painting and Sculpture of Habana appeared with a report and photographs in group 4.
In group 6 the School of Arts and Trades of Habana had a very good display of manual training and photographs.
Correspondence schools, the Academy of Science, meteorological and magnetical observations of the Belen Observatory, geological collections, text-books, school appliances, and a collection of the text-books used at the present and of those used under the Spanish Government in the public schools were all classified in group 8.
One of the most important features of the exhibit was the display of photographs showing over 500 views of schoolrooms, school buildings, groups of teachers and children, institutions of secondary education, institutions of special education, and the university.
In these photographs the department showed the best schools, such as
"Luz y Caballero," of Habana, and the "Eseulen Modelo," of Santiago de
Cuba, and the least advanced rural schools located in thatched-roof huts
20 or more miles from the nearest town.
The exhibit showed not only the great increase in the last few years in the number of schools and in the school expenditures, both of which have increased about tenfold, but the great change undergone in the methods of teaching, which at present accord with the most modern standards, the old methods having been entirely abolished from the public schools.
The superior board of health of Cuba was represented at the exposition by Dr. Federico Torralbas, as medical inspector of the sanitary department of Habana; Dr. Emilo Martines, as assistant professor of pathology of the National University, and member of the commission for infectious diseases of the sanitary department of Habana; Dr. Juan H. Davalos, as chief of the section of bacteriology of the laboratory of the island of Cuba, who is considered the leading authority on bacteriological subjects in Cuba; Dr. Enriqui B. Barnet, as the executive officer of the sanitary department of Habana and acting secretary of the superior board of health of Cuba; Mr. John R. Taylor, as preparator of the laboratory of Las Animas Hospital, of Habana, having a thorough knowledge of the transmission of diseases by the medium of the mosquito. He was one of those who voluntarily allowed himself to be bitten with infected mosquitoes known to be capable of transmitting yellow fever, recovering after a severe attack of the disease.
In the Department of Mines and Metallurgy, Cuba's exhibition consisted of Portland cement and its products, asphaltum (crude and refined), iron, manganese, copper, zinc, tin, gold, and silver ores, and a collection of marbles of the Isle of Pines.
In Liberal Arts Cuba's exhibition consisted of photographs, engravings, periodicals, perfumes, soaps, and other manufactured articles.
In the Department of Art Cuba had a room where about one hundred and fifty pictures were hung, consisting of oil paintings and water colors.
In the Department of Agriculture Cuba's exhibit consisted of manufactured cigars, chocolate, jellies, beer, preserved fruits of all descriptions, cotton, hemp, coffee, sugar, and various other agricultural products of Cuba.
In the Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game Cuba's exhibition consisted of samples of woods used in construction and for furniture, house decorations, etc. The collection of woods at the Forestry Building was given to the Yale University Forestry Schools at the close of the fair. The mineral collection at the Mines Building was subsequently donated to the United States National Museum, at Washington, D.C.
The Government of Denmark, while making no appropriation for a participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, appointed William Arup as commissioner-general to look after the interests of the Danish exhibitors. At the same time the Government appointed a committee, consisting of the following-named persons, to assist him in his work: Charles Ambte, director of State railways; Mr. N. Anderson, councilor of state, P.D.; Arnold Krog, professor in arts, P.D.; Admiral Richeleu St. Kors, of D.; Philip Schon, councilor of state. Of these gentlemen only Admiral Richeleu visited the fair.
Commissioner-General Arup personally bore the total expenses of transportation and installation, which amounted approximately to $25,000.
Denmark had no official building on the grounds but confined her space to the principal exhibition palaces. Her principal displays were installed in the Palace of Varied Industries, where she occupied about 5,000 square feet of space.
Twenty exhibitors displayed goods in the Palace of Varied Industries. Their displays consisted principally of porcelain, silverware, art pottery, cabinet works, embroideries, photography, ship models, and a ship model of the free port of Copenhagen. The last-mentioned model was subsequently donated to the Chicago Municipal Museum.
In the Palace of Electricity, the Agricultural Building, and the Palace of Fine Arts Denmark occupied smaller spaces, but her exhibits attracted general attention on account of their universal excellence.
The amount of Government appropriation for Egypt's participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was approximately $50,000. The principal exhibit made by the Government of Egypt consisted of a representation of antiquities in the Anthropology Building; an exhibit by the Sudan Government in the foreign section, comprising ivory, gum, rubber, various cereals, and a variety of ancient weapons and curious articles in use by the natives of Sudan. In the same section were exhibited some heads of wild animals including hippopotamus and the buffalo. In the Liberal Arts section was displayed a large relief map showing the system of irrigation in use in Egypt with the canals clearly marked. This exhibit was made by the administration of the Daira Sanich, which forms part of the Government, and in the same section the public works department of the Government exhibited various models of the Delta Barrage and other irrigation works existing in various parts of Egypt.
In the Agricultural Building, through the Khedivial Agriculture Society and the Produce Association of Alexandria, a complete collection of cotton and cereals and every kind of agricultural product grown in Egypt were shown, in addition to which the Campagnie des Sucreries of Egypt had a very fine display of sugar, and the Port Said Salt Association sent samples of various kinds of salt.
The commissioners appointed by the Egyptian Government were Herman E. Lawford and Abdel Hamid Abazza. The latter was in charge of the agricultural section. He is connected with the Khedivial Agriculture Society of Egypt, and was requested by the Government of Egypt to make a report on the cotton industry in this country, particularly with regard to diseases of the cotton plant. Mr. Lawford has resided in Egypt for several years and has been connected with various land and industrial companies. Mr. Quibell, who was attached to the commission, is an inspector of antiquities in the employ of the museum at Cairo, and has been in Egypt for a number of years, his time being devoted to scientific researches.
The French Government, at the time when the general commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was appointed, appropriated a sum of 600,000 francs for its expenses and a sum of 600,000 francs for the participation of the fine arts. Later on an appropriation of 350,000 francs was made for the educational exhibit and several other exhibits over which the Government had immediate and direct control. The entire charge of putting up the French commercial exhibits in the various palaces, except Fine Arts and Education and National Pavilion, had been granted, in April, 1902, to a permanent committee on foreign expositions, which worked under the supervision of the French general commission. The committee raised from private sources a sum of 5,000,000 francs.
Aside from the above sums, an appropriation of 100,000 francs was made by the department of the colonies for the participation of the different colonies at the exposition.
Another appropriation of the same amount was made for the social economy exhibit.
The approximate amount of money spent by France for its participation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was 7,750,000 francs. The contract for building the French Government Pavilion was let to a general contractor in Paris, who undertook to build it for the sum of 500,000 francs.
In addition to the above sum, an appropriation of 100,000 francs was made for the painting of the building; 10,000 francs for the statuary over the roof. An appropriation of 150,000 was made for the gardens.
The commission appointed by the Government of France was as follows:
Mr. Alfred Picard, special envoy of the French Republic; Mr. Georges Gerald, commissioner-general; Mr. Jules Boeufvé, assistant commissioner-general; Mr. Felix Lamy, secretary of the French commission; Mr. Robert Delaunay-Belleville, private secretary to the special envoy; Mr. Max Ferlaud, private secretary to the commissioner-general; Mr. Emile Heurteau, private secretary to the special envoy; Mr. Marcel Estieu, attaché; Mr. André Artoine, attaché. French commercial section: Mr. Ancelot, president; Mr. Gustav Kester, vice-president; Mr. Perdoux; Mr. Maurice Estieu, treasurer. Fine arts section: Mr. André Saglio, commissioner; Mr. Horteloup; Mr. Delestre, attaché.
The National Palace of France, as erected at the St. Louis World's Fair, was a reproduction of the Grand Trianon, at Versailles. It was located at the west end of the Louisiana way, one of the main avenues on the fair grounds; at the other end of the avenue was located the United States Government Building.
The French Pavilion consisted of three rectangular buildings bordering on a main state court. Large pilasters of white and pink marble were arranged as the frame work for high windows, topped with decorative arches. An outside flight of stairs and porphyrolite sills of imitation marble gave that impression of luxury and good taste which is characteristic of all productions of the Louis XIV period.
Two large wrought-iron brackets supported lanterns in the same style and gave a more animated appearance to the main entrance at the end of the court. Part of the arch decorations were reserved for the entrances; the balance of the arches used in the arrangement of windows with balcony were fitted with wrought-iron balustrade railings, in the general style of the palace.
Only one change was made in the otherwise exact reproduction of the Grand Trianon. According to documents published in the seventeenth century, and especially to the tentative drawings made by Lepautri himself, the Grand Trianon architect, that monument was originally to be decorated over its high balustrade railings with some artistic devices and groups of children, each to be found in the present French monument. The architects of the St. Louis Palace, Messrs. Gustave Umbdenstock and Roger Bouvard, conceived the happy thought of making that restoration complete, and thus contributing a more lifelike appearance to the whole palace.
On the other hand, a large allegorical medallion was arranged over the central decorative device, which was indicative of the national character. The medallion bore the coat of arms of the French Republic topped with the "Phrygian" cap, being flanked on either side by two allegorical female figures, one of which was symbolic of the Armed Peace protecting herself with a sword, and the other was intended to represent French trade. Over the allegorical medallion was the mainmast used to display the French flag. Owing to the arrangement of the palace itself the flag was thus displayed in the continuation of the center of the main monumental avenue of the fair.
From the entrance to the French Concession, which covered an area of about 150 meters in width by 250 meters in depth, a large monumental grill in the style of Louis XIV covered the entire front of the grounds separating the garden from the avenue which bounded it at the right corner. The grill included three large gates supported by four metal towers which were topped by lanterns and decorated with allegorical panels, producing the finest effect. The grills were devised on the same lines as those exhibited at Versailles and on the Place Stanislas, at Nancy.
A large garden, laid out in French style, was arranged in a border on the central path leading to the palace. The latter, with flower beds in the border, was ornamented with vases and statuary on pedestals.
The interior arrangement of the palace was such that the public would visit it regularly in its entirety without the necessity of passing twice through the same rooms. Double doors were provided so as to permit a continuous circulation for entrance and egress.
The building at the farthest side of the state court was devoted to the large state room, the decoration of which was intrusted to the National "Garde-Meuble," or "Historical Furniture Depot." The size of the room was 30 meters in length by 9 meters in width, and it was lighted by seven large windows; its height was 7 meters to the ceiling. The entrance stairs on the outside and the entrance hall were paved with imitation marble of pink and white. The carved ceiling was arranged as a framing for three large decorative paintings executed by Mr. George G. Roussel. The subject selected by the artist was Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. The Liberty allegory represented France placing her sword in 1772 at the service of America for the conquest of the latter's independence.
In "Equality" the figures were personifications of the commerce and industry of both nations.
"Fraternity" represented America receiving the France of 1904 in a symbolic group.
In the corner of the ceiling were a child uniting the flags of both nations and goddesses personifying Fame hovering over a globe representing Earth in glorification of that cordial understanding.
The large state room contained fine Gobelin tapestries reproducing scenes of the reign of Louis XIV, as follows:
(1) Audience of Cardinal Chigi (July 29, 1664). This was a tapestry woven of wool and silk set off with gold manufactured at the Gobelin factory in the seventeenth century. It was one of a series illustrating the history of King Louis from Van der Meulen et de Charles Le Brun. It had a very rich border by Yvart.
(2) Entrance of the King into Dunkerque (December 2, 1662). A wool and silk woven tapestry set off with gold, made at the Gobelin factory in the seventeenth century; one of the series of the history of King Louis XIV from Van der Meulen et de Charles Le Brun drawing. A rich border by Yvart.
(3) The Siege of the City of Douai (July, 1667). A wool and silk woven tapestry with gold, made at the Gobelin factory in the seventeenth century; one of the series of the history of King Louis XIV from Van der Meulen et de Charles Le Brun drawing. A rich border by Yvart.
(4) A piece of tapestry. This was woven from wool and silk and made at the Gobelin factory in the seventeenth century; one of the series of hangings (portieres) of the Triumphal Chariot and bearing the coat of arms of France and Navarre; made from the drawings of Charles Le Brun (the final drawings).
The right wing of the palace was used first by the National Factory of Sevre, with a room 12 meters by 8 meters and a hall in front which measures 8 meters by 3.50 meters.
The decoration of this room was subdued to enhance the appearance of the vases and bisques exhibited. The walls were hung with watered silk to a height of 4.50 meters, the tone of the silk being well adapted to set off the whiteness of the china. Above this hanging a painted frieze was decorated with gray and blue leaves set off with medallions of crystallized pink stone work. The application of ceramics to decorative purposes was again found in the trimmings of the portieres in the shape of pendentives.
The objects exhibited in these rooms were especially selected with due consideration to the place they were to occupy and with a view to making up a complete decorative whole.
In the main room the place in the center of the longest sides were occupied by Houdon's bust of Lafayette, with a small statue of Liberty by Aube in front, and by a Puech's bust of President Loubet, with a small statue of De la Paix by G. Michel in front.
On either side of these busts were seen four pink vases of the so- called "Cleremont" class and four vases of the "Chelles" class representative of the four seasons in floral decorations.
At the corners of the main room in niches especially provided for them were four Blois vases, decorated with hollyhocks, Chinese lilies, and magnolias. On either side of the window were two d'Auxerre "Flambets" (signed) vases.
The city of Paris occupied three rooms in the right wing of the National
Palace.
There were in the exhibit many statues, pictures, objects of the Paris municipal council and of the council-general of the Department of Seine, the insignia of councils, engravings, reproducing the most important decorative works in the Paris Hotel de Ville (city hall); also work done by pupils of the professional and industrial art schools, such as the Germain Pilon, Bernard, Palissy, Dorian, Diderot, Estienne, Boulle, etc.; such work includes ceramic pieces, modeling, bookbinding, furniture, chasing work, pottery, etc. The architectural service was represented by plans and drawings illustrating some types of the main edifices in Paris, such as the Sorbonne, Palais des Beaux Arts de la Ville de Paris, the barracks, mayoralty buildings, professional schools, primary schools, etc.
The departments of public highways, public lighting, water and health exhibited some graphical and statistical information in reference to their undertakings.
The Metropolitan Underground Railway sent most complete information covering its most interesting work.
The department of public charity exhibited water colors which gave useful information in reference to its various branches and modes of operating.
The department of historical work and the committee of ancient Paris showed a collection of publications covering the history of the city and of its several transformations. The general decorations included views of Paris, public gardens, and two large panels by de Grinberg, showing the Notre Dame Cathedral and the Pavilion de Fiore, in the Tuilleries.
There were also frontispieces and escutcheons by the master decorator Jambon. Elaborate middle pieces and a beautiful chandelier in the middle of the main room attracted considerable attention.
There was a small horizontal show case containing a collection of objects employed by the teacher in lecturing on civic instruction. These objects included various kinds of tickets, stamps, tax bills, receipts, official postals, etc.
Agricultural education occupied an extensive area, showing the importance attached in France to that department. A very remarkable collection, filling seven volumes, showed the really wonderful result that an inspector of the Brittany region was able to obtain in a district consisting of some hundred townships. There was also an "experiment case," which was to be found again in the normal school graduate's outfit, and a set of small instruments made by the country teachers.
The series, drawings, samples of manual work, of sewing, etc., showed how republican schools in France care for the workman's interests.
Other superior schools were represented in adequate manner through the aggregate exhibits. That at Onzain showed a few peculiarities of the rural type.
Superior primary schools for girls only showed a few specimens of several collections of work. The department of technical education, as represented by practical, industrial, and commercial schools, gave a fair idea of what is done in France in that branch.
The aggregate display gave a fair idea of what is going on in France in the normal schools, where teachers of both sexes are being prepared for their work.
Attention was particularly directed to manual work, especially to the scientific training that the girls of the normal school receive on leaving school.
A show case in one of the compartments contained a complete collection of documents relating to primary education in France. Several displays of that kind were attached to the walls, such as the six graphical tables made by Levasseur, which are summaries of statistical documents.
The Museum of Pedagogy had collected in similar summary form the most important results obtained for the past twelve years in the work done in promoting special work as a complement to school education.
Enlarged photographs representing scenes of school life were placed practically everywhere throughout the exhibit of French primary schools. They were prepared by the school administration as a reproduction, on a smaller scale, of the exhibit which proved such a success at the Paris Exhibition Fair in 1900.
The exhibit of higher education included displays from universities and scientific institutions, the leading ones being the College of France, the Museum of Natural History, the Practical of Highest Studies, the School of Charters, the School of Living Oriental Languages.
An inquiry was instituted in 1883 in academic councils and faculties in reference to drafting a plan for the constitution of universities that should administer and manage themselves under the supervision of the State.
Many had been impressed with the inconvenience caused by a lack of cohesion in the work. Attention was called to those many common interests of which the faculties should have been the guardian, but of which they could not take care on account of their isolation. Inquiry, begun in 1883, made the necessity of a reform obvious. It ended in the rendering of the decrees of July 25 and December 28, 1885. These decrees may be divided into two distinct parts—one covering the interior life of faculties, the other providing for a grouping of faculties established in each academic center and the general council of faculties to be the representative organ and executive power of the new faculty life created.
Appreciable results were derived from these reforms. However they were incomplete, and it was thought, in consequence, that genuine unity should be given to a superior education. The establishment of the new universities had been a legal consequence of that express wish.
The law of July 10, 1896, gave the name of university to each body of faculties, substituting the university council for the general council of faculties, the duties and powers of such university council being regulated by the decree of July 21, 1897. The rector of the university is president of that council by right, and is the legal representative of the university before the courts.
In the Department of Machinery the French exhibit included according to the general classification groups, steam engines, various motors and engines, sundry general machinery, machine tools, and shipyard machinery. All of these several groups and classes were united in order to form a collective exposition for the whole department.
To the above groups there were added the following: Spinning and rope-making machinery and weaving machinery and materials. The latter groups included machinery that could also have been placed in the department of general machinery.
In compliance with a suggestion made by the head of the engineering service at the fair, all machines and mechanical appliances exhibited in the Palace of Machinery were distributed, not in accordance with the nationality of exhibitors, but in accordance with the character and nature of the machinery.
French manufacturers had nothing to fear from the fact of their machinery having been placed in the immediate vicinity of other similar machines made by foreign manufacturers. On the contrary, a closer contact only resulted in setting off in a better light those particular qualities that have made France so successful in that branch of industry on previous occasions.
Outside of the Palace of Machinery there were exhibited in the boiler buildings five steam generators made by French manufacturers. These boilers contributed to the generation of the steam required for the power houses of the fair.
The distribution of exhibits all over the Palace of Machinery has made it impossible to arrange any decorative devices for the whole group of French exhibitors.
Another manifestation of the French mechanical industry was found in a pavilion which was built on ground between two of the main gates leading to the main entrance to the Hall of Machinery.
The French department of electricity was located on the left of the main entrance to the Palace of Electricity, occupying an area exceeding 2,000 square meters. In the center of the exhibit there was a space 350 square meters in area, used as a resting room for visitors. There were to be seen in a circular arrangement the show cases that made up the retrospective and modern exhibits sent by the French department of commerce, industry, post, and telegraph.
The decorative frieze arranged around the room bore, between laurel wreaths, the name of the most illustrious French physicians or electricians from the eighteenth century to this date.
The French exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture occupied an area of nearly 2,800 square meters. It was located in the northern corner and next to one of the main gates, fronting the French National Palace.
The French exhibit extended along the front of the palace on the northern and eastern sides.
The French exhibit of social economy occupied an area of 700 square meters in the Palace of Education. The main entrance formed one of the largest avenues in that palace, giving access to a main hall 50 meters in length by 12 meters in width, both front sides of which were subdivided into a score of small rooms 3 by 5 meters. The front sides of these small rooms were made up of partitions 4 meters high, decorated with mural paintings, and topped with a decorative frieze that bore the titles and subtitles belonging to the group of exhibits represented in the room. A shelf 0.50 meter wide, with a ledge, was arranged all along the rooms at the height of 1 meter from the ground, and supported all pamphlets, books, and other documents that supplemented the information supplied by the exhibits on the walls.
A show case and bookcase were put in the center of each room, containing the documents placed in view by the several exhibitors who were represented through publications only.
The individuality of each of the several groups was evident by titles or medallions of a decorative character, which also included a subtitle and index, arranged with as many particulars and in as methodical manner as possible, of all exhibitors, in order that the visitor might be saved as much labor as possible in his inquiries.
Members of commission.—Dr. Theodor Lewald (privy councilor), imperial German commissioner-general; Dr. Eugene Wagner (superior Government councilor), vice-commissioner; Mr. Otto Zippel (imperial councilor), treasurer; Mr. Heinrich Albert, assistant commissioner; Mr. Paul A. Zilling, commercial attaché, department of arts and crafts; Dr. Fritz Kestner, attaché; Dr. Hugo Hardy, attaché; Fritz Von Bardeleben, attaché; Dr. F.C. Rieloff, imperial consul; Baron von Reden, imperial vice-consul; Count Limburg-Stirum, general commissioner education department; Dr. Leopold Bahlsen (professor), substitute to the general commissioner education department; Mr. Herman Albert, commissioner mining department; Mr. Alard Scheck, commissioner of forestry department; Dr. Ludwig Wittmark (privy councilor), agricultural department; Dr. Hugo Kruss, scientific instruments; Dr. Johannes Breger, hygienic department; Dr. Otto Zwingenberger, chemical exhibits.
By order of the German Emperor, the German House (das Deutsche Haus) was erected on a prominence in the center of the World's Fair near the Cascades. It was a replica of one of the German castles most celebrated in history and art, and the most prominent German architects reproduced it in St. Louis and equipped it with the best products of modern art industry.
In the year 1902 the great question arose as to what kind of style and which building should be erected in America as a symbol of Germany. The Emperor decided that Charlottenburg Castle should be used for this purpose, as one of the most aristocratic and characteristic monuments of the first epoch of the Prussian Kingdom. The location of the German House on a towering hill and its purpose called for a different architecture from that of the Charlottenburg Castle, which is situated in a plain and which at the same time serves as a dwelling house. So the two wings of the Charlottenburg Castle were omitted, one of them to give room to the Pergola and the German Wine Restaurant. The place of a court of honor was here taken by the massive stairway and there were new ideas produced in the cupola, the exterior ornamentation, and in some of the interior apartments. The erection of the building was awarded to Prof. Bruno Schmitz, of Berlin, who in Germany has built some great monuments, and who is no stranger to the American public.
The equipment of the interior rooms was awarded to a number of the first German manufactories in the line of art furniture, the art of weaving and illuminating, and was finished by the most skillful artisans. The German House was on the same level as the Palace of Fine Arts and Festival Hall. Its base was 47 feet higher than the Mining Building. From the State buildings in the southern divisions of the World's Fair a wide path led through artistic garden spots to the rear entrance of the German House and from the Mining Building large stairs led up to the German Restaurant. Ascending the hill of the German House, the first impression was that of a castle front. The dimensions of the castle were: Length, 150 feet; depth, 69 feet; the height of the building to the apex of the cupola was 160 feet; it covered an area of 10,000 square feet, while the complete site with the terraces amounted to 174,931 square feet.
The castle consisted of a two-story gable, the front of which was almost exclusively occupied by the high windows and two by-parts with four axes, each with three-quarter Corinthian columns. Of the three stories, the uppermost—the mezzanine story—served only as a storeroom. The gable above the center part bore in large letters the inscription "Das Deutsche Haus." Groups at the corners of the gable represented Power and Wisdom. The capitals of the columns were molded from the original and the balustrades of the cornices were made from designs. The roof of the house was a platform like the original in Charlottenburg, surrounded by a cast-iron balustrade.
As at the prototype, in front of the German House the two Borghesian gladiators with sword and shield kept guard. The death masks on the sentry houses were Schluter's work and were erected after models taken in Charlottenburg. The dark color of the building and the patina of the roof accentuated the historical character of the building.
Around the building on the broad terraces, surrounded by a balustrade in modern Baroque, were long rows of laurel trees and rhododendrons which were brought over from Germany.
In the lower story was a circular center hall, the flat ceiling of which was supported by 8 columns, a true copy of the entrance hall of the Charlottenburg Castle. In the two wall niches, between high laurel trees, were placed busts of the Emperor and Empress. The pedestals were done in gray, specially prepared oak wood. Behind the busts were two stucco reliefs molded from the originals in Charlottenburg, representing scenes from Roman history.
A room with modern escritoire equipment served as reading and writing room for the members of the German press.
Off the center hall and facing the front was the extensive reading hall, likewise a copy of the room of the Charlottenburg Castle.
Noticeable in the room was a picture of the capital of the German Empire, Berlin, showing the bridge across the Spree, with the renowned statue of the Great Elector; behind this the great Royal Palace; also a picture of the "Hohkonigsberg," in olden times a mighty castle in German Alsatia, which for centuries has been a desolate ruin, but now is built anew in its old pomp and splendor. The series of pictures was concluded by a view of a plaza in the Hansa Town Lubeck.
In addition to these views, around the hall were the busts of eminent scholars, artists, poets, musicians. Besides other pieces of ornament, the reading room contained choice pieces of the royal porcelain manufactory, as well as a series of artistically finished groups representing the different countries of culture. Finally, to symbolize the character of the reading room, on the right table a bronze figure was placed showing the greatest German historian of all times, Theodore Mommsen, who only a short time ago died in extreme old age.
In the rear of the reading hall a broad terrace led down to the garden plots, embellished by the group by Professor von Uechtritz, Berlin, "The Crown is the safeguard of peace."
At both sides of the reading hall the office rooms were situated; to the right a large office room of the imperial commissioner or his representative, very tastefully equipped in modern style. The walls were wainscoted in oak and had capacious book shelves. From the ceiling, the beams of which were ornamented, numerous lamps and large candelabra were suspended. The room was completed by a comfortable fireplace, and to the left side of the room, or reading hall, were office rooms.
The upper center hall, with its eight columns, was a copy of the center hall of the Charlottenburg Palace, and in its quiet dignity highly characteristic of the Prussian development of the art of the Baroque.
In front of the nether window, between two columns, was placed the bust of the German Emperor in the uniform of the Gardes du Corps, with the eagle helmet, from the royal porcelain manufacturer in Berlin.
Another interesting feature of the German Building was the Gobelin hall. The rich ceiling in its pure plastic was modeled after the Elizabeth hall in the royal palace of Berlin, the stucco figures, as well as the decorations of the ceiling, likewise the golden medallions at the four corners, representing a procession of bacchantes, while the rich door panelings were modeled in the royal palace and placed here. The walls all around were wainscoted with palisander. But the main interest in this room centered in the four mighty gobelins. These gobelins were, by the charm of their colors and the delicacy of the composition, a source of enjoyment to every lover of art.
The Gobelin hall was laid out with a gorgeous modern carpet from the carpet works at Barmen. Of surprising delicacy were the curtains and the golden hangings above the windows, all masterpieces of the modern art of weaving, as were those all over the house made by the concern Hertzog in Berlin. The great candelabra of bronze and mountain crystal were lighted by wax candles.
Off the Gobelin hall was one of the richest rooms of the castle, the
Bradenburg chamber. This red-velvet chamber was used for one of the most
brilliant ceremonies in the royal palace, the solemn decoration of the
Knights of the Order of the Black Eagle.
Adjacent to this rich room was the main hall of the Deutsche Haus, the famous oak gallery, 115 feet long and 20 feet broad. The oak gallery forms in Charlottenburg the most important apartment of the castle and is characteristically German. The combination of the simple oak wood with the delicate gold carving produced a most original and most restful effect. The wonderful dimensions, the beautiful material, the harmony of colors, and perfection of artistic details all combined to impress the observer. The entire length of the long wall was divided into niches by pilasters. Each niche contained a mirror and over that a picture from the ancient classics. Along the walls of the hall were placed on marble pedestals the busts of former Prussian rulers.
The series of state rooms was concluded by one of the very finest rooms, the Tressen Saal (galloon room), also a copy from the Charlottenburg Castle. In contrast to the substantial splendor of the oak gallery, this apartment showed the whole delicacy and refinement of the Baroque. The name "Tressen Saal" was given to this room in consideration of the gold interwoven bands (tresses) which were sewn on to the red damask.
The harmony of the oak carvings, of the gilt stucco, the red damask, and the gold galloon composed one of the most delicate decorations of Prussian castles. This was finished by the ceiling, where were seen allegories painted and mounted on linen in imitation of the Tressen Saal in Charlottenburg Castle.
There was no special act authorizing the German exposition. In accordance with the general principles of the German constitution, the sum required for this purpose was entered in the budget. After an approval of the budget by the Bundesrath and the Reichstag the participation of Germany became a law. The fire insurance of the combined German exhibits covered $4,000,000, and this sum may be regarded as the approximate value of the exhibits. The aggregate cost of the organization, installation, and transportation paid by the Government was $1,300,000, of which the Imperial Government paid $900,000, the Prussian government $250,000, and the other Federal States $150,000.
Members of commission.—His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K.G., president of the royal commission; the Right Honorable Viscount Peel, chairman of the royal commission; Col. Charles M. Watson, R.E., C.B., C.M.G., commissioner-general and secretary of the royal commission; Mr. J.H. Cundall, general superintendent; Mr. Edmund H. Lloyd, general superintendent; Mr. Lucien Serraillier, secretary to the commissioner-general and for juries; Mr. C.D. Barrett, accountant; Mr. Herbert Langridge, in charge of correspondence and catalogue. Clerical assistants: Mr. R. Grant Dalton, Mr. S.G. Hutchinson, Mr. J. Perrin Harris. Department of education: Capt. P.H. Atkin, representative of the education committee; Mr. C.E. Down, assistant superintendent. Department of art: Mr. R.S. Hunt, representative of the art committee; Mr. Alfred A. Longdon, representative of the applied art committee. Department of liberal arts: Mr. J.E. Petavel, scientific manager of low temperature exhibit; Mr. H. Payne, assistant. Assistant superintendents of exhibits: Mr. J.F. Barrett, mines and metallurgy; Mr. John E. Blacknell, manufactures; Mr. J.T. Christie, liberal arts; Mr. Harold Darby, transportation; Mr. Joseph Devlin, agriculture, fish, and game; Mr. Edward Dixon, electricity; Mr. H. Werninck, liberal arts; Mr. W.C. Forster, Queen Victoria's jubilee presents; Mr. W. Brown, in charge of the British Pavilion garden; Mr. Arthur Smith, general foreman.
On April 23, 1903, the royal commission of King Edward VII was issued at Whitehall under His Majesty's royal sign, appointing the following commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:
The Prince of Wales; Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Peel; Victor Albert
George, Earl of Jersey; Richard George Penn, Earl Howe; Bernard Edward
Barnaby, Baron Castletown; George Arbuthnot, Baron Inverclyde; Richard
Barnaby, Baron Alverstone; John, Baron Avebury; Horace Cruzon Plunkett;
Charles Napier Lawrence; Sir Charles William Fremantle; Sir George
Hayter Chubb; Sir Edward John Poynter; Sir Charles Rivers Wilson; Sir
Edward Maunde Thompson; Sir William Henry Preece; Sir William Turner
Thiselton-Deyer; Sir Herbert Jekyll; Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema; Sir
Caspar Purdon Clarke; Sir George Thomas Livesey; Henry Hardinge; Samuel
Cunyghame; Edward Austin Abbey; Charles Vernon Boys; Thomas Brock;
George Donaldson; Clement Le Neve Foster; John Clarke Hawkshaw; Thomas
Graham Jackson; William Henry Maw; Francis Grant Ogilvie; William
Quiller Orchardson; Boverton Redwood; Alfred Gordon Salamon; Joseph
Wilson Swan; Jethro Justinian Harris; Teall, and Francis William Webb.
Col. Charles Moore Watson was appointed secretary to the commission. Subsequently, on the 6th of June, 1903, Sir John Benjamin Stone, M.P., was appointed additional commissioner.
At the first meeting of the royal commission, held at Marlborough House on the 28th of April, 1903, His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K. G., made a speech showing the interest that was felt in the exposition generally throughout Great Britain.
The interest taken in the exposition by Great Britain was exemplified strikingly in the amount of space which she occupied in the various exhibition buildings, amounting in the aggregate to no less than 206,642 superficial feet, of which only 8,000 feet was occupied by the Royal Pavilion. An idea of the vast scope of the exhibit may be learned from the following table, which gives the amount of space in each of the various exhibit palaces occupied by Great Britain's display:
Superficial feet.
Education …………………. 6,500
Social economy …………….. 810
———- 7,310
Art ……………………………… 20,872
Liberal arts ……………………… 35,500
Manufactures ……………………… 58,000
Electricity ………………………. 5,960
Transportation ……………………. 33,500
Agriculture ………………………. 20,400
Horticulture ……………………… 500
Forestry, Fish, and Game …………… 3,900
Mines and Metallurgy ………………. 11,700
Physical Culture ………………….. 1,000
In making choice of an interesting type to be followed in the British Royal Pavilion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, it was felt that the Orangery of the Royal Palace of Kensington would be representative of English domestic building at one of its happiest periods, and a tribute also to the memory of the great architect, Sir Christopher Wren. In the Orangery of Kensington was found a building that could be strictly reproduced to its real size. The Orangery was 170 feet long and had a range of sash windows uninterrupted by doorways, the central and end windows having stall boards under them, making the entrances. The long line of roof was broken only by the three brick parapets or pediments, the center one being carried on half-round columns and pilasters of gauged brickwork. The walls were of red brick and stock brick spaced out with design, imitation white stone being sparingly introduced in cornices or keystones to give a note of white in the color scheme. The long hall ended in circular anterooms. In the replica, at St. Louis, of Wren's building, the only departure from the original was the introduction of an enriched plaster ceiling, such as would be found in a house of the period; the real Orangery was left bare and whitewashed.
The architects used the Orangery as the principal front to a quadrangular building, the necessary offices and accommodation for royal commissioners and executive staff being provided in wings that led from the two circular anterooms. The fourth side of the open court was made by a colonnade, the royal arms being above the central opening. The character and details of the Orangery were carried through as far as possible, so that harmony and unity was given to this pleasant composition.
In the garden surrounding the pavilion an attempt was made to reproduce on a small scale the style of garden that was generally attached to the mansion residences in England during the reign of William III and Mary, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and at the time of Queen Anne, in the early part of the eighteenth century. The old-fashioned garden with characteristic features of shady terraces of "peached alleys," as they would be called, inclosed by hedges clipped into shapes and embellished with topiary work with the forms of animals and birds cut out of yews and boxes attracted much attention. The garden was filled with old-fashioned flowers. A water basin and fountain, typical of the old English gardens, were there, as also were stone statues and lead urns and vases. The garden became one of the sights of the exposition and was usually crowded with interested and delighted sightseers.
His Majesty King Edward VII was graciously pleased to lend the Queen Victoria jubilee presents to the exposition. The valuable and unique collection was placed in the upper story of the Hall of Congresses, one of the permanent stone buildings, now a part of the Washington University, and, according to the terms of loan, admission was free to the public. The royal presents included in the collection chiefly consisted of gifts made to Her Majesty the late Queen Victoria on the occasion of the jubilee celebrations of 1887 and 1897. Of these, the greater number came from India, where native princes of all grades and representatives of all nationalities and religions vied with each other in offering to her majesty the splendid tribute of her Indian Empire.
These Indian presents were of great interest, not merely on account of the precious metals and rare woods in which they were worked, but as showing how in recent years European ideas have influenced native Indian art, which, in many instances, was represented in its most characteristic and unaffected form.
The remainder of the collection included gifts offered by the representatives of the British colonies, many of them richly illuminated addresses, inclosed in caskets handsomely worked in metal or in native woods, or, as in the case of Cape Colony, which was represented by a magnificent screen of ostrich feathers, by objects recalling an important industry of the colony. These presents formed only a small proportion of the thousands sent from every part of the British Empire.
The presents were guarded night and day by members of the constabulary force of the city of London. Policemen from the same body patrolled the British Pavilion and grounds. The uniform courtesy of these men and their patience in answering the many questions put to them by a curious public spoke well for the corps which they represented.
The grant voted by the British Government for participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was £150,000. Private exhibitors bore all the expense connected with the collection, installation, and maintenance of their exhibits.
The small but artistic pavilion erected by the Government of Guatemala was situated at the extreme northern end of the World's Fair grounds, just east of the Administration Building and beside the pavilion of the Argentine Republic. It was intended as an exhibit palace, with the object of installing all the Guatemalan exhibits, as well as being a bureau of information.
In its exterior facade appeared an extensive, semicircular peristyle, sustained by columns of the renaissance style, and in front two doors leading to the two rooms into which the building was divided. In the upper part of the middle of the doors was placed the national shield, with the American flag on the right and the Guatemalan ensign on the left, both surrounding the bust of Extrada Cabrera, the present President of this wealthy and prosperous section of Central America.
The salon to the left was decorated with pictures by Guatemalan artists and had other artistic features, such as native pottery, statuettes, etc. Here every afternoon the coffee for which Guatemala is so justly famous was served to visitors. In the same room also were placed an extensive collection of newspapers and a series of literary works, scientific and didactic, by Guatemalan authors.
In the department to the right, arranged very tastefully and skillfully, were samples of valuable products, demonstrating the agricultural and mineral wealth of Guatemala. Among the exhibits was a collection of specimens of all classes of coffee, arranged in 160 receptacles and two small crystal columns. A magnificent collection of 186 specimens of cabinet work wood, beautiful in construction and coloring, attracted much attention by its wonderful variety.
The mineralogical section was not so extensive as that devoted to wood, but it showed magnificent specimens from the gold mines, also samples of silver, copper, lead, isinglass, coal, marble, kaolin, etc. Another installation showed some samples of native beer of excellent quality. There were also samples of rum and brandies, distilled from sugar cane and native fruits, among these products being the "banana whisky," a delicious liquor, exhibited for the first time to the public. The manufacture of this whisky is a new industry, and promises an excellent future.
The cereal and grain section was notable for the great variety of corn, frejols, wheat, barley, etc. The famous cocoas known by the name of "Socomusco," and which since the earliest time have been recognized as among the best produced on the continent, were also represented in this section, as well as sugar, which is being produced in the country in respectable quantities. The attention of visitors was attracted by the silk (or "ceiba") cotton, installed in the same section. It is remarkable for fineness, softness, and special color. It is locally known as "Algodon de Cajeta."
The extensive and variegated collection of roots, barks, and medicinal plants constituted a special section. Among them were different kinds of quinine, sarsaparilla, ipecacuana, and other herbs. Elastic or "india rubber," stearin, gums, vanilla, etc., made up an interesting exhibition of native products. Tobacco, similar to the kind grown in Cuba, which is produced in great abundance in Guatemala, was presented in its various processes of development, from the native leaf to the finished cigar or cigarette. Samples of fibers, grasses, flowers, roots, and palms were shown in abundance. From the palms of Guatemala are manufactured the so-called "Panama hats." Visitors were much interested in their extreme lightness and the uniformity of tissue of the Guatemalan hand-made straw hats.
The building was erected at a cost of $10,000. This sum included ornamentation and the landscape gardening. The cost of the exhibits, freight, and installation was approximately $10,000, and the expenses of the commission extant during the exposition was estimated at $5,000. This brought up the expenditure to the amount appropriated by the Guatemalan Government for the expenses of the exhibit.
The exhibit was authorized by a decree issued by the President of
Guatemala appointing the commission to represent the Government at the
St. Louis Universal Exposition, dated the 7th of April, 1904, which
reads as follows:
The constitutional President of the Republic has resolved that the official representation of Guatemala at the Universal Exposition of St. Louis shall be in charge of the legation of this Republic at Washington, D.C., and designates Mr. Carlos F. Irigoyen as special commissioner to be in charge of the exhibition, and appoints Mr. Manuel M. Jiron as attendant to the commission and to have charge of the degustation of our coffee. Mr. Jiron shall receive orders from the special commissioner, who in turn shall receive his instructions from the minister of fomento.
Members of Haiti commission.—Mr. J.N. Léger, president; Mr. Edmond Roumain, commissioner-general; Mr. Joseph Duque, commissioner; Mr. Price Mars, commissioner.
The participation of the Government of Haiti in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was decided by the deliberation of the ministerial council, presided over by the President of the country. The decision was taken previously in 1901, under the former government of Gen. Tiresias Simon Sam, and maintained by the actual government of Gen. Nord Alexis, in February and March of this year. The amount of the appropriation by the Haitian Government spent in its exhibit was $50,000.
Haiti unfortunately arrived too late at the fair to construct a special building, but installed excellent exhibits in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building and in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy.
The Haitian exhibit at the World's Fair was located in the southwestern section of the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, next the California exhibit, and covered a space of 30 by 75 feet. In the center was a beautiful pavilion in which the following species of native woods were represented: Mahogany, Santa Maria, tacha, rosewood, and tavernon. The woods most used in the construction were mahogany and Santa Maria. Most of the panels and all of the columns were made of these two woods, and they blended in such a manner that they looked as if they were one and the same wood. The other varieties were used in the smaller decorations. The object in making the pavilion was to show the native cabinet woods of Haiti, especially that of Santa Maria, a wood which very much resembles mahogany. Four columns of the pavilion were made of Santa Maria, one of mahogany, and one partly of each. In the pavilion were served coffee and cocoa, native products.
Just at the rear of the pavilion was a display of imported liquors and sirups from the land of Haiti, including anisette, maraschuino, repikes, creme de menthe, sirup d'orfeat, sirup de granadine, and crême de cocoa; also triple-distilled bay rum and rum of good quality from four distilleries in Haiti. On either side were glass cases in which were shown other interesting exhibits. First a collection of cigars and of beeswax in molds. Next a sectional case containing, samples of cotton mapon, used for the filling of mattresses and pillows. Then the cocoa bean; also coffee taken from the cherry, peanuts, sugar from the sugar cane, and bottled honey. In the next case were hides, leather, and a collection of fine shoes made in Haiti. Next to this case was a display of coffee beans and an interesting exhibit of hats made from palm leaves and corn husks. The chairs were made from the osier, or water willow. In the rear was a cabin made from the natural woods imported from Haiti. The roof was covered with palm leaves. The entrance was draped with an American flag on the, left and the red and blue flag of Haiti on the right. This Haitian; flag was made entirely by hand. In the interior was a fine collection of hand-carved vases, pedestals, mortar and pestles, bowls, urns, and tobacco boxes.
Members of Honduras commission.—Mr. Salvador Cordova, commissioner-general; Mr. Howard S. Reed, executive commissioner; Mr. Alejandro Bauer, assistant commissioner.
In the Palace of Agriculture, surrounded by a tropical bower of graceful palms and thousands of yards of long gray Spanish moss, was shown a collective exhibit of the wondrous and little known country of Honduras, Central America. Upon all sides the visitor was confronted by most curious and interesting samples of its varied resources. Crowds were constantly gathered about the rubber tree with its white, milk-like sap, and everyone seemed interested in the great bales of dried raw rubber, while questions, opinions, and discussions were many regarding this little known raw product. Even the great scarlet and blue macaw, from his high perch overhead, joined in with wild screeches when the crowds got too noisy.
Curious bales of sarsaparilla wrapped in white cowhide, great clusters of cocoanuts in their thick hulls, long tables with hundreds of specimens of dug plants and medicinal barks and roots, attracted curious crowds. The banana bulbs and stalks, 20 feet high, eleven months' growth, with the fruit which they had produced, gave the visitor an idea of what is possible by systematic culture, as a banana plantation with the proper care will produce fifty-two crops a year, which means a cutting every week. The consumption of the banana has increased with greater rapidity than any other fruit, and it occupies a position second to none as a food and fruit. The sarsaparilla in its original packing case was unique, and it represented its share in the country's exportations. Honduras sarsaparilla has taken the highest award at the last five expositions.
The cocoanut in its fibrous hull was a surprise to many, as the market shows them only clear of the hull. It is said that each cocoanut tree in Honduras averages about 365 nuts a year, or a nut each day. Brazil nuts were shown, with their hard outside shell, in which some 15 to 20 of the nuts are closely packed.
Of the 400 specimens of cabinet woods which were displayed, only about 100 are known to commercial uses; the rest are awaiting development. In this exhibit were the woods which neither burn nor float. Lignum-vitae, which is one of the heaviest woods known to science, and used extensively in the manufacture of mallets, etc., was displayed; also the San Juan wood, which has lately been discovered, and is found extensively on the coast. This wood is practically non-combustible, and is said to be the coming wood for car building, furniture, and interior finishing, being susceptible of a high polish. The mahogany, for which Honduras is noted, was shown in many varieties, as were rosewood, redwood, hard pine, cedar, etc.
The exhibit of native drug plants received special recognition. Among other herbs were the Peruvian and cinchona-bark quinine, rhubarb, vegetable wax, and many others unknown to science. Sugar planters were astounded at the cane only three months old and 12 feet high, grown without cultivation, and stalks were exhibited 24 feet high of twelve months' growth. At present there is not a sugar refinery in the country.
The ores exhibited were many specimens of quartz and placer gold, silver, lead, copper, and magnetic iron, of which there is practically an inexhaustible supply. The work of the natives was shown in hats, baskets, hammocks, etc., being of a high order of perfection. Many of the finest panama hats are made by the Indians in Honduras. The different kinds of sisal and hemp shown were pronounced by manufacturers to be of the very highest grade.
Many people, when the name Honduras, Central America, is mentioned, think of a far-away land untrodden by man. As a matter of fact, it was pointed out that it is not as far from New Orleans to Honduras as it is from St. Louis to either New York or Boston.
Several causes prevented an appropriation by Parliament for Hungary's participation at the Universal Exposition held in St. Louis; consequently the royal Hungarian minister of commerce, anxious that Hungary should be represented at the Congress of Nations in St. Louis, decided to furnish a sufficient sum out of funds at his disposal to make this participation possible.
Acting upon this decision, he appointed George de Szogyeny, LL.D., at that time commissioner of commerce, and accredited to the State Department in Washington, D.C., as commissioner-general, and commissioned the Hungarian Society of Fine Arts and the Hungarian Society of Applied Arts to arrange the exhibits in the Fine Arts Building and to arrange for the exhibit of applied arts.
The Hungarian Society of Applied Arts sent Paul Horti as its representative. Mr. Paul Horti is a well known art critic of Hungary. Mr. R.E. Rombauer was also a member of the commission.
The cost of Hungary's participation was approximately 200,000 crowns.
The value of exhibits was as follows:
Fine arts, 150,000 crowns; applied arts in the Manufactures Building, 600,000 crowns. There were other individual exhibits scattered through the palaces of Agriculture, Mines and Metallurgy, and Education, but they represented only a small value.
The government of India and the provincial governments of Bengal, Assam, and Mysore jointly contributed the sum of 105,000 rupees (equivalent to about $35,000), and the Indian Tea Association, Indian Tea Cess Committee, and the United Planters' Association of southern India, contributed 90,000 rupees (equal to about $30,000) for the erection of a building and expenses attendant on the work of the exhibition proper, which was designed to promote and encourage the use of India tea and coffee in America. When it was decided that India should take part in the exhibition, exhibitors of Indian manufactures, for whom no space had been reserved in the exhibition palaces, were referred by the government of India, the exhibition authorities, and by the British royal commission to the commissioners in charge, and their exhibits, together with those made of tea, coffee, cardamoms, and pepper, were installed in the government building and formed practically the entire exhibit from India.
Mr. R. Blechynden was the only executive officer appointed for East India. F.C. Williams, of New York, was subsequently appointed as honorary assistant commissioner.
The exhibit would not have been made but for the urgent request of those representing the tea interests, through the Bengal Chamber of Commerce, and it was intended primarily and mainly for the exploitation of Indian teas in America, thus finding a wider market for their use. In addition to the erection of a building and the serving of tea in liquid form to the visitors at a nominal charge, a considerable fund was set apart for advertising the merits of these teas in the Middle West. Part of this sum was expended during the continuance of the exhibition, and the work was all coordinated and in the hands of the commissioner. The exploitation may continue for several years. Advertisements have appeared in newspapers in St. Louis, Omaha, Chicago, Columbus, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Louisville, and many other smaller towns. The aggregate of expenditure in the next few years will be much more than set apart for the exhibition.
All of the East India exhibits were contributed by individuals and were confined to the East India Building, but were grouped under the heads of art, liberal arts, manufactures, and agriculture.
Members of Italian commission.—His Excellency Baron E. Mayor des Planches, honorary commissioner-general; Mr. Giovanni Branchi, commissioner-general; Mr. Adolfo Appoloni, commissioner of fine arts; Chev. Vittorio Zeggio; Mr. Guido Pantaleoni; Mr. Alberto Alfani, Mr. Tullio Giordana, Mr. Cesare Della Chiesa, Mr. Jerome Zeggio, secretaries; Mr. Giuseppe Sommarauga, architect of the pavilion.
The Italian pavilion was one of the most artistic and beautiful, if not one of the smallest, foreign buildings on the World's Fair grounds. It was a construction of Roman travertine stone, ornamented with bronze and marble sculptures. It was an architectonic fancy, Graeco-Roman, on the style of the ancient villas of the emperors of the Caesarian age, with garden and fountains.
The front colonnade ended in two stout lateral "pillars," crowned by two "victories" of gilded bronze (a work by Bialetti, of Milan), one of which bore the Italian laurel and the others the olive branch, as a token of peace and welfare.
After ascending the first stairs, about 90 feet wide, and passing through all the colonnade of ionic style, was the garden where the ancient Romans used to grow their laurel, an image of glory.
The building was erected on a strong base more than 15 feet high, with another flight of stairs more than 45 feet wide.
The front was formed by a central body of the Corinthian style of the best epoch, flanked by two lower parts ornamented by marble and bronze works. The caryatides of the three latticed windows were authentic copies of the ancient caryatides of Greek origin now in the Castle of Abano, near Rome.
In the hall, together with cases and various ancient works, there was a faithful copy of the famous Etruscan vase called "Of François," belonging to the gallery of Florence, and a good copy in marble of the Roman group of wrestlers. Also in the same halls, in the cavities at the end under the frieze, with the inscription in Roman characters, "Italia lux alma preevit," were two great oil paintings of their Royal Majesties the King and Queen of Italy.
This monument of art was the work of Giuseppe Sommarauga, architect, of Milan, who had also the task of originating and directing all the principal decorations made and shipped from Italy.
The participation of Italy at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was authorized by a law of the Italian Parliament dated December 27, 1903. The participation was prepared by the department of agriculture, industry, and commerce, under the direct supervision of the minister, Hon. Luigi Rava. A special committee was appointed for that purpose by the King, and the Hon. Angelo Pavis, a prominent member of the Italian Parliament, was elected chairman of the committee. The Italian ambassador to the United States, the Baron Edmondo Mayor des Planches, who advised the Italian Government to let Italy appear officially at the exposition, was appointed honorary commissioner-general, and Hon. Giovanni Branchi, the Italian consul-general in New York, was appointed commissioner-general. Adolfo Appoloni, one of the members of the royal commission in Rome, was appointed special commissioner for fine arts, and Mr. Branchi chose as members of the commission Guido Pantaleoni, electrical engineer, of St. Louis, and Chev. Vittorio Zeggio, who was special delegate from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to promote the participation of Italy to the World's Fair. Besides these members of the commission four secretaries and several assistants helped the commission in the work of arranging and distributing the different exhibits.
The appropriation of the Italian Government for the exposition was 650,000 lire ($130,000), but this appropriation was raised in progress to 800,000 lire ($170,000). A small fee of $4 per square meter was assessed to the exhibitors, but the artists and the schools had nothing to pay. No private contributions were accepted by the Government. The Government paid the cost of transporting and maintenance of exhibits, which amounted to about $30,000. The number of exhibitors was about 1,100. Many more firms would have sent their products to this exposition had they had time to arrange a fitting display. For this reason the Italian display was not a full demonstration of what Italy produces.
The largest Italian displays were in the Fine Arts, the Manufactures, and the Agriculture buildings. The paintings and the sculptures exhibited were sufficient to give an idea of the modern art in Italy. They were all quite recent, with the exception of some pictures exhibited as loan, which were painted before the Chicago Exposition. The largest and most important art societies of Italy took a great interest in the exposition, but lack of time prevented the artists from preparing special works to be exhibited. The spirit of modern Italian art was individual, all working for the development of a national art. Among the sculptures were Monteverde, Fontana, Origo, and Romanelli. Among the painters, Previati, Rizzi, Mancini, Gioli, Morbelli, Dall'Oca Bianca Laurenti, Ciardi, Fattori de Karolis, Nomellini, Gelli, etc.
In the Manufactures Building the exhibits of carved wood furniture was displayed, together with ceramics, pottery, marble, bronzes, silks, textiles, laces, embroideries, paving bricks, and many other exhibits of great importance. Among the show cases was a large and artistic one, in which was exhibited the silk factories' display.
In the Agriculture Building Italy had a large display of samples of the many kinds of wines and olive oils it produces, and there was a large display of seeds sent by the department of agriculture.
In the Mines Building a beautiful collection of marbles and sulphur showed the wealth of the under-soil resources of Italy.
The photographs, the plans, and the maps of the electrical power houses and diverting works for the production of electricity in the Electricity Building attracted many visitors.
In the Transportation Building the Rete Mediterranes, one of the railroads that operates in Italy, exhibited the electrical system used on some of its lines.
One of the best and most important Italian exhibits was in the Educational and Social Economy Building. In both these lines Italy stood among the most progressive nations in the world. The results of the schools, the people's banks and savings banks, and the mutual help societies were an excellent demonstration.
In the Liberal Arts were to be seen musical instruments, books, and products of the paper factories.
Corals, cameos, and mosaics were exhibited in the Varied Industries
Building, and some of them were remarkable works of art.
On July 10, 1903, an imperial ordinance for the organization of the imperial Japanese commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was issued by the Mikado to the effect that the imperial commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition should be under the supervision of the minister of state for agriculture and commerce, and should deal with all the matters relating to the participation of the Japanese Empire in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition; that the imperial commission should consist of the following:
Nonresident: Baron Keigo Kiyoura, president; Baron Masanao Matsudaira, vice-president. Resident: Mr. Seiichi Tegima, commissioner-general; Mr. Hiromichi Shugio; Mr. Ushitaro Beppu; Mr. Naozo Kanzaki. Nonresident commissioners: Mr. Hajime Ota, Mr. Haruke Yamawaki, Mr. Masanao Hanihara, Mr. M. Isobe, Mr. J. Koyama, Mr. M. Oka, Mr. Okamoto. Resident: Mr. Keisuke Niwa, director of works; Mr. Yukio Itchikawa, landscape architect; Mr. Saizo Tajima; Prof. Yoshitaro Wantanabe; Mr. Mosuke Matsumura, secretary education department; Mr. Kannosuke Miyashima, expert home department. Secretaries (resident): Mr. Harukazu Miyabe, Mr. Michio Hattori, Mr. Toyozo Kobayashi. Attachés (resident): Mr. Shun Suzuki, Mr. Kiro Harada, Mr. Teiichiro Gejyo, Mr. Risaburo Ota.
Beginning with the international exposition held at Vienna in 1873, and including the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Japan has participated in twenty-seven world's fairs. Her participation in the exposition at St. Louis was more memorable in many respects than at any preceding exposition. In the first place, the exhibits never before occupied such an extensive area. It was three times as large as that occupied by Japan at the Chicago World's Fair of 1893 and the Paris Exposition of 1900, respectively. In each department where Japan took any part at the fair her location was excellent. The enthusiasm of Japanese manufacturers and traders in their desire to participate in the exposition was so intense that despite the effort of the Government to discriminate between numerous applicants the quantity of exhibits was swelled to such an extent that it was a matter of no small difficulty to find places for all the articles sent in for exhibition. Notwithstanding the fact that there was only a short period of nine months between Japan's decision to participate and the opening of the fair, and that in the course of that comparatively short period the rupture of friendly relations between Russia and Japan greatly handicapped the latter's endeavors concerning the exposition, the officials and exhibitors pursued their preconceived plan without an interruption. In view of such disadvantages, the promptness and accuracy with which articles were brought into their destination, arranged, and displayed seasonably in proper form may well be regarded as remarkable. By the time the gates of the fair were thrown open to the public the display had been well-nigh completed, to the gratification of the Exposition Company and the Japanese exhibitors.
When Japan was first invited to take part in the exposition she was busily engaged in preparing for the Fifth National Exhibition held in the city of Osaka. For that reason she declined reluctantly to accept the invitation; but as the inauguration of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was consequently postponed until the 1st day of May, 1904, Japan was later enabled to accept the invitation.
Early in the year 1904 the imperial Government sent a corps of officials to St. Louis to select a suitable location for the Government buildings, and to apply for space in the various departments of the exposition. Due to the prompt attention of the Japanese Government and the courtesy of the managers of the exposition, the desired arrangements were accomplished without the slightest difficulty. A bill appropriating $400,000 to be expended for the exposition was passed by both houses of the legislature, and in July, 1903, the Government formally notified the Exposition Company at St. Louis that Japan would be represented at the fair.
The Japanese commission for the exposition took great care not to accept for exhibition any articles which had mere virtue of novelty, without practical value, or any articles not produced in large volume. The idea of the Government in employing such discrimination was to so plan the exhibition that it would leave some lasting effects after the exposition upon the world's trade and commerce. The exhibition of matters relating to education was executed under the direct supervision of the department of education, and was so planned as to make it represent a complete system of the education now in vogue in Japan. In regard to the exhibitions of mines, fish, forestry, agriculture, and horticulture, the department of agriculture and commerce exercised the authority of deciding what articles should be displayed. The arrangement of articles exhibited in various departments of the exposition was made so that those independent of the Japan Exhibits Association were arranged by individual exhibitors under the supervision of the Japanese commission, while others were set out in proper order by the association.
There was no department or palace in which Japan did not exhibit. Displays on an especially elaborate scale, however, could be found in the following eleven palaces, namely: Palaces of Education and Social Economy, Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Varied Industries, Transportation, Mines, Forestry, Fish, and Game, Electricity, and Agriculture. The total area of space of the Japanese sections in these departments was distributed among different sections as follows:
Square feet.
Palace of Education …………………………. 6,299
Palace of Fine Arts …………………………. 6,825
Palace of Liberal Arts ………………………. 400
Palace of Industry ………………………….. 27,384
Palace of Manufactures ………………………. 54,737
Palace of Transportation …………………….. 14,160
Palace of Electricity ……………………….. 1,100
Palace of Mines …………………………….. 6,903
Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game ……………. 2,982
Palace of Agriculture ……………………….. 8,667
———-
Total ……………………………….. 129,457
Besides the above areas in the various departments, a garden of a genuine Japanese style covered an extensive space of ground, in which stood the Government building. Attached to it was a reception hall and several artistic mansions. Displays of Japanese garden and floricultural arts were exhibited in the garden. In the reception hall were exhibited various data showing the growth and present status of the Red Cross Society of Japan. Altogether, the dimension of space taken by Japan for the garden aggregated approximately 148,361 square feet. Artistically distributed within the precincts of the garden were the reception hall, the office building, the Formosa tea house, the Kinkaku tea house, and several cottages and a bazaar. Hills and waterfalls, ponds and bridges were presented in miniature scale. In the verdant lawns flowers of different colors were all harmonized into an artistic unit in unique landscape gardening. Beautifully trained dwarf trees, centuries old, were brought from Japan for the special purpose of ornamenting the garden. There were also the drooping wisteria and gay peony, the scented lily and blushing maple.
The building materials for the reception hall, the office building, and resting cottages were brought from Japan. The reception hall was built entirely by native carpenters, after the style of a daimyo's goten (palace of feudal lord) of some six hundred years ago. The architectural style of the building was what is termed Heike, a style prevailing at the time when a military family called Heike held a paramount power. The artistically curved roofs, projecting one upon another, were a modest representation of architectural accomplishment already attained in Japan several centuries ago. Hanging on the inner wall of the hall was the portrait of Her Majesty the Empress of Japan, and occupying a section of the room were the exhibits of the Red Cross Society of Japan, in which the Empress takes a keen interest. The resting cottage was modeled after a cottage in a shogun's (military magistrate) garden, two or three centuries ago. Close to the south bank of the lake was a small reproduction of Kinkaku Temple. Close to the right of the front gate of the garden stood the Formosa mansion, a fair representation of characteristic native dwellings. The Kinkaku Temple was built under the auspices of the Japan Tea Traders' Association, and the Formosa mansion by the initiative of the Formosa government.
Members of Mexico commission.—Engineer Albino R. Nuncio, commissioner-general; Mr. Benito Navarro, assistant to the commissioner-general; Mr. Juan Renteria, assistant to the commissioners general; Engineer Lauro Viadas, chief department of agriculture; Mr. Daniel R. De la Vega, assistant to the chief; Mr. Isidoro Aldasoro, chief department of art and ethnology; Mr. Leopoldo Tell and Mr. Octavio Andrade, assistants to the chief; Mr. Maximiliano M. Chabert, chief department of liberal arts; Mr. Alberto Ocampo, assistant to the chief; Mr. Julio Poulat, chief department of education; Mr. Manuel Costa, assistant to the chief; Mr. Enrique Garibay, chief department of forestry, fish, and game; Mr. Jorge Salazar, assistant to the chief; Mr. J. Alberto MacDowell, chief department of horticulture; Mr. J.M. Nuncio, chief department of manufactures; Mr. Antonio Sierra Cruz, assistant to the chief; Engineer Eduardo Mantinez Baca, chief department of mines and metallurgy; Mr. Miguel Peinado, assistant to the chief; Maj. S. Garcia Cuellar, chief department of transportation; Lieut. Manuel Garcia Lugo and Lieut. Jose Ortiz Monasterio, assistants to the chief; Mrs. Laura M. De Cuenca, Dr. Plutarco Ornelas, Prof Teofilo Frezieres, Mr. E.H. Talbot, Mr. Jose M. Trigo De Claver, Mr. Roberto Garcia, Mr. Jose A. Bonilla.
The amounts voted by the Mexican Congress, according to dates since the organization of the work, for the participation of Mexico at the Universal Exposition of St. Louis, were as follows:
October 22, 1901 …………………………. $50,000
July 1, 1902 …………………………….. 70,000
November 23, 1902 ………………………… 15,000
July 1, 1903 …………………………….. 90,000
December 3, 1903 …………………………. 250,000
July 1, 1904 …………………………….. 100,000
November, 1904 …………………………… 300,000
————
Total ………………………………… 875,000
The Mexican exhibit in the department of education, as a whole, demonstrated the remarkable development of public instruction from primary to scientific, and at the same time the progress made by adopting new plans and systems. The exhibit as a whole could also be studied in detail by looking over the regulations, plans of study, statistics, texts, etc., which were displayed there.
The Gallery No. 94 of the west pavilion of the Fine Arts Building was the one assigned by the Exposition Company to the exhibition of fine arts from the Republic of Mexico. This small gallery contained 38 oil paintings, 2 pen drawings, and 2 sculptures. The paintings belonged to 11 exhibitors.
The importance of the exhibition as relates to the art cultivated in Mexico was represented by the famous works of the Artist Fabres, which attracted a great deal of attention.
In the Palace of Liberal Arts Mexico exhibited technical works and diversified industrial products. Among the most important were those of official character, such as geographical maps, the system used for the illumination of the seashores, the construction of buildings for special works, etc. Also plans and constructions of architectural character from' prominent architects of Mexico.
Displayed here were exhibits from the manufactures of drugs and chemical products, perfumes, paper, printing and binding companies, and many others comprised in the extensive official classification. One most important exhibit was that of chemical products and pharmacy.
Another very important branch of liberal arts, and very well developed, was that of photography. Very remarkable works of the most expert photographers of the country were exhibited.
In the Department of Manufactures the industrial concerns from Mexico were represented as follows: The cotton and woolen mills, which have greatly developed in the Republic; the leather and shoe industry was well demonstrated by a number of factories which exhibited their products; there were also shown a number of samples from the manufacture of furniture and decorating fixtures for buildings and residences.
Full information about the railroad lines, general railroad map, and great number of photographs of the most important points on the lines, plaster models of the Tehuantepec Railroad connecting the two oceans, and statistical information of the railroad development were exhibited in the Transportation Building. Models of light-houses and original light-houses that will be used in the Vera Cruz Harbor were displayed also, as well as models of the harbors of Mazanillo, Salina, Curz, Coatzacoalcos, and Tampico. Tools, bags, scales, etc., used in the mail service, and statistical information of the development of the service were shown, as were carriages, harness, saddles, and all kinds of implements used for driving and riding.
The war department had a general display of educational methods used in the military and naval academies, and maps, military library, improvements invented by some member of the army and samples of materials made by its factories.
In the Electricity Building were maps and reports of the most important electrical installations of the country.
In the Machinery Hall were displayed machines made in the factories of the army for the manufacture of cartridges, and antiscaling substance.
Among the Mexican exhibits at St. Louis, the largest number was in the Agricultural Building, where the display occupied over 900 square feet of space. The exhibits made by the three leading breweries of Mexico was noticeable as to elegance and artistic good taste. Great importance was attached to the exhibits of leaf and manufactured tobacco. The coffee exhibit attracted general attention.
The exhibit of fibers, especially that of Henequen, from Yucatan, was very important and complete, the last named being the cause of flourishing trade with the United States. The exhibit of sugar showed the great resources of Mexico in this product. A splendid exhibit of Mexican vanila attracted the attention of all visitors. The exhibit of agronomical maps by the Mexican Commission was of much scientific value, and the collection of insects and injurious parasitical plants was also worthy of attention.
The Mexican exhibit in the Department of Forestry, Fish and Game consisted of 600 specimens, arranged and classified by the Medical and National Institute of Mexico, and attracted considerable attention. The magnificent exhibit of animals and stuffed birds was also admired. The exhibit was arranged and presented by the Geographical Commission of Mexico. The collection of woods presented by the governments of the States of Colima, Durahgo, Mexico, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Michoacan, Yucatan, and the department of fomento was noticeable for the diversity of kinds of woods forming the collection, amounting to 800. The exhibit of broom root from Mexico was the only one of its kind in all the Department of Forestry, and concerning which the largest number of inquiries was made.
In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy Mexico occupied 13,000 square feet of space. A great variety of ores and minerals was displayed, viz, gold, silver, lead, iron, copper, antimony, zinc, etc. The number of exhibitors amounted to 330. The Geological Institute of Mexico presented maps, geological plans, mineral rocks, publications, etc. Among the latter a very interesting study of the veins of the mines of Pachuca and Real de Monte, also another of the Rhyolitas of Mexico.
The social and economical conditions of the Republic of Mexico were splendidly represented in the Department of Social Economy by numerous official and private publications and photographs. The wise steps taken by the Government, which have changed the economical conditions of the country, constituting an intellectual, material, and positive development, were logically collected according to the department of state to which they belong. The exhibit was completed by a numerous collection of photographs of cities, ports, public buildings, monuments, residences, etc., showing how Mexican cities have been improved and beautified and how the Republic of the south has progressed from a material and artistical standpoint.
Members of commission.—Mr. T.E. Donne, representative; Mr. Frederick Moorhouse and Mr. Thomas Clarkson, attachés.
When the New Zealand government received the invitation of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition executive to be represented at the World's Fair the colonial parliament gave the utmost publicity to the proposal and offered to allow any of its business firms a share of the space that was to be placed at its disposal. The tariffs of the United States, however, proved a serious obstacle, as the chief business houses of the young nation failed to see how their interests would be served by advertising in a country which placed a heavy tariff on their goods. However, the executive of the government, recognizing the cordiality of the invitation and with a desire to emphasize its wishes for the closest relationship with the American people, decided to be represented directly by one of its own departments—the department of tourist and health resorts. The chief of that branch of the public service, Mr. T. E. Donne, was therefore authorized to prepare an exhibit setting forth the attractions of New Zealand to tourists and the work the department is doing in that connection. When compiling the exhibit Commissioner Donne represented to his government that it would be advisable also to include a few of the country's general products, and it therefore extended the original idea in this direction.
In the Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game New Zealand had a unique and tastefully arranged display that attracted keenest interest. A collection of Scotch red deer and fallow deer heads testified to the magnificent hunting that is obtained among the virgin forests of New Zealand, and specimens of trout—rainbow, salmon, fario, and fontinalis—taken from the mountain-fed streams that intersect the country from one end to the other appealed to the fishing enthusiast.
Pictures and paintings around the walls were fascinating in that they served to indicate to visitors the character of a country which nature has blessed, when judged from a point of view of the beautiful and picturesque. Mount Cook, majestically rising to a height of nearly 13,000 feet, was shown in paintings and photographs. Lakes Taupo, Te Anau, Wakatipu, Manawapouri, Waikaremona, and others, whose clear, glassy waters, surrounded by verdure-covered hills, gave some idea of the loveliness of New Zealand lakes. The Wanganui River, Milford Sound, one of the world's wonderful fiords, and the canyons known as the Otira and Buller gorges were some of the features that interested the visitors.
The thermal districts were chiefly represented by the great Waimangu geyser and its crater, 21/2 acres in extent, which throws up boiling water, mud, and stones to a height of 1,500 feet, claiming a place as one of the "wonders of the world."
Forestry was represented by beautifully finished ornamental wood and a splendid exhibit of the famous Kauri gum. This gum, which is used principally in the manufacture of varnish, takes an important place among New Zealand products, no less than five million dollars worth being exported last year. Of special interest to ornithologists were the native wingless birds of New Zealand.
The ancient habits of that interesting and progressive race, the Maori, who preceded white people in New Zealand, were shown in some remarkably realistic and unique carvings and paintings. The Maori has long since passed the savage state and has shown his ability to attain the highest stages of modern civilization. The contrast between the position of the Maori in 1840 and in 1904 constitutes a remarkable progress in racial development. Formerly the Maori was a savage, clever and enterprising, but ferocious, cruel, and a cannibal. To-day he tills the soil, speaks English, and sends his children to school and college, where they study for the highest professions, such as medicine, law, teaching, etc. Contact with a highly civilized community has diverted the natural intelligence of the Maori to useful channels, while Christianity has developed the best instincts of a fine race of people. In the to-day the Maori stands side by side with the white man, a welcome comrade in the building of a new nation. Six Maoris occupy positions in the New Zealand legislature, and one is a cabinet minister.
In the Agricultural Building a score of sacks containing wheat, oats, peas, beans, clover, grass seed, etc., paid tribute to the climate and soil of New Zealand. The extreme interest shown by all visitors constituted a very high compliment to the country. The demand by farmers for samples of wheat and oats was great. The attention bestowed by farmers and grain merchants upon the New Zealand grain display had its counterpart in the attitude of women visitors toward the exhibit of woolen rugs and blankets. Its exceptional soil and climate enable the New Zealand farmer to rear sheep with a grade of wool that can seldom be obtained elsewhere. Factories that have been established in the principal cities weave the wool into clothing, rugs, and blankets of an excellent strength and quality. Fleeces, both scoured and greasy, afforded wool experts an opportunity of closely examining the staple in raw material. Other products shown in the Palace of Agriculture were bales of hemp manufactured from New Zealand flax, a very fine sample of hops grown in the Nelson district, rabbit skins packed and ready for export, kegs of tallow, crude petroleum, etc. These served to indicate partially the resources of a wonderfully rich and productive country.
A chief attraction of the New Zealand exhibit was the opportunity it provided Americans for personally interrogating the New Zealand representatives concerning the government of their country. Political economists in America, as in other parts of the world, have in recent years been pointing to New Zealand as a country where a government fulfills its proper functions in caring for the welfare of the whole of the people, where each man and woman takes a recognized and effective part in the making of the laws which govern them, and where high ideals of modern civilization are lived up to.
The Norwegian Storthing (Parliament) on the 20th of January, 1904, failed to pass a bill appropriating funds for Norway's participation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The Government, however, being aware that there would be some individual exhibitors, decided to accept the invitation from the American authorities to have a commission appointed.
By resolution of the Crown Prince Regent on March 25, Frederick L.M. Waage, vice-consul for Sweden and Norway to St. Louis, was appointed commissioner-general for Norway. No Government appropriation and no money was raised by private subscriptions.
Three individual exhibitors displayed goods:
David Andersen, Christiana, in the Varied Industries Building, silverware and enamel. Cost of exhibit, $40,000; installation, $500, transportation, $800.
Chr. Knag, Bergen, furniture of the old Norwegian style in the east wing of the Fine Arts Building. Cost of exhibit, $3,000; transportation, $125.
Nordenfjeldske Kunstindustrimuseum, Dortheim, tapestries, old and new Norwegian patterns and designs by Gerhard Munthe. Cost of exhibit, $10,000; transportation, $35.
Sweden's participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was authorized by the following decree addressed by King Oscar, of Sweden and Norway, to A.R. Akerman, director-general and president of the board of trade, which decree appointed Mr. Akerman commissioner-general to the exposition. The decree gives fully an account of the Swedish participation and was as follows:
Greetings, etc.
Since the President of the United States has invited the governments of other states, including Sweden, to participate in a Universal Exposition in St. Louis, originally intended to be held in 1903, but now being decided to be open during the period from May 1 to December 1, 1904, and we, through gracious proposition, of which a copy is herewith attached, suggested to the Riksdag to appropriate, on an extra budget for 1904, an amount of 120,000 kronor for Sweden's participation in the art and educational exhibits of the exposition has the Riksdag in a communication of May 22, 1903, with reference to the arrangements of expenses of the State budget, eighth section, communicated the following:
The Riksdag had considered the advisability that Sweden be officially represented at the Universal Exposition in St. Louis 1904, especially as this could be supposed as being in line with the desire of the Swedes residing in the United States and serving to strengthen the ties that still unite them with their Fatherland, and in accordance with the expression of the chief of our ecclesiastic department in the minutes of our ministry had the Riksdag embraced the opinion that the official participation of Sweden should embrace the departments of art and education, in which sections our country seems to have especially good possibilities successfully to compete with the greater countries of culture.
In a letter to the Academy of Fine Arts, incorporated in the minutes of our ministry, the three societies of artists had expressed the desire that from the collections of art belonging to the State works of art should be contributed that might be required in order that the exposition in question should give a complete illustration of the development of art in our country. In consequence of this, the Riksdag had considered it necessary to point out the fact that as it has occurred that works of art contributed from the collection of the States to be exhibited at other places at the return of the same were more or less damaged, and that as in consequence of the transport that would be necessary in this case absolute guarantee for the restitution of these works of art in an undamaged condition could hardly be had, doubts seemed to meet as to such a contribution as had been suggested by the societies of artists.
Calling attention to what has just been pointed out, the Riksdag stated that the Riksdag, with consent to our proposition in question regarding the participation of Sweden in the art and educational departments of the Universal Exposition in St. Louis 1904, had appropriated on an extra budget for the year 1904 the sum of 120,000 kronor.
Having had this presented before us, we have, accepting on Sweden's behalf the above-mentioned invitation as far as concerns the art and the educational departments of the exposition, resolved to appoint a committee, who is hereby empowered to take all measures necessary for the participation of Sweden in these departments of the exposition and to transact all business belonging to the same which is not of a nature to be submitted to our gracious consideration; and we have appointed you as president of the committee and as members of the same selected the principal of the technical school of Stockholm, Bror Viktor Adler; the inspector of the common schools at Stockholm, Carl Gustaf Bergman; the vice-general consul, Bror Axel Fredrik Georgii; the assistant professor at Ostermalms public secondary school, Stockholm, Nols Gerhard, Eilhelm Lagerstedt, and the superintendent of the art section of the National Museum, Carl Ludvig Looström.
We, intending to appoint in the future, on the recommendation of the committee, a commissioner for Sweden at the exposition, herewith empower the committee to appoint a secretary and necessary assistants and in as far as it is found necessary to secure the cooperation of persons whose insight and ability can secure for Sweden a successful and honorable representation at the exposition.
Finally, we authorize the committee to collect after the beginning of 1904, at our exchequer department, the above-mentioned amount appropriated by the Riksdag to be used as demands require for the purpose intended, with the obligation to account for same and with the understanding that the committee assumes the responsibility that this amount under no circumstances is exceeded; and we have ordered the exchequer department to pay from moneys on hand in advance, on requisition and to be deducted from the mentioned appropriation, what is necessary to carry on the work of the committee during the year 1903, not exceeding an amount of 20,000 kronor. Which we herewith communicate for your knowledge and abeyance as far as you are concerned, at the same time as a gracious letter is sent to the exchequer department.
For the representation of Peru at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the Peruvian Government appropriated approximately $100,000. The President of Peru appointed Mr. Alexander Garland, a distinguished Peruvian and noted writer of international and economical matters, commissioner-general. Mr. Garland, it is said, has always been noted in his country as a strong upholder of favorable trade relations with the United States. Mr. Miguel Miro-Queseda, a newspaper man of Peru, was appointed secretary to the commission. Subsequently Mr. Ernest H. Wands, of New York, and Wilfred H. Schoff were appointed commissioners and Mr. Manual C. Velarde secretary.
A variety of samples of cotton and woolen goods manufactured by factories lately established in Peru, at La Victoria, Vitarte, La Providencia, San Jacinto, Malastesta, etc., was displayed in the Peruvian section of the Agriculture Building, together with abundant samples of different qualities of Peruvian cotton. In the same building were exhibited excellent samples of sugar cane from Grande, Cartavio, Roma, and Chiquitoy. Samples of other products of the soil, as cotton, coffee, cacao, cocoa, cocaine, rice, etc., which figure under the exports of Peru, were also exhibited. In the same section were samples of Peruvian maize, white, yellow, and red, at least double the size of the corn raised in other parts of the world, as well as other specimens of the agricultural products of Peru.
The mines section showed the mineral resources of the country. Gold, silver, copper, lead, cinnabar, manganese, and all kinds of minerals were represented by a large variety of rich samples. Large blocks of lignite, anthracite, etc., gave an idea of the importance of the coal fields of Peru. Mineral oils, mineral waters, sands from placers, and a variety of salts samples were exhibited demonstrating that Peru is well endowed in minerals. There was also a mineral map of Peru made under the direction of the Sociedad Nacional de Mineria.
The Peruvian section in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Palace had samples of rubber of the Peruvian varieties in large quantities. Samples of wood gave an idea of the inexhaustible amount of raw materials that are contained in the vast forests of Peru, valuable for civil and naval construction and cabinetwork. Barks, resins, nuts, roots, seeds, and leaves for medical use and dyeing and tanning purposes confirmed the richness of Peruvian soil.
Russian Commission.—Mr. Edward Grunwaldt, executive commissioner; Mr. Jacob Godberg, Mr. Max Berkowitz, Mr. L.A. Robinson.
Russia was at different times invited to participate in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904, but no definite acceptance was received until Mr. Thomas H. Cridler, the foreign representative of the Exposition Company, made a personal visit to the Emperor. His Majesty was heartily in favor of the proposition, and in proof of his good feeling toward the American people, ordered an appropriation of 450,000 rubles be set aside to meet the preliminary expense of the Russian exhibit.
A commissioner-general was appointed. He was instructed to proceed to
St. Louis and secure the necessary space for exhibits and a site for
Russia's pavilion.
Committees were appointed for the purpose of collecting exhibits and to look after the work of installation and maintenance.
On the outbreak of the Russia-Japan war it was deemed advisable to withdraw the Government exhibit. This was a cause of considerable concern to the Russian Emperor, who had been anxious to show his appreciation of the friendship that existed between Russia and the United States.
The commissioner-general then made a report that was unfavorable to
Russia's participation at the exposition, and he was then informed
through the minister of finance of the withdrawal of Russia as a
Government exhibitor.
The question of having Russia represented at the exposition by private exhibitors was then considered. The minister of finance informed Mr. Grunwaldt that the Government would offer no objection to individual participation.
The Exposition Company allotted space to Mr. Grunwaldt in the various buildings. Exhibits were installed in the Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Manufactures, Varied Industries, and Agricultural buildings. The exhibits were very extensive in all the departments.
The entire cost of collecting, transportation, and installation of exhibits, and the maintenance of same, was borne by Mr. Grunwaldt.
While making an extended tour of the United States in 1902, His Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Siam visited St. Louis and was the guest of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. His entertainment was so generous and his reception throughout the entire country so cordial that he decided to use his influence toward inducing His Siamese Majesty to participate in the exposition of 1904. The plan, consequently, that suggested itself as to the character of Siam's display was to send to St. Louis the most interesting articles and the best examples of Siamese industries.
The National Siamese Pavilion, a typical specimen of the architecture of the country, was a reproduction of the Wat (or temple), Benchamabopit, now in the course of erection at Bangkok. The plans were closely followed, thus creating a type of Siamese architecture which in itself was an exhibit of interest and instruction. The building cost $25,000.
Within the pavilion were placed many objects from the Royal, Museum, notably a large collection of ancient weapons, drums, cymbals, temple gongs, howdahs, some wonderful examples of mother-of-pearl work, hammered silver of antique designs, old lacquer, enormous elephant tusks, ancient theatrical costumes and properties, and portraits of Their Majesties the King and the Queen and His Royal Highness the Crown Prince.
In the Agricultural Building were displayed models of farming implements of all kinds and examples of the agricultural products of the land. Especially noticeable was the large collection of rice, the most important of Siam's exports.
The exhibit in forestry, fish, and game showed the great variety of woods that grow in Siam, the appliances that are used for fishing, skins of the many wild animals of the country, and a large collection of forest products.
Teak, for which Siam is famous, was shown in a number of ways—cross sections, longitudinal cuts, and portions of the outer surface.
In the Transportation Pavilion were shown models of boats, panniers, and carts, howdahs, a buffalo cart, and a buggy in full size. The boat models were especially interesting. Because of the many navigable rivers and canals a greater part of transportation is by water; consequently a large variety of boats has been evolved to meet the various conditions.
The collection of spinning and weaving appliances in the Manufacturers' Building was large and instructive. Here, too, were many fine examples of mother-of-pearl work, pottery, hammered silver, and lacquer; also a collection of mats and textiles, both cotton and silk.
In the Mines and Metallurgy Building were displayed samples of the many minerals that are found in the country and models of the appliances used to secure them.
Altogether nearly six thousand individual articles were on exhibition and represented more completely the industries and resources of Siam than has any previous collection. In each State or Province of Siam a local committee was appointed with instructions to gather and forward to Bangkok at least one example of every article produced either for home use or sale. From these consignments a selection was made by the Commission and forwarded to St. Louis. In this way objects representing every section and all the arts and industries were shown. The total cost of the exhibition of the Government of Siam was approximately $120,000.
Although the trade of Siam has developed very rapidly during the past few years, the exhibits sent did not have for their purpose the extension of commerce with this country. The relations between the United States and Siam are most cordial. The latter recently accredited to the United States a minister, and Congress very promptly elevated the rank of the United States representative to that of minister plenipotentiary. Thus when the invitation to participate in the exposition was accepted, prospects of commercial gain were not in contemplation. The one idea was to contribute in every conceivable manner to the attractiveness of the exposition and add to its educational possibilities. The invitation was looked upon by the Siamese Government as a compliment, and the unselfish manner in which its acceptance was shown proved conclusively that the compliment was appreciated.
On the occasion of the exposition there was published by the Commission a richly illustrated book entitled "The Kingdom of Siam." This work was presented to the educational institutions of this country, to public libraries, and to all persons who were known to be interested in Siam. The book, written by experts, will be an authority for years to come upon Siam, its climate, resources, people, institutions, and industries, and will doubtless supplant the writings of hurrying traveler and transient visitor.
The commissioners appointed by the King of Siam were as follows: His
Royal Highness the Crown Prince, president. Vice-presidents: His Royal
Highness Prince Devawongse Varopakar, minister of foreign affairs; His
Royal Highness Prince Mahisra Rajaharudhai, minister of finance; His
Excellency Chow Phya Devesra Wongse Vivadhna, minister of agriculture;
Mr. A. Cecil Carter, M.A., department of education, secretary-general.
Members: His Royal Highness Prince Sanbasiddhi Prasong, His Royal
Highness Prince Marubongse Siribadhna, His Highness Prince Vadhana, His
Excellency Phya Vorasiddhi Sevivatra, His Excellency Phya Sukhum
Nayavinit, His Excellency Phya Amarindra Lujae, His Excellency Phya
Surasih Visisth Sakdi, His Excellency Phya Kamheng Songkram, His
Excellency Phya Sunthorn Buri, His Excellency Phya Rasda Nupradit, His
Excellency Phya Kraibej Ratana Raja Sonkram, His Excellency Phya
Vijayadibadi, Phra Phadung-Sulkrit. Prof. James H. Gore, Columbian
University, commissioner-general.
The only Spanish exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition were shown in the Agricultural Building. There were but three displays, one being of pure sherry brandy, another of wines, and another of olive oil.
D. Mauricio Mandil was the only exhibitor from Spain, and he had the brandies, wines, and olive oil analyzed by well-known analytical chemists. The brandy exhibit consisted of a pyramid of ten barrels, well finished and varnished, placed on a fancy stand in the center of a well-polished platform, in the corners and sides of which were piled up polished pine cases of pure brandy distilled from sherry wine. On the top box of each pile were pyramids of bottles of different fancy packings artistically located.
The wine exhibit occupied a square 20 feet on each side. It represented a vine in full growth, being 18 feet high. The four corners were the trunks, on which were painted life-size figures of Spanish girls surmounted by the vine, bearing grapes. This square was covered by a silk awning made in the Spanish colors. In the center of the tent and on a platform was located a pyramid 15 feet high, composed of barrels and bottles artistically placed. The wines exhibited were mostly of old vintages, dating as far back as 1809, and among these was a special brand brought to America for the first time, and called Solera Lincoln, it being of the vintage of 1865, the year of Lincoln's assassination.
The olive-oil exhibit was made by one of the largest exporters of olive oil in the world.
The Imperial Government of Turkey with great regret decided, for financial reasons, not to participate officially in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and therefore no official pavilion was built. The three functionaries appointed for the Turkish commission were instructed to aid and to give advice to private exhibitors only who were Turkish subjects and who could be accommodated in exhibit buildings.
The three officials appointed were Chékib Bey, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the United States, commissioner-general; Dr. Hermann Schoenfeld, consul-general in Washington, associate commissioner-general; George Eli Hall, consul-general in San Francisco, secretary-general of the commission.
The participation of Venezuela in the St. Louis Exposition was authorized in the month of October, 1903, immediately after the end of one of the most sanguinary civil wars known in the history of the country. The following-named gentlemen were appointed as commissioners of the Venezuela Government: Gen. Cipriano Castro, honorary president; Eugenio M. Ambard, commissioner-general; Dr. H. Lameda, attaché; H. Meinhard, secretary.
The amount of the Government appropriation was at first $25,000, but this amount was soon exhausted and smaller amounts were subsequently sanctioned for the maintenance, transportation, and installation of exhibits. The total amount of appropriation was $30,000. There was absolutely no private contribution in cash. The approximate value of the exhibits was about $105,000.
Some of the most interesting features of the exhibition were:
First. A collection of over 200 varieties of fibers prepared under different processes and taken from different altitudes. Nearly all were prepared by a machine invented by Dr. J. Lameda, who collected and took the greatest interest in the fiber exhibit. From the coarsest to the finest were to be found among these fibers. The longest was of the musa variety, a coarse fiber which grows to the length of 10 feet. The Annanassa sativa, a fine fiber, grows to the length of 5 feet. This was the only collection of the kind at the exposition or which has ever been shown at any other exposition.
Second. The magnificent collection of hard woods from the Government States of Carabobo, Zulia, and Guayana, each comprising over 600 specimens of native logs, woods for cabinetwork, for building construction, lumber, staves, dyewoods, tanning, resinous, oil, rubber, and fragrant woods.
Third. A most unique and complete collection of forest plants, roots, herbs, leaves, barks, seeds, fruits, resins, gums, and dyeing and flavoring materials used by herbalists and pharmacists. These were collected, prepared, and classified by E.M. Ambard.
Fourth. A complete collection of all the minerals and precious stones (uncut) found in South America, prepared, collected, classified, and catalogued by Dr. Louis Plazard, who devoted nearly all his life to this work.
Fifth. A collection of cocoa beans from different regions, which is considered to be one of the best and most nutritious cocoas in the world, and has always obtained a far higher price than any other cocoa; also a collection of coffee from different altitudes, considered by authorities to be of very fine flavor and high grade.
The Venezuela Government had no special building. The exhibits were shown in the various exhibit palaces on the grounds.
The Holy See having been requested to take part in the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, accepted the invitation and sent to St. Louis, Mo., as its commissioner, Mr. Francis Cagiati, of Rome.
The exhibits sent by the Vatican to the fair were phototypical reproductions of the most valuable manuscripts existing in the Vatican Library, as well as some excellent specimens of works in mosaic, manufactured by the Studio del Mosaico Vaticano.
No special building was erected for the Vatican exhibit, but as the special nature of the objects required, the entire exhibit was placed in the Administration Building.
The exhibits sent by the Holy See to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition were as follows:
Copies of valuable manuscripts, codes, and documents from the Vatican
Library.
The Roman Virgil (fifth century), the miniatures of the Greek Palatine Balter (twelfth century), the famous Greek Vatican Bible (fourth century), the Vatican Virgil (fifth century), the miniatures of the Bible of the Patricins Leo (tenth century), selected pages from the Papal Letter Book (eleventh century), Papal letters regarding Greenland (ninth century), earliest Papal documents regarding America (sixteenth century), the miniatures of the Ottobonian Pontifical (fifteenth century), the Palmipsett manuscript of the (de republica) of Cicero (fifth century), the ivories of the Christian, Museum of the Vatican Library.
Many phototypical and photographical reproductions of the Borgia rooms,
Sistine Chapel, Raphael's Stanze.
Forty-one different pieces of mosaic work.
The death mask of Leo XIII.
Cast of the right hand of Leo XIII.
Committee on Birmingham district exhibit: Fred M. Jackson, president; J.
B. Gibson, secretary; J.A. MacKnight, special representative; Rufus N.
Rhodes, Culpepper Exum, F.H. Dixon, George H. Clark.
The legislature of Alabama failed to provide any funds for an exhibit of the resources of that State. A commission which had been appointed by the governor to attend to the business for the State was powerless to act and gave up the undertaking. In consequence of this failure the Commercial Club of Birmingham decided, when it was almost too late to arrange for any kind of an exhibit, to make a display of the State's mineral resources by means of a fund raised by popular subscription. The actual amount of money raised was approximately $20,000.
After considerable discussion the Commercial Club decided, upon a suggestion made by J.A. Mac Knight, to build a colossal statue of Vulcan, god of fire and metals, in iron. F.M. Jackson, president of the club, and J.B. Gibson, secretary, took a deep interest in the matter, and as a result the work was commenced in October, 1903. Great difficulty was met with in securing the services of a competent sculptor who was willing to build the model for such a statue, which was to be of a height of at least 50 feet. Mr. Mac Knight was appointed special representative of the club to promote this work and finally secured the services of Mr. G. Moretti, a sculptor residing in New York, who undertook to perform the task and to complete it in time for the exposition.
The model of this colossal statue of Vulcan was first built in clay at Passaic, N.J., where Mr. Moretti carried on the work under adverse circumstances and through the zero weather of the winter of 1903-4. It was then cast in plaster of Paris in sections, which were braced and stayed with scantling on the inside of the shell, to be used as patterns in the foundry. The entire model was shipped to Birmingham, Ala., on seven flat cars, its bulk rendering it impossible to put it in box cars. As soon as it reached Birmingham the work of casting the figure in iron was begun in the foundry of the Birmingham Steel and Iron Company.
Mr. Moretti went to Birmingham to keep the patterns in condition during the process of casting, and it was well that he did so, because the extreme cold had frozen the plaster casts before they were dry, rendering them so brittle that many of them were broken in handling, and the head itself was crumbled into a hundred pieces and had to be entirely remodeled.
Iron manufacturers from all parts of the world have said in regard to this statue that it was the most remarkable piece of iron casting they had ever seen. An agent of the Japanese Government was present at Passaic to watch the building of the model, and followed the work to Birmingham to make notes on the methods of casting it in iron. He also went to St. Louis and remained during its erection in the Mines Palace, and made an extended report to his Government on the subject.
The statue was successfully completed and set up in the exposition within three weeks after the day of opening. At the close of the exposition it was taken down and removed to Birmingham, where it is to be set up in a public park. Its height is 56 feet, and its weight a little more than 60 tons. The head was cast in one piece and weighed over 17,000 pounds. There were 20 casts in all, including the anvil and anvil block. The statue, which was intended to show forth the colossal iron deposits of Alabama, representing primitive man at the time he discovered the method of hardening iron into steel. Vulcan held aloft in his right hand the finished spearhead as a result of his knowledge and handicraft. It is the largest cast statue in the world, and it could not be duplicated for less than $40,000.
The space occupied by the exhibit collected and installed by the Commercial Club was 62 by 32 feet on the south side of the Mines Building, and contained approximately 2,000 square feet. The statue of Vulcan stood in the center of one side of the space facing the center of the Mines Palace. It was placed on a platform built upon nine heavy piles, which were driven to bedrock. The figure was perfectly poised when set up, but as an additional safeguard anchor bars were run down through the legs and through a heavy timber, which was bolted to the piles. These passed through plates on the inside of the timber and were screwed up tight. The rest of the space was occupied by a complete exhibit of raw mineral products from all parts of Alabama and especially iron and coal from the Birmingham district. The raw materials embraced the following: Brown hematite iron ore, soft red ore, hard red ore, bituminous coals, building stone, gray iron, limestone, dolomite, kaolin, clays, cement rocks, gold ores, copper ore, lignite, and glass sand, and a long list of other minerals which have not been developed. The products of coal and iron were coke and pig iron. The finished products were as follows: Open-hearth steel rails, bar and angle iron, car wheels, bar steel, steel plate, sewer pipe, and vitrified brick. This entire exhibit was displayed in an attractive manner and was the object of a great deal of comment by visitors to the exposition and by newspapers throughout the country and Europe.
A display of Alabama marble was made in the form of a head of Christ, which was carved by Moretti, while he was at work on the Vulcan statue at Birmingham. This marble is of exceedingly fineness and whiteness. Moretti gave it as his opinion that this marble is equal to the best Carara or Parian marbles, and it is believed that the making of this exhibit will lead to the development of the marble deposits of Alabama, which are believed to be very extensive and of superior quality. The raw materials displayed offer to capital and enterprise a number of splendid opportunities. The glass sands are probably destined to place Alabama in the front rank in glass making in the future, while the following resources were displayed in such abundance and were of such excellent quality as to offer the greatest inducements to capital and skill:
An exhibit of porcelain clays and kaolins, which should lead to the establishment of the manufacture of all kinds of crockery and pottery ware near these deposits.
The cement rocks, which formed a principal part of the exhibit, have already attracted capital, and Portland cement of the highest quality is now being manufactured to a limited extent. Large industries in this line are to be located near these deposits, which are among the finest in the world and in inexhaustible quantity.
The beds of lignite, of which samples were on exhibition, are said to be of very superior quality. No artificial binder is required to make this material up into briquettes for fuel. It is understood that very profitable enterprises in this line are to be built up near these deposits.
The marble deposits, gold and copper ores, and other mineral deposits were sufficiently exhibited to warrant the assertion that they were worthy of the fullest investigation. The large deposits of low-grade gold ore in the eastern part of Alabama, according to exhibitors, will undoubtedly prove immensely profitable to anyone who may establish a system to extract the gold economically.
Owing to the failure of the State to make an exhibit, the authorities of the exposition recognized the Birmingham committee as the State commission of Alabama and extended to them the courtesies due to a State commissioner. The exhibit was maintained through the period of the exposition, and many thousands of souvenirs of the great statue of Vulcan were sold at the exhibit. An electric picture machine was installed, which gave a large series of moving pictures representing the scenery and life of the Birmingham district. The business of the exhibit was under the direction of J.A. MacKnight, of Birmingham, throughout the exposition, and he had his office at the exhibit.
Members of the Alaska commission.—Thomas Ryan, First Assistant Secretary of the Interior, chairman; Governor John F. Brady executive commissioner; Joseph B. Marvin, resident representative; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, hostess. Honorary commissioners: M.E. Martin, mayor of Ketchikan; Peter Jensen, mayor of Wrangell; O.H. Adsit, mayor of Juneau; Frank Bach, mayor of Douglas; John Goodell, mayor of Valdez; L.S. Keller, mayor of Skagway; D.B. Miller, mayor of Eagle City; W.H. Bard, ex-mayor of Nome; Anthony Tubbs, mayor of Treadwell; H.P. King, mayor of Nome.
The district of Alaska appeared at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as an exhibitor in a national exposition for the first time. The conception of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and its plans were presented for the consideration of the Congress of the United States at a time when the reports of the committees of Congress sent to Alaska to investigate its resources and needs had aroused the Congress to the duty of enacting legislation for the development of this great region. In appropriating the large sum of $50,000 for an Alaska Building and an Alaska exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition it was the purpose of Congress to afford an object lesson as a means of education to the millions of people who should attend the exposition as to the extent and resources of this country or territory. The sequel showed that the money was wisely expended, as the Alaska exhibit had the distinction of being regarded by the thousand of its visitors as forming one of the most interesting, instructive, an surprising exhibits shown at the great World's Fair.
When the United States, thirty-seven years ago, paid to Russia the sum of $7,200,000 for the almost unknown territory of Alaska, the purchase was not generally approved; and even members of Congress denounced it, regarding the acquisition as a region of icebergs and glaciers. Later, when gold was discovered in Alaska, the region was regarded as being one of ice and almost inaccessible gold, and few had the hardihood to venture within its precincts, even with the possibility of finding gold as an inducement for the venture.
Still later, after the reports of the Revenue-Cutter Service and the recognizances of army officers and naval commanders, the United States Geological Survey sent men into Alaska to investigate its resources. The Department of Agriculture tested its capacity for agriculture, the Bureau of Education established schools and introduced reindeer from Siberia, the Signal Service began to build telegraph lines and to inspect the country as to the availability of its rivers and harbors for navigation, and it became known by the Government that Alaska was richer in resources by far than had been supposed. This knowledge was not common to the public, and emigration to that region was tardy.
The United States could hardly have done more for the furtherance of the development of the great rich district of Alaska, with its untold wealth in minerals and its great possibilities in agriculture, than it did by securing to the people of Alaska an opportunity to display their resources and products to the inspection of the millions who have visited the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The exhibits shown by them excited the utmost wonder and surprise in the minds of many witnessing them, who had been in ignorance of the resources of their country. Thousands have been led to investigate and seek further information. The effect of the Alaska exhibit will undoubtedly be far-reaching and permanent; nor can it be doubted that Congress will supplement this contribution to Alaska's welfare in the near future by legislation which shall secure the one great need of Alaska—inland transportation.
An appropriation of $50,000 for the Alaskan exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was made by act of Congress March 3, 1903, as follows:
To enable the inhabitants of the district of Alaska to provide and maintain an appropriate and creditable exhibit of the products and resources of that district at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, in nineteen hundred and four, and to erect and maintain on the site of said exposition a suitable building to be used for the purposes of exhibiting the products and resources of said district, the sum of fifty thousand dollars, to be subject to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, who is hereby authorized to expend the same in such manner as in his judgment will best promote the objects for which said sum is appropriated in accordance with the rules and regulations to be prescribed by him.
After the passage of the act of Congress which made appropriation for the Alaska exhibit, providing that the sum appropriated should be expended by the Secretary of the Interior in such manner as in his judgment would promote the objects for which the sum was appropriated, in accordance with rules and regulations prescribed by him, one of his first acts was the appointment of Hon. Thomas Ryan, First Assistant Secretary of the Interior, chairman of the Alaska commission, to have immediate charge at the Department of the elaboration of the exhibit. Later Governor John G. Brady was appointed executive commissioner, and entered upon the task of gathering together and forwarding to the exposition such collections of exhibits as would best represent and illustrate the products and resources of Alaska.
Still later Mr. Joseph B. Marvin was appointed special agent of the Alaska exhibit and was sent to St. Louis in December, 1903, to superintend the construction of the Alaska Building, to attend to all accounts with the Department, and to arrange for the installation of the exhibits as they arrive.
Mrs. Mary E. Hart was employed January 1, 1904, to assist in the securing of the exhibits in Alaska, especially in the Department of Education, and upon the opening of the exposition Mrs. Hart was directed to proceed to St. Louis, where she was designated as hostess and placed in charge of the bureau of information in the Alaska Building. At the same time attendants were selected, whose duty it was to explain the exhibits to visitors.
The executive commissioner, the honorary commissioners, the hostess, all of the attendants, and those employed in collecting exhibits in Alaska were all Alaskans, the attendants being especially selected because of their acquaintance with Alaska and its products.
It was the desire of the executive commissioner that the utmost hospitality should be shown to all visitors at the Alaska Building, and the commodious and homelike parlors on the second floor of the building were free to the public, maids being employed for special attention to the wants of ladies and children.
The principal exhibits in the Alaska Building related naturally to the mining interest of the country.
One of the most impressive and significant exhibits was a gilded cube, about 3 feet in diameter, representing the size of a block of gold worth $7,200,000, which was the amount paid by the United States to Russia for Alaska, and beside it, inclosed in a brass railing, a gilded pyramid of blocks representing the amount of gold taken each year since 1882 from the Treadwell mine in Alaska, aggregating $21,800,000, a sum which is three times the amount paid for Alaska taken from one mine.
The ore exhibit, especially of gold and copper ores, was very large, filling a glass case 75 feet long and 5 feet high. These ores were collected by an expert mineralogist employed by the Alaska commission, and included specimens from nearly all the mines in Alaska.
Following is a list of exhibits, showing the principal industries the country, as displayed throughout the building: Marble, canned goods, furs, coal, oils, guano, vegetables and fruit, Indian basketry and curios, and mounted specimens of game and fish.
An interesting exhibit of Alaskan ethnology was made, twenty totem poles and two native houses and one war canoe being located about the building. The totem poles came from different places on Prince of Wales Island and from two different tribes. At an old village called Tuxekan four were obtained. These represented the totem or heraldic sign of each family, and the back part of the totem was excavated to receive the charred bones of friends and ancestors of the man who raised it. The Thlingits were in the habit of burning their dead, but carefully preserved all the charred embers from the funeral pile. These totem poles were always erected on great occasions, and the bones were usually carefully wrapped in a new blanket and incased in the back part of the totem.
The Commission was fortunate in securing for the exhibit a fine collection of samples of grains raised at the experiment stations at Alaska, consisting of the grains in the straw and thrashed grains, including wheat, rye, barley, and oats. These samples were handsomely displayed, some of the grains and straw being tastefully arranged on the walls, covering a space 10 by 40 feet, and the balance in a pyramid some 10 feet high and 8 feet in diameter. The thrashed grains were displayed in glass jars. The grasses were shown in bales of hay. The display of cereals and grasses was one of the most important, instructive, and surprising to visitors of any display in the Alaska Building, for it demonstrated the fact that agriculture is possible in Alaska, and seekers of the treasures of the mines may always feel sure of subsistence.
Arizona commission.—A.J. Doran, chairman; B.F. Packard, treasurer;
H.B. St. Claire, secretary; Mrs. J.A. Black, commissioner; R.N.
Leatherwood, superintendent of exhibits.
The Arizona Building stood near the southeast entrance of the grounds. Its architecture was Spanish, belonging to the sixteenth century. It contained seven rooms, elegantly furnished and decorated. The cost of the building was approximately $5,000. During the exposition period a large amount of literature descriptive of the Territory and its various resources was distributed.
The exhibits in the Arizona State Building other than those placed therein by the board of managers were a prehistoric collection loaned by Mrs. M. Aguria, of Tucson, Ariz., valued at $5,000; an oil painting of a mountain scene in southern Arizona, loaned by Mr. A.J. Scofield and valued at $4,000; a collection of Indian baskets, rugs, and blankets (Navaho), valued at $600; an exhibit of cactus picture frames, loaned by F.E. White, of Florence, Ariz., valued at $250.
The Territory made exhibits in the departments of Mines and Metallurgy, Education, Agriculture and Horticulture. The exhibit in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy occupied a space of 80 feet frontage by 20 feet in depth. In all, nearly 300 mines were represented by characteristic ores showing actual values rather than specimens, including in nearly every exhibit the inclosing and country rocks in which the vein matter occurred. These exhibits were arranged in two tiers, running the full length of the space, each mine having its distinctive ore placed on wooden mounts, appropriately labeled, giving the county, district, owner, name and character of ore, and its value per ton in gold, silver, copper, or lead. The exhibit also showed free gold, native silver, native copper, copper bars, lead-silver bars, copper ingots, onyx (rough and polished), marble (rough and polished) building stone of various kinds, lithographic stone, petrified wood in rough and polish, meteoric iron, etc.; also photographic views of many of the mines, mills, reduction works, and localities from which the exhibits were taken. The value of the exhibit was approximately $20,000 and the cost of installation $1,900.
The educational exhibit in the Education and Social Economy Building represented the school work of the Territory from the kindergarten to the academic grade, showing the educational system and the progress made in Arizona. The value of the exhibit was approximately $2,500 and the cost of installation $750.
The agricultural exhibit in the Agricultural Building showed the various products of the soil of the Territory. Wheat, oats, barley, corn, Kaffir corn, sorghum, millet, alfalfa seed, alfalfa, hay, vegetables, olives, olive oil, preserved fruits, dates, etc., were displayed The exhibit cost approximately $875. The cost of installation was $1,500.
In the Horticultural Building there were maintained throughout the fair from 130 to 160 plates on the table, which held the following: Valencia late oranges, Washington navel oranges, Mediterranean sweets, lemons, limes, grape fruit, citronella, tangarines, grapes, plums, quinces, apricots, plum grabites, pears, cantaloupes, melons, olives, olive oil, pickled olives, etc. The value of the exhibit was approximately $2,500 and the cost of installation $950.
The amount appropriated by the legislative act for the participation of Arizona was $30,000 in bonds, which were sold for 7 per cent. premium, thus making available from that source $32,000. No other funds from any source came into the hands of the board of managers.
Members of Arkansas commission.—George R. Belding, president; J.C. Rembert, secretary; Thomas W. Milan, manager; George T. Lake; John P. Logan, superintendent horticultural department; A.H. Purdue, superintendent mines; H.T. Bradford, agriculture department; Miss Lizzie Cage, assistant lady manager.
In May, 1901, the legislature of the State of Arkansas enacted a bill appropriating the sum of $30,000 for the erection and maintenance of a State building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and for the installation and maintenance of the exhibits of the State. Subsequently, in 1903, the State legislature appropriated a further sum of $50,000 for the purpose of the State exhibit. There were no private subscriptions, the entire cost of the State building and maintenance thereof being borne by the State appropriation.
The cost of the installation and transportation of the different exhibits made by the commission was $18,102, besides the cost of returning the exhibits.
The Arkansas Pavilion at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was a fine specimen of Georgian architecture, of the type so much used throughout the South in antebellum times. The adaptation of the colonial features to the purpose for which the building was used was most admirable. The location, with its foreground of grass and forest trees, produced an effect suggesting age and permanency that few buildings on the ground possessed. In fact, on coming upon the building unexpectedly, one would presume that it had occupied its site for two generations at least. The building was arranged for the entertainment of the Arkansans visiting the fair, and served the purpose of a clubhouse and general headquarters for thousands of people.
The principal feature of the plan of the building was the large reception hall in the center, connecting through wide openings two reception rooms, one on either side, and an exhibit room in the rear. On this floor there were also four smaller rooms used as commissioners' headquarters, manager's office, post-office, and lady manager's headquarters; also wide hallways at right angles to the principal axis of the building.
The second story of the building contained the library, auditorium, headquarters of the State Bankers' Association, and ladies' parlor, four sleeping rooms, together with the general toilet rooms.
The three exterior porticos were connected with wide terraces, affording over 3,000 square feet of floor space. The building was constructed entirely of Arkansas timber, and was designed by Frank W. Gibb, A.I.A. A., architect, Little Rock, Ark., and constructed at a cost of $19,944.05.
At the conclusion of the fair the building was sold to a citizen of
Arkansas, where it is to be reerected as a residence.
In the building were exhibited many handsome pieces of art and fancywork, burnt-wood plaques and panels, china work, a large silk map of the United States, showing States, rivers, railroads, principal towns, etc.; oil paintings, pictures, and portraits, and miscellaneous exhibits.
In the main exhibit hall of the building was a composite exhibit made by the land department of the Iron Mountain Railroad, consisting of a collection of minerals found in the State, samples of the various woods of the State, a wooden library of seventy-five volumes, each book being made of a different kind of Arkansas wood, paintings and pictures of Arkansas scenes, and a historic clock made in Germany in 1763 for the Duke of Saxony, and samples of mineral waters of Montgomery County.
The Arkansas State commission maintained five exhibits in the exhibition palaces, viz, Agriculture, approximate value, $7,500; Horticulture, approximate value, $9,300; Forestry, approximate value, $3,500; Mines and Metallurgy, approximate value, $6,500; Education, approximate value, $3,600. In addition to these State exhibits, the city of Hot Springs maintained in the Government Building a unique exhibit in the nature of a cave or grotto made of quartz, crystals.
Members of California commission.—Frank Wiggins; J. A Filcher; George A. Dennison, secretary; Lewis E. Auburg, chief department of mining; George C. Roeding, chief department of horticulture; W.H. Mills, chief department of forestry; Robert Furlong, chief department of education.
On March 25, 1903, the legislature of the State of California passed a bill appropriating the sum of $130,000 for the purpose of adequately exploiting California's resources and progress at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and providing for two commissioners—one to have had one year's residence in the southern half of the State; both to have had experience in installing and managing exhibits at former, expositions. In addition to this appropriation, there was about $120,000 raised by the various counties of the State for exclusive county displays to be installed in the Agricultural Building. These displays were intended to set forth the possibilities of California in an agricultural and horticultural way. The cost of installation of said features was about $40,000. The transportation of all the exhibits, including those of the counties, which were paid by the State, amounted to, approximately, $15,000.
The California State Building was located on "The Trail" in the vicinity of the buildings erected by Georgia and other Southern States, and was always an object of interest to sightseers at the fair. The pavilion was built after the Mission style of architecture, modeled after the houses in which the old Spanish settlers in California used to live. The front of the building was an exact copy in reduced proportions of the Mission at Santa Barbara, which was erected by the Franciscan monks in 1786. The pavilion contained no special exhibits, but its furnishings and decorations were entirely of Californian material, manufactured by Californian labor. The cost of the building complete was about $17,000, the balance of the appropriation by the State being consumed in the collection of the exhibit, its maintenance, and in general demonstration.
In the Forestry Pavilion California showed altogether 73 varieties of commercial and cabinet woods. A separate exhibit in the same place displayed an exhibit of the fish and game of the State. Just outside of the building there was an exhibit of forestry containing five logs, or timbers, which were too heavy to be placed on the Exhibition Building floor.
In the Agricultural Building the State made a distinctive feature of wine, dried fruits, canned fruit, processed vegetables, honey, hay, hops, canned fish, seeds and cereals, grasses and vegetable fibers, etc. A façade was erected in this department and decorated most artistically. The counties made separate displays. Altogether 23,300 feet of space was occupied by the State in agriculture, exclusive of aisles.
In the Horticultural Building the State occupied 9,000 square feet of space and made a strong showing of processed fruits, fresh fruits, nuts, and a panoramic scene illustrating methods of orchard irrigation. There was also shown a cabinet containing the insects that prey on California orchards, and their parasites.
An operating mill and concentrators were displayed in the Mining Gulch, and in the Palace of Mines the State occupied 5,200 feet of floor space with an exhibit showing all the commercial minerals of California. Altogether there were forty-odd varieties.
In education a strong showing of the university work was made in one of the alcoves, 40 by 40 feet, and 2,000 feet of floor space was occupied for the general artistic exhibit of school work from the kindergarten to the high school. This was inclosed within a characteristic façade of California redwood, finished in natural color.
A handsome display was a butter feature in the refrigeration department of agriculture with a beautiful modeled goddess of California, draped in fruits. Incubators were shown in the proper department, and on the grounds and in the conservatory were exhibited about 600 rare plants and shrubs and some tropical fruit trees.
The Colorado legislature of 1901 appropriated $50,000 for the purpose of making a display of Colorado products and resources at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and provided for the appointment by the governor of the State of a board of five commissioners, of which the governor should be a member and ex officio president. In 1903 an additional $100,000 was appropriated and the board was increased from five to seven members.
The following-named persons composed the Colorado commission:
Governor James H. Peabody, president; T.J. O'Donnell, vice-president;
Paul Wilson, commissioner in chief; I.N. Stevens, secretary; Harry
Cassady, treasurer; Mrs. Lionel Rose Anthony; William F. Sperry; John A.
Wayne, assistant to commissioner in chief; Maria W. Stewart, assistant
treasurer.
The appropriation by the legislature of 1903 unfortunately was placed in the fifth-class appropriation, and not all of the sum was available for the use of the board; but by arrangement of other departments of the State government and with the State institutions of Colorado $80,000 of the $100,000 was made available for the State's participation in the exposition.
The work of the board was divided into six departments, all under the direction of Commissioner in Chief Paul Wilson, as follows:
Mining Department, Mr. I.N. Stevens, chairman; Horticultural Department, Mr. Paul Wilson, chairman; Agricultural Department, Mr. Harry Cassady, chairman; Educational Department, Mrs. I.R. Anthony, chairman; Forestry, Fish, and Game Department, Mr. T.J. O'Donnell, chairman; Fine Arts Department, Mr. W.F. Sperry chairman.
The exhibits of the resources of the State were collected from every portion of the State in these various departments.
The value of the mining exhibit placed by the State of Colorado on exhibition in St. Louis was $500,000; the value of the agricultural exhibit, $10,000; horticultural exhibit, $8,000; educational exhibit, $15,000; forestry, fish, and game exhibit, $7,500.
The approximate cost of installing and caring for these exhibits was as follows:
Mining Department …………………… $25,000
Horticultural Department …………….. 10,000
Agricultural Department ……………… 15,000
Educational Department ………………. 12,000
Forestry, Fish, and Game Department …… 10,000
The legislature of Connecticut appropriated $100,000 for the participation of that State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The following commissioners were appointed by the governor of Connecticut, according to an act of the legislature passed April 2, 1903:
Frank L. Wilcox, president: Charles Phelps, vice-president; J.A. Vail,
secretary-treasurer; Edgar J. Dolittle, Isaac W. Birdseye, Phelps
Montgomery, Mrs. Louis R. Cheney, Mrs. George H. Knight, Miss Anne H.
Chappell. National commissioners: Frederick Betts, Mrs. John M.
Holcombe. Resident commissioner, Hobart Brinsmade.
The Connecticut State Building was intended to represent colonial design. In its main exterior features it was a replica of the Sigourney mansion in Hartford, built about 1820 by Charles Sigourney, whose wife Lydia Huntley Sigourney, was highly regarded as a poet in her time. In later years it was the home of Lieut. Governor Julius Catlin. The architect of the Connecticut building was Edward T. Hapgood, of Hartford. The interior plan was designed to combine colonial ideas with modern requirements, which were carried out to such extent as to make it one of the most attractive and homelike structures on the exposition grounds. It was erected by The H. Wales Lines Company, of Meriden, Conn., at a cost of about $31,000, and official inspectors pronounced it the best-built edifice at the exposition. The walls of the rooms on the first floor and the upper hall were hung with five different designs of exquisite silk tapestry, the gift of the Cheney Brothers, of South Manchester. These added a "finishing touch" that found no comparison elsewhere on the grounds. The furnishing of the building was in excellent harmony with its colonial design. Highboys and lowboys, Chippendale, Hepplewhite and Windsor chairs, Sheraton and thousand-legged tables, flax wheels and warming pans were associated with canopied high-post bedsteads, while corner cupboards revealed rare copper-luster china of almost untold value. As a colonial exhibit it was unique, and had it been entered in competition for reward would most surely have been given the grand prize. The souvenir catalogue issued by the Connecticut commission contains a list of 514 articles, most of them loaned from various Connecticut homesteads. The catalogue also contains a list of oil paintings and water colors, all by Connecticut artists, which embellished the walls of the building, the selection being made by Charles Noel Flagg, of Hartford, chosen by the commission for that service.
The collective exhibits of Connecticut were in the following-named departments: Education, farm products, tobacco, dairy, horticulture (including pomology), herbarium, public parks and residential grounds (photographs), and shellfish. The grounds surrounding the Connecticut Building form part of the State horticultural exhibit.
On account of the limited appropriation it was necessary to abandon the live exhibit of Connecticut in the Fish and Game Building. With the limited amount of stock which the oystermen had, owing to the lack of "set" for a number of years, they considered it a detriment to advertise, and it was only through a regard for the commission that any of the larger cultivators would contribute to the exhibit.
The exhibit was advantageously placed in the center of the Forest, Fish, and Game Building and attracted a great deal of attention from visitors and will undoubtedly prove of material advantage to an immense State industry.
On one side of the booth the strictly State exhibit was placed, showing in the cases the oysters of all ages, their enemies, and various curiosities in growth and development. Over the cases were maps of the oyster grounds, with photographs showing the oyster houses, docks, and steamers. On the opposite side were individual displays of several of the larger cultivators.
Connecticut made a good display. Fifty-eight different specimens of nuts attracted much attention, many of the varieties shown now growing in the West and South, and being seen for the first time by many of the visitors.
Much interest was manifested in flint (Yankee) corn, as it was called by people of the West and South, and many samples were given to people from all parts of the United States and to some from foreign countries.
Samples of grass taken from a field yielding 121 tons to the acre far surpassed any yield of alfalfa claimed from the rich soil of California or any other Western State.
Exhibit of tobacco leaf and the continuous and frequent favorable comment demonstrated clearly that its reputation as a State growing fine quality of wrapper leaf is confined to no small area.
Connecticut has the credit of being the only New England State which made any dairy exhibit, and in this exposition Connecticut did what she has never before attempted. An entry was made for the permanent exhibit as well as for the butter sent for scoring. The lower part of this space was filled with packages of butter, both tubs and prints, handsomely arranged so as to make an artistic display.
This was surmounted with a form like a large open book, on one page of which was the coat of arms, and the other the Charter Oak, both made from the butter from Connecticut and from true models.
The coat of arms and the Charter Oak were exact reproductions.
These spaces were kept at low temperature by refrigeration, and the exhibit lasted until the end of the fair.
Connecticut was the first State to have her exhibit completed.
About 775 square feet was assigned to Connecticut in Horticultural Building, and some time before the opening of the exposition, this space was fitted with tables and other needed appliances. The space assigned came within the section where only low installation was allowed. As a result, those in charge were enabled to install the exhibit at much less expense than anticipated, which accounts for much of the unexpended portion of the appropriation set apart for this display. The location was very desirable, being open, airy, and very accessible from all parts of the hall.
The exhibit was opened the first day of the fair and was one of the very few that had the tables fully occupied the opening day of the exposition. The display, mostly of apples, but including pears and cranberries, was kept up from stock in storage, using from 5 to 10 barrels per week until about July 15, when the first apples of 1904 and some small fruits were available. Soon after that regular supplies were sent forward, but not until September 15 was the storage stock fully disposed of and the tables wholly filled with fruit of 1904 and kept in that condition until the close of the exposition, making the exhibit of great credit to the State, and the only one from New England.
During the season all cultivated fruits grown in the State, except blackberries and raspberries, were shown, even the so-called tender or perishable fruits being sent in large lots, and usually arriving in very satisfactory condition. It was expected, at first, that apples and pears would constitute the exhibit, but a trial shipment convinced the committee that it was perfectly feasible to send the finer fruits, and this was continued as long as they were to be obtained.
In horticulture, Connecticut, after careful consideration, decided to make only so much of the exhibit of living plants as was needed for the decoration of the grounds around the Connecticut Building. This was done apparently to the satisfaction of those interested in the fair and to the pleasure of people who visited the exposition, for uniformly it was spoken of as being one of the best planted and decorated grounds around any State building.
The collection of the herbarium was most successful. The botanists of the State gave a great deal of gratuitous labor that it might be completed. It was exhibited on revolving screens, the first attempt ever made to so exhibit the flora of a State. It was so arranged that every specimen was readily available for examination and study. This exhibit, after the close of the fair, was presented to Trinity College, Hartford, at the request of the college authorities, they paying all expenses of its return and agreeing to give it suitable location for exhibition in their Natural Science Building, where it can be seen and studied by all interested.
The parks and public grounds of the State were well represented by photographs, as were also the private grounds. These photographs have been returned to Hartford and are now stored in the capitol, awaiting final disposition.
In school-garden work Connecticut was a leader, having one of the best equipped school gardens in the country. Believing that a knowledge of what this State has done in this work should be known and recognized at the fair, a committee was created to arrange for a school garden and conduct the same during the World's Fair, and their work was most excellent.
Members of Georgia commission.—Governor J.M. Terrell, ex officio chairman; O.B. Stevens, commissioner of agriculture; Col. Dudley M. Hughes, commissioner-general; Glascock Barrett, assistant commissioner-general; Hugh V. Washington, vice-commissioner-general; F. B. Gordon, commissioner; H.H. Tift, commissioner. Advisory board: John M. Egan, Col. P.A. Stovall, E.L. Rainey, I.P. Cocke, Dr. L.H. Chappell, Harry Fisher, Oliver Porter, Dr. J.H. Turner, W.J. Kinkaid, A.H. Shaver, W.J. Neal, Dr. T.H. Baker, McAlpine Thornton, James M. Smith, Dr. J.F. Erwin, H.M. Franklin, E.B. Hook, Col. J.F. De Lacy, W.S. Humphries, John A. Cobb, R.C. McIntosh, James B. Gaston.
Situated on one of the main avenues of the exposition, known as "The Trail," and immediately north of Virginia and opposite Tennessee and Ohio, was a replica of the home of the late Gen. John B. Gordon at Kirkwood, near Atlanta, erected by the Georgia State commission as the official headquarters of Georgia. The building was paid for by a fund raised by public subscription, at an approximate cost of $16,000. The house was furnished entirely with Georgian manufactures. The cost of furnishing the building was approximately $3,000.
Although the appropriation made by the State of Georgia was only $30,000, the amount was largely increased by popular subscription from counties and cities. The $30,000 appropriated by the legislature was designated as a basis for increasing the State's museum.
Owing to the lateness of the date that the work of preparing for the exposition was begun—October, 1903—Georgia did not make so complete and comprehensive an exhibit of her natural, educational, and manufacturing advantages as she would otherwise have made.
In the Forestry, Fish, and Game, Georgia contributed a very fine exhibit, at a cost of $3,500, of which much the larger part was composed of Georgia pine. In this department there was a complete exhibit of naval stores, beginning at the pine tree, showing in detail the different methods of boxing, gathering the crude products, tools used, distillation, turpentine, different grades of resin, and its different by-products. This was donated by the Board of Trade of Savannah, Ga., at an approximate cost of $2,000.
In the Agricultural Building, one of the most interesting exhibits contributed by Georgia was that of the manufacture of the celebrated Georgia cane sirup, which was demonstrated by two negro women serving waffles and sirup from a miniature log cabin. Sirup and cabin and expenses were donated by the Georgia Sirup Growers' Association, and cost approximately $1,700. There was also a complete display of sea-island cotton in bales and types, together with threads and the various cloths manufactured from same, the cost of installation and maintenance being $2,400.
Possibly the most interesting and complete exhibit made by Georgia at the fair was the display of its cotton industry. This consisted of a pyramid containing cotton-seed hulls, meal linters, crude oil, surrounded by commercial packages of meal and hulls, refined oils and lard compounds manufactured from cotton seed. The material and maintenance cost $12,000. An exhibit of cotton products showing in detail cotton seed, cotton on the stalk and in bales, cotton-seed oils, crude and refined, and oil products, lard compounds, food cooked with cotton-seed oils, and cotton-seed hulls and meals for cattle feeding showed some of the many uses to which the cotton plant can be put. The most interesting display in this connection was that of a fountain flowing cotton-seed oil and surrounded by illuminated columns containing manufactured products of oils, such as soaps, etc. This display cost $10,000.
Georgia being to a certain extent a tobacco State, samples of the "weed" indigenous to the State and said to be equal to the very best Cuba and Sumatra tobaccos were shown in the raw leaf and in cases. The exhibit cost approximately $2,900.
In the block immediately adjoining the cotton exhibit were displayed 86 commercial packages of forage grasses donated by farmers throughout the State, valued at $500; an exhibit of the silk industry, valued at $400; wheat, oats, field peas of seventy-odd varieties, rye, rice, barley, flour, bran, peanuts, pecan nuts, corn meal, and all of the varied agricultural exhibits. These were donated by farmers of Georgia. The freight, installation, and care of them was provided by public subscription. The cost of installation, freights, and care, including the proper show cases and glass containers, which belonged to the State museum, was estimated, in addition to the amounts enumerated above, at $12,000. Besides the above items, nearly every city of importance made appropriations to cover expenses of having prepared for distribution books and pamphlets calling the attention of the public to the many advantages of their several localities, at an estimated cost of $10,000.
Subsequently the Georgia commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
donated the entire furnishings of the State building to the Georgia
Industrial Home at Macon, Ga., the only nonsectarian orphanage in the
State.
The resolution creating the appropriation for the installation and exhibit of Georgia products, which was approved August 17, 1903, provided—
That the sum of thirty thousand dollars should be appropriated, to be expended in collecting and permanently preserving specimens of minerals, granite, clays, kaolin, marble, iron, and such other minerals and precious stones as may abound in or are found within the State; to further collect specimens of the field and forest, mills and mines, orchards and vineyards of this State, and such other matters and things pertaining to the character and the productiveness of the soils of Georgia; that when the specimens aforesaid were collected they should be deposited in the State museum, there to be safely kept and displayed; and that the exhibit thus collected should be displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri.
Members of Idaho commission.—Gov. J.T. Morrison; James E. Steele, president; R.W. McBride, vice-president; Mrs. W.H. Mansfield, secretary; Martin J. Wessels, Idaho section Forestry Building; Dr. Harold J. Read; Clarence B. Hurtt, executive commissioner; Miss Anne Sonna; Miss Genevieve Vollmer.
Idaho was represented by a State building and by exhibits in four of the great exhibit palaces of the exposition. The building was situated upon the elevated ground east of the Palace of Agriculture, and the surroundings made it one of the most attractive spots of the exposition. The Idaho Building was not big or imposing, but there were few State buildings on the World's Fair grounds that excited more interest or inquiry. The building was a bungalow with an open court, in which were grass and bright flowers. The structure, which was 60 feet square, was but 1 story high and contained ten rooms. The roof was of red tile and the exterior of cream-colored staff. The interior finish served to show the utility of Idaho woods for this particular use. Transparencies and mounted photographs illustrated the vast forest resources of the State. Around the court a row of heavy columns supported the overhanging roof, and a wide cloister behind the columns, paved with brick, afforded a charming resting place. At the close of the exposition the building was sold to a citizen of Texas, who is to have it reerected on his ranch, and it will still bear the name of "Idaho."
The exhibits of the State were shown in the departments of Education,
Mining, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The State appropriation for the
World's Fair was $25,000.
While not boasting a large acreage under cultivation, Idaho was a competitor at the World's Fair with the best of her sisters in the quality of her field products. The exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture was impartially chosen and fairly represented all parts of the State where agricultural interests have a foothold. In the exhibit were 47 varieties of wheat, 41 varieties of oats, 32 varieties of flax—the only specimen of white flaxseed known to exist, from the farm of Alonzo McWillis, of Rosetta, who received a gold medal for his exhibit. Wheat was shown weighing 62 to 64 pounds to the bushel in comparison with the standard of 60 pounds. Idaho barley weighs 53 to 54 pounds to the bushel, while the standard is but 48. A bunch of alfalfa of the second cutting was received early in October and was more than 6 feet high. Displays of beans of many varieties, peas, corn, alfalfa, and clover seed all indicated the resourcefulness of Idaho soil.
It was not practicable to show Idaho melons, strawberries, and small fruits in fresh condition, but a display with a showy array of canned fruits and dried fruits of favorite sorts attracted attention. Idaho potatoes of the 5-pound class were a part of the exhibit, along with turnips, carrots, parsnips, onions, and other vegetables. There was a small showing also of popcorn, sweet corn, and the field varieties.
The effort to make a complete fruit exhibit on behalf of Idaho had its justification in the wide advertising its fruit and agricultural lands would receive from an effective presentation of the products of the many fine orchards of the State. The exhibit contained many surprises, such as the soft-shell almonds. Idaho's grape display was a surprise to many of the States. In the exhibit were about a dozen varieties that are new in this country, the vines of which were brought from Persia and other eastern Mediterranean countries. Among these were the Hunisa, a dark grape which is regarded as a distinct gain to the Pacific slope grape-growing interests because of its fine flavor and sweetness and good keeping qualities.
The educational exhibit was collected by Miss May Scott, State superintendent of public instruction, installed at State expense, but maintained at the personal expense of Mrs. S.M. Harris, of Silver City, and Mrs. C.J. Johnson, of Pocatello. The Boise exhibit showed the work of all grades, elementary, secondary, and high school pupils doing themselves and the State credit in comparison with other States. Lessons, drawings, photographs, and maps were displayed in 37 bound volumes, besides 5 volumes of district school work and 33 card mounts of lessons, embracing the 8 grades of the primary schools. Silver City exhibited graded work from the first to eighth grades, inclusive, very attractively mounted on cards. Credit is due the Weiser schools, also, for all-around good work. The schools contributed to the general display a fine collection of mounted cards in elementary work, and the Industrial School sent a good display of the work in manual training, including needlework and photographs of buildings. Moscow made a good general display of school work, and particularly in composition and writing. Every community was shown to be alive to the importance of having good schools. A part of the space in the exhibit was devoted to photographs of the University of Idaho, about which a great many questions were asked. The work of the Mountainhouse School was handsomely bound in a burnt-leather cover.
The Pocatello public school work was delayed and reached the exhibit so late that it could not be judged. The display consisted of photographs of the children and schoolhouses and the work of the schools from the kindergarten to the high school. The Shoshone County exhibit was displayed in 79 volumes, embracing the work from the first grade to the high school work. A number of mounted cards of kindergarten work were also shown. The Wallace schools were commended for several excellent examples of map drawing contributed. Kendrick made a good display in 11 bound books. Coeur d'Alene sent a dozen volumes of bound work. Bonners Ferry and Sandpoint contributed good work in a number of bound books and photographs. Idaho County made a good display of raffia work and Indian pictures, besides the school-work exhibit. The Albion State Normal School made a large display of photographs showing the institution and its equipment. Oro Fino sent a collection of drawings, and Council and Harrison both made good displays of what their schools are doing to keep up with the times. The work of the Lewiston schools, which would have formed a conspicuous and very creditable part of the Idaho educational display, was lost in transit.
The mineral exhibit of the State at the World's Fair at St. Louis embraced specimens from every county and mining district. Hundreds of mines contributed specimens of ore and they were all labeled and displayed to the best advantage possible in the Idaho booth. The largest specimens were huge nuggets of lead ore weighing several tons each, almost pure lead, which occupied a central place in the exhibit and served to draw attention to the vast collection of other mineral specimens. Boise, the seat of government, was represented by specimens of gold-bearing rhyolite from the granite slopes north of the city, as well as by samples of fire clay of high quality; found partly within the city limits. From the Black Hornet and Curlew Creek districts came quartz specimens containing gold and silver. From Bear Creek were cuttings from the dike formation of low-grade ores that may mean much to Boise if they be profitably handled.
There were specimens of lead ores from Halley and Wood Rivet district, where lead to the value of $20,000,000 has been taken out. These ores run high in silver, and the revival of interest in the workings there is a matter of comment. These specimens included some of the Minnie Moore deposits, the most famous mine in Idaho's history, whose best ores show 70 per cent lead and 110 ounces of silver to the ton. A few specimens of gold-bearing quartz from the Boise basin were shown, although these deposits are but partly developed, more interest attaching to the placer mining, which has produced a hundred million dollars' worth of gold in the history of this region. The Pearl district contributed good specimens of oxidized quartz and granite gangue, iron and arsenical pyrites with zinc blend, and a showing of galena and copper sulphides. Monaxite, a heavy yellow sand, the ore of thorium, is found here, and is in considerable demand on account of the new discoveries in the radio activity of certain minerals.
From the vicinity of Pocatello were fine specimens of copper and lead ores having gold and silver veins, iron, and manganese oxide ores. These came principally from the workings on Rabbit Creek, Pocatello Creek, and the Hovey group. Coal specimens were shown from the vicinity of Blackfoot and Idaho Falls. From Bear Lake County were ores carrying copper, gold, and silver. Coal specimens were shown from the Goose Creek Mountains and the ranges in the southern part of Cassia County. The mines all about Silver City, the county seat and mining center, were well represented. The South Mountain district, south of Silver City, was represented by ores from some of the reopened mines which had been idle for many years.
Ores from the Rocky Bar, Atlanta, Pine Grove, Black Warrior, Neal, Lime Creek, and Dixie districts made a good representation for Elmore County, which, on account of its nearness to Boise and railroad facilities, has been better developed than many other parts of the State. The Yankee Fork, Loon Creek, and Stanley basin districts of Custer County were all contributors to the State exhibit of gold and silver ores. The lead-silver ores of Custer County came from the Bayhorse, Squaw Creek, Clayton, Poverty Flat, and Slate Creek districts. Copper ores from the Big Lost River Valley were convincing proof of the richness of mines in that newly developed part of the State. Fremont County sent specimens of coal from the rich mines opened a year ago in the eastern part of the county.
Shoshone County was represented by huge nuggets of lead-silver ore. Gold ores from Shoshone County showed the wide distribution of the yellow metal, which appears in every county in the State. Copper ores from Shoshone County were an indication of future possibilities in copper production in the State.
It was the earnest endeavor of the Commission to make the most of the opportunities and the means at their disposal to give Idaho and her resources a thorough advertisement. The press of the country was interested in Idaho's development, with the result that hundreds of articles have been printed about the State's large showing at the exposition in the newspapers of all States. The large number of gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to the exhibitors bore evidence of the success of the work.
To Illinois belongs the distinction of having held the first and, until the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, the greatest World's Fair. Naturally the State of Illinois at that time had a more immediate pride in its showing and spent a vastly greater sum to gather and shelter its exhibits than it could afford for an exposition outside of its own borders; but it is not the opinion of any that Illinois has been outclassed in any respect at the World's Fair of 1904. With comparatively a small appropriation, when the $800,000 appropriated by Illinois in Chicago in 1893, or the $1,000,000 spent by Missouri, in St. Louis is considered, Illinois has taken a leading part in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. It has not only furnished its large share of the attractions, but it no doubt sent to the exposition the largest number of visitors from any one State outside of Missouri.
Only exhibits of a public character were installed at the expense or through the efforts of the commission. Private enterprises, many of which took exhibits from this State, were not assisted at the expense of the commission; but the State exhibits were gathered, prepared, installed, and cared for wholly or in part at the expense of the State, authorized by an act of the Forty-second general assembly in 1901, which appropriated the sum of $250,000 for the purpose.
The law provided for the appointment of a commission of 15 members. The members of this commission as originally appointed were:
Samuel Alschuler, C.F. Coleman, F.M. Blount, I.L. Ellwood, D.M. Funk,
Jos. P. Mahoney, J.N.C. Shumway, H.C. Beitler, C.C. Craig, H.M. Dunlap,
J.H. Farrell, J.H. Miller, P.T. Chapman, C.N. Travous, C.N. Rannals.
The commission organized by the election of officers, as follows:
President, H.M. Dunlap; vice-president, C.N. Travous; second
vice-president, J.P. Mahoney; treasurer, P.T. Chapman; secretary, John
J. Brown.
Of the members originally appointed the following afterwards resigned,
viz, I.L. Ellwood, P.T. Chapman, H.C. Beitler, C.N. Rannals, Samuel
Alschuler, F.M. Blount, and were succeeded by John H. Pierce, Albert
Campbell, Walter Warder, W.L. Mounts, T.K. Condit, William J. Moxley.
The advantage of nearness to the seat of the World's Fair which made possible the great displays of Missouri was enjoyed and made use of almost as fully by the sister State of Illinois. In every department of the exposition the great resources of Illinois were shown.
The State House was, with possibly two exceptions, the most pretentious of all the State buildings, and certainly its location was the most commanding. From the intramural cars this great white structure, with its generous verandas and its wealth of ornament, could be seen at several points. It was not on the Plateau of States, but was the important member of another State group on The Trail, directly west of the Cascade Gardens. Across the way were the beautiful gardens of Japan, and the Lincoln Museum was directly north.
The building was designed along the lines of the French renaissance, but it was entirely modern in treatment. For instance, in the relief ornament of frieze and cornice the fleur-de-lis was replaced by the ear of corn motif. This was Illinois renaissance and was something more than cut and dried ornament. It was symbolic of the State.
The two great statues that greeted the visitor were those of Lincoln and Douglas. The grand central reception hall was done in tones of ivory, green, and gold, with floor of tile. The medallion center of the tile was the great seal of the State. At one side of the broad staircase was a raised platform, on which stood a grand piano. The elevated apartment served as a reception and music room.
Opening from the great hall were reading rooms, rest rooms, and the office of the commission. On the floor above were the suites of apartments for the governor, the commissioners, and the officers of the building. The wives of the commissioners served as hostesses, each doing the honors for a period of ten days at a time.
One of the most noteworthy features of the Illinois State Home was its verandas. From these every part of the exposition grounds could be seen, and the night view was especially glorious. The building was designed by Illinois architects, erected by Illinois labor, and furnished, for the most part, by Illinois firms. Hence it was really an expression of the State it represented. Its cost was $90,000.
Aside from the State House, the most remarkable exhibits of the State were those in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy and the Palace of Agriculture. In the former there was abundant evidence that Illinois is primarily a mining State, while the latter wholly contradicted this notion. As a matter of fact, Illinois ranks second to Pennsylvania in the production of coal, and its quarries yield a fine quality of both sand and lime stone. The booth in the Palace of Mines contained the largest block of soft coal ever removed from a mine. It was 6 by 7 by 8 feet in size and was hoisted 335 feet from the shaft. In the coal exhibit there were specimens of the product of over 50 mines, with chemical analyses showing their respective heating elements.
There was a large display of the clay industry of the State, including bricks, tile, and pottery. In addition there were shown splendid specimens of fluorspar, lead, and zinc.
In the Palace of Horticulture there was an extensive table exhibit of fresh fruit, especially of apples and the more ephemeral fruits, such as berries and plums. However, the best display of all was in the Palace of Agriculture. In the cold-storage case in the dairy section were two exceptionally good pieces of butter sculpture. They were the busts of those two great Illinoisans—Lincoln and Grant.
The most striking feature of the great corn pavilion was an enormous broom, that was typical both of the production of broom corn and of the State's broom industry. In the corners were small ornamental booths made entirely of the native woods of the State. One of these was used as an office by the secretary. There were several excellent pictures made of various grains. Among the grain pictures were three that were worthy to stand together. They were President Lincoln, Governor Yates, and the great seal of the State.
By far the largest and most significant part of the exhibit was the collection of samples of corn planted, cultivated, and harvested by boys. The League of Corn Growers numbered 8,000 members, and there were 1,100 prizes each year, the first being $500. Each boy submitted 10 ears of corn from his own patch, together with an account of his experiences and method. The prize winners attached their photographs to the little pyramids of 10 ears of fine corn. For the farming industry of the State it was felt that nothing could possibly be better than this annual contest. The boy is taught to look upon the scientific cultivation of the soil as something worthy his best effort. That in which he takes a personal pride ceases to be drudgery. As a result of this corn contest much of the danger that all the farmer boys will seek the great cities may be averted, and it was felt that the great exposition should encourage the boys in their worthy enterprise.
There were installed by the Illinois commission 14 separate and distinct exhibits, including that of live stock. Each exhibit was in charge of a superintendent and a committee of the commission.
As soon as the Illinois commission had been appointed the members of the Illinois State Historical Society felt that the society should make an exhibit. As the appropriation of $2,000 was small and the time brief for the preparation of the exhibit, the trustee decided that no better and more appropriate exhibit could be made than a manuscript and pictorial life of Abraham Lincoln, these manuscripts and pictures to be arranged so plainly that they could be understood and appreciated by all.
The plan of the exhibit was to utilize all the space possible, and as this was the only exhibit in the Illinois Building it was made as handsome in appearance as possible. Accordingly 16 large wall frames handsomely labeled in gold letters were prepared. The labels read as follows:
(1) Ancestry of Lincoln. (2) Youth of Lincoln. (3) Lincoln at New Salem. (4) Lincoln as a Surveyor. (5) Lincoln in the Black Hawk War. (6) Lincoln as a Lawyer (two cases). (7) Lincoln in Congress. (8) Domestic Life of Lincoln. (9) Lincoln and Douglas. (10) Lincoln and Douglas Debates. (11) Lincoln and the Foundation of the Republican Party. (12) The Campaign of 1860. (13) Lincoln in Washington, The Cabinet. (14) The War of Rebellion. (15) Assassination and Death.
The titles indicate the character of the contents.
The agricultural committee was organized, and the scope and character of the exhibit to be made by Illinois was carefully considered.
It was determined to devote entire attention to the exploitation of those products which can be grown most successfully and profitably within the limits of this State. While the interests of Illinois were, of course, always given the first consideration, such an exhibit was of just as much interest and value to adjoining States, or, in fact, to any countries of the Temperate Zone where similar conditions of climate and soil exist as in the State of Illinois.
Accordingly it was determined to exploit the principal crop of the
State, which surpasses all other in value—that of corn.
It was also planned to exhibit choice specimens of wheat, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, Kaffir corn, clover, broom corn, and other grains and grasses, and did exhibit those varieties that can best be raised in the different sections of the State. The grains were shown both in the sheaf and thrashed. There were collected over one hundred varieties of native woods from different sections of the State.
The installation and exhibit was completed early in May, soon after the fair opened, except the soil exhibit, which was not finished in all its details until about a month later. A company of Chicago donated to the committee an assortment of some thirty new by-products of corn, which have been manufactured by them in the last few years, including different varieties of glucose, starch, proteins, and different varieties of sugar, rubber, dextrine, corn oils, sirups, etc., which were exhibited in large jars arranged in the form of a pyramid. The entire agricultural exhibit covered 10,000 square feet of space.
During the fair additions were made from time to time as the season progressed, and specimens of grains and corn from the crop of 1904 were added.
The exhibit as completed showed the variety and character of Illinois soil and also showed the elements which they contain and which they lack in various portions of the State. The proper treatment, cultivation, and fertilization necessary to bring each kind of soil to the standard and keep it there; the products that could be raised to best advantage on these soils; the method of raising them, and the appearance and characteristics of these crops at various stages of their growth; the best seed to plant, and, finally, the grown and ripened products and the various articles manufactured therefrom, and the uses to which they could most successfully and profitably be put. Attendants were engaged who were able to fully explain the various features of the exhibit, and as there were so many things that had never been exhibited or shown anywhere before the exhibit appealed strongly to those interested in farming.
And in this connection it might be stated that thousands of schoolteachers from every State came to the Illinois section to study corn in a more scientific manner than they had ever studied it before. This was especially true of the teachers of the East and South.
There was no effort made to collect every known grain or grass or seed that grows upon the farm, but to display such products as were considered most valuable to the different sections of the State. Only the leading standard varieties were installed and such valuable varieties were exhibited in such proportion and in such profusion as to demonstrate their value in different sections of the State. Large displays of wheat, oats, grasses, and grains of all kinds, in sheaf and thrashed, were exhibited, and it was intended to show both the growth of the root and the stalk, as well as the grain. As an example, more than thirty varieties of oats were exhibited, showing root growth, stalk growth, size and length of head, and beside each variety was 1 peck of the oats thrashed.
In one corner of our exhibit was erected a triangle of grain pictures, three in number, each 8 by 10 feet, and made entirely of seeds. One picture was that of Abraham Lincoln, another Governor Richard Yates, and a third represented the State seal.
Upon seven large tables were displayed more than 500 glass bottles of seeds, ranging from 8 ounces to 1 gallon each.
But the feature of the agricultural display that attracted more attention than anything else was the immense display of corn grown by the farmer boys of Illinois. The commission from the very start determined to make this display by the farmer boys a strong feature of the exhibit, and how well their efforts were rewarded is now known by millions of people who visited the Agricultural Building. The superintendent solicited special premiums to the amount of $3,500. Circulars describing the farmers boys' corn contest were placed in the hands of 120,000 farmer boys in Illinois. Eight thousand entered the contest.
Above the two vast pyramids of white and yellow corn, each 20 by 30 feet, was a handsome banner inscribed "Grown by the farmer boys of Illinois."
One of the most attractive and interesting sections of the dairy exhibit was that installed by the Illinois commission. The statuary in this exhibit consisted of a full-length ideal statue representing "Illinois," holding the shield of State with one hand, while the other grasps the shaft holding the streamer reading "Illinois" in large, clear, golden letters. On either side of this figure were large busts of Lincoln and Grant. These busts and the full-length figure were made of pure Illinois creamery butter.
The background for the statuary was arranged with the banner won by the Illinois creameries and two large United States flags, which were in keeping with the historical character of the two men represented.
At the sides and in front heavy draperies separated the statuary from the commercial exhibits, which consisted of print butter from the Elgin district and from the University of Illinois, arranged in various designs; also samples of condensed milk, malted milk, and evaporated cream.
There were also jars with samples showing the amounts of water, butter fat, casein, albumen, and other ingredients entering into the composition of a 30-pound tub of butter.
Tables showing the value of the great dairy industry of Illinois, the production of butter and cheese in the Elgin district, the butter and cheese market of Chicago, and large photographs portraying typical Illinois dairy cows and Illinois creameries and the condensing plants occupied prominent positions among the exhibits. Several bulletins from the University of Illinois agricultural experiment station, showing the importance of clean milk and pure butter and other information of value to dairymen, were distributed from the superintendent's desk. The cheese exhibited consisted of samples made by students at the University of Illinois, and a large collection installed by M. Uhlmann & Co., of Chicago, occupied a space in the cheese case directly opposite the butter exhibit.
The refrigerator which contained these exhibits had a glass front formed of three thicknesses of plate glass, with air spaces between. The temperature inside the case was kept close to the freezing point by an ice-making machine in constant operation.
The Illinois commission set apart $15,000 to make a duplication as far as possible of premiums won by the breeders of live stock exhibited in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, less than $1,000 of which was reserved to provide for the necessary expenses incident to printing, allotting, and distributing the said prize fund.
The live stock from the State of Illinois won one-twentieth of the entire premiums offered by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
Five thousand square feet of space was secured in the Palace of Horticulture at the exposition for the exhibit and installation and fixtures placed thereon prior to the opening of the exposition, May 1, 1904, upon which date the exhibit was put in place and maintained with apples from storage of 1903 crop until the crop of 1904 began to mature about June 1. From this latter date fruits of all kinds were supplied as they matured during the period of the exposition. Among the most popular varieties of apples exhibited were: For early apples—Yellow Transparent, Red June, Benoni, Wealthy, Duchess, Maiden Blush. For fall or early winter—Grimes Golden and Jonathan. Winter varieties—Wine Sap, Willow Twig, Rome Beauty, Ben Davis. Peaches—Reeves, Elberta, Diamond. Pears—Bartlett, Tyson, Sechel, Duchess.
Mines and metallurgy exhibit.—The mines and metallurgy exhibit covered a space 25 by 75 feet facing on two of the main aisles near the southeast entrance to the Mines and Metallurgy Building.
The installation was uniform with that of the other exhibits of the State. The object of the exhibit was to show particularly the mineral and to some extent the mineral industries.
The most important branch of production, according to its value, was that of coal. After this came the various materials used in the manufacture of brick and ceramics.
The building stone, although limited to a few varieties of limestone and sandstone, was of great importance, as was also some stone and gravel used for road material, railroad ballast, concrete, and flux for iron reduction.
The exhibit of coal consisted of a series of large blocks intended to show the character and thickness of the veins; the largest block, weighing 15 tons, is the largest single piece ever hoisted from a mine. There are 11 of these blocks from different mines, ranging from the largest down to one block of 1 ton.
In clay products the importance of the industry could only be shown by statistics, as common brick, which is made all over the State in such a uniform character, are so well known that exhibits are not necessary.
Neither the geology nor topography offer many opportunities for the development of stone quarries, but such stone as is extensively used was displayed. The limestones of the Silurian series are the principal sources of supply, the quarries about Joliet being among the largest in the United States. The limestone is generally used in the form of rubble or rock-faced ashler.
The exhibit at the United States Fish Commission Building was in the large aquarium situated in the southeast corner of the building and the two smaller aquaria immediately adjoining on the right and left.
In the large aquarium the commissioners decided to show the commercial fishes of the State—that is, such fishes as were commonly used for shipping and found in greatest abundance, namely, the carp, buffalo, the coarser catfishes, and dogfish. The dogfish in the last few years has become a very important factor in the food supply, having been previously thrown away as worthless, but is now extensively used by a class of people in the larger cities and sold alive under the name of grass bass. In this aquarium has been carried, for a period of seven months, perhaps the largest amount in weight ever carried in an aquarium for that length of time with so small a percentage of loss.
In the smaller aquaria were shown the game fish of the State, a list of which comprises the black bass, crappie, sunfishes, yellow perch, white perch, warmouth bass, and the two varieties of striped bass.
These aquaria have attracted a great deal of attention, particularly among those who were interested in the subject of fish propagation and distribution, and gave people a better idea of what Illinois produced than could have been obtained by any other method.
The exhibits of the common schools and the five State normal schools were installed under the direction of the State superintendent of public instruction. The material of the exhibits was furnished, except that from the normal schools, by the school districts, without expense to the commission, and in substantial conformity to the following suggestions, sent to the schools about November 1, 1903:
Classification of schools.—Group 1. Elementary education.—Class 1. Country schools. Class 2. Semigraded schools. Class 3. Graded schools. Group 2. Secondary education.—Class 4. High schools. Class 5. Normal schools.
Under this classification it is desired to exhibit: (1) Legislation, organization, general statistics; (2) buildings, photographs, plans, models; (3) administrative methods; (4) results obtained by methods of instruction.
The educational exhibit of the university of Illinois occupied a space 30 by 45 feet, or an area of 1,290 square feet, open upon an aisle on its long dimension. Against the back and the two side walls were glass-inclosed cases 7 feet high, and above these were many enlarged photographs in frames, showing the main buildings, views of the campus, etc., together with numerous pictures from the department of art and design, also a set of finely colored plates of the food and game fish of Illinois. Other cases occupied a part of the central area of the space, with room for seats and a writing table.
The exhibits were classified according to general subjects illustrative of the equipment and work of the colleges of the university from which they came. An attendant was on hand to supply published documents and information to visitors.
The exhibit of the college of science contained diagrams and photographs and a set of bound volumes of the contributions to science published by the members of the college faculty, but was otherwise almost wholly illustrative of the work of only one of its eight departments, that of chemistry, and in this it was confined to the results of two line of investigation, which have for some years been closely associated with the work of the department; first, a study of the chemical composition and heating value of the coals of the State, and, second, a sanitary survey of Illinois waters. The importance of the first is emphasized by the fact that Illinois ranks second among American States in tonnage output, with a valuation in the aggregate of $35,000,000 annually.
The agricultural portion of the university exhibit was designed to show the comparative produce of Illinois soils expressed in terms of both crops and animal products. The yields shown were of corn, wheat, oats, beans, potatoes, apples, tomatoes, milk, butter, cheese, port, mutton, and beef.
The actual amount of corn, wheat, apples, and other crops shown was the normal yield of one-hundredth of an acre of standard fertile soil of Illinois. The milk shown was the amount that should be produced from the same amount of land when growing crops suitable for milk production, and the butter and cheese shown were such as could be made from this milk.
A mounted steer, which when living weighed 750 pounds, represented the amount of beef that should be produced from an acre of soil in one year. The same land would produce 10 such sheep as shown, weighing in all 1,100 pounds, or 100 pigs like the roaster shown, or their equivalent, with a total weight of 1,400 pounds.
Incidentally the work in soil improvement was shown by a number of yields from soils naturally deficient in fertility, taken both before and after treatment, and thus showing the benefit of intelligent methods of soil restoration.
The articles contributed by the College of Engineering were arranged in an alcove, partly inclosed by cases of books and for folding frames, on which were placed photographs and diagrams mounted on large cards. A larger case contained the more bulky specimens of the work of students in the engineering shops. Above these cases were placed on the walls enlarged views and some original designs by architectural students.
A large series of good photographs arranged for convenient examination presented views of all buildings occupied by the College of Engineering, especially of their interiors, showing class and drawing-rooms, shops and laboratories, incidentally illustrating much of the equipment of machines and apparatus. A series of large diagrams and tables afforded full information concerning the very remarkable increase in the number of students in attendance during recent years.
The exhibit of the College of Medicine consisted of a large series of normal and pathological specimens and dexterously executed dissections of various portions of the human body. These were mounted so as to show to best advantage the special peculiarities in each case and so as to secure permanent preservation.
Closing up.—The closing up of the business of the commission, the sale of the building, furniture, and exhibits involved considerable work. The commission on two separate occasions advertised the building and furniture for sale, advertisements to that effect appearing in the St. Louis, Chicago, and Springfield papers. Opportunity was given for the people to bid for the building and furnishings as a whole, for them separately, or for any part. About sixty separate bids were received, some for one article only, many for a few pieces of furniture, and a very few for the building or furniture as a whole. Four bids were received for the building, viz, $200, $500, $750, and $1,000, the bids on the building including a provision that all debris from the wrecking of same should be removed and the ground cleared and left as it was originally, all of which involved considerable expense. The bid of the Southern Illinois Construction Company, of East St. Louis, was the highest, including building, furniture, and furnishings, and amounted to $4,250. This bid was accepted. Articles in other exhibits not included were afterwards disposed of and are included in the financial statement, bringing the amount of salvage to over $5,000. This amount seemed small, but was in line with the results of all expositions. At Chicago, with a net appropriation of $662,000 and with a building and furnishings costing $277,000, the total amount realized from the sale of buildings and furnishings was $3,926.50. At Omaha and Buffalo the amounts realized were less than $1,000.
On March 9, 1903, the legislature of the State of Indiana appropriated the sum of $150,000 for the necessary expenses of the participation of Indiana at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. At the same time the governor of the State was authorized and directed to appoint a commission of fifteen persons, not more than nine of whom were to be of the same political party.
Newton W. Gilbert, president; Henry W. Marshall, vice-president; James
W. Cockrum, secretary; A.C. Alexander, assistant secretary; W.W.
Wicks, W.W. Stevens, W.H. O'Brien, Crawford Fairbanks, D.W. Kinsey,
N.A. Gladding, Frank C. Ball, C.C. Shirley, Fremont Goodwine, Joseph
B. Grass, Stephen B. Fleming, Melville W. Mix.
The State made altogether seventeen exhibits in the various exhibit palaces, the total value of which was approximately $60,000. The exhibits consisted of needlework and lace work in the Manufactures Building, decorated china in the Varied Industries Building, coal and stone exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, horticultural exhibit in the Horticultural Building, special corn and dairy exhibits in the Agriculture Building, and general educational, library, college, State board of health, juvenile courts, department of inspection, school for feeble-minded youths, and State board of charities exhibits in the Educational Palace.
The Indiana Building at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was located in the center of the State group, on one of the most artistic spots within the exposition grounds. It was designed in the spirit of the French renaissance, and was intended to be a resting place for all visitors to meet friends and enjoy social and musical entertainments.
The building was surrounded by a broad terrace, with balustrade embellished with flowers and pedestals supporting vases with flowers and vines. The approach was through a spacious portico, on either side of which were candelabra of monumental character. A large lounging hall, 30 by 58, was furnished with heavy leather upholstered furniture. On either side were men's and women's resting rooms, 19 by 37, back of which were commodious toilet and retiring rooms. The toilet rooms had tile floors and walls and partitions made of "novus" sanitary glass, manufactured at Alexandria, Ind. The resting rooms were wainscoted 7 feet high with paneled oak, and were luxuriously furnished with rugs, upholstered furniture, and each was furnished with an upright piano.
In connection with the lounging hall were a secretary's office, a post-office, check room, registry desk, and bureau of information. The broad, spacious stairway in the center led to a landing with Corinthian columns supporting an art-glass dome.
Midway was a large landing and on either side were wide stairs leading to the floor above. This landing merged into a large music room, 25 by 50, superbly furnished with oriental rugs, Louis XIV furniture, and containing two grand pianos.
The art-glass decorations throughout the building and in the dome represented a material whose quality is said to be unexcelled in the world.
On the second floor was a large library, or reading room, in which were kept on file all the State newspapers and magazines; also all the principal daily papers and monthly magazines.
At one end of the building was the governor's reception room; at the other, the commissioners' reception room and private office. In connection with this latter was the art and literary department of the State, which contained copies of books by prominent Indiana authors and original manuscripts and drawings. The paintings which adorned the walls of the building were the product of Indiana genius. Her artists were lavish of their time and thought in contributing to the effect sought. The color scheme of the building was the result of educated taste.
The electric lighting was a special feature. A multitude of 4-candlepower lamps were used, distributed on the ceiling in pleasant form, that harmonized the decorative plaster panels. The woodwork throughout the building was stained and finished in bog oak. Most of the furniture was of the Mission style, stained to suit the interior finish.
The building was furnished and decorated luxuriously and in a quiet character, making an interior that offered comfort and quiet environment to the weary visitor. At the very beginning it was determined that this building and the things associated with it and housed in it should speak the culture and artistic development of Indiana life, and so it has gathered within its walls the best offerings of literature and art—the trophies of civilization.
Members of Indian Territory commission.—Thomas Ryan, chairman; F.C. Hubbard, executive commissioner; H.B. Johnson, honorary commissioner; A.J. Brown, honorary commissioner; W.L. McWilliams; H.B. Spaulding; J.E. Campbell; J.J. McAlester; William Busby; Miss Olive Blentlinger, clerk.
A fund of $50,000 was expended for the Indian Territory participation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Of this amount, $25,000 was appropriated by Congress and $25,000 was raised by popular subscription in the Territory. The expenditure, according to the provisions of the Congressional appropriation, was made under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior. It was the purpose of the commission to make the Indian Territory exhibit one that would primarily set forth the actual condition that existed in the Territory and to advertise the developments and resources of the same in a comprehensive manner. The same general lines that were adopted by other States and Territories in similar work were followed as closely as practicable.
Because of its limited funds the Territorial commission deemed it advisable to make exhibits only in the following departments: In the Mines and Metallurgy Building were displayed the coke and coal, marble, granite, and oil exhibits. The corn and cotton exhibits were shown in the Palace of Agriculture. In the Horticultural Building exhibits of the orchards and gardens of Indian Territory were maintained, and all other exhibits, such as educational, photographic, mineral specimens, etc., were installed in the Indian Territory Building.
The Indian Territory Building was completed and exhibits installed on the opening day of the exposition, April 30, 1904. It was located on a beautiful site in the Plateau of States, near the southeast entrance to the grounds. The building was a two-story colonial structure, 109 by 72 feet. The first floor contained, besides the large lobby room, two exhibit rooms. In one of these rooms was displayed the art and educational exhibit; in the other the photographic exhibit. These two exhibits—one setting forth the artistic, the other the commercial development of the residents of the Indian Territory—went far toward dispelling the somewhat prevalent idea that the Indian Territory is a wilderness, where progress and civilization are unknown.
In the art and educational room were displayed many beautiful paintings, studies, laces, fine needle and bead work, and industrial work, all the products of Indian Territory students and residents. In the photographic room were arranged 500 large photographs suitably framed and mounted, taken from all parts of Indian Territory, and representing the actual status and present commercial condition in the Indian Territory.
In the main lobby on the first floor of the Territory Building were displayed the collections of old Indian pottery, beadwork, etc. These collections belong to J.E. Campbell, of the Cherokee Nation; Mr. and Mrs. J.S. Murrow, of the Choctaw Nation; Mr. Thomas P. Smith and Miss Alice M. Robertson, of the Creek Nation, and were all especially fine and very valuable, many of the articles being more than a hundred years old and representing in the highest type the work of the old Indians. The paintings of Jefferson and his descendants, the work of Mrs. Narcissa Owen, of the Cherokee Nation, as well as the tapestries by the same artist, were admired by the many thousands who visited the Territory pavilion. Mention should be made also of the 100 wild flowers of the Indian Territory, mounted and framed, the collection of Mr. J.B. Bushyhead, of the Cherokee Nation.
The second floor of the Territory Building contained a large reception hall, ladies' parlors and resting rooms, and the offices of the executive commissioner. An especially attractive feature about the pavilion were the large stair landing and the five big windows, two transparencies being set in each and representing typical scenes from the Territory.
The Indian Territory was also represented in three of the exhibit palaces of the exposition, maintaining booths in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, the Palace of Horticulture, and the Palace of Agriculture.
The coal fields of the Indian Territory, especially in the Choctaw Nation, have for years been operated successfully, and within the past two years the development of the coal industry has been immense. Petroleum is also found in many parts of the Indian Territory. This industry, though new, is developing into gigantic proportions. Hundreds of wells are going down in both the Bartlesville and Muskogee fields, and the majority of those already opened are good producers. The crude oil in the Bartlesville field is in grade about the same as the Kansas oil, while the grade of the Muskogee field is somewhat better. Railroads, pipe lines, and refineries are being built for handling this product, which promises to be in such abundant supply. In the Indian Territory booth in the Mines and Metallurgy Building were shown many samples of Indian Territory coals and oils. Beside the four large cubes of the four separate grades of bituminous coal found in the Territory, there were arranged cases of the finest samples of egg coal, nut coal, and pea coal, and pyramids of coal and coke were erected. Samples of the oil from 27 flowing wells, together with samples of the oil sands, were arranged in glass and formed the background of the booth. Cubes of the Chickasha granite and the Cherokee marble and many blocks of building stone, filtering rock, colite, etc., were shown in this booth. A large relief map, costing more than $2,000, of the Choctaw coal fields and many pictures and plates of the top works of coal mines, oil wells, and asphaltum works were attractively placed in this booth.
A comprehensive display of the corn and cotton products of the Indian Territory was made in the two booths maintained in the Palace of Agriculture. The Indian Territory is particularly a cotton country. No finer staple is sold on the Liverpool market than that which grows in the bottoms along the Arkansas, Verdigris, Canadian, Washita, and Red rivers. Corn, wheat, oats, rye, and, in fact, all grains and products that flourish in such States as Kansas, Iowa, and Illinois do equally well in Indian Territory. With practically an unvarying temperature and abundant rainfall the "Indian lands" will, within a few years, be converted into agricultural domains rich and beautiful.
Though not the largest, one of the very prettiest displays in the Palace of Horticulture was that of the Indian Territory. Occupying the very center circular space in the building, this booth was kept constantly supplied with Indian Territory products of the orchard and flower gardens. Apples, peaches, pears, grapes, and plums seem to grow to perfection in the Indian Territory, and the many thousands who saw the fruit display at the exposition can attest the fact that wonderful are the products from Indian Territory orchards and gardens.
The legislature of the State of Kansas in 1901 appropriated the sum of $75,000 for the purpose of having the State represented at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently, in March, 1903, a second appropriation of $100,000 was made. There were no subscriptions of any kind for this purpose.
In 1901 the governor of Kansas appointed the following-named gentlemen as commissioners:
John C. Carpenter, president; J.C. Morrow, vice-president; R.T. Simons, treasurer; C.H. Luling, secretary; W.P. Waggener, commissioner.
Kansas made exhibits in the Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, and Social Economy buildings and in the Dairy Department. The State also made large exhibits in live stock of horses, cattle, swine, sheep, and poultry.
In the Agricultural Palace the corn steer, corn eagles, corn Indian, and several other striking features of installation, made exclusively of agricultural products, were greatly admired and favorably commented upon. In this department a grand prize was given to the State.
Although known principally as an agricultural State, the exhibit made by Kansas in the Mines and Metallurgy palaces was such as to astonish all who saw it. Besides its other large and varied resources and fine installation of lead, zinc, coal, salt, gypsum, stone, shale for manufacture of brick, cement, etc., Kansas is known as one of the greatest oil and gas fields in the United States.
The floor space assigned to the Kansas educational exhibit in the Educational Building was 45 by 30 feet. The walls were 15 feet high, thus giving for display purposes a surface of 2,100 square feet in addition to the floor space. All the wall space was used to show drawing maps, charts, photographs, and work in manual training. Thirty cabinet cases were used to exhibit miscellaneous work, mainly in drawing, kindergarten, sewing, and in photographic representations of various kinds.
The total cost of the booth was about $1,230, and of the furnishings about $600. The transportation of the educational exhibits cost approximately $100. The total cost of the educational exhibit in the Kansas booth was about $6,000.
In the Kansas school exhibits the work of the common schools was made conspicuous. There were on the tables in the booths between three and four hundred bound volumes of written work, comprising spelling, writing, composition, arithmetic, geography, grammar, United States history, map drawing, kindergarten. But while the work of the elementary schools was given the most important place in the Kansas exhibit, higher education was kept well in the foreground. The University of Kansas effectively showed its work through 50 large framed photographs in which all the buildings and many of the class rooms made the work of the institution visible to all.
There was work of some kind from 104 cities and about 400 country districts. The exhibits from many of the smaller cities did not appear separately on the catalogues, because they were included in county displays.
The Kansas Pavilion in the Agricultural Palace occupied a space 92 by 62 feet on the main aisle, near the center of the building. On each side were pillars 16 feet high decorated with ears of corn and corn husks. Upon each of these rested a Grecian vase made of corn husks and festooned with rosettes and garlands of corn husks, the whole being very attractive.
Standing at the main entrance, between the two high corn columns, were two eagles with wings spread for flight—one made of corn husks and kernels of corn, the other made of wheat straw and kernels of corn. They were the work of an artist.
One of the most striking features was the large center pyramid, surmounted by a monster steer of the Hereford type, 7 feet in height, fashioned of red and white shelled corn. At the top of this pyramid the word "Kansas" was worked in corn.
At the north entrance stood a pyramid of native grasses, upon which was a vase made of oat heads, 7 feet high. Directly opposite stood a pyramid of tame grasses, upon which rested a vase made of the heads of grains and grasses, 7 feet high.
The Kansas State Agricultural College, at Manhattan, exhibited alfalfa, corn, cane, Kaffir corn, oats, buffalo grass, and big blue-stemmed grass, showing the plant and root growth. Besides these there were 25 varieties of wheat sheaves, 10 varieties of cane 14 feet in length, 4 varieties of Kaffir corn, 3 of broom corn 15 feet, stalks of corn 16 feet, and millet 6 feet high.
The State Agricultural College Experiment Station, Hays, Kans., had a collection of wheat, rye, barley, speltz, oats, and flax.
The total cost of the various installations of the agricultural exhibits of Kansas was $17,750.
The Kansas exhibit in the Horticultural Department fully and completely represented that branch of industry in the State and was highly commented upon by the people generally from all sections of the country. Kansas was given space covering 2,000 square feet. The commission appropriated $9,000 for this exhibit, which covered all expenses.
The fruits, especially apples, placed Kansas high in rank as one of the leading apple-growing States of the Union. Kansas also ranked close along with the leading States in peaches, plums, grapes, and small fruits and was the banner State in the production of cherries.
The Kansas commission secured an 8-foot square space in the butter pavilion, Palace of Agriculture, at a cost of $500 for the season. The cost of placing and maintenance was $2,500.
Kansas did very well in her live-stock exhibit, for which an appropriation of $10,000 was used. More than two hundred entries won prizes, aggregating $313,800.
In the art exhibit, in the Kansas Building, the total number of articles entered and shown was 537. The total value of the same was $20,247, classified as follows: Sculpture, paintings in oil, paintings in water colors, pastels and other drawings, miniatures, etchings, etc., paintings on china, art needlework, embroideries, etc., tapestries, etc.
The legislature of 1902 refused to make an appropriation for a State exhibit. The organization of the Kentucky Exhibit Association to raise a fund by private subscription followed. For fourteen months an active canvass was conducted, resulting in $30,000 and a sentiment so unanimous for the State's representation at the fair that in January, 1904, the general assembly supplemented this amount with $75,000. The Kentucky Exhibit Association had several hundred members, with a board of 15 directors. Upon the passage of the appropriation act, Governor J.C. Beckham, who signed the measure, appointed the following commissioners, all to serve without compensation:
A.Y. Ford, president; Charles C. Spalding, vice-president; R.E. Hughes,
secretary; W.H. Cox, W.T. Ellis, Clarence Dallam, W.H. Newman, Sam P.
Jones, Samuel Grabfelder, M.H. Crump, J.B. Bowles, Charles E. Hoge, A.G.
Caruth, B.L.D. Guffy, Garrett S. Wall, Frank M. Fisher, Mrs. Bertha
Miller Smith, hostess.
Mr. Hughes, as secretary, was in charge of the building, and as director of exhibits maintained supervision over Kentucky's entire representation in the exhibit palaces. He was Kentucky's member of the Executive Commissioners' Association of the fair. Mr. Hughes had a most capable secretary in Mr. Frank Dunn, who was connected with the work from the organization of the old Kentucky Exhibit Association. Mrs. Bertha Miller Smith, of Richmond, Ky., held the position of hostess of the building.
Besides erecting a State Building, Kentucky collected, installed, and maintained 16 different exhibits; a collective display of minerals, a separate display of coal, a separate display of clays, in the Mines and Metallurgy Building; a collective display from the schools and colleges of the State and two separate displays in the blind section in the Palace of Education and Social Economy; two collective displays—one exterior, the other interior—of forestry in the department devoted to Forestry, Fish, and Game; a collective display of general agricultural products in the Palace of Agriculture; and displays of paintings and sculptures by Kentucky artists and sculptors, of fancy needle and drawn work by women, and of the works of Kentucky authors and composers in the Kentucky Building.
The displays in the exhibit palaces occupied 15,000 square feet of space, the tobacco display with 4,000 square feet having the largest space assigned any one product. Four thousand square feet were devoted to minerals, 1,200 to education, 3,000 to a general agricultural exhibit, 1,200 to forestry and its manufactured products, and 1,200 to horticulture.
In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy the general display combined both State and individual effort. Its 3,400 square feet of space faced on three of the main aisles of the building. Facing on three aisles the exhibit had three entrances, an arch of cannel coal, an arch of white limestone, and an arch of terra cotta burned in St. Louis from clay taken from Waco, Madison County. The arches were connected by a 3-foot wall of minerals, forming an inclosure for the exhibit. In this wall were shown, as approaches to the clay-entrance arch, building brick, tiles, paving brick, fire brick, plain and decorated pottery, etc.; as approaches to the cannel-coal arch, both bituminous and cannel coal, and as approaches to the stone arch, building stones and cement building blocks.
Oil and its future development was found in a collective petroleum exhibit from the several oil horizons. Large blocks of coal, representing the different veins of Kentucky, several full lines of broken coals, and a very complete display of coke were also displayed. A very elaborate display of kaolin—plastic, vitrifying, and refractory clays—was made.
In all, there were 114 different specimens of clay attractively displayed in glass cases and in convenient corners; also plain and decorated pottery, white and cream-colored wares, terra cotta, earthen-ware, building brick, firebacks, coke-oven sundries, paving brick, fire brick, tiles, etc. The Kentucky display contained also zinc ore and sphalerite, lead ore and barite, lead and zinc ore, and fluarite from the mines in Chittenden County; zinc and lead ores and metallic zinc from "the Joplin district of Kentucky;" sphalerite and galena from Marion, galena (in barite) from Lockport, Henry County, and large lumps and ground fluorspar and lead concentrates from Marion, Crittenden County. There were 138 samples of iron ore shown as a collective State exhibit, and in addition to this there was ore from Edmonson County, ore from Nelson County, ore from Allen County, ore from Carter County, and ore from Hart County. One of the unique displays was a sample bottle of oil from the old American oil well in Cumberland County. This well, begun September 10, 1827, was the first oil well in America. Collective State exhibits of oynx marble, paint earths, polished earths, sands, silicious earths, road materials, fluorspars, barite calcite, cement materials, salt, lithograph stone, lime, potash, marl, asphalt rock, etc., were also to be found in Kentucky's general mineral exhibit.
The State made a fine display in forestry, fish, and game. The collection embraced displays from all parts of Kentucky. The forestry exhibit not only showed Kentucky's timbers in the rough and polished state, but hundreds of samples of the manufactured products. One of the exhibits was a full-sized log wagon, carrying three large logs 10 feet long, one each of oak, poplar, and hickory. The idea of showing the timber from which the product was made was carried out as far as possible throughout the exhibit.
Kentucky's educational exhibit occupied 1,100 square feet, every foot of which was utilized to advantage. The public schools, Catholic institutions, commercial branches, and colleges were given due prominence, while special attention was given to mountain school labors. One part was devoted to public schools and another to Catholic institutions. The school work of the totally blind pupils occupied six display cabinets. These cases showed the entire course, from 8 years to 18. The display from the Kentucky School for the Deaf at Danville, illustrating the work done in its manual-training department, was shown also. This school was the pioneer in the manual-training movement in Kentucky, and for over half a century every graduate has left its halls equipped with a knowledge of some useful handicraft. More than a year was consumed in the collection of Kentucky's educational exhibit.
Kentucky made a good showing agriculturally, and had a creditable and attractive representation in the Palace of Agriculture. Raising more than 90 per cent of the hemp of the United States, Kentucky made one of the really distinctive exhibits of the Agricultural Building at the exposition. The exhibit occupied more than 2,000 square feet. An experiment station showed 50 varieties of grasses and 15 varieties of wheat, both in the seed and in the sheaf Another interesting feature was an entire case of insects injurious to fruit trees and staple products. An interesting feature was an obelisk, 12 feet high, made of blue grass from the experiment station The apex was of ripened blue grass; the shades leading up to it, formed the base, beginning with the grass in its green state. The bluish tint that gives the grass its name could be seen. Various stages of hemp culture and harvest were shown also. These include the seed, the stalk intact, broken and dressed hemp. Practically 100 different places were represented in this Kentucky exhibit. There were in all 242 exhibitors. Fifty-two of these showed tobacco, 108 corn, 18 wheat, 6 oats, 8 seeds, 5 hemp, and the others miscellaneous.
The display of tobacco was conceded to be most instructive. Occupying an entire block—4,628 square feet of space—it covered more floor area than any other display in the 1,240 acres of the exposition devoted to a single product. There was shown in miniature or by pictures tobacco in every phase of its culture and manufacture. A box of plug tobacco 3 feet square, the largest ever made, was shown here. To show to good advantage the successive steps in the culture, harvesting, curing, and marketing of the tobacco, two platforms, each 31 feet long by 8 feet wide, were utilized. They were on opposite aisles of the space, running parallel with the 89-foot sides. On one platform were shown the plant beds and fields, on the other the curing barns and warehouses.
The State Pavilion was dedicated as the "New Kentucky Home." By a careful study of the visitors' register with the total attendance at the exposition it was found that 1 out of every 18 visitors to the fair visited the "New Kentucky Home." The registers showed for one day alone citizens from 35 States and 11 foreign countries. Its walls, hung with more than $20,000 worth of the paintings of Kentucky artists, the most important collection in the State Building; a score of glass cases holding one of the exhibits of fancy needlework and a display of relics, with a library of the works of Kentucky authors and an art-design piano with Kentucky-written music, the "New Kentucky Home" was most interesting. With four sides, and every side a front, its doors were always wide open and no restriction was placed upon visitors. Its 582 lights at night spoke an invitation to all.
Members of commission.—Governor Newton C. Blanchard, president; Dr.
W.C. Stubbs, State commissioner; Maj. J.G. Lee, secretary; Gen. J.B.
Levert; Col. Charles Schuler; H.L. Gueydan; Robert Glenk, assistant to
State commissioner; Charles K. Fuqua, assistant secretary.
The legislature of the State of Louisiana in 1902 passed an act providing that a board of commissioners, to be known as "The Board of Commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition," be created, consisting of the governor, who should be ex officio president thereof, and four other members to be appointed by the governor. The sum of $100,000 was appropriated by the same act for Louisiana's participation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
In the city of New Orleans is an old Spanish building, erected in 1795, used during the Spanish reign as a cabildo or court building. In this building the actual transfer of the Louisiana purchase from Spain to France and from France to the United States occurred, the first on November 30 and the last on December 20, 1803.
The commission wisely determined to reproduce this building as it was at that date on the exposition grounds at St. Louis and to use the same as a State building. It was determined also to furnish it with furniture and pictures of that date. On account of the prominence of the State of Louisiana in the original purchase, she was accorded first choice in the selection of a site for her State building. A beautiful spot overlooking Government Hill and directly south of Missouri's handsome State Palace was selected. The building was completed in October, 1903, at a cost of $25,000. On account of its historic interest and rich antique furnishings, the State building attracted much attention, and the visitors that passed through its portals numbered perhaps nearly a million.
In front of the building was reproduced the "Place d'Armes" of the French and Spanish regimes, now Jackson square, in the center of which was erected an equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson, modeled upon the one erected to the hero of Chalmette in the square in New Orleans by the grateful citizens of Louisiana.
In the room known as Sala Capitular, in which the transfer occurred, was exposed throughout the exposition a facsimile of the treaty signed by Livingstone, Monroe, and Marbois. In the jails in the rear of the Cabildo were placed the original stocks used by the Spanish in punishment of their criminals.
Besides the Cabildo, which was a veritable museum of curios and interesting relics, Louisiana had 15 exhibits in 10 buildings.
In the Agricultural Palace she had 8,500 feet of space, of which 2,000 was devoted to sugar, 2,000 to rice, 2,000 to cotton, and 2,500 to general agriculture.
In the sugar exhibit was a field of cane made of wax, with negroes cutting the same, and from this field there was a train of cars carrying cane to the sugarhouse. On reaching the sugarhouse the cane was unloaded by machinery and crushed by a complete sugar mill with crusher. Surrounding the sugarhouse were 500 small barrels of sugar and 100 barrels of molasses; also in the same space were commercial samples of plantation and refined sugars and a life-sized model of "Miss Louisiana" made of sugar. Samples of 100 varieties of cane were shown and samples of sugarhouse products were also, displayed. There were also to be seen beautiful samples of paper Of all grades made from the cane.
In the rice exhibit were to be found, first, large shocks of each, variety of rice in the sheaf. A field of growing rice, made of wax, with a harvesting machine cutting and binding the same, was in evidence. All stages of growing rice were represented, from the sprouting seed to the fully matured grain. Samples of commercial rice were tastefully exhibited.
In the cotton exhibit were to be found 15 commercial bales of cotton specially prepared for the exhibit by patriotic citizens of Louisiana. Over these bales was a platform, upon which was erected a "Carnival King" in cotton. A roller and saw gin, a square and round bale cotton press, and a complete cotton-seed oil mill made up the display of machinery in the cotton exhibit. Nearly 100 varieties were shown in small, neat bales, weighing 3 or 4 pounds each.
In the agricultural exhibit every crop growing in the field and the garden was exhibited. Hay from the grasses and legumes, all kinds of grain, both clean and in the straw; all kinds of fiber plants, in the stock and in the fiber; all kinds of tobacco, yellow-leaf cigar leaf, cigars, and the famous Perique were to be found. Vegetables of all kinds, both fresh and in wax, were handsomely displayed.
In the Palace of Horticulture two exhibits were made. Pecans, oranges, grapefruit, peaches, plums, pears, pomegranates, Japan persimmons, and many other subtropical fruits were shown.
In the conservatory were two carloads of plants brought from New Orleans. In it were 28 varieties of palms and many varieties of oranges, pecans, figs, pineapples, bananas, pomegranates, etc.
In the Forestry Building there were two exhibits from Louisiana. In the
first were to be found timbers of valuable forests and their products.
In the same building were found the birds, fishes, and animals of
Louisiana.
In the Educational Building there were also two exhibits from Louisiana. One was the regular State exhibit, illustrating the work done in the schools, colleges, and universities.
In the same building and in the exhibit from the experimental stations a complete sugar laboratory made by the sugar experimental station at Audubon Park, New Orleans, was shown.
In the Mines and Metallurgy Building were exhibits of sulphur and salt, crude and refined petroleum, marble, and iron ore, all fresh from the mines of Louisiana.
In the Liberal Arts Building were topographical maps showing the levees of Louisiana, and showing also the city of New Orleans in 1803 and New Orleans in 1903. There were also in this exhibit 200 maps of the Gulf coast from 1500 up to the present time, some rare old books, a section of the palisades that surrounded New Orleans in the year 1794, and copies of all the books of the authors of the State.
In the Transportation Building was represented transportation on the Mississippi River, past and present, beginning with the Indian canoe and on through the evolution of transportation up to the monster ocean liner of to-day.
In the Anthropology Building was a very fine collection of Indian relics, including a number of baskets of rare and beautiful type.
The State of Maine erected one of the most noteworthy buildings of the ground and one that attracted universal attention. The building represented accurately the popular conception of what a sportsman's clubhouse should be. The building was made entirely of Maine lumber and was in the form of a log cabin, exaggerated in size and equipped with all the comforts of a country clubhouse. In this connection it is interesting to note that the Maine Pavilion was subsequently sold for $2,000 for the purpose of a sportsman's clubhouse in the country. The spacious, cool verandas and the odor from the fresh pine logs made the log house of Maine a favorite rendezvous during the heated days of the summer. The building was furnished throughout with furnishings from the manufacturers of Maine. The walls were decorated with moose heads and specimens of the game and fish to be found in Maine. The walls of the building were hung with pictures of various scenes in the State. The total cost of the building was $22,361.40, and the furnishings cost $159.80.
The legislature of the State appropriated $40.000 for the purpose of erecting the building and making the display. There was no money given by individuals. The total cost of the exhibit was $1,893.19.
The commissioners appointed by the legislature were as follows:
Louis B. Goodall, Sanford, chairman; Lemuel Lane, Westbrook; Frank H.
Briggs, Auburn; Charles C. Burrill, Ellsworth; Henry W. Sargent,
Sargentville. Edward E. Philbrook was elected secretary.
The purpose of the commission was primarily to advertise they resources of the State of Maine as a vacation and sporting State. The only exhibit made by the State, beyond that described above, was a small display of potatoes and apples.
In the legislature of the State of Maryland in 1902 an item of $25,000 was provided in the general appropriation bill "for the use of the commissioners to the St. Louis Fair, hereby authorized to be appointed by the governor." The amount of this appropriation was less than the friends of the measure desired, but it enabled the work to be inaugurated. Governor Smith appointed the following commissioners:
Gen. L. Victor Baughman, chairman; Francis E. Waters, vice-chairman;
Frederick P. Stieff, treasurer; Frank N. Hoen, William A. Marburg,
William H. Grafflin, Wesley M. Oler, Thomas H. Robinson, Jacob M.
Pearce, Orlando Harrison, Mrs. Frances E. Lord, Mrs. Parks Fisher, F.P.
Cator, H.J. McGrath; Samuel K. Dennis, secretary.
A further appropriation of $40,000 was made, giving the commission a total of $65,000. Through the systematic, scientific work of the Maryland geological survey the commission had at hand the basis of an excellent exhibit for the Palace of Mines. After vicissitudes of various kinds, chiefly those occasioned by the great fire in Baltimore, the Maryland Building was finished and opened on June 8. The total cost of the building was $18,402.70. It was of a modern classic design, very boldly treated. In plan it was a parallelogram 100 feet long by 40 feet wide, with a recess on the front 10 by 55 feet, forming a loggia, which was richly decorated in color (the only such external color scheme on the grounds), supported by six columns of the composite order 25 feet high, carrying a cornice and balustrade above. The Maryland State arms were the central feature over the main entrance. At either end there were large semicircular porches, supported on Ionic columns, which made the total length of the building over all 140 feet. The site was an ideal one, close to the New York and other State buildings and on the direct route from the Inside Inn to the center of the grounds. The building was surrounded by a beautiful oak grove, and was on gently rising ground. Inside the classic feeling was maintained. On entering through the loggia one found an imposing hall 55 feet long by 25 feet high. The color scheme of this room was golden brown, with a lighter shade of the same for the vaulted ceiling. Portraits of great value, taken from the statehouse at Annapolis, as well as one of his eminence Cardinal Gibbons, lent an air of dignity. Other rooms on the ground floor were: On the left a picture room, where a large number of framed photographs of Maryland scenery, buildings, and objects of interest were hung, and back of this a lunch room and pantry, for use on reception days. At the other end of the building there was a drawing room, with a room at the back which was used as a men's smoking room, with toilet attached. A stairway led from this part of the building to the ladies' boudoir, which also had toilet attached, and to a ladies' drawing-room.
The second story, at the other end of the building, had a good room fitted up for the gentleman in charge of the building. Mr. Albert Jones, of Baltimore, and Mrs. Parks Fisher, of Baltimore, dispensed hospitality in true Maryland style, and made many friends for the State among the many visitors who came daily to the building. Upon Mrs. Fisher devolved much of the responsibility of making the building popular, and she was careful to have a few representative ladies of old Maryland families established in St. Louis to assist her in entertaining those who came. To Mrs. Fisher is due much of the credit for the taste and judgment used in furnishing the building.
The exhibit of Maryland's mineral resources in the Mines and Metallurgy Building covered an area of nearly 3,000 square feet of floor space, together with about 4,000 square feet of wall and window space. The mineral products were as follows:
Coals, building and decorative stones, ores, clays and clay products (including pottery, tile, terra cotta, fancy and common brick, fire brick, enameled brick, retorts and stove linings), limestones, sands, cement rocks, flints, feldspars, marls, tripoli, barites, soapstones, etc. All of the leading operators and manufacturers in the State took part in the display, some of them supplying large collections of materials. In addition to the exhibit of mineral products there was an extensive systematic collection representing the geology, mineralogy, and paleontology of the State, displayed in a series of plate-glass, cases on the walls. In this exhibit the numerous materials found at the various geological horizons were displayed, the object of the exhibit being to show the great variety of geological formations represented in Maryland.
The Maryland agricultural exhibit occupied a space 90 by 20 feet. A feature intended to illustrate the varied conditions, crops, and methods found in the northern and southern sections of the State, quite foreign to each other, were the two barn scenes, located at each end and on the wall side of the block. The corn exhibit, consisting of samples of ten ears each, was displayed in a handsome case 4 by 12 feet, protected by plate glass. Each sample was tied with orange and black ribbon, with the names and addresses of the growers attached. A second corn exhibit was made in a special exhibit in the, middle aisle of this mammoth building. Here were displayed the four staples—tobacco, sugar, cotton, and corn.
The tobacco exhibit was displayed in a case of like construction and proportions to that occupied by the corn, and located at the opposite end and in front of the "Southern Maryland Barn." It made an attractive showing of the planters' tobacco from both southern Maryland and Frederick County. A special tobacco exhibit was also made in the middle aisle on a space 20 feet square. In the center stood a giant Indian on a pedestal over 7 feet high, with a long-stemmed pipe in his mouth and a horn of plenty on his left arm, from which the manufactured products of the weed fell to the ground. The whole was apparently built of tobacco.
The canned-goods industry was in evidence in this section to the right and left of the "Springhouse." Placed against the wall, which was covered with black cloth, were three pyramids of cans of peas, corn, and tomatoes.
That Massachusetts might be creditably represented at the St. Louis
Exposition the Commonwealth appropriated $100,000.
Governor Bates appointed as the board of managers having the appropriation in charge Dr. George Harris, of Amherst; Mrs. Sears and Mrs. May Alden Ward, of Boston; Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, of Brookline, and Hon. Wilson W. Fairbank, of Warren. Doctor Harris was elected president of the board; Mrs. Sears, vice-president, and Mrs. Ward, recording secretary. To Mr. Harris was assigned the department of education; to Mrs. Sears, art; to Mrs. Ward, history, and to Messrs. Fitzpatrick and Fairbank, finance. Mrs. Sears, Mrs. Ward, and Mr. Fairbank were chosen to serve as the building committee. The board appointed James M. Perkins, of Boston, secretary and George E. Gay, of Malden, educational director.
The State Building at St. Louis was designed by C. Howard Wattset., of Boston, and the cost, including the furnishings and the grading of the grounds, was about $32,000. The building was of colonial style, embodying as many features as possible of the Bulfinch front of the Massachusetts statehouse. The reception hall on the first floor resembled in part the old senate chamber in the statehouse, and the room above, the historical hall, was like the present senate chamber. Most of the furniture in the building was secured from the statehouse by Senator Fairbank, to whom a large part of Massachusetts's success at the fair was due.
In the historical room of the building was a very fine collection of historical relics. Mrs. Ward, who was assisted by Miss Helen A. Whittier, of Lowell, had charge of this exhibit. There were no other exhibits in the State Building, but Massachusetts was well represented in the different exhibit palaces, and in the Educational Building had an exhibit that cost $30,000.
The governor of the State of Michigan appointed the following named persons as commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:
Governor Aaron T. Bliss, ex officio member; Frederick B. Smith,
president; Austin Farrell, vice-president; Roy S. Barnhart, treasurer;
Hal H. Smith, secretary; William A. Hurst, assistant secretary; D. Aaron
R. Ingram, Charles P. Downey.
The act which authorized the governor to appoint the commission authorized also the expenditure of $50,000 for the purpose of Michigan's representation at the exposition.
The Michigan State Building was situated at the corner of Federal avenue and Government terrace. The building occupied 80 by 130 feet, and was of colonial renaissance architecture. It rose to the height of two stories and was surrounded by wide porches and terraces. Immediately in front and center four fluted stately columns supported the porch around the entire building. French windows were used on both floors, and their effect was emphasized and enhanced by the use of arches on the lower porch. The whole was painted white and colonial cream.
The interior of the building was divided into a large reception hall, which was flanked on either side by double parlors. The decorations were of green and yellow in quiet tints. From the center of the main assembly hall an imposing staircase was raised to a landing and then to the second floor. The second floor was arranged in a large assembly room, which was decorated with scenes in green and filled with light wicker furniture. At the one side was a writing room, finished in weathered or mission furniture, and decorated with scenes of the resort sections of Michigan; on the other side were the private apartments of the commissioners.
The hangings of the rooms were in quiet tones, harmonizing with the wall tints. The floors were of hard maple throughout, and were covered with attractive and beautiful rugs. The building was erected at a cost of $14,000. The furniture and fittings cost approximately $5,000.
The agricultural exhibit comprised an extensive collection of samples of different varieties of pease and beans; a large exhibit of seeds; an exhibit of grains in stalk, tastefully arranged; an exhibit of grains and corn; also a cabinet of pickled goods; a large exhibit of salt; condensed-milk products; a complete exhibit in season of vegetables from different counties of Michigan. The sugar-beet industry was represented by samples of beets and of sugar in its various processes. The maple-sirup industry of Michigan and the pepper industry were likewise represented by cabinets containing samples of the products. This exhibit was installed, complete, on a space 40 by 40 feet.
The horticultural exhibit comprised a space covering 2,500 square feet of tables. For its first installation there were used 100 bushels of apples grown in 1903, which had been kept in cold storage for this, purpose. It comprised a collection of over 100 varieties of Michigan fruit. With the coming of 1904 fruit, a complete exhibit of fresh apples was installed from time to time, comprising over 150 varieties of apples, requiring as many as 1,500 plates at one time, with many varieties of grapes, peaches, plums, pears, quinces, and cherries. A. large exhibit was also made of small fruit, raspberries, strawberries, currants, and huckleberries. The exhibits were made by individuals, by counties, and by local fair associations of the State.
The forestry exhibit was collected through the generosity and contributions of a committee. It was a complete exhibit of Michigan lumber, showing the rough log and the finished board, both in lumber and in transverse sections. There were also displayed samples of the different products which are manufactured from the log, such as shoe-last blocks, wooden utensils, paper, paper pulp, etc., and there was also an extensive collection of photographs of forestry scenes and lumber camps, together with a complete collection of blueprints for the construction of lumber mills. It was installed in a space 50 by 20 feet, and was surrounded by natural cedar railings.
The mines and metallurgy exhibit comprised exhibits of the iron, copper, and salt products, cement, manufactures of lime and sand, brick, and an extensive collection of specimens of various minerals found in Michigan. The copper mines were represented by samples of rock, minerals, and tailings, models of shaft houses, and manufactured copper. The iron industry was represented by upward of 100 samples of ore of various ranges. These were classified and shown in the various ranges and stages of their production from the rock to the finished product. The cement industry was well represented. Coal of the Saginaw Valley was installed in a 6-foot wall in the booth. An extensive and very valuable collection of over 1,500 specimens were shown in cases. Three large geographical maps showed the location of the different ranges, and photographs of mining scenes supplemented the exhibit.
In the educational exhibit the University of Michigan was represented by a main exhibit in the Education Building and by a small exhibit of the physical-culture work of women in the Physical Science Building. In the Educational Building a space 22 1/4 by 30 feet was assigned to the university, having frontage on two aisles. On this space a booth was erected, built of cypress and stained to resemble weathered oak. Within the booth the floor was stained a dark color, and upon it were spread carefully selected oriental rugs of strong coloring. The furniture was of the "arts and crafts" style. It may be said that the chief motive of the committee having charge of the exhibit was to provide a rest room or social headquarters for the alumni and students of the university and their friends.
There were placed upon exhibition several hundred volumes containing the chief publications of members of the various faculties, also reprints of scientific articles, these and a series of books showing the work of the university bindery.
The engineering department was represented by numerous rolls of large-scale blueprints, by an album of photographs specially prepared, and by a large and attractive sample board of student shop-work. To illustrate the equipment in marine engineering there were presented two models of vessels and a model of the large marine tank which is now in process of completion.
In the Educational Building could also be found cabinets showing the method of collecting vital statistics of the department of the State of Michigan and cabinets exhibiting the work of the School for the Feeble-Minded, of Kalamazoo, and a cabinet of the School for the Deaf and Dumb, of Flint.
A Michigan furniture company, interested in the exposition through the efforts of the commission, expended over $25,000 in the installation of a magnificent exhibit of furniture in the Department of Varied Industries, making the most complete collection of furniture shown by any American firm.
The matter of the participation of Minnesota at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was brought to the attention of the State legislature at a special session in 1902, and it responded with an appropriation of $50,000. This bill was chapter 87, and was approved March 11, 1902. In January, 1903, Governor Samuel R. Van Sant appointed as the board of three managers authorized by the law Mr. Conde Hamlin, of St. Paul, Mr. Theo. L. Hays, of Minneapolis, and Mr. J.M. Underwood, of Lake City.
At the time of the appropriation it was expected that the exposition would be held in 1903. It, however, grew in magnitude and scope far beyond the original designs of its projectors. The board organized by the election of Mr. Hamlin as president, Mr. Underwood as vice-president, and Mr. Hays as secretary. Charles S. Mitchell, of Alexandria, was elected superintendent and executive officer, to have immediate charge of exhibits and to carry out the plans of the board.
A site for Minnesota's building was selected, and space was reserved in the great exhibit palaces of Mines and Metallurgy, Education, Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry, Game, and Fish.
Subsequently, on April 1, 1903, a further appropriation of $100,000 was voted by the Minnesota legislature.
The style of the Minnesota State Building resembled the Byzantine. It was designed for a southern climate. The entire lower floor could be thrown open by means of large glass doors opening upon corridors and a wide promenade, which was protected by awnings. A low wall surmounted this promenade, broken at intervals by abutments, on which were placed large vases of flowering plants. This added color, and with the beds of cannas, which extended along the base of this wall, and large beds of brilliant scarlet geraniums on the lawn, made a handsome setting for the building. These plants were Minnesota grown. The cannas grew to huge proportions, and at the height of the season there were few landscapes on the Plateau of States more effective than that of Minnesota.
The building was ample for its uses. There was a reception room 30 by 50 feet in size, with reading tables, the files of the State papers, a post-office, check room, and superintendent's office. A men's room and a women's room, each 20 by 20 feet, opened from the reception room. Two pianos were free for the use of guests, and were a much-appreciated feature. Every possible convenience was afforded to visitors. That the general public, as well as visitors from Minnesota, appreciated the building was shown by the hundreds who visited it daily and the many who came day after day to write letters, read the papers, or merely to rest and enjoy its coolness. The location gave it added prominence, as it was near the southeast entrance, one of the most convenient for visitors, close to the Inside Inn, and with the Massachusetts, New York, Iowa, and Kansas buildings as neighbors.
The financial statement shows that the construction of the building, with furnishing, landscaping, maintenance, care, and salaries of employees, cost a total of less than $29,000.
In the agricultural display, while wheat was not neglected, especial stress was laid on Minnesota's grasses, both tame and wild, and its general forage crops. It was conceded by experts that no State made a better display in that line of products. Corn was also made prominent. Two elaborate butter models were shown, one in this department and one in the exposition refrigerator.
The State was fortunate in the location secured. It was on one of the large central aisles and adjoining the great glass butter refrigerator, where were shown all the competing fancy butter exhibits from the various States. On the same aisle or near by were the most splendid exhibits in this building, those of States that expended from $30,000 to $100,000 in that department alone, the latter figure being the expenditure of Missouri. That Minnesota was able with $10,000 to make a showing that found credit and favor in comparison with these other much more elaborate and costly displays was surely commendable.
The central feature of the booth was a splendid piece of statuary in butter. On a platform was placed an eight-faced glass refrigerator; it was 8 by 10 feet on the floor and 15 feet high. The statue in butter filled this. The square pedestal had at the four corners figures representing Agriculture, Education, Mining, and Dairying. On the front face was the seal of Minnesota, and on the two side faces medallions of Alexander Ramsey and Samuel R. Van Sant. The crowning figure was that of a mother giving to her little boy, who stood at her side, a piece of bread and butter. Nearly a ton of the best creamery butter made in Minnesota was used in this model.
The butter refrigerator in the Agricultural Building was of triple-plate glass, and was 90 feet long. Minnesota's space was 8 by 16 feet. The subject chosen for its model was historical—a representation of Father Hennepin discovering St. Anthonys Falls. The father, in his priestly garb, was shown in the act of stepping from an Indian canoe to the shore. An Indian was holding the canoe to the bank by grasping a small bush, while the boat was steadied by a French voyageur with his paddle. The three types—the aborigine, the priest, and the French voyageur—were accurately reproduced in costume, expression, and features, and were practically life-size. The swift-flowing river, with a suggestion of the falls, completed the picture, in which nearly 1,500 pounds of butter were used.
In a space just east of the butter refrigerator was the exposition refrigerator for displays of cheese. In this the board took a space 8 by 8 feet.
The horticulture exhibit was placed in the hands of experts from the State Horticultural Society. Here were shown large and small fruits, preserved in many handsome jars. Apples which had been preserved in cold storage from the crop of 1903 kept that feature of the exhibit replenished, while the smaller fruits were shown as they matured, being shipped from the growers in the State almost daily.
In September, when the new apples became available, a second and larger space was secured. Here was made a display which was one of the greatest attractions in the building. It represented a Dutch windmill and tower, done entirely in apples.
During the final months of the exposition, when the live stock displays were made, the board arranged with the State live stock association for an exhibit of cattle, horses, and swine. The board appropriated $4,000 to this department and paid it into the hands of representatives of the association to be distributed to the exhibitors from the State in proportion to the prizes awarded to them by the exposition. This plan was very successful and resulted in a creditable exhibit of the State's prize live stock. At this time also a very successful display of poultry was made, and a great many prizes were won.
In the Department of Education it was determined that Minnesota, should retain its rank among the States and, if possible, should win new glory. It was therefore made a leading department. The exhibit was especially strong in rural school and primary and elementary education, and much more attention than ever before was given to the secondary schools of the State at large. The State department of education was consulted, and the State Teachers' Association, the request of the board, named a committee to advise with the board.
This was the first exposition to devote a separate building and one of the main group of exhibit palaces to education. The plan greatly dignified the department. Minnesota was most fortunate in the location assigned its display, as this exhibit had the first space at the principal entrance and was the first seen on entering the building from the main exposition thoroughfare. The space was 30 by 60 feet. The booth, the cabinet, the furnishings, and the frames were of Mission brown oak. The walls were covered by a deep-blue burlap. The mountings of the wall and cabinet exhibits toned with these colors, as did the hangings. The design, as a whole, was exceedingly simple, but in the style, in harmony of tone, and general artistic merit it was given first rank among all the exhibits in the building. Its prominent position demanded this excellence, for it commanded the most critical dicta of the visitors.
In the arrangement of material, repetition and duplication were avoided. All the written work and much of the drawing, designing, and drafting was mounted in cabinets or bound in books. The arrangement showed the State system as a unit, and every article in the booth was the work of the schools, including the furniture, pottery, bric-a-brac, and hangings. It was especially strong in manual training. In dividing the space the manual-training exhibits were united as far as possible. The first alcove of cabinet exhibits was devoted to the rural schools, the second to the semigraded schools. The third and fourth sets of cabinets contained the work of the secondary high schools and the grades in their respective towns. The fifth set was given to the normal schools, while the last two alcoves were devoted to the schools of St. Paul and Minneapolis, the wall space being also apportioned to them. One cabinet was filled with photographs of the university, the curricula, statistics, etc. On the rear wall was a frieze of excellent photographs of the university buildings, and around the outside of the entire booth was a painted frieze, 5 feet deep, giving a panoramic view of the campus and buildings, both of the academic and of the agricultural department.
A cabinet was also devoted to statistics, which included the State system of aid to rural, semigraded, graded, and high schools. This cabinet also gave figures showing the State permanent school funds, the special tax, and school apportionment based on attendance; school attendance, value of school property, system of examination of teachers, and State examination for pupils, etc. There were also very complete sets of State examination papers.
In the State Building the large reception room and the women's and men's
rooms were furnished by the pupils of the manual training classes of the
Minneapolis high schools, and of the Mechanic Arts High School of St.
Paul.
While the exhibits of mining and building materials were kept separate financially, they were practically combined in one exhibit in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. No scientific display was attempted, and the plan of installation was severely simple.
Minnesota has but one mineral in such abundance as to be a great financial asset, but in that one—iron—it produces over half the output of the Lake Superior region, which alone of the United States iron fields produces any considerable quantity of ore of a quality required for manufacturing Bessemer steel. The analysis of the ores and names of the mines were given on the samples, which were shown in nearly 100 large glass jars. A chart of the Mesaba range; a large map of the State, showing the location of the mineral lands; two groups of photographic views of working mines and mining methods, in frames 3 by 10 feet in size, with statistical charts. These constituted the wall display. On the floor was a model, 11 feet square, of the Fayal, the greatest producing mine in the world. This showed all the mining processes and every detail of shaft house, ore dumps, cars, tracks, steam shovels, telegraph lines, etc., in and about the mines.
The stone exhibit was also a practical one. It showed the more marketable varieties as they appear in actual use. There were five large wall pieces of granite, one of Winona stone, one of pipestone, and one of Frontenac stone. Inclosing two sides of the floor space, which was 36 by 54 feet, was a low wall of stone, with two entrances. The shorter wall was of polished granite from the St. Cloud quarries, showing all the more distinct varieties—gray, mottled, black, red, and brown. The wall on the longer side, beginning with a corner post and extending to the entrances, was of polished red granite, with a panel of Minnesota marble. On either side of the side entrance, were high posts of Kettle River sandstone, handsomely carved, and the rest of the wall was of this stone combined in part with the Twin City brick.
An elaborate game and fish display was determined upon in the Game and Fisheries Building. Every inducement was held out by the company, and an especial effort was made for this exhibit. It pledged, among other things, that pure refrigerated water would be furnished for the fish. The board consulted in this department the State game and fish chief, Mr. Samuel Fullerton, who extended all the assistance possible. Eighty-four feet of aquaria were put in, and it is indisputable that they were the best built, most practical, and best arranged in the building. At the close of the fair the Pacific Coast Association offered $1,000 in cash for them where they were, or nearly one-third of their cost. They were planned to show not only the State's trout and small fish, but the large game fish that are found there. As it was, splendid specimens were shipped to St. Louis in the fish car of the Pennsylvania commission, loaned without charge for that purpose. The fish arrived on Minnesota Day under the personal care of Mr. Fullerton and one of his wardens and of three Pennsylvanians, expert in such work. The fish were in splendid condition, and they included wall-eyed pike, pickerel, muskellunge, bass of all varieties, and great northern pike that experts said were larger than had ever before been sent anywhere for exhibition purposes. There were also rare specimens of trout, including the white trout that are a Minnesota specialty. The fish, except the trout, were successfully transferred to the State's tank that evening. By morning only three were alive, and these died during the day. The trout were not tanked at all, but were turned over to the United States authorities, who were glad to get them because of their rarity. The responsibility for this failure rests with the Exposition Company. The water supplied was not from wells, but was the muddy Missouri River water clarified by the alum process, which is fatal to fish. It was also entirely too warm, no attempt to keep the promise of refrigeration having been made. After this disaster the board refused to bring more fish until the company should fulfill its pledge, which it never did. Minnesota's experience was shared by Pennsylvania and Missouri, the only other States prepared to make large live fish displays.
The failure of the St. Louis Fair officials to provide proper water caused a difference in the board finances of nearly $2,000. The board had secured subscriptions from six different towns in the fishing regions of the State toward the payment for the aquaria, the idea being to stock the aquaria with fish from the lakes near the towns that subscribed, and to give them proper individual credit. When the possibility of keeping the fish alive was realized the board promptly released them from their obligations, but it was too late to save the appropriation made through reliance upon the plans and promises of the exposition.
The game exhibit had a large space adjoining that occupied by the aquarium. It was at the principal entrance to the building. The larger part of the space was covered by a realistic scene from the northern woods—the State game region. A pine forest was shown with a rocky embankment at the side, while opposite was a birch opening. Breaking through this opening and represented as scenting danger were three moose—two bucks and a cow—that were the finest specimens of the great game animals in the building. Elsewhere in the scene was a family of three red deer; also very handsome caribou, black bears, wolves, foxes, porcupines, grouse, prairie chicken, owls, etc. The background of the scene was a distant lake view, and with effective lighting it was conceded to be among the most novel exhibits in the building. No other scenic reproduction was more complete. Adjoining this scene was a smaller space filled with moose and deer heads and mounted fish. The walls were draped with fish nets, and a large map of the State showed the railroads, summer resorts, and lakes.
In compliance with the very general demand of the press and people, the legislature of Mississippi, in 1902, appropriated $50,000 for the purpose of securing and installing the products, resources, industries, and enterprises of the State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This was the first appropriation ever made by Mississippi for a World's Fair. The bill providing for the State exhibits created a State exposition bureau of five members, specifying that the governor should be ex officio president and name his four associates, the following being the personnel of the bureau: J.K. Vardaman, ex officio chairman; Dr. O.B. Quinn, chairman; Frank Burkitt, secretary; L.H. Enochs; V.P. Still.
At the first meeting of the bureau Col. R.H. Henry, of Jackson, was elected executive commissioner, and was charged with the duty of canvassing the State, with a view of procuring the exhibits. He visited all parts of Mississippi, delivered exposition addresses in the different counties, and urged upon the people the importance of making the best exhibit possible at the exposition. He devoted two years to the work.
The legislature of 1904 made an additional appropriation of $10,000 under the administration of Governor James K. Vardaman, who succeeded Governor Longino as president of the exposition bureau. Several counties also made appropriations, as did some of the factories and mills of the State, the total appropriation aggregating about $62,000.
The Mississippi State Building was a reproduction of the last home of Jefferson Davis, known as "Beauvoir." This home is located near Biloxi, Miss., is of old-style southern architecture, massive in construction and imposing in appearance, and from its broad porches may be seen the "whitecaps" of the Gulf of Mexico. The house was built by James Brown, a rich cotton planter of Madison County, and by him used as a summer home until the close of the civil war, when it was sold to Mrs. Sarah A. Dorsey, from whom Mr. Davis secured it. It contained a large historic collection pertaining to the Davis family, much of the family furniture, the bed upon which Mr. Davis died, and the suit of clothes he wore when captured by General Wilson, in Georgia, at the close of hostilities between the North and the South; the object of the exhibit being to disprove the report that Mr. Davis wore a woman's dress when arrested. A statement of Capt. J.H. Parker, of General Wilson's staff was attached, contradicting the falsehood. The building cost $15,000 without furnishings or pictures. It was built entirely of Mississippi lumber, the contractor being J.F. Barnes, of Greenville, Miss.
In the horticultural exhibit the State showed all varieties of sweet and citrus fruits, pecans and edible nuts, together with a pecan horse.
In the Palace of Agriculture two exhibits were shown, the special cotton exhibit, including the 35-foot statue of "King Cotton," and the collective agricultural exhibit—cotton, corn, cereals, grains, hay, grasses, potatoes, peas, beans, sirups, honey, wines, cordials, preserves, pickles, jellies, canned goods, vegetables, oysters, shrimps, crabs, fish, etc.
All the merchantable timbers of the State were displayed in the forestry exhibit, which contained over 500 samples, highly polished and superbly finished, one of the largest and best collections shown.
In the Department of Fish and Game were exhibited all varieties of native fresh and salt water fish, birds, and wild animals.
In the Educational Building Mississippi showed the best work from the
colleges and high schools of the State. The Agricultural and Mechanical
College had a fine display in the general Agricultural and Mechanical
College section.
Other displays were the following: A varied and attractive collection of building stone, cement material, clays, phosphates, mineral waters in the Mineral Building; buggies and wagons made in the State in Transportation Hall; engines, sawmills, and other heavy machinery in the Machinery Building; a rare old double plate-glass electrical machine was exhibited in the Electrical Building, the contribution of the State university.
Mississippi was awarded over 30 prizes for her various exhibits, including 2 grand prizes on cotton and timbers; 6 gold medals and 3 silver medals on agriculture; a gold, silver, and bronze medal on fish and game; 2 gold, 4 silver, and 5 bronze medals on education; 2 silver and 3 bronze medals on minerals; a silver medal on wagons; a bronze medal on machinery; a gold medal on fruits, and a gold medal on pecans.
Less than $47,000 of the $60,000 appropriated by the legislature was spent on the State building and on the collection and installation of the exhibits, and from $10,000 to $15,000 of the appropriation was turned back into the State treasury. The expenditure proved of incalculable benefit to Mississippi, and good results are already being felt.
The executive commissioner, Col. R.H. Henry, is a native Mississippian. He was born in Scott County, May 15, 1851, and received education in the schools and academies of Mississippi. He engaged in journalism in early life, has been an editor and publisher over thirty years, and is regarded as the most successful journalist of his State. As the executive commissioner and the State's only representative at the exposition Mr. Henry designed and personally supervised the installation of the different Mississippi exhibits, ten in number, and the award of over 30 medals, including 2 grand prizes, abundantly attests and amply proves the merit and value of the Mississippi products.
The largest appropriation for exposition purposes by any State was by Missouri, namely, $1,000,000. In every exposition building where a State could have an exhibit Missouri's exhibit was found. In every building where only exhibits by individuals, business firms, or corporations were permitted, Missourians made display of the products of their industry and skill. The Missouri State Building was among the finest upon the grounds. The displays of the State in the Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, Mining, Forestry, Live Stock, Poultry, Dairying, Fish and Game, and Woman's Work were noted for artistic beauty and comprehensiveness.
The exhibit made by Missouri at the World's Fair was the result of the labors of the board of commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, appointed by Governor A.M. Dockery, under the direction of which the $1,000,000 voted by the people of Missouri for an exhibit of the State's resources were expended. At the general election in November, 1900, the people adopted a constitutional amendment permitting the legislature of this State to appropriate $1,000,000 for World's Fair expenses. A bill appropriating the amount and providing for a commission to direct its expenditure was passed by the next general assembly and was signed by the governor April 17, 1901. The same bill was reenacted in 1903 and was signed by the governor March 24, 1903. On the 28th of May, 1901, Governor Dockery appointed as the board of commissioners: M.T. Davis, of Springfield; F.J. Moss, of St. Joseph; B.H. Bonfey, of Unionville; W.H. Marshall, of Morehouse; L.F. Parker, of St. Louis; D.P. Stroup, of Norborne; N.H. Gentry, of Sedalia; J.O. Allison, of New London, and H.C. McDougall, of Kansas City. Mr. McDougall resigned and J.H. Hawthorne, of Kansas City, was appointed his successor. When the law was reenacted in 1903 the board was reappointed. The board elected M.T. Davis president, F.J. Moss vice-president, B.H. Bonfey secretary, and W.H. Marshall treasurer. Later the ill health of Mr. Marshall caused his temporary absence from the State, and J.H. Hawthorne succeeded him as treasurer.
The Missouri State building was erected at a cost, including furnishings, of $250,000. The keynotes of the Missouri building were public comfort, culture, and social enjoyment. A golden dome surmounted by an emblematic statue of "The Spirit of Missouri" crowned the building. Over the main entrance was this inscription: "Embracing within her confines all the elements of an empire devoted to all the arts and sciences that advance civilization, Missouri, the central State of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, greets her sister States and welcomes the world." Around the building were the names of great Missourians: Thomas Hart Benton, Francis P. Blair, B. Gratz Brown, David R. Atchison, David Barton, Meriwether Lewis, Edward Bates, Lewis F. Linn, Lewis V. Bogy, Aylett H. Buckner, John S. Phelps, James S. Green. The building contained rooms adapted for various purposes, two large halls in either wing, a commodious auditorium or State hall, in which conventions were held, a handsome rotunda with brilliant electric fountain, the suite of Governor Dockery, men's parlors, women's parlors, press room, and executive offices. On the second floor were rooms fittingly furnished. The building was warmed by steam in cold weather and refrigerated by cold air in warm weather. The approaches and elevations of the building were adorned with statuary, heroic figures of Thomas Jefferson and Napoleon Bonaparte being placed at the main entrance. In the west hall were placed a collection of paintings by Missouri artists and the fine bell presented by the citizens of the State to the battle ship Missouri. The mural decorations in the rotunda consisted of four pendentives illustrating the prehistoric savage, developing and productive eras in the State's history. The decorations in the dome embodied a historical allegory, tracing the epochs in the development of the Middle West.
In the Palace of Horticulture the space allotted to Missouri was 6,600 square feet—larger than that awarded to any other State, and filled with Missouri fruits. More than 430 varieties of fruits grown in the State were shown from 84 counties.
In the Palace of Agriculture Missouri agricultural resources occupied prominent position at the main entrance of the building and on the main aisle. In the artistic facade, made, as all the decorative features of the display, entirely of grain and grasses, was shown a series of thirty pictures illustrating the marked contrast between the old and new methods in agriculture. Corn was exhibited in many forms. A corn temple, constructed of the great cereal, was in the main aisle, Missouri being chosen by the exposition to represent the great corn States.
In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy a display was made of the mining resources of the State. Missouri's space was at the main entrance. The exhibit consisted of typical products of Missouri mines and quarries—coal, lead, zinc, iron, copper, tripoli, building and ornamental stone, clay, sands—and mineral waters, crystals of all types, mining machinery at work, laboratory specimens and equipment from the School of Mines, and photographs of 1,200 mining views in a brief comprehensive showing of all the mineral wealth of the State. Every district was represented by adequate specimens. An outside mining exhibit was made by Missouri in the Mining Gulch, where mining machinery was shown at work and a Missouri mine. Special features were a zinc and lead concentrating plant, model of shot tower, illustration of process of making Babbitt metal and solder. A Scotch hearth furnace for smelting lead ore was also in operation.
Missouri was represented in several places in the Palace of Education and Social Economy. Here was made the general exhibit of Missouri schools. The main school exhibit consisted of showings of grades of the work done in the twelve regular grades of the public schools and in the kindergarten, of the work of the colleges and normal schools, of the schools for negroes, and of special schools. Aside from the high school and grade exhibit, private institutions had separate displays. The public school exhibit was intended to show the work of the entire system of the State public schools, each grade being represented by photographs of typical children and school scenes by representative work of the pupils. Over 300 photographs were shown. Mutoscopes presented in moving pictures scenes upon the school grounds. By means of cabinets, tables, and winged frames the exhibits were presented in compact form. Every kind of school—city, town, village, and rural—was represented in the exhibit, and the work of more than 200,000 children was on exhibition.
The State University exhibit showed what that institution had been and what it is doing. Bird's-eye views of the university at different periods of its existence and a fine model of its present buildings and grounds were shown. The various departments made exhibits of their work.
In social economy were shown the work of the Industrial Training School at Boonville, the School for the Deaf and Dumb at Fulton, the School for the Blind at St. Louis, together with photographs of the Colony for the Feeble-Minded at Marshall, the St. Louis Hospital, the Hospital for the Insane at St. Joseph, the work of the Missouri board of charities and correction, and other eleemosynary institutions. The work of the Industrial Manual School was shown by an exhibit of the products of the school—wagons, clothing, shoes, bricks, and other results of the industry of the boys. In addition to an exhibit along similar lines of the School for the Blind and the School for the Deaf and Dumb, showing the pupils' proficiency in industrial training, classes from these schools were at different times shown actually at work in class rooms in the building.
In live stock Missouri offered premiums supplementary to those offered by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company. The list of animals for which prizes were offered included cattle, horses, asses, mules, hogs, sheep, goats, and all domestic animals. The aggregate appropriation for live stock was $93,000.
In poultry, prizes for Missouri poultry of all kinds were offered on the same lines as for other live stock, the total of $7,000 being set aside for the purpose.
The fish and game exhibit, located just outside of the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, was the only exhibit of live game at the exposition. It was arranged in cages around a lake, the waters of which were stocked with fish. A commodious hunter's lodge, furnished in rustic style with the paraphernalia of the sportsman, was conspicuous upon the lake shore. The exhibit showed live deer, wild cat, mountain lion or panther, coyote, gray wolf, red fox, gray fox, opossum, raccoon, beaver, rabbit, fox and gray squirrel, mink, wild turkey, wild geese, wild duck, quail, black wolf, bald eagle, horned owl, and four varieties of pheasants, all the varieties of game to be found in Missouri forests. As showing the chief varieties of fish, were exhibited rainbow trout, lake trout, brook trout, large-mouthed black bass, crappie, channel cat, buffalo, sunfish, perch, eel, and carp.
In the Agriculture Building was shown a model of the St. Joseph stock yards, setting out all the buildings and grounds of that section of St. Joseph. A working model of one of the great packing establishments was exhibited, displaying the actual process of preparing cattle for the market.
The woman's-work exhibit had booths in the Varied Industry Building and the Manufactures Building. In the first were shown specimens of fancy embroideries, laces, and needlework by Missouri women. In the second were displayed china painting, pyrography, and paintings in oil, water color, and pastel, all by Missouri women.
The forestry exhibit, located in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, showed the woods of the State available for commercial use rather than a mere botanical display. More than 60 varieties of Missouri woods were shown. The forestry exhibit was shown in two booths—one devoted to gum, the other to Missouri woods. The gum booth showed furniture of black, red, and tupelo gum wood. In the booths were shown hand-carved mantels, tables, and chairs.
The dairy interest of the State was represented in an exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture. In this exhibit samples of the butter and cheese products in Missouri were shown tastefully arranged.
The Kansas City Casino showed a municipal exhibit attractively arranged in a commodious building erected for that purpose. The casino consisted of two wings, each 24 by 58 feet, and connected by an open court 62 by 67 feet, and located on the model street of the exposition. In the casino were a relief map showing Kansas City in detail, a map of the United States showing Kansas City's location with reference to the great productive region, railroad map, assembly room, rest rooms, and library.
On May 20, 1903, the governor of Montana, Joseph Toole, appointed the
following-named commissioners from the State of Montana at the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition: Lee Mantle, Butte; Martin Maginnis, Helena; Paul
McCormick, Billings; C.W. Hoffman, Bozeman; B.F. White, Dillon; William
Scallon, Butte; F.A. Heinze, Butte; D. McDonald, Butte; Conrad Kohrs,
Helena; J.H. Rice, Fort Benton; W.G. Conrad, Great Falls; T.L.
Greenough, Missoula; C.J. McNamara, Helena; D.R. Peeler, Kalispel; H.L.
Frank, Butte, and William C. Buskett, special representative.
The commission met and appointed the following officers:
Lee Mantle, president; Martin Maginnis, vice-president; Paul McCormick, secretary; C.W. Hoffman, treasurer.
The legislature of the State appropriated the sum of $50,000 on May, 1903, and at the same time made appropriations of $7,300 and $14,290.99, which could be utilized by the commissioners for the purpose of Montana's participation in the exhibition at the World's Fair. Besides the amount appropriated by the State, the sum of $20,000 was contributed from private sources.
The State building was erected at a cost of $20,000, and was maintained throughout the period of the exposition at a cost of $6,000, $1,000 additional being spent for entertainments.
The Montana State Building was of fancy Doric design, and was universally admired by the exposition visitors. One of the prominent features in the interior of the building was the famous painting by Paxton of the Custer Massacre. An onyx mantle from Montana was also greatly admired. The State shield, in gold, copper, silver, and Montana sapphires, was one of the most interesting features of the interior decorations.
The commission appointed as hostess to look after the personal welfare of the visitors from the State of Montana Mrs. Addie McDowell, who was ably assisted by an auxiliary committee consisting of Mary A. Cruse, Mrs. W.W. Cheely, and Mrs. T.R. Carson. State officials and some of the most prominent residents of the State were entertained at various times in the building.
Montana was represented in the following departments: Mines and
Metallurgy, Palace of Agriculture, Horticulture Pavilion, Forestry,
Fish, and Game Building, and the Educational Palace.
In the Mines Building the grand prize was awarded to Montana. In the Agricultural Building the State received 209 medals, and the exhibits in all the other exhibit palaces were remarkably good.
On April 8, 1903, the Nebraska State legislature voted for the appointment of a State board of commissioners by the governor and for the appropriation of $35,000.
The following-named commissioners were subsequently appointed by the governor:
Gurdon W. Wattles, president; Peter Jansen, vice-president; Matt Miller, treasurer; H.C. Shedd, secretary.
Although Nebraska had no State building on the grounds, it erected a very large and commodious pavilion on the main aisle of the Palace of Agriculture, where the State commissioners established their headquarters. In the pavilion were reception rooms, reading and writing tables, post-office, check room, lavatories, and all the articles and conveniences found in the more elaborate State buildings on the grounds. The pavilion covered nearly 8,000 square feet of space, and was handsomely decorated with grains, grasses, and corn arranged in most artistic form. In addition to the appropriation of $35,000 made by the legislature to cover the cost of the exhibit, private subscriptions, amounting in the aggregate to $25,000, contributed largely by exhibitors, increased the amount expended by Nebraska at the fair to $60,000.
The principal exhibit made by Nebraska was in the Agriculture Department. There sheaf grain, grasses, corn, vine products, and all agricultural products were shown, including all varieties of field, sweet, flint, and pop corn.
In connection with the agricultural exhibit in the pavilion, the commission maintained a small theater fitted up with opera chairs, stage, electric fans, and all accessories of the modern playhouse. In the theater a free stereopticon and moving-picture exhibition was given, illustrating the resources and industries of the State. Another attractive feature of the agricultural exhibit was the mounted steer "Challenger," which won the first prize of the world at the international stock show at Chicago, December, 1903.
In the horticultural exhibit a display of Nebraska's choicest fruits attracted much attention.
The educational exhibit showed the work of the Nebraska schools from the kindergarten through the colleges and universities. It also made a fine display of the work of women's clubs in literary and musical lines. Throughout the exhibit the fact that Nebraska ranked first in small percentage of illiteracy was constantly emphasized.
In the mineral exhibit samples of Nebraska's best building stones, bricks, cement, and similar products were displayed, and a complete collection of soils from different parts of the State was shown. Cases of fossils from the university museum, specimens from the geological department of the university, and typical photographs of Nebraska added attractiveness to the exhibit. There was also an exhibit showing Nebraska's dairy and creamery resources.
Opposite the Nebraska Pavilion the State made its main corn display. Nebraska had a larger exhibit of corn than any State making an exhibition of cereals. There were more than 57 varieties, running from the little "Tom Thumb" ears of popcorn to mammoth ears of field corn. One species of corn which attracted particular attention was the result of grafting experiments, whereby several varieties of corn of various colors and shades were made to grow on one cob. This variety was known as the "Evolution Species."
During the exposition live-stock shows the Nebraska commission transported free from Nebraska to St. Louis the prize-winning stock and poultry of the State fair at a cost of several thousand dollars. The choice and exhibition of this kind of stock and poultry were in charge of the Nebraska live-stock and poultry associations.
The New Hampshire Building was a reproduction of the birthplace of Daniel Webster. The building was quaint and striking in appearance, with high-pitched roof and an absence of eaves, small-paned, old-fashioned windows, and weatherboarded sides, and an enormous chimney rising from the center of the roof, exactly like the original at Franklin, N.H. In every room was a wealth of old-fashioned furniture from New Hampshire homes, much of it a hundred years old or more, as well as Webster relics, davenports, massive polished-top mahogany tables and sideboards, warming pans, antique sideboards, china closets, straight-backed armchairs, grandfather clocks, china and pewter ware. The greater part of the antique furnishings were from the very valuable collection of Gen. William E. Spalding, of Nashua. The State Building was provided with a lecture hall for stereopticon lectures, having a screen 16 feet square.
The State commission was composed of Gen. Charles S. Collins, president; Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commissioner; Omar A. Towne, secretary; Augustine R. Ayers, treasurer; J. Adam Graf; Orton B. Brown; Mrs. Arthur C. Jackson, hostess. Mr. Brown contributed a carload of lumber, and General Collins and Mr. Jackson individually bore all the expense of construction and maintenance.
The most elaborate of New Hampshire's exhibits was that of the largest cotton mills in the world, in the Manufactures Building, although the State was represented by individual exhibitors in the various exhibition palaces.
Members of New Jersey commission.—Foster M. Vorhees, chief commissioner; Elbert Rappleye, Edgar B. Ward, C.E. Breckenridge, Edward R. Weiss, J.T. MacMurray, Ira W. Wood, W.H. Wiley, Johnston Cornish, Harry Humphreys, R.W. Herbert; Lewis T. Bryant, secretary.
The object of the New Jersey commission for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was to provide visitors from the State with suitable and homelike headquarters and to advertise the extensive resources of the Commonwealth. The growth of the manufacturing interests of the State has been so remarkable that from a purely agricultural center it has, within a comparatively few years, obtained an indisputable position in the forefront of the manufacturing States of the Union. The number and character of individual exhibits compared favorably with other States represented. They represented a variety of industries, and were among the finest exhibits at the exposition.
The State Pavilion was a practical reproduction of the old Ford Tavern at Morristown, N.J., which was used as Washington's headquarters during the winter of 1779-80. Alexander Hamilton made his home there that winter, and there met the daughter of General Schuyler, whom he afterwards married. Among other famous men who have been beneath its roof were Green, Knox, Lafayette, Steuben, Kosciusko, Schuyler, "Light Horse" Harry Lee, Old Israel Putman, "Mad Anthony" Wayne, and Benedict Arnold.
The location of the New Jersey Building was in the center of a grove of trees, with an extensive lawn, and had every convenience for the comfort of visitors. The furnishings were selected to harmonize in color as well as with a view to comfort.
Owing to the expense required to make shipments of fresh articles such a great distance, the commission found it would be impossible to make such agricultural and horticultural displays as would do justice to the State with the amount of the appropriation placed at their disposal.
The educational exhibit differed in some features from that of any other State. For the display of books and various lines of work not readily shown upon the walls or in the cabinets, drawers instead of shelves were placed under the cabinets. This enabled the work to be put in convenient form for inspection, and had the additional merit of keeping it clean. Another feature entirely new and used for the first time at this exposition was the index key. The exhibit was divided into sections lettered from A to M, inclusive, and these were subdivided into units numbered from 1 to 68, inclusive. Each unit consisted of a leaf cabinet with six drawers directly underneath. The units from 15 to 21, inclusive, served as an index to the entire New Jersey educational exhibit. Unit No. 15 directed to first year's work. Unit No. 16 directed to second and fourth year's work. Unit No. 17 directed to third and fourth year's work, and so on.
To find work from a particular school, the card containing work from the county or city in which said school is located was first taken. That card directed to the section in which all work of the school, except that placed upon the walls, could be found. Different lines of school work were bound in different colored volumes, as shown by index cards. Another unique feature of the exhibit was the manual-training work of each school shown in connection with its academic work.
A combined exhibit of music and art was exceptionally fine and attracted much attention. The work of a very large percentage of schools, both rural and urban, was represented, and the Garden State ably maintained the reputation won at former expositions.
In the section of social economy of the Educational Building the State was represented by comprehensive exhibits from the following: The State board of health, Trenton, N.J.; bureau of statistics of labor and industries, Trenton, N.J.; New Jersey School for Deaf Mutes; New Jersey State Institution for Feeble-Minded Women, Vineland, N.J.; New Jersey Training School for Feeble-Minded Boys and Girls, Vineland, N.J.; New Jersey Children's Home Society, Trenton, N.J.; Woodbine Settlement, Woodbine, N.J.; State Custodial Asylum for Feeble-Minded Women, Newark, N.J., and the School for Nervous and Backward Children.
The exhibit of the geological survey in the Mines and Metallurgy Building was in many respects unique among the various exhibits in the Mines Building. Geological surveys have been carried out under State auspices for more than half a century, and, as a result, New Jersey was in a position to illustrate to younger and less thoroughly studied States how science and industry go hand in hand.
New Jersey is the best-mapped portion in America. Therefore a salient feature of the exhibit was a large relief map of the State, models of typical sections of the State, and files of the position and elevation of every portion of the State. The building stones of the State formed a pyramid in the center of the exhibit, and alongside of it was a microscope, with 70 sections of New Jersey rocks, showing how they are studied to estimate their value for construction purposes.
The New Jersey geological survey had two superb terra-cotta columns made of New Jersey clay on enameled brick piers. Adjoining the entrance was the New Jersey clay exhibit proper. In it were shown samples of all the prominent clays, burned bricklets, which illustrated the way clay acts when burned at various cones (temperatures), the air and fire shrinkage, and various other properties and analyses of clays, all facts of importance to the clay worker, as well as large photographs of the chief clay banks and various steps in utilizing clay.
A collection of New Jersey bricks was tested to determine the breaking and crushing strength. The results of these tests were shown, together with samples of the bricks classified according to the method of manufacture and geological occurrences of the clay. A model of a New Jersey clay refinery was shown, illustrating the manner in which high-grade clays are prepared for potteries.
The natural advantages found on the coast and mountains of New Jersey have produced many fine and well-known resorts. In order to illustrate some of the attractions there found, the exhibit in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building was prepared. It showed beautiful mounted specimens of practically all the birds that frequent the State. In addition to the mounted fresh and salt-water fishes there was displayed, in the largest pool that has ever been constructed at an exposition, a number of the live salt-water fish found along the coast. The oyster industry was represented by an exhibit from the State bureau of shell fisheries. A glass tank filled with salt water showed an oyster bed containing the following variety of oysters, all of which are products of New Jersey: Shrewsburys, Raritan, Barnegat, Maurice River coves, Absecon salts, and the Cape May salts. The tank also contained a profusion of marine vegetation, and a number of the varieties of clams and fish common to the waters of the State. An interesting demonstration was made of each stage of the progression from the spat to the prime oyster.
Another very instructive and important feature was the mosquito exhibit, which was intended to illustrate the work which has been done by authority of the State of New Jersey in studying the life, history, and methods of dealing with the mosquito pest. The work was in charge of Prof. John B. Smith, the State entomologist, and the exhibit was prepared under his direction. It consisted of a series of table cases in which were shown the common species of mosquitoes, with their larvae as well as their natural enemies. Enlarged drawings gave the character of each species so far as they were not obvious on ordinary examination.
At one end of the square was represented a marsh area divided into two parts. One of these showed breeding pools, where the immense shore crop develops. The other showed fiddler crabs and other creatures that provide a natural drainage for the meadows inhabited by them. Areas where fiddler crabs live are never mosquito breeders, and as a matter of fact only a small percentage of the entire salt, marsh country is dangerous. Illustrations showed drainage ditches, the methods of making them, and also typical areas where the insects breed.
New Jersey had an exhibit also of road building in the Model City, showing the manner of constructing and maintaining the excellent highways of that State.
In the Palace of Liberal Arts interesting exhibits were displayed by various business enterprises of the State. This included a variety of printing presses, books, binding, and publications of different series, musical instruments, philosophical and scientific apparatus, coins and medals, as well as an exhibit of chemical and pharmaceutical arts, and model plans and designs for public work.
In the Palace of Manufactures and Varied Industries New Jersey exhibits attracted considerable attention. The display included hardware, carpets, tapestries, fabrics for upholstery, wearing apparel, silks, and clothing.
In the Palace of Electricity New Jersey displays ranked among the best, as was also the case in the Palace of Machinery.
In the Transportation Building and the Palace of Agriculture the displays, while not large, were very commendable.
The legislature of the Territory of New Mexico in March ,1903, appropriated the sum of $30,000 for the purpose of adequately representing the resources and products of the Territory at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Shortly after the passage of the act the governor of New Mexico appointed the following commission, which subsequently met and elected its officers:
Charles A. Spiess, president; Carl A. Dalies, vice-president; Arthur
Seligman, treasurer; W.B. Walton, secretary; Herbert J. Hagerman,
Eusebio Chacon, Fayette A. Jones, and H.W. Porterfield, managers; W.C.
Porterfield, assistant manager.
The ten or eleven years that have elapsed since the Columbian Exposition at Chicago have brought great changes to New Mexico, and the marked advancement and progress made along all lines were emphasized in a comparison of her exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition with those at Chicago. The Territory had large and excellent exhibits, displayed in a most attractive and interesting manner and showing many of the splendid products of that country, as well as the educational facilities and other interesting features, and it was felt that the chance for statehood had much advanced by the excellent impression made at the fair.
Great irrigation enterprises within the last decade have reclaimed large areas of fine agricultural land, providing happy homes for people in that beautiful and delightful climate.
The superior products shown in New Mexico's agricultural and horticultural exhibits were a revelation to visitors, and demonstrated that the very best results and most perfect development in fruits and farm products are obtained by irrigation and sunny skies. The fruits, grains, vegetables, and other products of the soil shown had few equals. The exhibits were larger and better than have ever been made by the Territory at previous expositions.
New Mexico's exhibit in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy ably presented the status of one of her most important industries, showing the production of a vastly greater number of producing mines than it was possible to show ten years ago, or when the Territory made an exhibit at Chicago, and it also included a far greater range of minerals, anthracite and bituminous coal, iron, zinc, lead, mineralogical forms, besides mica, gypsum, salt, sulphur, asbestos, marble, onyx, and building stone. A unique and most important product of the mines of New Mexico was the beautiful blue gem stone, the finest and most valuable turquoise found in any part of the world. The Territory had the only turquoise exhibits at the exhibition. One was in the mineral exhibit in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, and a larger and perhaps the most extensive exhibit of this stone ever shown was in the Varied Industries Building. An exhibit of a turquoise mine and its products was shown in the gulch, or outside mining exhibit, where a reproduction of the famous turquoise mines of Porterfield, near Silver City, N. Mex., showed the actual geological occurrence of the gem. This was accomplished by bringing to the fair several tons of the rock from the mine with turquoise embedded in it, just as it was when the chemical processes of nature were preparing the beautiful jewels to delight the eye of man.
New Mexico's greatest pride was her educational exhibit, which showed results of splendid schoolroom work and by photographs recorded the grand and stately school buildings, demonstrating that New Mexico was, in proportion to her population, in no way behind the older States in her public school system. At Chicago the school exhibit represented only a few institutions, and these in a limited way; while at St. Louis a very large number of splendid graded schools and country schools were represented by fine exhibits. Besides the work of the colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts, the Military Institute, a university, a school of mines, two normal schools, and a number of denominational schools of higher order were displayed.
The beautifully arranged ethnological exhibit in the Department of Anthropology consisted of a valuable collection, chief among which was the wonderful Harvey collection, brought from Albuquerque.
Among the numerous beautiful buildings which adorned the Plateau of States, many of which were reproductions of historic structures or homes of some of the nation's famous citizens, stood the pretty structure erected by New Mexico, a gem in point of architecture and interior decoration, and one of the ornamental features of the exposition.
New York commission.—Edward H. Harriman, president; William Berri, vice-president; Louis Stern, chairman of executive committee; Edward Lyman Bill, treasurer; Lewis Nixon, Frank S. McGraw, Mrs. Norman E. Mack, Frederick R. Green, John C. Woodbury, John K. Stewart, James H. Callahan, John Young; Charles A. Ball, secretary and chief executive officer; Mrs. Dore Lyon, assistant secretary.
New York State's participation in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was calculated to exploit fully the wonderful resources of the State, as well as to set forth what the Empire State is accomplishing in the various lines of humanitarian work. The New York State commission started out with the idea of making exhibits only in lines where New York was preeminently the leader. On this account and for the reason that the appropriation was relatively limited, exhibits were planned to cover seven distinct departments. It was intended at the outset to make these exhibits strong in every detail, and the commission believes that the close of the exposition has demonstrated the excellent judgment exercised.
The most conspicuous feature of New York's participation in the exposition was her State Building. An excellent site was chosen for this structure, and a handsome building was erected in a conspicuous place on the plateau of the States on the exposition grounds. The building occupied the most commanding site on the State plateau of any of the State buildings. It also enjoyed the benefits of Forest Park, both in front and rear, which made it one of the coolest buildings on the grounds.
The building was simple, but dignified, in design; of Italian architecture in the colonial treatment. Martini's Quadriga flanked the dome, representing the progress or art and commerce, and Lenz's dancing group was placed around the columns at the entrances. A very large hall ran through to the dome, the lower part of which was treated in the Doric order, and the whole was scholarly, dignified, and beautiful in design. Another interesting feature in the hall was the organ case, which was designed particularly for this place. This hall was flanked on the northern side by a large assembly hall with a barrel ceiling running up to the second story, and the treatment of this room in old gold, Antwerp blues, and siennas was beautiful. The draperies were in green velvet, and the chairs were of leather, treated to represent the old Spanish illuminated leather. The floors were carefully made. There were rooms for banquets or functions of any kind. On the westerly side were the waiting rooms for men and women, writing rooms, and also retiring rooms and toilets.
The mural decorations of the large hall were done by Florian Peixotto, and represented De Soto discovering the Mississippi, one showing the French and Indian occupation of the land, and others showing New York in 1803 and New York in 1903. The pendentives, which supported the dome, had four emblematic pictures representing the four States most benefited by the purchase, the blue Mississippi in the background of each.
The second story was divided into apartments for the commissioners and the offices of the secretary, which were perfect in appointments. The suites were composed of parlor, bedroom, and baths.
A piano of great beauty, with inlays and paintings, was contributed by a leading New York manufacturer, a picture of Niagara Falls being particularly fine. A company of New York contributed the organ as an exhibit, and concerts were given each afternoon of the fair.
The grounds received careful consideration, and there were many beds of flowers and shrubbery, such as lily ponds, poppy beds, hydrangeas, and cannae.
The amount of money appropriated by the State of New York for participation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was $390,000. There were no private subscriptions of any sort, but many exhibits were loaned to the commission from the various departments of the State to be displayed. The cost of installing the various exhibits was $10,755. This did not include the cost of labor in placing the exhibit, as the work was done by men who were employed by the State in the various departments. The cost of transportation of exhibits was $12,342. The State building cost $88,275.23 to erect.
Upon the landscape gardening, which was one of the most admired features of the exposition, was expended the sum of $4,465.75. The organ case alone cost $3,500. Including that, the total amount expended for furnishing the State building was $23,423.96.
New York displayed her products in six of the exhibit palaces, namely: Agriculture, Horticulture, Education, Forest, Fish and Game, Fine Arts, and Mines and Metallurgy. In addition to this there was a very fine exhibit of live stock. New York State was the only successful exhibitor of a forest nursery.
It is impossible to give an approximate value of the exhibits. In the Fine Arts Department, New York had 1,112 out of a total of 3,524 exhibits. They were selected after very careful scrutiny by a jury appointed by the National Academy of Design, and consisted of oil paintings, mural paintings, water colors, miniatures, illustrations, etchings, engravings, lithographs, wood engravings, sculpture, architecture, and applied arts.
The commission made appropriations for the various exhibits as follows:
Agriculture and live stock ……………….. $25,000
Horticulture and floriculture …………….. 20,000
Forestry, fish, and game …………………. 18,000
Fine arts ………………………………. 10,000
Scientific exhibit ………………………. 7,500
Education and social economy ……………… 27,500
The education exhibit was composite in nature and was subdivided as follows: Administration, kindergarten, elementary grades, high schools, normal schools, training schools and classes, higher education, industrial and trade schools, special schools, business colleges, Indian schools, schools for defectives, summer schools, and extension schools.
There were exhibits from both the State department of public instruction and the University of the State of New York. In the public schools exhibit contributions were received from 24 cities and various villages. There was also a comprehensive exhibit from the rural schools of the State. In the normal school exhibit contributions were received from every normal school. The training schools and classes of the State were very generally represented. Exhibits were in place from Hobart College, Geneva; Manhattan College, New York City; Colgate University, Hamilton, and Syracuse University. In the schools for defectives there were exhibits from the New York State School for the Blind, Batavia; New York Institution for the Blind, New York City; Western New York Institution for Deaf Mutes, Rochester; New York Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf Mutes, New York City, and the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, New York City. The exhibit from the Indian schools contained work from all of the seven reservations in the State, and was arranged by the State inspector of Indian schools.
Owing to the plan of installation adopted by the exposition authorities, the State exhibit in the Department of Social Economy was found in several different places. The State commission in lunacy made an interesting exhibit of the ancient and modern methods of caring for insane patients. There was also a model showing the tent system for treatment of tuberculosis. The State board of charities made a very complete exhibit of the several State institutions under its jurisdiction, first, by means of photography of exteriors and interiors, and, second, by specimens of work carried on in the industrial departments of the various institutions. They also made an elaborate photographic exhibit of the almshouses in the State and of the penitentiaries. The State labor bureau sent a series of 28 graphic charts bearing on labor conditions in the State and comparisons between New York and other States and countries. This was supplemented by a series of the reports of the bureau. The State department of health furnished an exhibit of the blanks generally used in the administration of the department of health and graphically showed the work under its jurisdiction. The State excise department furnished a series of graphic charts upon the receipt and disbursement of the excise moneys of the State.
The New York agricultural exhibit differed from the other exhibits in the Agricultural Building in that the object sought was educational rather than spectacular. In wheat there were over 500 varieties and about 1,000 samples; in corn, about 100 varieties and 300 samples; beans, 75 varieties; peas, 50 varieties; oats, 20 varieties; barley, 8 varieties; buckwheat, 50 samples, and other grains in proportion. There were also exhibits of tobacco, salt, canned fruits of every variety, canned meats and fish, hops, flour, maple sirup and sugar, including varieties of potatoes.
In the Cheese Department New York had over half of the exhibit. In the Butter Department a facsimile of the Liberty Bell in butter, exact size, with all the inscriptions.
New York had the largest exhibit in the Horticultural Palace and also had more than twice the number of varieties of any other State. New York was the only State showing pears and grapes.
In exhibiting the timber indigenous to the State in the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, two specimens of each species were shown in paneled framework, showing both sides of the specimen.
In connection with the specimens of timber were exhibited a series of photographs of trees of New York, eight in number. Each tree was shown in leaf and also as it appears in winter. A life-size photograph of the bark of each tree was shown, and in most instances specimens of the leaves, flowers, and fruit. In this connection there were in small glass jars seeds of all the important forest trees of New York, also by-products of the forest, such as nuts, sugar, pulp, wood alcohol, and many other commodities.
A collection of all the insects injurious to the trees of New York was shown in an attractive manner in cases.
The outside exhibit of New York consisted of a nursery and plantation of forest trees. As a part of the inside exhibit were shown specimens of substantially all the food and game fishes of New York. No attempt was made to show abnormally large specimens; the purpose was to show the average fish, true to color and size. The collection included both fresh and salt water specimens of the fishes of New York. Some interesting specimens of oyster growth and of the enemies of the oyster were also shown.
A part of the inside exhibit was a typical hunter camp. It was constructed of spruce logs and roofed with spruce bark from the Adirondack forest by Adirondack guides.
An outside exhibit of forestry consisted of a nursery and plantation of forest trees, showing the method by which the forest, fish, and game commission of New York is foresting the denuded, nonagricultural lands of the State. The plot was 120 feet by 60 feet and contained 80,000 trees.
In the Mines Building were displayed ten geological maps of the State of New York, besides a relief map of the State, a hypsometric map, a road map, and publications on mineralogical works besides photographs. In metallic products there were iron ores, lead and zinc, and pyrites. In nonmetallic products there were displayed garnet, emery, millstones, infusorial earth, mineral paints, graphite, talc, mica, salt, gypsum, land plaster, and plaster of Paris. In building stones there were shown granite, diabase, morite, sandstone, bluestone, limestone, marble, slate, and marl.
A pavilion was erected in order to display the clay products of the State. The collection was of type products rather than a great mass of similar clays. New York State produces roofing tile, and several styles were wrought into the roof of the pavilion. The brick were of several styles and colors, from the classic roman dry-press brick to the rough rock-face clinker which forms the base course of the structure.
Members of North Carolina commission.—H.H. Brimley, commissioner-general; T.K. Bruner and J.A. Holmes, resident commissioners.
In March, 1903, the legislature of North Carolina appropriated $10,000 for the participation of the State at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Ten thousand dollars was also raised by subscriptions among citizens and manufacturers of North Carolina, making a total of $20,000. The cost of transportation, installation, and maintenance, and general expenses of the State exhibit practically used up the total amount.
North Carolina had no State building.
The State had exhibits in the Departments of Mines and Metallurgy, Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fish and Game. The total cost of the State's participation in the exposition was about as follows:
Value of loan exhibits in the different departments ……. $9,000 Cost of new specimens and cases ……………………… 8,000 Value of specimens and cases already on hand and withdrawn from the State museum …………………………….. 30,000 Installation and expenses …………………………… 12,000 ——— Total ………………………………………. 59,000
In mines and metallurgy the exhibit covered a floor space of about 2,200 square feet. It consisted of a full, systematic collection of the minerals of the State, a representation of the ores of gold, copper, silver, iron, nickel, and tin that are native to North Carolina, and a very full exhibit of the economic minerals. Wherever possible, there were shown specimens of the finished product alongside of the raw material, and this feature added considerable value to the display. A very beautiful and very comprehensive collection of cut gems and crude gem material was perhaps the most attractive feature of the exhibit. The collection of building and ornamental stones included a large variety of granites, marbles, and sandstones, many of them of a very superior quality.
In agriculture the chief features of the exhibit were the special tobacco display and the collection of grains and seeds in the main space. A good line of commercial cotton samples and of the best varieties of cotton seed were shown and some cotton-oil and cotton-mill machinery in connection therewith. The late date at which any money became available prevented any show of sheaf grains or grasses and cut short the exhibit in many ways.
In the Department of Horticulture the show was a small one, owing both to the very poor fruit year and also, again, to the late date at which the collecting had to be started. The space occupied was about 500 square feet in size, while in the four different spaces in the Agricultural Building the total floor area occupied was nearly 4,000 square feet.
The combined forestry and fish and game exhibits were among the most complete of any of the State exhibits. The total floor space occupied by these was 2,400 square feet. The display of native timber specimens was most complete and systematic, and the specimens were shown in a way to impart the most information in a condensed form. The main collection consisted of planks cut the full length and width of the trees, 4 feet long by 4 inches thick, with the bark left attached. One-half of each was dressed and sandpapered, but not varnished; the other half filled and varnished and given an oil-rub finish to bring out the beauties of the grain and to show the best finish the different kinds of wood would take. Wherever possible, two sections were shown in the form of disks cut across the log. These brought out the character of the end grain and the annual growth rings, as well as the size of the trees from which each specimen came. A variety of finished wood products and a collection of forest seeds and of medicinal plants completed the exhibit.
In the Department of Fish and Game the State showed collections of mounted food and game fishes, of oysters and clams, and of tools and appliances used in their capture, including some very fine models of the more typical of the fishing craft used in North Carolina waters. Fairly complete collections of the game birds, wild fowl, and shore birds were shown, as well as most of the prey-catching and fish-eating birds found in the State. The game animals and those valuable for their furs were also exhibited, and a very fine lot of furs, both raw and dressed, occupied a case contiguous to that containing the fur-bearing animals. Guns, traps, etc., were shown as well to illustrate the means used in the capture of the different kinds. Collections of marine invertebrates, of reptiles and batrachians, casts of fishes and cetaceans, an old whaling outfit, and a lot of miscellaneous material completed the exhibit.
Considering the amount of money used, the exhibits were large, varied, full, and of good quality all through, and in some cases unlimited funds could hardly have bettered them.
North Dakota had no State building on the grounds. The exhibits, which comprised every variety of grain and species of grass grown in the State, gathered from the very best samples obtained from the crop of 1903, were shown principally in the Agricultural Building, although there was a very excellent exhibit in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, showing the mineral resources of the State, and including coal, clays, cement, building stones, etc.
The State legislature, on March 17, 1903, passed an act authorizing the participation of the State at the World's Fair to be held in St. Louis in 1904, and at the Lewis and Clark Centennial and Pacific Exposition and Oriental Fair to be held at Portland, Oreg., in 1905, and creating a commission composed of the governor, the State auditor, the lieutenant-governor, the commissioner of agriculture, and Warren N. Steele, of Rolette County. The governor was made the president of the commission and the commissioner of agriculture the secretary.
This act appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the exhibits to be made at the two expositions therein named.
The commissioners appointed by the legislature were as follows:
Governor Frank White, president; Commissioner of Agriculture R.J. Turner, secretary; Lieut. Governor David Bartlett, executive commissioner; Hon. H.L. Holmes, and Hon. Warren N. Steele.
There was absolutely no private contribution or subscription. The cost of the installation, including transportation and freight charges, etc., was in the neighborhood of $25,000.
In an act of the general assembly of the State of Ohio a bill was passed May 12, 1902, creating a commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and appropriating $75,000 for the erecting and maintaining of a State building. The act provided as follows:
For the appointment of a commission to erect a building on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and to take charge of the building and exhibits that might be placed therein, the governor was authorized to appoint within thirty days after the passage of the act, a commission of seven residents of the State of Ohio and one executive commissioner, who should be ex officio a member of the commission. No more than four of the commission were to be of the same political party. It was the duty of the commission to decide upon plans and specifications for an Ohio Building to cost not exceeding $35,000. Members of the commission were not entitled to receive any compensation for their services except their actual expenses for transportation and for subsistence for the time they were necessarily engaged on the business of the commission. The salary of the executive commissioner was $2,500 per annum, and in addition to this salary he was allowed his actual and necessary expenses. That there should be appropriated the sum of $50,000, $25,000 to be available on and after the 15th day of February, 1903, for the erection and equipment of the building and for other expenses provided for in the act.
An extra appropriation of $12,500 for the completion of the State building was provided for in an act passed March 25, 1904, making an appropriation for an Ohio Building on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Mo.
The following commissioners were appointed:
William F. Burdell, president; L.E. Holden, vice-president; Stacey B.
Rankin, executive commissioner; D.H. Moore, Edwin Hagenbuch, M.K. Gantz,
Newell K. Kennon, and David Friedman.
As soon as the bill had been passed and the commissioners had been appointed a meeting of the commission was held for the purpose of deciding upon the plans for the State building. The building was erected on the southeastern end of the fair grounds, on that part known as the Terrace of States, at a cost of $35,000. The structure was designed solely for the comfort and convenience of the people of the State, and no effort was made to exhibit therein any of the resources of the State. In an act of the general assembly of the State an additional bill was passed March 24, 1904, appropriating $12,500 for completing and furnishing the State building on the grounds of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In this connection it may be of interest to mention that President Francis especially complimented the commission for its promptness in having the building erected, for on the opening day of the exposition the Ohio Building was ready for occupancy and the president himself was the first to register his name. At the close of the exposition the commission advertised for the sale of the building and disposed of it to the highest bidder.
While Ohio as a State maintained only one exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, consisting chiefly of clay and its products, over 150 private individuals and corporations throughout the State added to the prominence and magnitude of the exposition by installing costly exhibits, which were maintained by them at very great expense. These miscellaneous exhibits showed to very good advantage the natural resources of the State and its diversified products. In the Palaces of Electricity, Machinery, and Transportation the State was represented remarkably well by these private exhibitors, and much credit is due to them for their attractive and interesting display. In the Liberal Arts Building it may be correctly intimated that the Ohio exhibitors were predominant. In the Department of Anthropology, also, Ohio took the grand prize over all competitors. The display consisted principally of relics taken from the historical mounds of the State, which in themselves were very interesting. Not only was the grand prize awarded for the display, but a special gold medal was presented to Prof. W.C. Mills, librarian and curator of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society, for his untiring efforts in revealing to the public of to-day the mode of livelihood and the characteristics of the oldest and most historical race of this continent.
The Oklahoma World's Fair commission was appointed on April 19, 1901, and organized ready for active work on May 1, 1901. Two days after it was decided to hold the World's Fair in Forest Park, the Oklahoma commission notified Secretary Stevens that Oklahoma was ready to select her site for a building.
Oklahoma was among the very first to select a site on the World's Fair grounds, was first to lay a corner stone for the Territorial building, and the first to accept her building complete from the contractor and dedicate the same.
By an act of the legislature of the Territory of Oklahoma, dated March 1, 1901, the sum of $20,000 was appropriated for the participation of the Territory at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently, on March 14, 1903, the legislature of the Territory enacted a bill appropriating $40,000 additional for the erection and equipment of the building on the grounds of the exposition, and for the transportation and installation of the exhibits of the Territory. The following were appointed by the legislature as a commission in charge of Oklahoma exhibits:
Joseph Meibergen, chairman; Otto A. Shuttee, treasurer; Edgar B.
Marchant, secretary.
The Oklahoma Building was of semi-Moorish architecture, size 71 by 72, with balconies above, below, and in front, the full width of the building. It contained reception halls, parlors, toilet rooms, and commissioner's office, 14 rooms in all. The building was two stories high, with basement, provided with rugs and carpets of Wilton velvet.
The total cost of the building, exclusive of furniture, including gas and electric light fixtures, was approximately $15,500.
All the plaster, inside and out, used in the construction of the building was manufactured from Oklahoma gypsum.
The educational exhibit was shown in the Palace of Education and occupied 488 square feet. It contained representative work from the kindergarten to the University of Oklahoma. All the seven colleges and preparatory schools supported by the Territory were represented, and many of the ten institutions of higher learning supported by denominational and private enterprises. Work from the majority of the 2,192 district schools was shown in leaf cabinets, framed pictures, and in other ways. Taxidermical work and modeling in Oklahoma plaster were shown, together with specimens of the handiwork of the students in the Agricultural and Mechanical College. There were more than 4,000 exhibits contained in the collection, which was shown in cabinets and cases. The total cost of collection, installation, and maintenance was $1,825.95.
The agricultural exhibit was shown in section 42 of the Palace of
Agriculture, and covered 3,600 square feet of floor space.
Specimens of all the agricultural products of the Territory were shown in the exhibit and consisted of the following:
Exhibits.
Thrashed grain:
Wheat …………………………….. 160
Oats ……………………………… 65
Rye ………………………………. 5
Barley ……………………………. 11
Corn, shelled ……………………….. 19
Miscellaneous, consisting of alfalfa seed,
timothy, speltz, castor beans, etc …… 31
Corn in the ear:
1903 ……………………………… 159
1904 ……………………………… 300
Potatoes:
Irish ……………………. plates .. 150
Sweet ……………………… do …. 57
Broom corn ………………………….. 20
The foregoing constituted the main body of the exhibit, which was supplemented by corn in the stalk, wheat, oats, barley, and other grains in exhibit bundles, native and tame grasses in profusion, water-melons, the largest of which weighed 117 pounds; various field and garden vegetables, cotton and cotton-seed products, flax, tobacco, etc. A special feature was a loaf of bread baked from flour ground from wheat of the 1904 crop. The total cost of collection, installation, and maintenance was $4,072.80.
In the Horticultural Department the exhibit covered 1,100 square feet of floor space. The exhibit consisted of 250 jars of preserved fruits of the various kinds produced in Oklahoma, 200 bottles of Oklahoma grape wine, and about 400 plates of fresh fruits of the various kinds in their season. Four hundred and fifty bushels of the choicest apples were placed in cold storage in the fall of 1903 to keep the exhibit fresh. On the 15th of November the exhibit had 1,800 specimens of apples from the crops of 1904. The total cost of collection, installation, and maintenance was $4,892.48.
The mineral exhibit occupied 1,020 square feet in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. Here were shown 186 exhibits of sandstone, limestone, and other building stone, magnetite, brick (both burned and green), transparent selenite, and various others from Oklahoma. It also contained salt, oil, and glass sand testing 96 per cent pure. The plaster resources of Oklahoma were shown from the raw material in a solid block weighing 3,600 pounds, through the various evolutions of plaster manufacture to the finished product in dainty statuettes. A prominent feature of this exhibit was the relief map of the Territory, made from Oklahoma plaster by Doctor Finney, of the University of Oklahoma. The map weighed 1,600 pounds and showed every elevation and depression, with the rivers, streams, lakes, gypsum deposits, and salt reserves. The total cost of collection, installation, and maintenance was $3,263.50.
Members of commission.—Jefferson Myers, president; W.E. Thomas, vice-president; Edmond C. Giltner, secretary; W.H. Wehrung, special commissioner and general superintendent; F.A. Spencer, David Rafferty, J.C. Flanders, G.Y. Harry, J.H. Albert, Richard Scott, Frank Williams, F.G. Young, George Conser; Layton Wisdom, private secretary to general superintendent.
The legislature of the State of Oregon made an appropriation of $50,000
for the participation of Oregon at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
One of the main objects was to excite interest in the Lewis and Clark
Centennial Exposition to be held at Portland, Oreg., in 1905.
The Oregon State Building was built of logs and was a reproduction of Fort Clatsop, the fort in which Lewis and Clark and their companions resided during their stay in Oregon in the winter of 1805-6. Two square wings stood diagonally from each front corner of the building like the old fortress abutments used in the days when it was necessary for pioneer settlers to maintain such defenses against the hostile Indians.
The cost of the erection and maintenance of the building was $9,000, of which the Lewis and Clark Exposition Company contributed $3,500.
Not including the exhibits in the Oregon Building, the State made
exhibits in six exhibit palaces, as follows: Agricultural Pavilion,
Horticultural Pavilion, Educational Pavilion, Forestry Pavilion, Mining
Pavilion, and Fish and Game Pavilion.
In the Educational Department a very interesting display was made by the State board of education and the public schools of approximately all the towns in the State.
In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building were exhibits by large lumber corporations of the State and a very interesting display of mounted specimens of fish and game, furs and rugs, also cannery displays from the fish-canning concerns. The Oregon State experimental stations at Corvallis and Union made very interesting exhibits of grains and grasses in the Palace of Agriculture. The same classes of products were exhibited by about 60 individual exhibitors, residents of the State of Oregon. While grains and grasses formed the largest exhibit, there were also interesting displays of wool, mohair, hops, milling stuffs, evaporated cream, and vegetables and fruit, both evaporated and in jars.
In the Horticultural Building about 50 exhibitors displayed specimens of the fruits of Oregon. Apples, pears, and prunes were shown in interesting variety and unexcelled quality.
Four exhibitors made exhibits in the Live Stock Department.
In the Mines and Metallurgy Building there was a very unique and interesting display of mineral specimens, many of which were loaned to the State of Oregon for use at the exposition. Among the specimens there were collections of gold quartz and nuggets from the various gold mines of the State. Besides the gold, there were shown collections of polished pebble, copper ores, native silver, including cobalt and antimony ores, crystals, opals, marble, jasper, asbestos, limestone, kaolin, asphaltum, and tellurium ores. There were also displayed Indian curios, ethnological, geological, and other specimens, all found in the State of Oregon. The total value of the exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy Building was estimated at $35,000.
The cost of installing and maintaining the exhibits in the several palaces were as follows:
Agricultural Building …………….. $7,117
Horticultural Building ……………. 6,148
Educational Building ……………… 3,800
Forestry Building ………………… 3,200
Mines and Metallurgy Building ……… 5,000
Fish and Game Building ……………. 2,300
The cost of freight and transportation from Oregon to the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition was, approximately, $4,400. Altogether the State of
Oregon expended $45,803.34 out of its appropriation up to the close of
the exposition.
By a joint resolution of the legislature of Pennsylvania, on February 4, 1903, Governor Samuel W. Pennypacker appointed Lieutenant-Governor William M. Brown, president of the senate; John M. Scott, speaker of the house; Henry F. Walton, State treasurer; Frank G. Harris, auditor; Gen. Edmund B. Hardenbergh, secretary of internal affairs, and Isaac B. Brown as members of the Pennsylvania commission. Subsequently the governor appointed the following additional members: William S. Harvey, Morris L. Clothier, Joseph M. Gazzam, George H. Earle, Jr., Charles B. Penrose, George T. Oliver, H.H. Gilkyson, Hiram Young, James Pollock, and James McBrier. The president of the senate appointed John G. Brady, William C. Sproul, William P. Snyder, J. Henry Cochran, Cyrus E. Woods, and the speaker of the house appointed Theodore B. Stulb, John Hamilton, William B. Kirker, William Wayne, John A.F. Hoy, Fred T. Ikeler, William H. Ulrich, A.F. Cooper, Frank B. McClain, George J. Hartman.
The commission organized on April 24, 1903, and nominated James H. Lambert, of Philadelphia, executive officer; Bromley Wharton, secretary of the commission and created an executive committee of nine members, with H. George J. Brennan as secretary; Thos. H. Garvin, superintendent State Building; Philip H. Johnson, architect.
The State appropriation was $300,000. The only amount raised by private subscription, which was used in the installation of State exhibits, was $15,000, contributed by the anthracite coal corporations to make a display of the process of mining and marketing anthracite coal. There were no exhibits in the Pennsylvania State Building outside of the portraits of distinguished Pennsylvanians, past and present, 42 of which were displayed, and a collection of pictures loaned by the American Art Society. Several mural paintings from the Women's School of Design, in Philadelphia, and a series of nearly 100 photographs of the monuments erected to Pennsylvania regiments on the field of Gettysburg.
The State mining exhibit represented an expenditure of $60,000.
The cost of the educational exhibit was $14,000; of the agricultural exhibit $12,000; of the fish exhibit, $10,000.
In the Department of Social Economy Pennsylvania's charitable and penal system was fully demonstrated in an exhibit which received a grand prize and which was installed at an expenditure of $2,500. In addition to this, Pennsylvania's interests were represented in every department of the exposition—in Manufactures, Liberal Arts, Varied Industries, Electricity, Transportation, and Machinery.
It was Pennsylvania-made machinery which furnished the power for the electric light of the exposition, as well as for driving the machinery and pumping the water for the Cascades.
The Pennsylvania State Building occupied a conspicuous position on elevated ground and was one of the finest and most costly in the State group. The most imposing figure was the magnificently proportioned rotunda, the roof of which was supported by a colonnade of Ionic capitaled columns, which supported an entablature of great dignity, this in turn being surmounted by a series of 12 semicircular arches or lunettes, in each of which was placed an allegorical painting, suggestive and typically illustrative of the very important industries of the State.
The principal color scheme of the architectural features was ivory white, with the capitals and plinths of columns gilt, as also the vaulted soffits above the paintings and the large Guilloche moldings on ribs of the ceiling, and the other important details.
The walls above the low wainscoting were painted in a rich shade of turquoise blue, with paneled ornamental stenciled work of a very rich ecru tone.
The ceiling was finished in a rich yellow tint of a tone to harmonize with the general surroundings. The general effect produced, aside from the artistic result obtained, was Pennsylvania's State colors. The ladies' room contained some beautiful furniture, consisting of some large settees, tables, writing desks, and comfortably upholstered easy chairs. The windows were draped with red silk curtains on which were embroidered the coat of arms and other State emblems.
The men's room, across the large stair hall, was similarly treated as regards furniture and draperies, but in more masculine, taste, the furniture being covered in leather, the draperies of heavier material, and the color scheme and design throughout being more suggestive of the sex.
The second floor had three large, beautifully lighted and proportioned rooms, known as "art rooms."
The various rooms throughout the building were decorated murally and otherwise in such color tones, draperies, etc., as to make one harmonious with the other. Each department, in addition to its other features, had specially designed Smyrna rugs in color and design to match.
Pennsylvania, in the allotment of space for her education exhibit, received one of the most desirable plots in the Educational Building. The booth was one of the most attractive in the building, and was in harmony with its purpose. The exhibit was almost entirely from the public schools, including work from the kindergarten, the grades, and the high school. The normal schools and the soldiers' orphans schools, which are a part of the public school system in Pennsylvania, were also well represented. The work of all the kindergartens appeared together, likewise the first grade, and so on through the grades. The high school and normal school products were arranged by subjects, the papers from one branch appearing in a cabinet. The display was made on the inside walls of the booth in leaf cabinets, base stands, and special show cases.
In portfolios and on the walls were about 3,000 photographs of school buildings, grounds, interiors with children at work and at play, manual classes at sewing, basketry, weaving, in the shops and the gardens, plans and drawings in full of model rural school buildings; evolution of the schoolhouses, showing the first log building, its successors until the modern school structure is reached, and noted places and buildings in Pennsylvania history. The State soldiers' orphans schools had an interesting and attractive exhibit of photographs of their buildings, grounds, pupils, and shops with work going on. The industrial Indian school at Carlisle had a number of most interesting photographs showing the marvelous development in the pupils after they enter that school. The normal schools of the State had about 300 photographs of buildings, interiors, and students.
Haverford College and Lehigh University had exhibits of photographs of the college buildings, interiors, course of study, and students. The Philadelphia School of Design for Women, the Pennsylvania School of Industrial Art, and the Spring Garden Institute had most interesting exhibits showing the best handiwork in the lines for which these schools were severally noted.
In the exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy it was designed to make an exposition of the mineral wealth of the State in the crude condition of its occurrences, and of her industrial advancement in the arts and sciences as shown by the finished product. There were aggregated in the exhibit statistical data, photographic views, transparencies and prints, relief maps, specimens of crude, partly worked, and finished material.
The central feature of the exhibit, an octagonal shaft about 30 feet in height, surmounted by an ornamental frieze, dome, and golden eagle, bore statistics relating to the most important mineral productions of the State during the year 1903. Among the relief maps reproducing mining regions one, 12 by 8 feet, covered the whole State of Pennsylvania, and showed coal measures, including the Pottsville conglomerate, oil-producing areas, and gas territory.
Among the crude materials exhibited, coal, the greatest mineral product of the State, was given preeminence. A piece of anthracite coal weighing 11 tons, said to be the largest unbroken piece of this coal ever taken from the ground, was surrounded by pyramidal glass cases in which were displayed anthracite coals of various kinds, quantities, and qualities in all the marketable sizes, from lump to culm. Adjoining this display was a working breaker illustrating modern methods of breaking, cleaning, and assorting anthracite coal. Next to this display was probably the most perfect and comprehensive coal-mine model ever constructed. It was about 16 feet by 9 feet, and was accurately proportioned to the scale of 5 feet to 1 inch. The background of the model showed the surface plan of a large mine, including a miniature breaker near the head of the mine shaft to the breaker, small cars bearing slate and culm away from the breakers, and coal cars upon a track which ran under the breaker for convenience in loading the marketable product for shipment; also upon the left hand, the fan supplying ventilation to the mine, the carpenter shop, and the boiler room, and on the right hand, the men at work on strippings (coal lying on or near the surface) with steam shovels.
Mounted prints and transparencies showed interior and surface views of mines, and a valuable collection of coal fossils completed the State exhibit of anthracite coal.
The bituminous coal of the State of Pennsylvania was represented by twelve cross-sectional cuttings from well-known veins occurring in different parts of the State and by models and views. Pennsylvania's interest in iron mining and manufactures was represented by the crude product only.
In crude specimens, ores of manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, etc., were displayed, as well as feldspar, corundum talc, asbestos, gypsum, and mica. A pavilion built of old Bangor slate showed slabs of different grades and varieties of finish.
A handsomely mounted exhibit of crude and refined oils in 200 flasks conveyed a conception of the variety and extent of the oil industry of the State. The whole exhibit, so far as space would permit, was designed upon a scale significant of the size, importance, and value of the mineral wealth it represented.
The general scheme of installation of Pennsylvania's agricultural exhibit embraced an inclosing structure of show cases with plate-glass tops. On either side of the four corners was a massive paneled port surmounted by a glass sphere 6 inches in diameter and filled with some farm products similar to that which was shown in the cases adjoining them.
Upon two of the keystones grains and seeds were displayed in glass jars, while corn was shown in rows of ears. Upon another keystone were shown fine specimens of fine tobacco, as also in the show cases adjoining the pagoda. All the tobacco shown was grown in Lancaster County. Wool was shown in the grease, or "unwashed," in small samples taken directly from the sheep. These samples were arranged upon black velvet, which lined the bottom of the cases in a large variety of beautiful forms, and constituted one of the most attractive features of the exhibits.
In the remaining show cases was found an unusually large collection of the manufactured products of the farmers' crops, including meals, flours, "breakfast foods," oils, liquors, pipes, etc.
Pennsylvania's fish exhibit was divided into five groups, namely: Live fish, mounted fish, birds and mammals, water colors and photographs of fishery subjects, legally confiscated devices for catching fish and angling materials.
Naturally, it was designed that the live-fish exhibit should be the prominent feature. Thirty-five aquaria were placed on two sides of the main aisle. Only prominent examples of various groups were displayed, consisting of game fishes, food fishes, the principal interior fishes commercially valuable as food, representatives of types which have no value either for game or food purposes and which were distinctively destructive, and also minnows.
The still exhibit was one of great beauty. The mounted groups were separated into two divisions, mounted fishes of the larger size and the mounted specimens of the birds and animals which prey upon fishes.
The greatest interest was probably shown in the exhibit of legally confiscated nets, draped in artistic fashion against a high board wall stained to represent a natural fence. Among them were placed fish on panels, which added materially to the effect. It was the only exhibit of its kind in the World's Fair, and it apparently proved to be one of the most attractive.
Pennsylvania responded enthusiastically to the invitation to participate in the general educational display in the Art Palace. Fully conscious of the ethical influence of art as a factor in the progress of the Commonwealth, the commissioners set aside funds to assist the Pennsylvania artists in displaying the best of their works produced since the Columbian Exposition—eleven years ago—and in a manner worthy of the State, which possesses the oldest art institute in the country and which gave birth to Benjamin West, Sully, Nagel, Rothemmel, and Abbey.
The State had important representation in all of the six groups in which the department had classified its exhibits.
The following table will show the extent of the participation:
Paintings and drawings …… 145
Etchings and engravings ….. 7
Sculpture ………………. 36
Architecture ……………. 104
Loan …………………… 14
Applied arts ……………. 107
——
Total ………………….. 313
Pennsylvania sculpture was a striking feature of the impressive collection in the United States sculpture court of the Art Palace. The late Edmund C. Stewartson's work, "The Bather," one of the best productions of American sculpture, was installed here, and, among others, important works were shown of Charles Grafly, to whom was intrusted the designing of the official medal of awards for the exposition; of Alexander Sterling Calder, and of Samuel Murray, who exhibited many portrait busts of well-known Pennsylvanians. Architecture had as its Pennsylvania representation many well-known individuals and firms.
To the splendid collection of foreign masterpieces forming the loan collection of the United States section, borrowed from individual collectors and art institutions, Pennsylvania made sumptuous contributions.
The Pennsylvania display in the Department of Art was of the highest importance, and a comparison with the contributions of other States disclosed the fact that Pennsylvania stood second to only one other State in point of numbers.
The Philippine exposition board was created by Act 514 of the Philippine Commission, passed for the purpose of collecting and installing a distinctively Philippine exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of 1904 at St. Louis, Mo.
The original act carried an appropriation of $125,000, which was made immediately available, and authorized the board to incur additional obligations to the amount of $250,000 apart from such sum as might be set aside by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company in aid of the Philippine exhibit. The amount of such aid was $200,000 from the appropriation made by Congress.
Several amendments to Act 514 were made, notably Acts 765, 827, 1055, and other acts carrying additional appropriations.
The exposition board, as originally appointed, consisted of Dr. W.P. Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum; Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, chief of the scientific department of the Philadelphia museums, and Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, of Manila, as members, and Dr. Leon M. Guerrero, also of Manila, secretary. Mr. Carson Taylor was appointed disbursing officer.
Several changes in the authorized official organization have occurred. Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member, whose work had been confined to the Philippine Islands, resigned in August, 1904, and was succeeded by Mr. A.L. Lawshe, auditor for the Philippine Islands, who was appointed to serve during a leave of absence from the Philippines. Dr. W.P. Wilson resigned the chairmanship in October, 1904, the resignation to take effect November 1 following. Mr. Lawshe was appointed to the chairmanship to succeed Doctor Wilson, and Mr. Herbert S. Stone, previously connected with the board as chief of publicity, was appointed to the vacant membership on the board.
The task of collecting the material for the exhibit devolved on Doctor Niederlein, who, as director of exhibits, was given sole charge of this work. He arrived in the islands for the purpose in October, 1902.
Chairman Wilson made a brief visit to the islands in May, 1903, to arrange plans for the work, and upon his return undertook the construction of the buildings and the beautifying of the grounds. Forty-seven acres of rolling country, lying for the most part on an elevation of the southwestern section of the World's Fair grounds, were assigned to the Philippine exhibit. The work of construction consisted of building a miniature city, with streets and parks and complete sewerage, water, and electric light, and fire-alarm systems. The ground plan included a central park or plaza, the sides of the quadrangle being occupied, respectively, by the cathedral or educational building, the typical Manila house, the commerce building, and the government or administration building, each of these beautiful structures being filled with appropriate exhibits. In addition there were separate exhibit buildings devoted to forestry, mines, and metallurgy, to agriculture and horticulture, to fish and game, and to ethnology, all artistically placed. A reproduction of the ancient walls of Manila commanded the main approach to the Philippine grounds. After crossing a miniature reproduction of the Bridge of Spain, which spans the Pasig River at Manila, the visitors entered the Philippine reservation through the Real gate. Villages typical of the Philippine life, from the lowest grade to the better class, surrounded the main buildings, while on the south side were the quarters, camps, and parade grounds of the Philippine Constabulary and the Philippine Scouts. The Manila Observatory, with a large outdoor relief map on the east and a hospital and office building in a convenient space on the west part of the grounds, completed the scheme.
Each and every building constructed under Philippine auspices was typical of the islands. Vast quantities of bamboo and nipa, brought from the archipelago, were used in the construction of the native villages as well as in the Forestry, Mines, Agriculture, and Fish and Game buildings.
While the expenditure for the exhibit far exceeded the amount originally contemplated by the Philippine Commission, due to many causes and conditions, it gave to the people of the United States a more intimate knowledge of the resources and possibilities of the Philippine Islands than they could acquire except by an actual and extended visit.
The exhibit was an honest one. There were the least civilized people in the Negritos and the Igorrotes; the semicivilized in the Bagobos and the Moros, and the civilized and cultured in the Visavans, as well as in the constabulary and scout organizations. In all other respects the exhibit was a faithful portrayal.
The official staff of the board was as follows:
Dr. William P. Wilson, chairman; Dr. Gustavo Niederlein, member and director of exhibits; Mr. Pedro A. Paterno, member; Dr. Leon M. Guerrero, secretary; Mr. Edmund A. Felder, executive officer; Mr. Carson Taylor, disbursing officer; Mr. H.C. Lewis, cashier; Rev. Jose Algue, S.J., director of the Philippine Weather Bureau and director of the Philippine Exposition Observatory; Capt. M.C. Butler, U.S. Army, director of supplies; Capt. Llewellyn P. Williamson, Medical Department, U.S. Army, medical director; Mr. Charles L. Hall, chief department of agriculture; Mr. Charles P. Fenner, chief department of commerce and manufactures and representative of the American Chamber of Commerce of Manila; Mr. A.R. Hager, chief department of education; Dr. Albert E. Jenks, chief ethnological survey for the Philippine Islands and chief of the department of ethnology, Philippine exposition; Mr. Roy Hopping, chief department mines and metallurgy; Mr. Herbert S. Stone, chief department of publicity; Mr. Alfred C. Newell, chief department of exploitation; Mr. William N. Swarthout, editor of the Manila Times, on special duty; Mr. George P. Linden, curator of exhibits, in charge of forestry; Capt. F.E. Cofren, P.C., chief of war exhibit; Mr. Antonio G. Escammilla, assistant secretary; Capt. George S. Clark, purchasing agent; Mr. A.E. Anderson, architect; Mr. James D. Lalor, chief engineer; Miss Pilar Zamora, superintendent of model school; Mr. Jose Quadras, chief department of fish and game.
The forestry exhibit was installed in a handsome and characteristic bamboo and nipa structure of the bungalow type. The interior of the building was divided into four parts, of which two were utilized to show the woods in the rough, planed, and polished states, a third being used to display forestry by-products, while the last contained the finished products made into furniture.
The total number of exhibitors in this department was 1,294. The superior jury approved the following awards:
Grand prizes, 3; gold medals, 24; silver medals, 39; bronze medals, 32; honorable mentions, 207; total number awards granted, 305.
In the commerce and manufactures was a commercial exhibit showing the articles of importation, their cost, method of packing, etc. Exhibitors of samples of imports in this department were awarded suitable medals and diplomas for their collaboration and the wisdom of the scheme has been fully demonstrated.
The commercial library, consisting of the Philippine tariff and customs administrative act, public laws and resolutions passed by the civil commission, and other books of interest, served excellently as works of reference.
The department of liberal arts and fine arts was installed in the two wings on the ground floor of the Government Building, while the fine-art exhibit was placed in the art gallery formed by the rear wing of the building. Taking advantage of the available facilities, they were arranged so as to give unity to the whole, notwithstanding their variety, thus making the general effect pleasing to the eye.
A collection of mollusks of great scientific value and a collection of insects were placed, respectively, in the right and left wings of the building.
A large collection of books, pamphlets, newspapers, photographs, etc., relating to the Philippines, the maps and public and private house models, and the different exhibits of the insular government bureaus were exhibited in the palaces above mentioned. The needlework in silk cloth, pina, and cotton, together with work in leather, silver, and gold, and musical instruments, noteworthy on account of perfect workmanship, were equally well displayed for public inspection.
The prizes awarded to this department were as follows:
Grand prizes, 14; gold medals, 55; silver medals, 64; bronze medals, 45; honorable mentions, 123.
The main installation of fine arts was made in the reception hall of the Government Building, both for paintings and sculpture. Of the first mentioned there were 61, selected for special merit, and of the second, 28, notable for their artistic conception and execution. The remainder were divided between the educational building and the Manila House, there being 85 oil paintings aside from water colors and some drawings in crayon; 35 pieces of sculpture, and 8 wood carvings. Among the pieces of sculpture were included certain ancient pieces which, in some respects, illustrate the history of this branch of fine arts cultivated by the Filipinos, with special application to religious iconography.
In July the paintings and sculptures were examined, and the following awards were unanimously made:
Grand prizes, 4; gold medals, 15; silver medals, 31; bronze medals, 38; honorable mentions, 42.
The Manila observatory took a special interest in the St. Louis Exposition and exhibited a model of a first-class meteorological seismic station equipped with the very latest instruments. This model, unlike others that were on exhibition at the World's Fair, was in working order, and all the recording instruments were continually kept in motion by the head mechanic of the Manila central observatory.
The work in the meteorological station consisted principally in taking two daily observations of Green's mercurial barometer, of the maximum and minimum temperature of the psychrometer, of the direction of the winds and of the clouds and also the amount of rainfall.
The educational exhibit was installed in a large, well-lighted building which was a diminished model of the Manila Cathedral. Central walls and alcoves, covered with green burlap, were erected to give wall space, and 220 square meters of space were thus provided. In preparing the exhibit, the first step was to enlist the cooperation of the American and Filipino teachers in the Government schools, about 2,000 in number, and as many as possible of the teachers of private schools. To this end, circulars were sent to every American teacher, and visits were made to the school divisions near Manila. Supplies of school materials, uniform paper for written work, etc., were sent by the bureau of education, which gave every assistance possible to schools that requested such material. Letters were written to a number of educators in America requesting personal expressions as to what they would find most interesting in a Philippine educational exhibit. In response many helpful suggestions were received.
The educational exhibit known as "Department A," of the Philippine exposition board, contained collections sent by 438 exhibitors and consisted of 8,542 exhibits.
Labels of various sizes were freely used to give visitors information regarding collections and conditions of school work in the Philippines, particularly where these conditions differed from those of the United States.
Written work was displayed in flat-top wall cases arranged according to school divisions, some of the typical work being shown open under glass. These cases were arranged so that they might have been opened without disturbing the displayed work to give access to other written work of the division.
The industrial exhibits and photographs filled 30 glazed show cases and the wall space around these cases and were arranged by school divisions. These show cases varied in size from one-half to 7 cubic meters. The list of awards contained eight grand prizes, as follows:
The secretary of public instruction and the general superintendent of
education, on the exhibit as a whole; the Philippine Model School;
Laguna High School; Liceo de Manila Secondary School; the Philippine
Nautical School; the Philippine Normal School, and the University of
Santo Tomas.
Thirty gold medals, 71 silver medals, 110 bronze medals, and 323 honorable mentions were also awarded.
The Model School was in a typical nipa and bamboo schoolhouse especially arranged for exhibition purposes. It was in charge of Miss Pilar Zamora, a Tagalog, who is a teacher, in the Philippine Normal School. Two sessions were held daily, to which visitors were admitted.
The exhibits in the agricultural building represented agriculture, horticulture, and land transportation. The material on exhibition consisted of all raw and manufactured products of the soil, together with crude native instruments and implements employed in the cultivation of the land, as well as native machinery for the preparation of such products for the market, illustrating in as complete a manner as possible the old process of raising the various crops of the island.
Among the cereals were large and interesting collections of rice, both hulled and in the hull, representing hundreds of varieties and subvarieties grown in the different islands of the archipelago. These varieties were divided into two groups, namely, "palay de secano" or mountain rice, which is cultivated without irrigation, and "palay de regadio" or valley rice, which is cultivated in rice paddies and by irrigation. There were also samples of wheat grown at some of the experimental stations established by the insular bureau of agriculture. Samples of corn or maize, millet, sorghum, pease, beans, and lentils were also exhibited.
There was also a large collection of tropical and European vegetable seeds, together with seeds of various kinds of pumpkins, squash, calabash, and cucumbers grown in the islands. The collection of oil and oil-producing seeds consisted of samples of sesame, peanut, castor, pili, palo, maria, tangan-tangan, tuba-tuba, copra, or dried cocoanut, etc.
The collection of wild and cultivated fruits, vegetables, and tubers preserved in formaldehyde was a very interesting one, and undoubtedly the first collection of its kind seen in America. Samples of unrefined sugar of different grades, together with the preserved cane, were also displayed, with the crude native machinery used in the extraction of the sugar.
Samples of alcohol, wines, and vinegar produced from the various palm saps or grain and sugar were well represented. The collection of fibers and textiles was very complete. It consisted of several varieties of shrub cotton in white, yellow, and brown, together with the cloth made of this cotton by the natives on crude hand looms, and the tree cotton variety, which is principally used by the natives for filling pillows. In the fiber exhibit were samples of hemp, maguey pina, and textile barks of all kinds, together with samples of cloth and rope manufactured from them.
A conservatory built in the center of the building on the south side contained a very interesting collection of orchids, cycas, and some tree ferns from the Philippines.
Exhibits were cared for in 93 show cases, 40 inches wide, 7 feet high, and 1 foot deep; 4 show cases 6 feet wide, 7 feet high, and 6 feet deep. Other exhibits too large to be placed in show cases were cared for on 420 feet of double shelving and on tables 80 feet long and 12 feet wide.
The exhibits in this building numbered over 20,000 individual pieces, the duplicates being exhibited under the same number. The following number of awards was granted in the department of agriculture:
Nine grand prizes, 4 gold medals, 179 silver medals, 145 bronze medals, and 463 honorable mentions.
The Fish and Game Building was situated in the extreme northern part of the exposition grounds and overlooked Arrowhead Lake. The structure was in the shape of the letter "T," and had a floor space of 4,400 square feet and represented a "camarian," or Philippine warehouse.
The building was divided into two sections; the first, containing a floor space of 1,700 square feet, was devoted to the game exhibit, while the second, containing a floor space of 3,200 square feet, was devoted to fish, fishing apparatus, shells, etc.
At the entrance was a fine specimen of the Tamarao, a species of wild buffalo (Bubalus mindorensis Heude); to the left a complete collection of birds, well mounted and scientifically labeled, and to the right a fine collection of the enormous fruit bats and some of the skins of these bats, which are of great commercial value. Large collections of birds' eggs, attractively displayed; numerous specimens of stuffed wild boars and deer were displayed. Fine specimens of python, 21 feet long and 1 foot in diameter, and a collection of crocodiles, large iguanas, and lizards were prominent features in the collection of reptiles.
A numerous collection of nets for fishing and hunting of deer and wild boar, with some of the snares, game traps, bows, and arrows completely covered and festooned the ceiling and walls.
There was also a collection of corals, gorgonias or sponge corals, having a spread of about 5 feet.
The awards in this department, as approved by the superior jury, were as follows:
Fish and game: Grand prizes, 2; gold medals, 5; silver medals, 10; bronze medals, 38; honorable mentions, 201. Water transportation: Grand prizes, 2; gold medals, 3; silver medals, 3; bronze medals, 2; honorable mentions, 33.
A most interesting exhibit of the numerous mineral resources of the archipelago was displayed for the inspection of the public in the mines and mining exhibit.
The most important exhibits were, first, the cases of iron ores, those from Bulacan, Luzon, receiving a grand prize, 3 silver medals, and 2 bronze medals. Second, a complete coal exhibit, that from Cebu and Bataan Island each receiving a gold medal. Third, an exhibit of gold and gold quartz, which filled five wall cases and two small table cases, and which received three gold medals, six silver medals, and four bronze medals. Gold medals were also given the exhibit of basalt for heavy foundations and heavy construction, marble from Romblon Island, a geological and mineralogical collection exhibited by the mining bureau and Isuan mineral water from Los Banos, Laguna, Luzon.
The ethnological collection was displayed in the ethnology building, constructed around three sides of a square open court; the building was 119 feet long and 88 feet wide. It consisted of two long halls, one 88 by 37, and one 88 by 39 feet long. Over one of these long halls were two chambers about 30 feet square each. The building contained about 4,500 square feet of surface behind glass cases, and about 9,400 square feet of open wall and ceiling space covered with museum specimens, or a total of about 14,000 square feet, where about 1,800 specimens were displayed.
Some of the specimens exhibited were: Bontoc Igorrote head-axes, Bontoc Igorotte basket work utensils used in the domestic and field activities; Benguet and Banawi Igorrote carved wooden food bowls and spoons; Benguet Igorrote baskets; wooden clay and metal pipes from northern Luzon; and a collection of Benguet Igorrote copper pots and copper mining outfit. Also Bontoc Igorotte spears, shields, and carved wooden human figures, men's basket hats, women's headdress beads, men's boar tusk armlets, and the earrings and ear plugs worn by both men and women.
The ceilings and walls of the hall in which the exhibits were located were covered with bark and cotton clothing made by the various Igorrote people, such clothing as women's skirts and jackets, men's breechcloths and shirts, and the various burial garments used by both men and women. There was also a very large collection of shields and spears of the various Igorrote people, a very exhaustive collection of Negrito materials, and some excellent Kalinga, Ibilao, Tinguian, and Mangiyan materials.
One case contained a collection of Bagobo, Manobo, and Mandaya materials and a collection of materials from the Tagakola, the Bilan, the Tiruray, and the Subano.
A good collection of materials from the little-known Tagabanua people of the island of Paragua was displayed.
The third hall contained, almost exclusively, materials from the various Mohammedan people of the archipelago, commonly called "Moros," such as Moro mats, saddles, and bridles made and used by the "Moros," crude string and wind instruments gathered from many places in the archipelago, and curious gongs used by the Moros as musical instruments and for beating sound messages from place to place.
A typical manial house attracted much attention. The building represented a house of the wealthy class, with shell windows. The exhibit contained therein consisted in the main of handsome handwoven fabrics and embroideries, prominent among which are the famed jusi and pina cloths and sinamy fabrics. There were, besides, many pieces of hand-carved furniture and works of art.
There were artificial flowers, cotton goods, fancy goods, embroidery, jusi cloth, sinamay cloth, pina cloth, and silks.
Besides the above, the walls, ceilings, and show cases were decorated with hats, baskets, mattings, and pottery. In the rooms were 50 pieces of carved furniture. A number of paintings was also on exhibition here.
Following is the list of awards as approved by the superior jury:
Grand prizes, 1; gold medals, 16; silver medals, 62; bronze medals, 213; honorable mention, 1,200; total number of awards 1,492.
In the Agricultural Building, not far from the main entrance, was found the Porto Rico section. It was in the nature of a pagoda of two floors. The lower one was dedicated to agriculture, mines, forestry, and a few of the manufactures exhibits. On the second floor were the liberal arts and manufactures exhibits and the offices of the commission; also the needlework display, which was collected and exhibited by the Women's Aid Society, San Juan, and the Benevolent Society, Ponce.
The commission that represented Porto Rico at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition was composed of the following:
Mr. Jaime Annexy, president; Mr. Gutsavo Preston, commissioner; Mr.
Antonio Mariani, commissioner; Mr. L.A. Castro, assistant secretary;
Mrs. R.A. Miller, honorary commissioner; Mrs. Hortensia Y. de Annexy,
honorary commissioner; Miss Maria Stahl, representative Women's Aid
Society of San Juan; Mrs. David A. Skinner, representative of Benevolent
Society of Ponce; Miss Pearl Magehan, superintendent of education; Mr.
Nicolas Hernandez, attaché.
The president of the commission was for some months in personal charge of everything concerning the exhibit. To his efforts the credit for the Porto Rico exhibit is due. Mr. Annexy is an industrial engineer and occupies a prominent position in his native country. Porto Rican coffee was considered the most extensive exhibit and was awarded the highest honors. The coffee produced in Porto Rico is almost all exported to Europe. In the year 1902 to 1903 coffee was exported to European countries to the value of $3,252,043, and the export to the United States was only $718,531. The total exports of the same year to foreign countries was $3,956,893 and to the United States $10,909,147. The exhibition of coffee was the most important aim of the Porto Rico commission, and it was distributed free in the Porto Rico Pagoda. It was also given away green, roasted, and powdered, in bags of different sizes.
Sugar was the next most extensive display and was awarded a gold medal. The export of sugar to the United States in the year 1902 to 1903 was $376,757 and to foreign countries $2,543. Many millions of dollars have been spent to import the latest machinery for the manufacture of sugar and all modern improvements in transportation are rapidly being adopted.
Tobacco leaf and manufactured tobacco comprised an excellent display.
Different American concerns have undertaken in the last seven years the
introduction of Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes into the United
States, and there are few places in America where they can not be found.
Porto Rican cigars and cigarettes are said to rank with those of Cuba.
Porto Rican cotton was said to be of superior quality and attracted attention. Cotton growers in Porto Rico are adopting the best machinery that is made in the United States. The liquor exhibit also was noticeable. Porto Rico received highest awards in straw hats, needlework, rice, beans, pharmaceutical products, etc.
In the Educational Building was the Porto Rican public school exhibit. The development of this branch of the Porto Rico administration in the last seven years was remarkable. The total number of schools is more than twice the number maintained under the Spanish Government, although it is said that the public schools are able to accommodate less than one-fourth of the pupils, in spite of the fact that more than 25 per cent of the revenues of the island, both insular and municipal, are expended for educational purposes. In addition to the elementary schools there are now established four high schools. Teachers are both natives and Americans.
An appropriation of $30,000 was made by the Porto Rican legislature for
the purpose of representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The
Porto Rican Pagodo was designed by a native architect, Mr. Armando
Morales, and cost $5,000.
Members of commission.—Robert B. Treat, president; William F. Gleason, vice-president; Edwin F. Penniman, treasurer; George E. Ball, secretary; George N. Kingsbury, executive commissioner; Col. Patrick E. Hayes, Frank L. Budlong, and George L. Shepley.
The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations Building was beautifully situated on an eminence on Colonial avenue, facing north, and adjoining Indiana and Nevada. The design for the building was selected in open competition by Rhode Island architects. The building in its general form was a reproduction of the Stephen H. Smith mansion in the town of Lincoln—a model distinguished among types of colonial architecture in old New England.
A distinctive feature of the design was the ogee gable, of which but one other example is believed to exist in Rhode Island colonial architecture. The Rhode Island Building imitated in cement the material of which the old Smith mansion is constructed—seam-faced granite—taken from the quarry on the estate. This material is curiously finished by nature's handiwork in many colorings. The irregularity of the pieces and the variety of the colorings in peculiar combinations gave a quaint appearance to the building, and added much to its attractiveness.
From the broad front piazza through an entrance the visitor was introduced to State hall. The hall was set with lofty columns in colonial style. A writing room was on the east and a reading room on the west; between, a broad stairway led to the upper stories. The suite was in Doric detail. Opening from the southerly section of the hallway were the ladies' parlor, the smoking room, and information bureau. The stairway was a reproduction of a notably beautiful construction in old Providence Bank Building and the Brown-Gammell house. A curious feature of its design were the balusters, which were fashioned in nine different patterns.
The finish of the second floor was from excellent models of the Ionic order found in old colonial mansions in Newport and Bristol. On either side of the hall were the executive and commissioners' rooms. Prominent among the features of the building was the stained-glass window at the second-story landing of the stairway. The design for this window was the result of a competition by the students of the Rhode Island School of Design. On either side, suitably reproduced as to design and coloring, were the seals of the State of Rhode Island and the city of Providence.
By an ingenious arrangement of the gable construction a roof garden was provided, a broad stairway leading thereto from the second floor. A part of the roof garden was set aside for a suite for servants' quarters, breakfast room, kitchen, pantry, and storage. Apart from the sleeping quarters the entire building was devoted to public use. The furnishings, decoration, and equipment of the Rhode Island Building represented many public-spirited contributions. The building cost $26,000, and the furnishing and equipment, which were contributed, were estimated to have cost $6,000. On July 4, 1904, the Rhode Island Building was purchased by Mr. John Ringen, of St. Louis. It was the first building on the grounds to be disposed of. Mr. Ringen transferred the building intact to his country estate for a residence.
In April, 1903, the legislature of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations enacted a measure providing for a State exhibit, and appropriated $35,000 for the purpose of the same. It was subsequently found that the sum appropriated would not be sufficient for the purpose, and in April, 1904, the legislature passed another bill appropriating the sum of $30,000.
Besides the State appropriation of $65,000, the school committee of the city of Providence subscribed $2,000 for an educational exhibit, making the total amount available $67,000. There was absolutely no private subscription or contribution.
The cost of installation, including cost of transportation, was as follows:
Rhode Island State Building ……………………. $26,000
Furnishing and equipment, contributed (valued at)…. 6,000
Exhibit of inland fisheries ……………………. 2,500
Exhibit Department of Education ………………… 3,000
Exhibit Department of Social Economy ……………. 3,000
Exhibit Department of Forestry, Fish, and Game …… 1,000
Exhibit Department of Agriculture and Horticulture .. 2,500
The State of Rhode Island was represented by exhibits in five of the exhibition palaces as follows:
United States Fisheries Building: By the commission of inland fisheries. Palace of Education: State board of education, Rhode Island State Normal School, Providence High School, and demonstration by exhibit of various schools of all grades in public school system of the city of Providence, Rhode Island School of Design, public schools of the town of Warwick, public schools of the town of Cranston, public schools of the town of Bristol, Miss Mary C. Wheeler's Private School for Young Ladies, Providence, R.I. Social Economy: Board of State charities and corrections, Sockanosset School for Boys, Oaklawn School for Girls, department of factory inspection, bureau of industrial statistics, State Sanatorium for Consumptives, State board of health, State board of soldiers' relief. Forestry, Fish, and Game: James W. Stainton, of Providence, R.I., exhibit of game birds and fish of Rhode Island. Palace of Agriculture: State board of agriculture, Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.
Under an act of the legislature approved March 11, 1903, South Dakota appropriated the sum of $35,000 for the purpose of exhibiting the resources, the products, and the industrial, commercial, and social progress and general development of the State of South Dakota at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. A commission was also constituted, which consisted of three persons appointed by the governor, selected entirely with regard to their familiarity with the resources, arts, and products of the State, their business experience and executive skill, and all of whom were residents of the State.
Shortly after the 1st day of July, 1903, when the law creating the commission became operative, Gov. Charles N. Herreid, then acting governor, appointed as commissioners, S.W. Russell, of Deadwood; L.T. Boucher, of Eureka, and W.B. Saunders, of Milbank, who constituted the commission throughout the entire period. S.W. Russell was elected president; L.T. Boucher, vice-president; W.B. Saunders, treasurer, and George R. Farmer, secretary.
The commission at its first session determined that the State should be represented not only by a building or home for its citizens, but likewise in the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Dairy, Mining, and Education. To that end application was at once made to the chiefs of the various departments of the exposition for space in the respective exhibit buildings. Tentative locations were at once assigned to our State commission in all these departments, with the exception of that in the Palace of Education.
Although one of the last of the States to procure ground for the erection of our State building, the South Dakota Building was one of the three State buildings ready to open its doors on the opening day of the exposition.
The State building was located at the top of Art Hill, a little to the east of the colonnade of States and about 500 feet east of the Art Palace.
The South Dakota Building in its exterior and style of architecture was unpretentious. The building was two stories in height, having two commodious porches on the north and west sides; the outside walls were covered with cement, finished in natural color. The building being situated at the top of a small hill and entirely surrounded by large oak trees presented a most inviting spot to the overheated, weary sightseer.
It was to the interior construction of the building that time, care, and expense were chiefly devoted. Upon entering the front door the visitor stood in a hall 12 feet wide by 21 feet in length; to the right was the writing room and general business office, to the left the parlor, and at the rear of the building were the ladies' retiring room, reading room, lavatories, and storage room. The walls and ceilings of all the rooms described were covered with metallic sheeting with embossed designs, beautifully tinted in colorings, each room different from the others. The furnishings of these rooms were simple, yet serviceable and neat, and in harmony with the colorings of the walls.
It was "The Great Corn Room" that impressed the visitor with wonder at its beautiful and fascinating designs, the interior walls being covered with native grasses, straw, and grains, wrought in a hundred beautiful and artistic designs. The word "Welcome," directly over the rostrum in the center of the south wall, attracted the attention of the visitor upon his first entrance to the building on account of the peculiar shading, the letters, running from a pure white at the top to a dark blue at the bottom, the shading being so gradual that it seemed incredible that it was actual corn in its native coloring.
The arch in the ceiling presented a beautiful appearance, with large stars in crosscuts of red, white, yellow, and blue corn, a fantastic background with festoons of grains in the natural colors, wheat, oats, rye, barley, and flax straw being mostly used. There were two panels, lettered with oat straw, that glistened like burnished gold under the electric lights of the arch, describing the various products of the State, viz, cattle, swine, horses, wheat, oats, barley, corn, flax, gold, and silver. On the east wall wrought in corn upon a green background was the State's motto, "Under God the People Rule." This motto contained every conceivable color that corn is known to take on.
The walls of the other rooms were adorned by a number of paintings in oil and water colors. A number of enlarged colored photographs of artesian wells, public buildings, and other scenes, were also displayed, as well as pictures of prominent men of the State.
During the exposition forty-three South Dakota people received attention and care on account of illness or indisposition or accidents, and thousands came there to rest, meet friends, and attend to business matters. A post-office was maintained in the building, where thousands of letters were received and delivered.
The agricultural booth was similar in its construction to the "Corn Hall" of the State building, although different in design. The place assigned this exhibit in the Palace of Agriculture covered a space 35 by 45 feet 6 inches, with aisles on three sides. The façade fronted on the three aisles and in its architectural lines presented a solidity characteristic of the State's exhibits. Cane stalk and corn in red colors were used to form the base of the façade, being put on in transverse sections, which gave at a distance as well as by close inspection a very pleasing effect. It was, however, to the interior decoration and exhibit that great labor and skill were devoted in making it especially attractive. Grains in the native straw, grasses, and clover were worked out in many fantastic shapes and beautiful designs. In the center of the booth, rising to a height of 15 feet, was a large octagonal pyramid, used almost exclusively for the display of grain in the straw; the bright yellow being in strong contrast with a red burlap background, made it naturally attractive. On the south wall or side a like exhibit of grains and grasses was shown; four large display tables, also in pyramid shape, occupied the space surrounding the centerpiece above described. On this table were several hundred glass jars, globes, and bottles for the display of grains and seeds of every description grown in South Dakota. It was, however, to the corn exhibits that special care and attention were given. Twelve large show cases were used for the display of this exhibit, besides a large quantity displayed in bulk, both in the ear and shelled. Over 100 bushels of corn was used in this exhibit alone.
The exhibit attracted much attention from the corn growers of other States, and was conceded to be one of great merit considering the newness of the State, and, as one Illinois farmer said, "It is better corn by long odds than I raised when I first went to Illinois."
The display of horticultural products was in the Palace of Agriculture instead of the Palace of Horticulture. Twenty-five barrels of apples of some 15 different varieties were collected early in the fall of 1903 and placed in cold storage at St. Louis, thus supplying a continual display until the fruit season of 1904. The fact that 10 medals were awarded to the horticultural display demonstrates the merit of this exhibit.
The State's representation in the dairy department was both unique and so different from that of other States that it attracted much attention. The space assigned for this exhibit in the refrigerator section of the Agricultural Building was 8 by 8 feet. The artistic feature, aside from the display of butter in bulk, was a profusion of flowers, buds, leaves in the form of bouquets, wreaths, garlands, and festoons made out of butter. They were artistically displayed on plates, baskets, and various sized vases, some of which were made of butter and others of painted chinaware. At the back of the exhibit the name of South Dakota appeared in leaf-work letters, as well as statistics of the annual production of butter, milk, and cream, all worked out in butter also.
About the 1st of June the educational exhibit was put in place. The walls were covered with art work, maps, and industrial work. The cabinets were filled with mounted specimens of written lessons, drawing, music, maps, and industrial work. The bases of the cabinets contained the remainder of the written work, neatly bound in volumes and labeled; specimens of basketry and woodwork, and a collection of zoological and botanical specimens. A number of the schools were represented by photographs alone, others by written work, photographs, and industrial work, and a few by written work alone. In subject-matter and original thought, South Dakota's work compared favorably with that of other schools of like age and conditions, especially in simplicity and originality.
The arrangement of the mineral exhibit in the Mines and Metallurgy Building was along practical commercial lines rather than on specimen, spectacular, or on purely scientific lines, though rich specimens and beautiful pictures were displayed, and the State School of Mines had a most excellent scientific collection of ores, rocks, and fossils that was awarded a gold medal.
The location obtained for the exhibit was most favorable, and by many was considered one of the choicest in the building, having three full fronts on main aisles, two 44 feet and one 52 feet long, and was surrounded by the most attractive State exhibits in the building.
The installation was with stone walls 2 feet high, built of rough ashlar and surmounted by a dressed coping. On the two 44-foot sides this was of the celebrated Sioux Falls red jasper. The 52-foot wall was of Hot Springs sandstone.
On the face of each lintel the name of the State had been cut and gilded. In the center of the exhibit on tables were two relief maps of the Black Hills, one of these showing the whole geological uplift 120 miles long north and south and 100 miles east and west, the other showing the mineralized portion of the hills as now known, 55 miles northwest and southeast and 25 miles wide. The larger was about 12 feet long and 6 feet wide.
Across the exhibit from east to west and above the heads were displayed a series of panoramic views and pictures, transparencies on glass, being reproductions in color of the finest photographs obtainable, showing the scenic beauty and material conditions of our Black Hills country. The varied ores were exhibited in large piles.
Financial statement.—Following is a brief review of the expenditures made by this commission and a report of the disposition of its properties:
Salary State commissioners ……………….. $3,000.00
Total amount expended ……………………. 31,725.06
Unexpended balance ………………………. 274.94
—————-
Total ………………………………. 35,000.00
===========
Received from sale of State properties:
State building ………………………… 365.00
Furniture …………………………….. 387.50
Booths and fixtures ……………………. 225.50
—————-
Total ………………………………. 978.00
Returned to the State treasurer unexpended
balance, salvage ………………………. 978.00
The following properties have been turned over to the State Historical Society, for the use of the same, or such purposes as the State may deem advisable:
Educational exhibit (cases and bases, glass and
cards), value …………………………. $400.00
Exhibit glass jars, globes, and bottles ……. 115.00
Exhibit ores and specimens ……………….. 200.00
—————-
Total ………………………………. 715.00
Members of commission.—Governor James B. Frazier, chairman; J.H. Caldwell, Chas. A. Keffer, E. Watkins, John F. McNutt, J.M. Shoffner, E.C. Lewis, John W. Fry, Hu. C. Anderson, Thomas W. Neal, I.F. Peters, Mrs. J.P. Smartt, Mrs. Mary C. Dorris, Mrs. A.S. Buchanan; B.A. Enloe, secretary and director of exhibits; D.F. Wallace, jr., assistant secretary.
The State of Tennessee made nine different exhibits at the World's Fair, designated and located as follows:
(1) Tennessee State Building, a reproduction of "The Hermitage," the home of Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States. (2) Collective agricultural exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. (3) Special tobacco exhibit, Palace of Agriculture. (4) Palace of Horticulture. (5) Palace of Forestry. (6) Palace of Education. (7) Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. (8) Mining Gulch on Intramural Railway. (9) Administration Building, section of anthropology.
The idea of raising a fund for the reproduction of "The Hermitage" as the Tennessee State building originated with the commission appointed by the governor of Tennessee to take charge of the participation of that State. The secretary of the commission was directed by the commission to inaugurate the movement. He began the agitation through the newspaper press, and delivered addresses on the subject to the commercial bodies of Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, and Jackson and to the representatives of the commercial organizations of Nashville. Intelligent zeal and persistent energy carried the enterprise to a successful conclusion. The entire expense of constructing the building and maintaining it was defrayed by voluntary contributions. It was Tennessee's greatest single advertisement at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. "The Hermitage" was appropriately furnished with furniture of the period in which Andrew Jackson lived, and a great many articles of the original furniture owned by Jackson were exhibited in the building.
In the Educational Building exhibit were displays from the city schools of Bristol, Knoxville, Memphis, Chattanooga, and Jackson, and the public schools of Knox, Hamilton, and Shelby counties were represented also. The University of Tennessee, at Knoxville; Buford College, at Nashville; Burritt College, at Spencer; Columbia Institute, at Columbia; Memphis, at Memphis; Mrs. Forest Nixon, Centreville; Roger Williams University, at Nashville; Southern School of Photography, at McMinnville, and Tennessee Industrial School, at Nashville, were all represented by highly creditable exhibits.
The entire forestry interests of the State were represented in the forestry exhibit, which was collected from every portion of the State.
There were 94 different producers represented in the horticultural exhibit. The display of horticultural products was collected from every part of the State, and Tennessee was surpassed by few in the character and quality of her products.
There were 266 contributors to the agricultural exhibit, representing every strictly agricultural product, except tobacco, which was represented in a special exhibit. There were 187 exhibitors represented in the special tobacco exhibit, and these exhibits covered the tobacco production and industry of every county in the State. The collective exhibit in agriculture and the special tobacco exhibit were located in and adjoining the central nave of the Palace of Agriculture.
In the mineral display in Mines and Metallurgy Building there were 168 different exhibits, representing every mineral in the State, and the specimens were from the different localities where developments have been made. This exhibit was one of the most beautiful in its installation and general effect of the many splendid exhibits in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy. On account of the quantity of material collected and the inadequacy of space inside the building it became necessary to make a separate exhibit in the Mining Gulch, which was confined to coal, iron, phosphate, copper, and marble.
There were 12 different exhibitors in the Live Stock and Poultry Department, who made their exhibits under the auspices of the commission.
The exhibit in the division of anthropology, Administration Building, was one of the finest of its kind, and one which attracted the attention of archaeologists from every part of the world. Gen. Gates P. Thurston, of Nashville, collected and installed the exhibit, which was made up from the private collection of General Thurston, the Hicks collection, and the collection of the Tennessee Historical Society.
During the life of the exposition large quantities of advertising matter were distributed from the State building and from the State spaces in the exhibit palaces. This advertising matter was furnished in part by the State, in part by the different cities and counties of the State, and in part by the railroad companies of the State.
On January 9, 1902, a corporation known as "The Texas World's Fair Commission" was chartered under the provisions of the laws of the State of Texas on application of citizens of Texas, and appointed Texas World's Fair Commissioners by Hon. Joseph D. Sayers, then the governor of the State. It was believed by the commission that with State aid to the extent of $200,000 added to sums that had already been guaranteed by subscribers, the State could make a creditable showing at the World's Fair in competition with other States and Territories. Accordingly the commission memorialized the twenty-eighth legislature for an appropriation of $200,000. The bill which sought to authorize the appropriation was reported to the house and was opposed by the governor of the State on two contentions: First, that the constitution did not authorize such an appropriation, and, second, that the limited revenues of the State would not justify it. When the commission failed in this direction, a meeting was held to determine whether the commission should attempt to go ahead with the work or abandon the enterprise. The commission decided by an overwhelming vote that Texas could not afford to deny herself participation in a universal exposition where all the States and Territories of the United States would enter in friendly competition, and the executive committee and the general manager were instructed to proceed with the organization. The task of reorganizing the work by counties was resumed, but with limited success. The plan was to call upon the counties for a sum equal to 2 cents on the $100 property valuation, with which to create the Texas World's Fair Commission fund. Out of 243 organized counties in the State the following subscribed and paid the amounts set against them:
El Paso, Tom Green, Tarrant, Dallas, Harris, Jefferson, Galveston,
Smith, Nueces, and Comal.
Navarro, McLennan, Grayson, Travis, Harrison, Collin, Palo Pinto, Fannin, Lamar, and Bexar counties endeavored to raise the assessments set against them, but did not succeed in doing so, although their subscriptions in the aggregate were generous. The subscriptions from the counties mentioned amounted to $49,096.34.
The railroads of Texas subscribed approximately $25,000. Early in the organization of the commission the Texas Bankers' Association passed a resolution calling on its members to assess themselves for the Texas World's Fair Commission fund at the rate of one-tenth of 1 per cent on their capital stock. About one-half of the banks of the State subscribed and paid on that basis an amount in the aggregate of $11,672.65. The State Lumbermen's Association gave $3,133. The Texas Cattle Raisers' Association subscribed $2,150.
The above sums, augmented by scattering amounts from different sources, constituted a total fund to the commission of $126,780.14.
The Texas commission was composed of the following-named persons:
John H. Kirby, president; L.J. Polk, W.W. Seley, and Walter Tips, vice-presidents; Royal A. Ferris, treasurer; Louis J. Wortham, secretary and general manager; Paul Waples, chairman executive committee; A.W. Houston, Barnett Gibbs, B.F. Hammett, Jesse Shain, E.P. Perkins, L.L. Jester, Monta J. Moore; P.P. Paddock, executive commissioner; R.H. Sexton, resident commissioner.
The members of the board of lady commissioners were: Mrs. L.S. Thorne;
Miss Kate Daffan, Ennis; Mrs. B.F. Hammett, El Paso; Mrs. O.T. Holt,
Houston; Mrs. W.R. Roberts, Brownwood; Mrs. Fannie Foote Emerson,
McKinney; Mrs. J.B. Wells, Brownsville; Mrs. W.F. Beers, Galveston; Mrs.
C.L. Potters, Gainesville; Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas; Mrs. William
Cameron, Waco; Mrs. William Christian, Houston; Mrs. W.F. Gill, Paris;
Mrs. W.E. Green, Tyler; Mrs. J.F. Wolters, Lagrange; Mrs. F. Hufsmith,
Palestine; Mrs. I.H. Evans, Austin; Mrs. J.C. Lea, Dallas; Mrs. W.F.
Robertson, Austin; Mrs. Bacon Saunders, Fort Worth; Mrs. T.V. Sessions,
Nacogdoches.
The Texas commission installed and successfully maintained exhibits in the palaces of Fine Arts, Education, Transportation, Mines and Metallurgy, Forestry, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The cost of the installation was as follows:
Fine Arts …………….. $1,225.50
Education …………….. 948.00
Transportation ………… 459.30
Mines and Metallurgy …… 10,577.85
Forestry ……………… 4,477.05
Agriculture …………… 6,899.87
Horticulture ………….. 6,099.14
The contract price for the Texas Building, which occupied one of the most admirable sites on the exposition grounds, was $45,562. Expenditures in furnishings and in ornamenting the grounds were $12,000.
The Texas Building contained exhibits of a character intended to demonstrate the kinds of homes in which Texas people live, the kinds of schools in which their children are educated, and the churches in which they conduct their worship. These demonstrations were the conception and work of the Texas Federation of Women Clubs.
The work which the Texas commission did for Texas in forcing a recognition of the rights of breeders of pure-bred cattle below the Federal quarantine line, and the rights of breeders and raisers of beef cattle, on the attention of the exposition management was noticeable. The original ruling of the Live-Stock Department of the exposition was to the effect that pure-bred cattle from below the Federal quarantine line should not be allowed to participate in the live-stock show at the exposition, and that none but halter-broke cattle should be exhibited in any event. The effect of this ruling, the commission claimed, was, first, to shut out from participation the breeders of pure cattle from below the quarantine line, and, second, to prevent a demonstration that should show what the immense cattle ranges of the Northwest and Southwest are capable of producing.
When the supplementary appropriation of $4,600,000 was under consideration by Congress, the commission, through its general manager, Louis J. Wortham, who acted also as the official representative of the Texas Cattle Raisers' Association, succeeded in having a provision added to the bill permitting an exhibition of pure-bred cattle from below the quarantine line under such restrictions as the Secretary of Agriculture might deem advisable, and, further, permitting the exhibition of range cattle in carload lots.
As a result of this action, the exposition provided for an exhibit of cattle from below the quarantine line and of range cattle in carload lots in November, and set aside $19,000 in prizes to be divided among exhibitors.
By a legislative enactment the State of Utah, on the 12th day of March, 1903, appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the participation of Utah at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently about $10,000 additional was received from the legislature for the expenses of the State at the exposition. The act making the appropriation appointed Governor Heber M. Wells, of Salt Lake City, as chairman of the State commission. The governor appointed as his assistants Hon. H.L. Shurtliff, Ogden; Hon. Willis Johnson, Salt Lake City; and the board elected S.T. Whitaker, of Salt Lake City, as director-general and John T. Cannon as secretary.
The Utah State Building was erected from designs of Director-General
Whitaker, and was a replica of a residence of the State of Utah. Mrs.
Inez Thomas was appointed hostess of the State building.
The State had exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, Educational Palace, and the Agricultural Pavilion. It received 3 grand prizes, 140 gold medals, as well as several minor awards.
The United States Government Indian exhibit was opened June 1, and was visited by hundreds of thousands of persons, who pronounced it one of the most interesting and instructive exhibits at the World's Fair.
Authority to establish and conduct the Indian exhibit at the exposition was granted in the following letter from the Secretary of the Interior to Mr. Samuel M. McCowan, superintendent of the Chilocco Indian School in Oklahoma:
Sir: In connection with the Department letter of May 22 last, detailing you for duty as superintendent of the Indian exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and on the recommendation of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, you are hereby detailed to erect the required building, perfect the details of the transfer of Indian families and pupils from their homes and schools to St. Louis, install and conduct the exhibit and supply the Indians with necessary food, shelter, and medical attendance.
You are hereby authorized to disburse the funds appropriated by act of Congress approved June 28, 1902 (32 Stats., p. 445), so far as expenditures are required by your duties in connection with the exhibit.
You are hereby also authorized to pay your actual necessary traveling expenses incurred in connection with the exhibit, including transportation and sleeping-car fare, payable out of $40,000 appropriation.
The exhibit occupied a reservation of about 10 acres in the northwest corner of the fair grounds, and its location at the extreme end of the anthropological exhibit typified the advancement of a primitive people toward civilization. Around the border of the reservation were arranged in a semicircle the native dwellings of the "blanket" or uncivilized Indians, as follows: Beginning at the western end of the semicircle, a Kickapoo bark house; the Maricopa-Pima group in two kees, one tent and summer houses; Arapaho group, one stockaded tepee; Geronimo, the great Apache medicine man, one (decorated) tepee; Pawnee group, ceremonial earth lodge or residence temple; Wichita group, grass lodge, summer house, and one tepee; Pueblo group, two tents and two summer sheds; Pomo group, one tent; Apache group, two tepees. These habitations were erected by the Indians themselves.
The Indians were grouped as follows: Six Pima, Arizona; 5 Maricopa,
Arizona; 23 Arapaho, 35 Cheyenne, 50 Pawnee, 35 Wichita, 5 Comanche, 9
San Carlos Apache, 20 Osage, all from Oklahoma; 29 Pueblo and 23 Navaho,
New Mexico; 35 Sioux, Rosebud, S. Dak.; 2 Pomos, California; 8 Jicarilla
Apache; 25 Chippewa, Minnesota; a total of 310.
The school building was a two-story structure of the old Mission style of architecture, standing at the rear of the reservation and extending the width of it. A hall ran the length of the building on either side of which were the booths containing the exhibits. The idea was to show the contrast between the civilized and uncivilized Indians, and to this end the booths on the west side of the hall were occupied by the old Indians working at their crude, primitive trades, and those of the east side by the new Indians (pupils of the various Indian schools) pursuing the up-to-date methods taught them by the white man.
The exhibits were as follows: On the west side, beginning at the south end of the building, Chilocco School exhibit, showing work in agriculture and stock husbandry, methods of instruction and results; Pueblo, San Juan, N. Mex., expert potters and weavers with needle loom, primitive millers, and bakers of wafer bread; Pomo, California, makers of fine baskets, mats, stone tools, and musical instruments; Pima, Arizona, makers of coiled baskets and pottery; Maricopa, Arizona, makers of fancy pottery and basket workers; Navaho, Arizona, famous blanket weavers, workers in silver, shell, and turquois; Sioux, South Dakota, decorative artists with porcupine quills, beads of buckskin, manufacturers of bows and arrows, and the calinite pipes, axes, and hammers; Apache, Arizona, expert weavers of blankets and makers of pottery; Apache, New Mexico, makers of coiled basketry of a peculiar type; Navaho, Sante Fe, N. Mex., Indian School, modern blanket weavers; Navaho, reservation, N. Mex., workers in silver, shell, and turquois; Pueblo, New Mexico, makers of pottery, blanket weavers and silversmiths.
On the east side, beginning at the south end of the building; Chilocco class in domestic science, model dining room, furnishings made by the pupils of the Chilocco School, Chilocco, Okla. This class gave daily demonstrations in cooking and serving food, Miss Peters in charge. Laundry class from the Chilocco School, under the charge of Miss Peters. Class in printing the Indian School Journal, printed daily by a class of students from the Chilocco School, E.K. Miller in charge. Painting, blacksmithing, and wheelwrighting classes from Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kans., K.C. Kaufman in charge. Manual training, Haskell Institute, C.F. Fitzgerald in charge. Domestic art class, students from Haskell Institute, Miss Taylor in charge. Harness-making class from Genoa, Nebr., School, J. McCallum in charge.
The halls were decorated with the work of the Indian pupils in penmanship, literary composition, arithmetic, sewing, lace work, bead work, and basketry. Every school in the service was represented in this display, except Carlisle, Phoenix, and Riverside. The exhibit was remarkable for its beauty and extent. In the model dining room the tables, dishes, napkins, rug, floor, chairs, wall paper, and general furnishings were all manufactured by pupils of the Chilocco School.
In the rear-center of the building was the assembly hall, where were held the daily classes, under the direction of Miss Harrison, and the musical and literary programmes, under the direction of Miss Crawford. There were in attendance at the school during the exhibit 150 boys and girls.
The following daily programme was observed:
Reveille ………………………………………… 6.00
Flag salute ……………………………………… 6.45
Breakfast ……………………………………….. 7.00
Band concert …………………………….. 9.30 to 11.30
Industrial work ………………………….. 9.00 to 11.30
Literary class work ………………………. 9.00 to 11.00
Literary musical programme ……………….. 11.00 to 11.30
Dinner …………………………………………. 12.00
Band concert ……………………………… 1.00 to 3.30
Industrial work …………………………… 1.00 to 4.00
Literary class work ……………………….. 1.00 to 3.00
Literary musical programme …………………. 4.00 to 5.00
Old Indian sports and ceremonies (on plaza in
front of school building) ………………… 5.00 to 6.00
Flag salute and dress parade ……………………… 6.00
Supper …………………………………………. 6.20
Taps …………………………………………… 10.00
The band concerts, under the direction of Mr. Lem Wiley, were always well attended and heartily applauded. The feature that attracted more attention, probably, than any other was the musical-literary programme. At these entertainments the hall was always crowded, and the audience never failed to be interested. The following programme, chosen at random, will give an idea of the character of the exhibitions:
1. Prelude ———————————————————- Orchestra.
2. Vocal solo ————————————————- Dolly, Dolly. Mary Leeds, Pueblo.
3. Scarf drill ——————————————— Kindergartners.
4. Recitation ———————————————— My Tambourine.
Ida Prophet, Seneca.
5. Vocal Solo —————————————- Hearts and Flowers.
Oscar Norton, Houp.
6. Oration ————————————— The Old and New Indian.
Richard Lewis, Pima.
7. Vocal solo —————————————————— My Desire.
Bertha Johnson, Pottawatomi.
8. Recitation ————————————— Flag of the Rainbow.
Esther Parker, Comanche.
9. Recitation ——————————————- The Pawned Bible.
Stella Hall, Cherokee.
10. Vocal solo ———————- When the Birds go North Again.
James Arquette, Puyallup.
11. Recitation ——————- Why he Stole the Parson's Sheep.
Iva Miller, Shawnee.
12. Pole drill ———————————————- Sixteen Girls.
13. Instrumental solo ——————————————- Selected.
Gertrude Brewer, Puyallup.
The dress parade in the evening was another feature that drew large crowds, and was thoroughly enjoyed by the spectators.
The average daily attendance was about 30,000. On some days it ran as high as 50,000.
Praise of the exhibit has been universal. Distinguished men of nearly every nationality and profession have eulogized it in the highest terms. It is believed that the Government, by bringing this exhibit to St. Louis, has given a strong impetus to the work of the Indian Service. The people of the country have seen the progress made by the Indian in the Government schools, and will no longer refuse to give the work their substantial support. It has been said that the true value of the Government Indian exhibit can not be estimated until the years have revealed its fruits.
The Vermont Building, 50 by 100 feet, was a reproduction of what is claimed to be the second most interesting historic structure in the United States—the old Constitution House at Windsor, where in 1777 the constitution of the State was formulated, a constitution of intense interest from the fact that it was the first in all history to prohibit slavery.
As this State building was a reproduction of a famous old tavern, it was peculiarly appropriate that it should maintain a dining room, and here between one and two thousand people were daily entertained.
The minutes of the constitutional convention were for many years supposed to have been lost, but were quite recently discovered in the Congressional Library at Washington, and were elaborately reproduced in facsimile by Senator Proctor.
Thanksgiving Day was the Vermont and Hew Hampshire day at the exposition.
The State commission was composed of the following:
Governor Charles J. Bell, ex officio chairman; W. Seward Webb, president; Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commissioner; Frederick G. Fleetwood, second vice-president; J.C. Enright, secretary and counsel; F.W. Stanyan, treasurer; Miss Mary Evarts.
The legislature having failed to make an appropriation, Mr. Jackson, a native of Waitsfield, personally raised all the money required for the construction and maintenance of the State building.
Among the elaborate displays were those of private exhibitors in the Machinery Building, marble in the Mines Building, and the granite exhibit in the same building.
During the winter session of 1902 the Virginia legislature by enactment provided $50,000 for an industrial exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, with the condition that no portion of the sum should be used for a State building. The act provided for three commissioners and five assistant commissioners, one of whom was named principal assistant, with duties of superintendent and treasurer. The State commissioner of agriculture was named as one of the commissioners, and the appointment of two was left to the governor, with power vested in the commission to appoint the assistant commissioners. Governor Montague appointed Col. A. M. Bowman, of Salem, Va., and J.L. Patton, of Newport News, Va., as commissioners. This commission, in February, 1903, elected Hon. G.W. Koiner, president, and appointed Hon. George E. Murrell, of Fontella, Va., superintendent, treasurer, and secretary; Hon. W.W. Baker, alternate and second assistant, and later appointed O.W. Stone, Martinsville, Va., B.C. Banks, Bland, Va., Lyman Babcock, of Bay Shore, Va., and J.C. Mercer, of Williamsburg, to complete the executive force. Mr. Murrell immediately took charge of the work and assisted by J.C. Mercer as his secretary and stenographer, with the aid of Mr. Baker, planned the scope and took steps toward the collection of exhibits. Later, as the force was strengthened, Mr. Stone was given charge of tobacco and peanuts, Mr. Banks of minerals and timber, and Mr. Babcock of fish and game.
Exhibits were planned in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fish and game, mines, and education, and were executed as follows:
In agriculture, exhibits of corn on the stalk, in the ear, and shelled, to the extent of 1,000 bushels; grain in sheaf and threshed; peanuts shelled and unshelled, to the extent of 5,000 pounds; wine, pickles, vegetables, cowpeas, transparencies illustrating agricultural scenes, cotton in bales, etc., tobacco in leaf and manufactured products. A pavilion erected in the Agricultural Building was of Moorish architecture, consisting of one central and eight subsidiary pavilions, connected with corn festoons. Corn, tobacco, peanuts, and sheaf grain entered into the decorations on a blue ground, the effect being harmonious. It was accorded the honor of obtaining one of the four grand prizes awarded in State agricultural exhibits. Tobacco was also used as a special exhibit, and was featured by an Indian maiden standing on a pedestal 23 feet high and holding in her outstretched hand a bundle of tobacco. A miniature log cabin advertised a special brand of tobacco. The horticultural exhibit consisted of an open, three-towered elliptical pavilion and a horn of plenty, apparently pouring apples on a pyramid of natural fruit below. This was made primarily an apple exhibit, more than 800 barrels being used for the purpose. Peaches, melons, pears, cranberries, and other fruits were shown in season.
The forestry, fish, and game exhibit was displayed by the use of sectional disks and boards in the rough, dressed, and polished, and by specimens of fish in natural skins and papier-mache, illustrating the leading food fish of Virginia waters. Mounted animals and a very complete collection of mounted water fowls and game birds were displayed. There was also one of the largest collections of oyster models ever made, illustrating by means of composition replicas in the natural shell of all the leading types of the Virginia oyster.
Transparencies 28 by 30 were used to illustrate forest scenes, while in manufactured goods an interesting display was made. The exhibit booth consisted of a rear façade with brown color scheme, relieved by ornamentation in shells, fish scales, and forest products, the whole forming an immense picture of Hampton Roads executed in colors.
The installation for the mines and metallurgy exhibit was mediaeval in architecture. A castellated gateway, veneered with copper ores, gypsum, and slate was flanked by a balustrade of slate surmounted by onyx balls. In the gateway appeared a coal exhibit, representing King Coal seated on a throne and guarded on either side by gnomes. The windows in the rear were screened with transparencies 28 by 34, illustrating scenery of the State, while the floor space was occupied by pyramids of various ores. The panels of the wall space were framed in coke, in which were displayed, in colors, pictures of the upper works of the mines. Between these panels were arranged upright cases containing ores of gold, silver, lead, iron, asbestos, kaolin, mica, clays, zinc, manganese, talc, etc., while exhibits of marble, rough and sculptured, together with cubes of building stones and mineral waters were displayed. The general color scheme was that of copper and iron pyrites. In these four exhibits Virginia occupied a little less than 10,000 square feet of floor, and her exhibits, both by award and public opinion, were adjudged to be among the best. An award was won by every entry made. During the spring of 1903 the Virginia assembly appropriated $10,000 to be expended by the Commission in the erection of a State building. This sum was augmented by private subscriptions of nearly an equal amount, and an exact replica of Monticello, the home of Jefferson, was erected. In this building, outside of the manual exhibit made in the Education and Social Economy Building, by the Blind, Deaf and Dumb Institute of Stanton, all of Virginia's educational exhibit was displayed It consisted of an exhibit valued at over $10,000, made by the University of Virginia. A comprehensive exhibit was made by the Randolph Macon system, and exhibits were made by Roanoke College Hollins Institute, and a number of other schools. The building, in addition to its social offerings, provided an interesting historical study through its furnishings of articles owned by Jefferson, and was classed among the most satisfactory State buildings of the fair.
In March, 1903, Governor McBride, pursuant to the act of the legislature, appointed the following-named gentlemen members of the Washington State commission for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:
A.L. Black, Bellingham; Edward C. Cheasty, Seattle; Thomas Harrington,
Buckley; M.E. Hay, Wilbur; G.L. Lindsley, Ridgefield; G.W.R.
Peaslee, Clarkston; R.P. Thomas, Anacortes; W.W. Tolman, Spokane.
At the first meeting of the commission, held in Tacoma April 2, 1903, A.L. Black was elected president of the commission; G.W.R. Peaslee, secretary; and Elmer E. Johnston, of Everett, executive commissioner.
The type of structure selected for the Washington State Building at the St. Louis World's Fair was an unique and attractive one, designed primarily to demonstrate the quality, character, and exceeding dimensions of the State's forestry product. It consisted of eight pieces of fir timber 24 inches square and 110 feet long, placed on end at the points of an octagon 90 feet in diameter at the base, five stories in height, the eight timbers surmounted by an observatory carrying a flag pole 60 feet in length. All the material entering into the construction of the State Building was shipped from the State of Washington, and was donated to the State by the Northwest Lumber Manufacturers' Association. The market value of said material in Washington would be, in round numbers, $8,000. The freight on the material from Washington to St. Louis and the construction of the building amounted to $18,823.10. The unique design and unusual construction features of this building constituted it at the start one of the features of the exposition construction.
It was photographed by many thousand visitors, illustrated in railroad guides as one of the attractions, featured by papers and magazines everywhere, and will probably be distinctly remembered longer by a greater number of people than any other building on the exposition grounds. As a practical exhibit of the State's lumber products it was a tremendous success, and together with its exhibit contents, representing a composite collection of the State's natural products and resources, was a colossal advertisement and demonstration of the State's natural wealth.
In addition to the State appropriation, heretofore mentioned, and the donation of lumber material above referred to, various counties in the State expended a total of $15,000 in the maintenance of individual exhibits.
The State of Washington installed and maintained throughout the period, in the various classified exhibit palaces, comprehensive exhibits of its mines, forestry, fisheries, game, horticulture, agriculture, education, climate, and scenery, and in addition, and supplemental thereto, maintained a composite showing of all these resources in its State building:
Horticulture: One thousand boxes of the best apples grown in the State in 1903 were carried over in St. Louis in cold storage. On May 1 the exhibit was opened with the 500 jars of miscellaneous fruits preserved for this exhibit; on May 15 we began the showing of fresh fruits, which showing was continued with all varieties and ample quantities (both in Horticultural Hall and in our State building) throughout the season, consuming four carloads of this material received by freight, and 150 boxes miscellaneous fruits in season expressed. Awards—Grand prize, for "collective exhibit of fruits." Gold medals, Yakima County, Chelan County, W.L. Wright, Geo. H. Farwell; silver medals, Chelan County Horticulture Association, Chelan County Fair Association, Clarkston Fruit Growers' Association, Orondo Fruit Farm, Yakima Horticulture Association, Washington Irrigation Company (Sunnyside), Wrightville Farm, to 38 individual exhibitors; bronze medals, to 27 individual exhibitors.
Forestry: A comprehensive collection of commercial woods, large dimensions, rough, and a good variety of finish shown in our various booths, counters, tables, etc.; also, a sample collection of all our native woods, rough and finished, exceeding in quantity (exclusive of the exhibit features of our State building) the exhibit shown by any State.
This exhibit was entered as "collection of commercial woods of best quality and largest dimensions; and the greatest educational exhibit of forestry shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in that it teaches the youth and uninformed adult more of the characteristics and extent of the wonderful forests of the Northwest, and conveys to the residents of the treeless areas of the North-Central States a better knowledge of the quality and duration of their future lumber supply than does any other forestry exhibit shown on the occasion."
Awarded grand prize on "commercial woods." Collaborators—H.
McCormick Lumber Company, the Larson Lumber Company, Grays
Harbor Commercial Company, Pat McCoy Logging Company, St. Paul
and Tacoma Lumber Company, Clarke-Nickerson Lumber Company, the
Northwestern Lumber Company, the Northwestern Woodenware
Company, Panel and Folding Box Company (Hoquiam), E.K. Lambert
(Elma), and the American Portable House Company.
Agriculture: In this department our space in Agriculture Hall and the lower floor of our State building was crowded with an exhibit of all cereals in straw and seed, forage grasses, vegetables, hops, wool, dairy products, etc.
Awarded grand prize on "collection of cereals, forage grasses, and miscellaneous vegetables;" grand prize on "best one-farm exhibit;" gold medals on various county exhibits, seven in number; gold medals on various mill products, five in number; gold medal on dairy exhibit, by Hazelwood Company; gold medal on hops, wool, and flax; gold medal on beet sugar.
Fisheries: Washington's exhibit in this department included every native leading variety of food fish and game fish, exceeding in numbers and quantity the showing of any other State. The installation was also the most practical undertaken here, considering the water and temperature, as all live exhibits were failures, and the collective exhibit was awarded first prize.
Game: In this department was shown a comprehensive specimen collection, in whole mounts, of the fur-bearing animals, animals of prey, game animals, and game birds indigenous to the section; one carload. Awarded silver medal.
Mines: In this department was shown the most complete collection of the State's minerals that has ever been made. Entered as "a collection of ores, gold, silver, copper; minerals, fossil collection, coal and coke; building materials, iron, lead, antimony arsenic; roadmaking and cement materials, clay and clay products, limestone and lime, soils, mineral waters, illustrations." Awarded gold medal on "collective exhibit of ores and minerals;" silver medals to various counties and individual exhibits.
Climate and scenery: Over 400 paintings and photographs were shown in the State building. Not in competitive exhibit.
Education: Photographic enlargements of all the State's normal schools colleges, and city school buildings; also shown in the State building.
Literature: The "State Book" issued by the commission has been distributed at the rate of 500 per day throughout the period; in addition to which individual literature has been furnished by Seattle, Spokane, Yakima, Everett, Walla Walla, Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, Clarkston, Waitsburg, Tacoma, Bellingham, Wenatchee, Olympia, Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railway Company, Chelan, Pullman, to the total number of 800,000 pieces.
The total expenses on account of participation in the Exposition were $69,135.47, leaving a balance unexpended of $8,245.
The board of managers for the State of Wisconsin was appointed under an act of the State legislature, and an appropriation of $104,000 was also made for exploiting the State's resources, its educational advantages, and for providing a State building. Of this amount $100,000 was for general exploitation and the State building, and the $4,000 was for use exclusively in showing the work of the State University, which ranks among the leading educational institutions of the United States.
The appropriation was apportioned by the board of managers as follows:
Agriculture ………………………. $5,000
Dairying …………………………. 6,000
Horticulture ……………………… 5,000
Agricultural College ………………. 1,500
Mines ……………………………. 5,000
Education ………………………… 6,000
State building ……………………. 15,000
Furnishings and maintaining ………… 10,000
Forestry …………………………. 5,000
Live stock ……………………….. 10,000
Special university appropriation ……. 4,000
The results obtained from the exploitation are shown in the large number of grand prizes, gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to the State. The State building received a gold medal. The Wisconsin building was erected at a cost of only $14,750.
The Wisconsin State Building was located on Commonwealth avenue on the brow of the hill above the United States bird exhibit. The building was original in conception. The design of the building was what is known as the "English cottage." It was a departure from the ordinary semiclassic style of architecture prevalent in the exposition buildings. It gave the impression that it was designed for the spot on which it was located, and it fitted in the slope of the hillside and between the giant forest trees as if it were a part of nature's plan. The structure with its plastered walls and red gable roofs, amid the green foliage, was a welcome relief from the general massive architecture of the surrounding buildings.
The building proper was 30 feet from the street. The semicourt was flanked on the north and south by long and wide verandas and a veranda extended across the front of the cottage. The semicourt was a profusion of flowers and shrubbery. The keynote of the building was rest and comfort. The decorative and color schemes were restful and quiet and harmonious. The wainscoting and the grand staircase were finished in Flemish oak, and the furniture was the "mission style," which harmonized with the woodwork. Indian blankets in rich dull reds and blues hung from the railing of the wall, which emphasized the "mission" effect.
The second floor was devoted to the sleeping apartments of the hostess and the board of managers and the governor's suite. The furnishings were of mahogany. In the basement were the dining room, kitchen, and storerooms.
The personnel of the board of managers of the State of Wisconsin was as follows:
W.D. Hoard, president; A.J. Lindemann, vice-president; Grant Thomas, secretary; S.A. Cook, treasurer; W.H. Flett, William A. Scott, Mrs. Lucy E. Morris, Mrs. Theodora Youmans; Mrs. Emma I. Walsh, hostess.
In the Palace of Education and Social Economy a comprehensive display of the highly organized school system of the State of Wisconsin was arranged; in the Palace of Agriculture a fine collection of the agricultural and dairy products of the State, also the exhibit of the Agricultural College; in the Palace of Horticulture a superb display of the fruit; in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy an interesting exhibit of the mineral wealth; in the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game a display of the commercial woods, and throughout the fall prize-winning herds of cattle, sheep, horses, and other live stock were on show at the live stock display grounds. The educational exhibit in the Palace of Education was illustrative of the progress of Wisconsin's schools. The exhibit embraced the kindergarten, graded schools, high schools, manual training schools, optional study of the German language, public library, the public museum in its connection with the schools, school for the deaf, agricultural school, and barracks or portable schoolhouses for use in the crowded districts of the city. The three free schools of agriculture and domestic economy, located at Madison in connection with the State University, and at Menominee, and Wassau were especially noteworthy. The two latter are distinctly training schools in agriculture and domestic economy, and are the only schools of their kind in the United States.
The public schools of Milwaukee made a separate display. The furnishings of the entire exhibit, except the cabinets, were made by the pupils of the high school manual training department.
A unique feature of modern school work was illustrated by the application of the graphophone in the instruction of the children, and illustrations of the results obtained. Unique among the records were those on which had been impressed the voices and declamations of children who have been taught to speak at the public school for the deaf.
The Milwaukee public school exhibit embraced the entire school system, from the enrollment of the student in the kindergarten to the graduation by the high school, the salaries of the teachers, and the financial statement of the school board.
One booth was devoted to the work of the benevolent institutions and the
United States School for Indians.
The exhibit of the State University was in the Palace of Social Economy. It was mainly composed of photographs of the university buildings, grounds, equipment, and of classes at work.
Wisconsin made its best record in the display in the Agricultural Palace, which was made up of agricultural products of the State and of butter and cheese exhibits. The space that was allotted to Wisconsin was utilized to the best possible advantage. Every grain grown in the Badger State was exhibited in the stalk or sheaf and in the threshed state. There were also, from time to time, fresh exhibits of seasonable vegetables.
The display in the Horticultural Palace was comprehensive enough to include about all of the fruits produced in the State. Eighty-nine varieties of Wisconsin apples were shown. There were shown 18 kinds of Wisconsin grown strawberries; 5 varieties of crab apples; 47 kinds of plums; 4 kinds of pears; 5 kinds of gooseberries, and 4 kinds of cranberries.
Wisconsin's fame as a cranberry-producing State was brought to the attention of the visitors by a miniature representation of a Wisconsin cranberry bog.
Under the head of "mining interest," there were included all of the various distinctive mining industries and the granite and other stone productions of the State, and its clay development. All of this was included in the State's display in the Mines and Metallurgy Building. A clever representation of a cross section of a lead and zinc mine was interesting.
In the center of this exhibit was a pyramid of red hematite iron ore from the famous Menominee, Baraboo, and Gogebic districts.
In the display of metals, Wisconsin showed zinc, lead, iron, copper, and graphite. The last was new in the State, and promised great results.
The display of granite and building stones was of interest, and a polished shaft of Montello granite was greatly admired.
The display included samples of various clays for which the State is famous, together with examples of the wares made from them.
In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, Wisconsin made a comprehensive display of its commercially important woods. There were 14 kinds of timber suitable for commercial purposes, together with the furnishings of the display, which were also of Wisconsin wood. Of the woods the more important were white and red and curly birch.
There were, in 4 large cases, lifelike specimens of the taxidermist's art. Prominently displayed was the Wisconsin badger, and other cases contained bear, deer, and porcupines in characteristic attitudes.
The live stock exhibits of the State were very successful, although handicapped by a small appropriation.
The entries consisted of horses—Percherons, Clydesdales, hackneys, and
English coach animals. In cattle there were Guernseys, Shorthorns, and
Jerseys. In sheep, Shropshires, Bembouillets, and Cotswolds. In swine,
Tamworths, Berkshires, and Poland Chinas. Poultry, of all breeds, and
pigeons were also displayed.
By act of the seventh legislature of the State of Wyoming in 1903, provision was made for the appointment by the governor of a commission of seven members to secure a collection of the resources and products of this State and to properly display and care for the same at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis in 1904, celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from the Government of France.
The same act appropriated $25,000 from the general revenues of the said
State of Wyoming, to be used in the purpose aforesaid.
In pursuance of such act of the Wyoming legislature, Governor DeForest
Richards appointed the following commission:
Clarence B. Richardson, commissioner in chief; Robert H. Homer, Bryant
B. Brooks, Willis George Emerson, George E. Pexton, Charles A. Badgette,
William C. Deming.
Whereas the law provided that the said commission should meet at the State capital and organize within fifteen days of the date of appointment, a meeting was held upon the 20th day of March, 1903. The following were elected:
Robert H. Homer, president; Bryant B. Brooks, vice-president; William C.
Deming, secretary.
In pursuance of the instructions of the commission, the commissioner in chief and the secretary proceeded to St. Louis about the middle of March, 1904, and installed Wyoming's exhibit in the Mines and Agricultural departments, along general lines approved by the commission. The exposition was formally opened on the 30th day of April, 1904, and Wyoming was one of the comparatively few States to have its exhibit practically complete upon the opening day.
Almost from the opening day of the exposition a surprisingly large number of people from Wyoming visited the fair, and the expressions of approval of the showing made by this State were highly encouraging to the commission. It was shown by registration at the Wyoming headquarters and at the various hotels that one person in every fifty in Wyoming saw the World's Fair.
In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, Wyoming's exhibits were very favorably located on two of the most prominent aisles of the building and occupied a floor space of 2,700 square feet. In addition to this, a wall space of 2,100 square feet was utilized for a display of Wyoming pictures, plats, maps, and drawings. The exhibit in this building was quite extensive and weighed about 250,000 pounds, it being the purpose of the commission to show all native products in commercial quantities.
The oil exhibit, which Dr. F. Salathe kindly volunteered to prepare, consisted of over 200 varieties of every grade of lubricating and illuminating oil in this State, and was one of the most complete exhibits of the kind shown at St. Louis.
Whenever it was practicable, the commission endeavored not only to show the crude material, but some article of utility manufactured from it. In carrying out this idea, the iron exhibit comprised 32,000 pounds of the crude ore, and around it were grouped nails, spikes, bolts, steel rails, barbed wire, and pig iron manufactured from the ore.
To illustrate the utility of our onyx and marble displays, a large pyramid of the different varieties of onyx, weighing about 40,000 pounds, was shown; also a beautiful mantel and fireplace manufactured from this material.
The mines exhibit was comprised of 156 varieties of mineral—a larger number than was shown by any other State—and over 3,000 classified exhibits. Being one of the most complete in extent and variety shown in the Mines Building, the State received a gold medal on the general collective exhibit.
Great quantities of copper ore and copper products from the famous Encampment district made up a large part of the State's display. One of the exhibiting companies showed the mineral in all its stages and processes of manufacture, from the crude ore to the finished product.
Wyoming also exhibited one piece of natural soda, weighing 5,000 pounds, taken from a natural soda lake near Laramie, in Albany County, while the exhibit of refined sodas was on a par with that exhibited from any other State. In bituminous and lignite coals, both in quality and quantity, Wyoming's exhibit was one of the most prominent found at the fair. Cubes of coal weighing as much as 10,000 pounds each, from which huge pyramids were formed, towered high above their surroundings and immediately caught the eye of every passer-by. These coal exhibits came chiefly from the great mines at Cumberland, Rock Springs, and Kemmerer, and were taken from veins 30 feet in thickness.
Onyx in both its native and finished state was shown in large quantities. A pyramid of gray onyx and beautiful mantels and polished slabs from fields in northern Laramie County were a revelation to all who saw them.
Gold ore and refined gold from the famous South Pass district were on exhibition, demonstrating that Wyoming may in the course of time rival her southern neighbor, Colorado, as a gold-producing State.
Marble and building stones were shown in great variety, both in their native and finished states. Moss agates, lithograph stones, asbestos, bentonite, gypsum, glass from native sand, and soda added to Wyoming's collection, which in variety was as great as any exhibit in the Mines Department. All told, there were 156 varieties of minerals, aggregating more than 3,000 classified exhibits. The exhibit was reenforced by beautiful color photographs of Wyoming scenes and resources, which occupied a wall space in the Mines Building of 2,100 square feet.
The commission was especially indebted to State Geologist H.C. Beeler for his valuable assistance and advice in connection with this work.
As the State's appropriation was so limited, the commission decided to show all the agricultural, horticultural, educational, and forestry and game exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture. In this building Wyoming occupied a floor space of 2,100 square feet and a wall space of 1,400 square feet.
The agricultural display was prepared and installed under the direction of Prof. B.C. Buffum, assisted by Mr. Elias Nelson, and consisted of over 1,400 classified exhibits. The showing of grains was particularly remarkable, and by actual competitive tests it was demonstrated that Wyoming grown wheat weighed 66 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest wheat from elsewhere was that of the Argentine Republic, which weighed 64 1/2 pounds per bushel. Wyoming oats weighed 48 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest oats from elsewhere were those from New Zealand, which weighed 46 1/2, and those from Idaho, weighing 46 pounds. Wyoming hulless barley weighed 56 pounds, while the standard is 48 pounds per bushel.
On all these products, as well as Wyoming grown alfalfa, Wyoming was awarded grand prizes.
The exhibit of Wyoming forestry products, which was prepared under the direction of Mr. John H. Gordon, showed a number of trees from 5 to 7 feet in diameter, and a variety of over 40 woods found in the State. Owing to the great expense and disadvantage under which such a collection must necessarily be made, it was impossible to reach every section of the State and secure samples of the different woods, but this was done wherever it was found to be possible, and an effort was made to secure samples of all the woods of the State.
A beautiful table manufactured by Mr. Gordon, made of over 35 varieties of these woods, was a work of art and attracted more attention and favorable comment than anyone thing shown in the exhibit.
The exhibit of Wyoming grown fruits from Fremont county, as well as the fruits grown in Laramie County, were especially praiseworthy.
The educational exhibit, which was prepared and collected under the direction of the superintendent of public instruction, T.T.T. Tynan, consisted largely in showing pictures of school buildings of the State and the school work of many of the pupils. Although only a small sum was available for this purpose, the exhibit was quite complete and made a very creditable showing.
The commission printed and distributed over 500,000 pamphlets giving information on the resources of Wyoming, and this was supplemented by a large amount of literature which was received for distribution from other sources.
Wyoming exhibitors received 125 awards in the two departments of Mines and Agriculture, where the Wyoming exhibits were shown, and the grand prizes awarded Wyoming grown grains were the results of actual tests by weight for the excellent quantity and size of the grain. Credit must be given Prof. B.C. Buffum, of the State University, for his thorough work in the preparation of these exhibits.
The Wyoming Commission closed up its affairs February 1, 1905, showing that its entire expenditures for all purposes was only $20,000, or about four-fifths of the appropriation.
In obedience to the call of Mrs. Parks Fisher, hostess of the Maryland Building, the hostesses of the various State and Territorial buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition assembled at the Maryland Building on the morning of June 16, 1904, for the purpose of forming an organization, the object being mutual improvement and the bringing into closer social relationship the members thereof.
Preliminaries were discussed and the meeting adjourned to assemble on June 30 at the Alaska Building, on which occasion the organization was perfected and the following officers were elected:
President, Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; vice-presidents, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska, Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut, Mrs. Floyd Walton, Mississippi, Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico, Miss Esther Wehrung, Oregon; recording secretary, Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; assistant recording secretary, Mrs. G.L. Hall, New Jersey; corresponding secretary, Mrs. W.N. Strother, Virginia; assistant corresponding secretary, Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; treasurer, Mrs. Belle Hall Small, Missouri; press representative, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska.
Many pleasant social functions took place under the auspices of this popular organization, and its business and social meetings were characterized by the greatest harmony. The organization is a permanent one and is to be represented at all future expositions. Its officers are to be elected annually, the next election to be held at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oreg.
The full list of membership is as follows:
Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska; Miss Jessie
Drais, Arizona; Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; Mrs. Frank Wiggins,
California; Mrs. J.A. Filcher, California; Mrs. Josiah Hughes,
Colorado; Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut; Mrs. John W. Hughes, Georgia;
Miss Anne Sonna, Idaho; Mrs. Floyd Walton, Mississippi; Mrs. Belle Hall
Small, Missouri; Mrs. Emma D. Nuckols, Missouri; Mrs. Addie McDowell,
Montana; Mrs. H.E. Freudenthal, Nevada; Mrs. G.L. Wall, New Jersey;
Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico; Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; Mrs. E.B.
Marchant, Oklahoma; Miss Ethel Wehrung, Oregon.
* * * * *
NEW YORK, N.Y., June, 1905.
I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the Board of Lady Managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which was appointed by you as provided for by the act of Congress dated March 3, 1901.
Very respectfully,
MARY MARGARETTA MANNING,
President of the Board of Lady Managers
Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
The LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION.
Historical Data.[1]
[Footnote 1: Compilation.]
The territory originally known as Louisiana was taken possession of by the explorer La Salle in 1682, in the name of Louis XIV, and the first colony was founded by the French at Biloxi in 1699. The vast domain was transferred to Spain, by secret treaty, in 1763, and remained in the possession of that country until 1800, when the King of Spain, during the assistance of Napoleon in the erection of the Kingdom of Etruria for his son-in-law, the Duke of Parma, ceded the Louisiana Territory to France in return for that aid. It was part of Bonaparte's policy and earliest ambition to restore to France all her lost possessions, and by the significant treaty of San Ildefonso, signed by Manual Godoy, the Spanish minister of state (known as the "Prince of Peace"), and Marshal Berthier, minister of France at Madrid, all that vast and vaguely defined territory known as Louisiana, which France had originally transferred to Spain, was reconveyed to France.
Up to the end of the revolution the possession of the Louisiana Territory by one foreign power or another had not touched Americans closely, but now conditions changed. When rumors of the last treaty finally reached the United States, the planters in the Mississippi Valley became alarmed. The laws and customs regulations of the Spaniards at New Orleans were arbitrary, and their business methods antiquated, complicated, and irksome to the colonists, and there had already been friction between them, the Spaniards being aided by Indians hostile to the frontiersmen. The right of deposit was essential to the pioneers who journeyed down the river in their flat-bottom homemade boats; they required a place to store their goods at New Orleans while waiting the arrival of trading vessels. In the early nineties the Spanish authorities closed navigation and refused the right of way to the ocean, but in 1795 a treaty was signed which gave the right of deposit, with certain minor limitations, for three years, and the way to a market was kept open for that period, and thereafter until 1802; that year the Spaniards again withdrew the privilege, and therein lay a potent motive for the acquisition of at least the mouth of the Mississippi River, and, although the immediate demand of these early American settlers was simply an open seaport and waterway to the sea, the Louisiana Purchase was the direct outcome of our strained relations with Spain.
A resolution was offered in Congress authorizing the President to call out 50,000 militia and take possession of New Orleans, but the United States sought security, and a substitute resolution was adopted appropriating $2,000,000 for the purchase of the Floridas and New Orleans, the Floridas being at first the entire cession contemplated, even without the island of New Orleans. The chancellor, Robert R. Livingston, had been appointed as our minister to France at a time when the affairs of that country were in a somewhat precarious condition. Napoleon, then only 34 years old, was dictator, surrounded by enemies. President Jefferson wrote Livingston to make the best terms he could with Napoleon, either for the mouth of the river, site for a city, or place for deposit. He at no time spoke of acquiring the whole tract. Livingston, with great tact and judgment, kept the matter before Napoleon, realizing not only the importance of the small tract originally involved, but the incalculable advantage that would be derived by the United States could the accession of the whole territory be accomplished. He was, therefore, greatly surprised by a question from Talleyrand, in which he was asked "What we would give for the whole tract?" This was followed by a proposition from Napoleon's representative, Marbois, the state treasurer, in which he offered to sell all the Louisiana Territory to the United States for 100,000,000 francs ($20,000,000), with a provision that the United States should pay the claims of American citizens against France for depredations by French privateers, which amounted to 20,000,000 francs ($4,000,000). This offer Livingston declined, and Marbois asked him to name a price. Livingston, after a polite and politic disavowal of any anxiety to seek a larger expansion of territory, cautiously remarked, "We would be ready to purchase, provided the sum was reduced to reasonable limits," but refused to make an offer, postponing the matter until the arrival of Monroe, who, he was informed by the United States Government, had been appointed minister with special powers to negotiate this purchase of New Orleans.
Talleyrand told Livingston that if they gave New Orleans, the rest would be of little value, and Marbois dropped his price to 80,000,000 francs ($16,000,000) and the claims, and later said if we would name 60,000,000 francs and take upon us the American claims to the amount of 20,000,000 more, he would submit the offer to Bonaparte. Our minister declared that sum was greatly beyond our means, and wished Bonaparte reminded that the whole region was liable to become the property of England. The minister of the public treasury admitted the weight of this possibility, but said: "Try if you can not come up to my mark. Consider the extent of the country, the exclusive navigation of the river, and the importance of having no neighbors to disrupt you, no war to dread."
The American minister was not long in deciding to accept Napoleon's proposition to acquire the whole territory, but still waited to conclude negotiations until the arrival in Paris of Monroe.
The great treaty was, in its essential elements, the work of three days. On April 11 Talleyrand asked Livingston "whether he wished to have the whole of Louisiana?" On April 12 Monroe arrived, but was too ill to attend a conference. Livingston again saw Talleyrand, and on April 13 two conferences took place between Marbois and Livingston, lasting several hours and ending at midnight, in which both negotiators agreed upon a treaty of transfer and acquisition, leaving open the amount to be paid. Upon this point they did not widely differ. Livingston's memorable midnight dispatch, dated Paris, April 13, 1803, and finished at 3 o'clock in the morning, gives the authentic official history of the Louisiana purchase treaty. The Livingston letters tell that the decision to sell Louisiana was reached on Sunday, April 10, after Napoleon had had a prolonged conference with Talleyrand, Marbois, and others. The idea of selling originated in the active brain of Napoleon. It was opposed by Talleyrand, Berthier, and others, but Napoleon contemplated war with England, and needed funds. The Louisiana Purchase tract was so far away and would require so much money and so many men to protect it, that, in his estimation, it was probably better to dispose of it at a good price rather than hold, and he feared, in the event of war, which was imminent, he would lose the colony of Louisiana within sixty days after he took possession. The treaty of Amiens was at an end; Austria was threatening; a British fleet was in the West Indies; he was disgusted at the disastrous campaign in Santo Domingo, angry with Spain, and desired to be free for new campaigns in Europe. The First Consul, impressed by our minister's social rank in his own country, no less than by his merciless logic and solid understanding, had given his promise that debts due for the spoliation of our commerce should be paid. This promise, of which he was again reminded, could only be kept by realizing on sale of public lands, as he had no other resource. Small wonder that he wished to be rid of the whole irritating subject of Louisiana.
Monroe, on his arrival in Paris, found that the negotiations for the purchase were already far advanced by Minister Livingston. Owing to the illness of the special envoy, he was not presented to the First Consul until May 1, and hence, as a negotiator, had nothing officially to do with the treaty, which was virtually negotiated April 13, and finally concluded April 30. On that day the treaty was signed in the presence of Napoleon by Marbois and the two American representatives, and when the negotiations were completed Napoleon made the following prophecy: "This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States. I have given England a rival."
The agreement, in the form of a treaty, reached Washington July 14 for ratification. Congress was called in special session October 17; the treaty was confirmed by the Senate after two days of discussion; a resolution was passed, to take effect immediately, but only after much opposition. Many persons were strongly opposed to the purchase, condemned the acquisition of a wilderness, and expressed their belief that the territory was not worth the price to be paid, and that its control would be difficult and unprofitable.
The exact cost ultimately agreed upon was 64,000,000 francs in the form of United States 6 per cent bonds, representing a capital of $11,250,000. In addition to this, the American Government agreed to assume and pay the obligations of France to American citizens for French attacks upon American shipping. These were estimated at 20,000,000 francs, or $3,750,000, making the total payment $15,000,000. The tract comprised 554,000,000 acres. Napoleon sold the territory for 2 cents an acre, or 10 acres for one franc. When the negotiations were pending, Marbois expressed to Napoleon the difficulty of reaching a definite conclusion as to boundary. When Talleyrand was questioned as to boundaries, he returned evasive answers, and said he did not know, and when pressed to be more explicit, said: "You must take it as we received it." "But what did you mean to take?" asked Livingston. "I do not know," replied Talleyrand. "Then you mean that we shall construe it our own way?" said Livingston again, to which Talleyrand made final reply: "I can give you no direction. You have made a noble bargain for yourselves, and I suppose you will make the most of it."
When we consider that Jefferson at one time was willing to give $2,000,000 for New Orleans alone, we can marvel that so vast an empire as the whole province should come to us for the price paid. We can afford to overlook any defects in the treaty details and forever hold in gratitude the illustrious men who, by their diplomatic skill, their earnestness of purpose, and well-directed efforts, achieved one of the greatest triumphs in the world's history. It well justified the assertion of Minister Livingston as he placed his name to the treaty of cession, and rising and shaking hands with Monroe and Marbois, said: "We have lived long; but this is the noblest work of our lives."
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held to commemorate this most important event in the history of America—the purchase from France of the vast Louisiana Territory—an event second only in importance to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, which constituted the first great advance of the United States toward national expansion, and at the same time insured to them the control forever of the greatest natural waterway on earth, the Mississippi River.
The Missouri Historical Society was the first organization to take formal steps toward the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of this territory. In acknowledgment of the public sentiment expressed, Governor Stevens, of Missouri, called a convention of delegates to be appointed by the respective governors of the twelve States and two Territories that had been created in the Louisiana Purchase. Ninety-three delegates attended the meeting on January 10, 1899, and unanimously voted that an international exposition should be held in St. Louis as a means of giving expression, by practical demonstration, to the universal appreciation of what had been accomplished within this vast region during the century.
An executive committee was appointed, of which Hon. David R. Francis, of St. Louis, was made chairman. The aid of the United States Government was sought, and, after preliminary work on the part of the members of the committee in raising the $10,000,000, which Congress had made a condition should be secured before rendering material assistance, a bill was passed March 3, 1901, appropriating $5,000,000 toward "celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase Territory by the United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri."
This enormous tract of land that for a century had been steadily contributing to the material advancement of the world was now to show that it was ready and able to assume its full share not only in practical life and progress but in the deeper phases of science and art, and to demonstrate the nature of its resources by participation in the greatest universal exposition ever held. By this exposition it was not only above all else to illustrate the marvelous development of the territory whose acquisition it was meant to celebrate, but it was likewise "to provide for a comparative display of the products, natural and artificial, of the nations of the world, to be arranged in classified groups, the exhibits of each nation in every class to be set down by the side of those of all other nations, thereby better to insure comparison and an intelligent verdict as to merit by the direct and practical contrast thus secured." It was to demonstrate the feasible combination of the artistic with the useful, the beautiful with the enduring, the graceful with the strong.
The three most significant dates historically connected with the acquisition of the magnificent domain known as Louisiana are April 30, 1803, when the great treaty was signed; October 19, when the treaty was ratified in the Senate of the United States by a vote of 24 to 7; and December 20, of the same year, when our Government received formal possession at New Orleans from the French prefect, Laussat. The council chamber of the Cabildo (which building was so ably reproduced at the exposition) and the balcony adjacent were the scene of the formal retrocession of Louisiana from Spain to France, and also of the event so much more momentous to us—the ceremony in which France delivered Louisiana into the keeping of the United States.
On August 20, 1901, by a proclamation of the President, "in the name of the Government and of the people of the United States, all the nations of the earth" were invited "to take part in the commemoration of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, an event of great interest to the United States and of abiding effect on their development, by appointing representatives and sending such exhibits to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as would most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress in civilization." This invitation was sent through the Department of State of the United States to the chief magistrates of all civilized governments, from nearly all of whom official acceptances were received in reply.
It has become a matter of history that ground was broken for the site of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition December 20, 1901, that day being the anniversary of the one on which the jurisdiction over the Louisiana Territory passed from France to the United States in 1803. The dedication exercises were held on the afternoon of April, 30, 1903, and were designed to commemorate not only the one hundredth anniversary of the signing of the treaty by Livingston, Monroe, and Marbois, transferring the territory from France to the United States, but also to dedicate in a formal manner the grounds and palaces of the exposition then rapidly advancing toward completion, though not to be opened before the following spring.
The exercises were participated in by representatives from nearly all civilized nations, and the presence on April 30, 1903, of the President of the United States, ex-President Cleveland, the Joint Committee of Congress, the ambassadors and ministers of twenty-six foreign governments, the governors and representatives of more than forty States and Territories, conferred upon it the official indorsement of the nations of the world, and added the weight and dignity which the sanction of governments alone could give.
When the treaty of cession was concluded in 1803 President Jefferson represented less than 6,000,000 people and there were but 50,000 white settlers in the Louisiana Territory. President Roosevelt in 1903 represented 80,000,000 people, the Purchase contained 15,000,000 inhabitants, and the 865,000 square miles which it comprised had been geographically divided into twelve States and two Territories. It was an area greater in extent and in natural resources than that of the original thirteen States, and constituted the largest real estate transfer ever known in the history of nations.
The price of $15,000,000 paid for it was considered exorbitant by those who were opposed to the purchase in 1803, yet the possibilities of the country, then so vague and ill-defined, so amply justified the prophetic faith of its advocates that a century later many millions of dollars in excess of the purchase money were spent in commemorating the transfer of a tract of land without which the present greatness of the United States would not have been possible. The present value of the agricultural products alone of the area for one year are a hundred times, and the taxable wealth more than four hundred times, the purchase money.
The board of lady managers was created pursuant to a clause in section 6 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901, empowering the National Commission[A] of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as follows:
[Footnote A: The creation of the National Commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was authorized by act of Congress, March 3, 1901, and the members were appointed by President McKinley. According to section 12 of an act approved June 28, 1902, the Commission will cease officially to exist on the first day of July, 1905, at which time, also, will expire the term of appointment of the members of the board of lady managers.]
And said Commission is hereby authorized to appoint a board of lady managers, of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said Commission, subject, however, to the approval of said company. Said board of lady managers may, in the discretion of said Commission and corporation, appoint one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor.
The following is the complete list and order of appointment of the members of the board of lady managers made by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, acting under the authority conferred by the aforesaid section 6 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901:
Name. Date By whom.
appointed.
Miss Helen M. Gould Oct. 16, 1901 Hon. P.D. Scott.
Mrs. John A. McCall Oct. 18, 1901 Hon. M.H. Glynn.
Mrs. John M. Holcombe do Hon. F.A. Betts.
Miss Anna L. Dawes do Do.
Mrs. William E. Andrews do Hon. J.M. Thurston.
Mrs. Helen Boyce-Hunsicker do Do.
Mrs. James L. Blair do Hon. John M. Allen.
Mrs. Fannie L. Porter do Hon. P.D. Scott.
Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger do Do.
Mrs. Richard W. Knott Nov. 19, 1901 Hon. William Lindsay.
Mrs. Washington A. Roebling do Do.
Mrs. M.H. de Young do Hon. Thomas H. Carter.
Mrs. Belle L. Everest do Hon. John F. Miller.
Mrs. Marcus P. Daly Nov. 20, 1901 Hon. Thomas H. Carter.
Mrs. William H. Coleman Nov. 21, 1901 Hon. John F. Miller.
Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter do Do.
Mrs. Lewis D. Frost do Hon. John M. Thurston.
Mrs. Finis P. Ernest Nov. 22, 1901 Hon. George W. McBride.
Mrs. James B. Montgomery Jan. 22, 1902 Do.
Mrs. John Miller Horton Sept. 30, 1902 Hon. M.H. Glynn.
Mrs. Daniel Manning Oct. 2, 1902 Do.
Mrs. Carl von Mayhoff do Do.
Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan do Hon. Thomas H. Carter.
Mrs. Annie McLean Moores Oct. 3, 1902 Hon. John M. Allen.
Miss Lavinia H. Egan Nov. 29, 1902 Do.
Mrs. Daniel Manning, president, Albany, N.Y.; Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, first vice-president, Springfield, Ohio; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, second vice-president, Denver, Colo.; Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, third vice-president, Hoboken, N.J.; Miss Anna L. Dawes, fourth vice-president, Pittsfield, Mass.; Mrs. Belle L. Everest, fifth vice-president, Atchison, Kans.; Mrs. M.H. de Young, sixth vice-president, San Francisco, Cal.; Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, seventh vice-president, Atlanta, Ga.; Mrs. William H. Coleman, treasurer, Indianapolis, Ind.; Miss Helen M. Gould, New York, N.Y.; Mrs. Richard W. Knott, Louisville, Ky.; Mrs. John M. Holcombe, Hartford, Conn.; Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger, Little Rock, Ark.; Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan, Providence, R.I.; Mrs. Margaret P. Daly, Anaconda, Mont.; Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, Portland, Oreg.; Mrs. Carl von Mayhoff, New York, N.Y.; Mrs. John Miller Horton, Buffalo, N.Y.; Mrs. Lewis D. Frost, Winona, Minn.; Mrs. W.E. Andrews, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Annie McLean Moores, Mount Pleasant, Tex.; Miss Lavinia H. Egan, Shreveport, La. Miss Julia T.E. McBlair, Washington, D.C., hostess of the building of the board of lady managers.
Standing committees.—Executive: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Mrs.
Holcombe, Miss Egan, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman, Mrs. Buchwalter,
Mrs. Moores, Miss Dawes, Mrs. Knott, Mrs. Hanger, Miss Gould.
Entertainment: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Mrs. Porter, Mrs. Everest,
Mrs. Sullivan, Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. de Young, Mrs. Horton, Mrs. von
Mayhoff, Mrs. Hunsicker. Foreign Relations: Miss Dawes, chairman; Mrs.
Knott, Miss Gould, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. von Mayhoff, Mrs. Montgomery,
Mrs. Moores. Congresses: Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Mrs.
Andrews. Press: Mrs. Knott, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Miss Egan, Mrs.
Moores. Woman's Work: Mrs. Montgomery, chairman; Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs.
Daly, Miss Gould, Mrs. Buchwalter, Miss Dawes, Mrs. de Young.
Legislative: Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman; Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman.
Awards: Mrs. Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Knott, Miss Egan, Mrs. Porter, Mrs.
Hunsicker. Auditing Committee: Mrs. Andrews, chairman; Mrs. Ernest, Mrs.
Montgomery.
Special committees.—Hall of Philanthropy: Miss Helen M. Gould, chairman. Creche: Miss Helen M. Gould, chairman; Mrs. Everest, Mrs. Andrews, Mrs. Sullivan. House: Mrs. Ernest, chairman; resident members of board and members of rotating committee on duty. Model Playground: Mrs. Holcombe, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Miss Gould. Editing Minutes: Mrs. Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Ernest, Miss Dawes. House Furnishing: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery.
As it was designed that the St. Louis Exposition should afford an opportunity of demonstrating to other nations the progress that the United States had made in every branch of manufacture, agriculture, and art, the enormous field that existed from which to draw the great variety of material warranted the assumption that a wonderful display would be made. The sponsorship of our Government, and its invitation to other nations to participate, vested in the citizens of the United States, not only as a nation but as individuals, the responsibility of acceptably placing before the eyes of the world the achievements and advancement not only of their own but of all civilized and semicivilized nations.
The importance of the event rendered it a fitting occasion for women again to exhibit to the world the record of their increasing development and progress. At the Centennial in Philadelphia the women's commission brought together the exhibits shown in the Woman's Department, raised funds necessary to build the Woman's Pavilion, suggested the Department of Public Comfort, and originated and carried to completion other useful and practical ideas. The board of lady managers at the World's Columbian Exposition achieved a most wonderful success; at the Cotton Centennial in New Orleans the women from each State and Territory did excellent work, as did those at Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, and Buffalo. All this had thoroughly prepared the public mind for the cooperation of women in further exposition work.
The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, was, therefore, created as an official organization, acting under the authority given it by the Government. Its most important duty—that of appointing woman jurors—was prescribed by Congress, and all others were secondary to it. The members realized the responsibility which rested upon them and the necessity of making such a record that at the close of the exposition they again might show that women's attainments and achievements were a factor of sufficient importance to warrant their participation in an exhibition of such magnitude; they must continue to prove by practical demonstration that the rapid advancement and increased usefulness of women, made possible by the educational and other advantages that had been accorded them, rendered their work worthy of the examination and attention of the world.
Preparatory to accepting any responsibilities that might be required of them in order to represent woman's work officially, a formal request was made by the members of the board of lady managers to the National Commission, to define the full scope of their appointment and the duties to be assigned to the board, careful inquiry being made as to what special and important work they would be expected to perform.
Pursuant to this request, an informal meeting of the eighteen members who had been appointed in the fall of 1901, was called by the National Commission, in the city of New York, for December 5 of that year. Hon. Thomas H. Carter, president of the National Commission, in an address on that occasion, outlined their duties to a limited extent, and stated that a meeting would be called in March, 1902, for the purpose of perfecting their organization and determining the nature of their work. This meeting was not called, as had been contemplated, however, and it was not until September 30, 1902, that the members of the board were again assembled, pursuant to a call of the Commission, the meeting place being in the city of St. Louis.
After formal organization of the board of lady managers they were again addressed by Hon. Thomas H. Carter, who said, in part, as follows:
The act of Congress left the number of lady managers optional
with the National Commissioners.
Before the exercise of the discretion allowed by Congress numerous persons suggested a great variety of ways whereby the ladies of the country, and the world, if you please, might with force and propriety participate in this coming exposition. The agency or organized clubs was for a time suggested as a proper method by which the assistance of womankind might be interjected into this great work, but many difficulties appeared in an effort to crystallize that thought in the proper shape.
Owing to the confusion existing during the sessions of Congress, the necessity as well as the desirability of allowing the National Commission to appoint a board of lady managers became from day to day more apparent, and, therefore, in pursuance of that authority it was determined, with the consent and approval of the local committee under whose auspices the exposition was given, to appoint a board consisting of twenty-one persons; and of the twenty-one nineteen members have now been appointed. * * * It will rest with you ladies, and the two additional members hereafter to be appointed, whether or not you wish to increase the size of your board. * * *
After or about the time of the New York meeting the National Commission, acting under the authority of the law, prescribed certain general limitations or rules within which this board of lady managers would continue to exercise their functions. These rules were, I think, made very general, and were submitted to the local company for approval, as the statute requires. The company has suggested certain amendments, which are not of great importance and do not at this time limit your deliberations to any considerable extent. * * * The rule upon which your authority will rest reads: "The board of lady managers, appointed as authorized by section 6 of the act of Congress, shall have authority to exercise general supervisory control over such features of the exposition as may be specially devoted to woman's work." That rule is practically without any limitation whatever. It places under your control and supervision the work for the exhibits, whether appearing in the manner of artistic, industrial, or other tangible production, or whether appearing in the manner of woman's engagement in any part or portion of the exposition work. I think it will rest with you that girls under a certain age should not be permitted to be employed in the exhibits, or in any manner made a part of the coming exposition. * * * You will find in this rule the amplest authority with reference to any subject-matter over which you seek to exercise jurisdiction, composed in whole or in part by woman's work. That is all the limitation you will find. That rule the company has approved without amendment, and in approving it * * * I believe that it is clearly the earnest desire of the company to secure and at all times approve of your cordial cooperation.
In the matter of executing the duties before you, it will be found necessary, I believe, at this meeting, after the election of your officers, to secure such quarters as may, in your opinion, be necessary for the convenient transaction of the business committed to your charge. It will likewise be necessary for you to begin to consider the scope of woman's work in connection with the exposition, and likewise form proper rules and regulations for the government of your officers and the direction of the general task that you have before you. It is needless to suggest that future success will, as you know, to a considerable extent, be dependent upon the thought and consideration given to your rules to start with. One feature of the rules heretofore commented upon to some extent, and perhaps both by the Commission and the company, has been subject to criticism. That is the limitation upon the incurring expense. It has been suggested that the board of lady managers at Chicago, which consisted of over one hundred persons, spent $150,000 or thereabout. They were limited, I think, and spent the limit. Your expenses are not limited, except by a rule adopted by prudence, and applicable to all bodies having money to expend from the United States Government. The purpose of this rule, let me say to you, ladies, was to preserve ordinary system in the transaction of the business that must be dispatched very rapidly, and must be dispatched under a system.
The observations I have here made seem to about cover, for the present, at least, the matters that will come up before you for consideration:
First. The scope of your work, unlimited by this Commission, save in the particulars prescribed in the law, to that which is in whole or in part made up of woman's work.
Second. After determining the scope, the field within which you will act, and the rules that govern your officers, you will be called upon to determine other questions from time to time—the matter of investment, the matter of a special building, which shall be the ladies' home, and other questions such as may seem to you to be meet and proper.
I am quite sure that throughout this space of time—two or three years—during which we are working together, you will find it quite easy to get along with this Commission. * * * Let me make this suggestion here, and one based upon an experience this Commission has had: You will find, as far as our observation has been extended, that you have here in the city of St. Louis and the surrounding country a body of earnest people, charged with a mighty work—the disbursement of the largest sum of money ever collected on the globe for an exposition of any kind—larger than Chicago, Buffalo, and Charleston combined—and the one overwhelming, all-absorbing thought uppermost in the mind is to make this exposition a success, commensurate with the mighty means placed at the disposal of the company, the Commission, and the board. The weather will be hot and difficulties will come, tempers will become disturbed, and patience sorely tried, but throughout it all bear in mind that the man who is somewhat irritating has simply too much vim and enthusiasm for the moment.
President Francis, the general counsel, the treasurer, are all devoting practically their entire time and attention to this work, and the things already accomplished indicate that their efforts have been well directed and their work well performed. It is for you to say, you to determine in a general way, and upon your good judgment and earnest efforts will largely depend the extent to which women in this country and of the world at large are to participate, directly or indirectly, in making this exposition the most beneficent for women that has or can be made in any age or ages.
At the close of Senator Carter's remarks President Francis, of the
Exposition Company, said:
I have only come to say, ladies, that if we can be of any assistance to you we shall be more than glad to render that assistance. If you have any suggestions to make us, we shall be pleased to receive them and consider them by prejudging them in your favor. I do not know what your plans are, but I wish to say that if you desire permanent quarters, we will be very glad to provide them in the Administration Building. That might be a little inconvenient, perhaps, but we have all of our own offices there, and have all the accommodations one can require. I do not know if you propose to have a permanent secretary and establish headquarters here or not. I take it for granted that you are familiar with the provisions of the law. Of course, you know that the board is nominated by the National Commission, of which Senator Carter is president. All of the nominations that have been made by the National Commission have been confirmed. I believe the membership of your board is limited to twenty-one. I have heard of the organization of that body. I wish to say, that we think we have made adequate, if not liberal, provision for the expense of the board in this way: We have decided to tender you ladies, subject, of course, to your amendment, after first acknowledging your generosity, we have decided to say to you that we will allow you 5 cents per mile mileage from your homes to St. Louis, and 5 cents per mile back to your homes, or to your New York meetings, and in addition to that $6 per day for subsistence during the time you are in attendance at such meetings. If you do not think that sufficient, we are open to suggestions from you.
During your stay in cities where meetings will be held you are allowed $6 per day subsistence, whether you choose to expend that or not; if you do not think $6 per day sufficient, make a suggestion accordingly.
In regard to your duties, the law prescribed those. I suppose the report which was made by the Commission to the local company and approved by the local company, has been forwarded to the board. You know that you have the right to appoint one member to every jury of awards that passes upon work wholly or partly made by women. I do not know what provision the law makes, if any, for your duties, but this exposition, comprehensive as its scope may be, can not be a success without the hearty cooperation of the ladies, and that is what we wish.
I do not know what plans you have about a Woman's Building. I wish to say that any suggestions you have to make us we will take under serious consideration. A great deal has been said about permanent structures. We have no objections to permanent structures, we rather court them, provided always some means are furnished for the maintenance of those buildings after the exposition is over. There is another condition that must be observed, and that is in regard to the permission of the city for these buildings to remain. You, of course, understand that the exposition proper does not own any of the ground within the site. We have 1,200 acres, which is much larger than any exposition ever held, about 688 acres being the property of the city. About 112 acres of the site is the property of the Washington University, for which we pay it a specific rental; that makes a total of 780 acres. In addition to that we have 410 acres which we have leased from private owners. That property must be returned to them free of all incumbrances. Therefore, if a permanent structure be contemplated it must be erected on city property.
Ladies, I will be very glad to answer any questions you may desire to ask in connection with the exposition, and, as I said, any suggestions of yours I shall submit to our local company, executive committee, and board of directors, and Senator Carter will submit the same, I have no doubt, to the National Commission.
At a meeting of the Commission held the same day (September 30) the resignation of Mrs. John A. McCall from the board of lady managers was read and accepted by the Commission.
The statements of Senator Carter, as well as those of President Francis, stimulated the interest of the members of the board; they comprehended anew that it involved not only a heavy responsibility, but constituted a national trust to represent the women who to-day stand upon the advanced but firm ground secured by the steady and persistent efforts of other women in their long struggle to obtain intellectual advantages and recognition.
By reason of the sacrifices and endurance of those pioneers, every opportunity is now afforded to women not only to acquire any trade or profession, but also to practice it without hindrance; in many cases the same money value is placed upon their labor as upon that of men for similar work, and no longer is the line of demarcation rigidly drawn between the woman of leisure and the self-supporting woman. It, therefore, devolved upon the members of the board of lady managers to advance, to the best of their ability, the conditions under which women might continue to maintain their social, intellectual, and financial independence.
At this first formal meeting of the board of lady managers held in St. Louis the president and board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company tendered to the members a most delightful evening reception at the Southern Hotel. This was the first official entertainment given to the board of lady managers.
On Wednesday, October 1, 1902, the election of the following officers was effected:
Mrs. James L. Blair, president; Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, first vice-president; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, second vice-president; Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, third vice-president; Miss Anna L. Dawes, fourth vice-president; Mrs. Belle L. Everest, fifth vice-president; Mrs. M.H. de Young, sixth vice-president; Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, seventh vice-president; Mrs. Frederick Hanger, secretary; Mrs. William H. Coleman, treasurer.
Miss Helen M. Gould then offered the following resolution:
Resolved, That it is the earnest desire of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition that there be no indecent dances or improper exhibits in the Midway during the exposition, and that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company be urged to use the utmost care in awarding the concessions for shows, in order that there may be no objectionable features.
The motion was carried unanimously, and its observance by the local company was largely instrumental in lowering to a minimum the number of objectionable features on the "Pike."
In a joint conference of the National Commission and President Francis the latter consented that the Commission should make the number of lady managers 24 instead of 21, and on October 2, 1902, the following resolution was offered by the first vice-president, Mr. Glynn, and adopted by the Commission:
Resolved, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition shall consist of 24 persons, including those heretofore appointed, together with Mrs. Daniel Manning, of Washington, D.C.; Mrs. A.I. von Mayhoff, of Monticello, Va.; and Mrs. Josephine Sullivan, of Providence, R.I.; also the two additional members to be nominated by Mr. Allen.
Be it further resolved, That the appointments thus made now fixes the membership of the board at 24, and that no vacancy which may hereafter occur, on any account whatever, shall be filled until the board is reduced below 21 members, and that at no time shall any vacancy be filled hereafter so as to increase the board above 21.
After the election of officers, appointment of committees on woman's work, rules and regulations, hall of philanthropy, and the transaction of other routine work, the board of lady managers adjourned to meet in New York, November 17, 1902.
In response to a request from the board of lady managers for permanent headquarters for their accommodation during the exposition period, to be afterwards used as a hall of philanthropy, President Francis, on November 5, 1902, referred to the fact that the Missouri State Federation had instructed its delegates to the convention of the General Federation of Women's Clubs to be held at Los Angeles to recommend such a memorial of woman's work, but that the federation had failed to take action in the matter.
The Exposition Company afterwards offered to contribute $50,000 toward the erection of such a building if the board of lady managers would raise $150,000—$50,000 of which should be applied toward the building and $100,000 as a permanent endowment fund.
The meeting of the board of lady managers was called on November 17, 1902, pursuant to adjournment of the meeting of September 30, 1902, and at that time the hall of philanthropy was fully considered, and the above-mentioned proposition of the Exposition Company declined.
At the session held on the 19th of November a motion was made and carried that there should be an eighth vice-president, and Mrs. Daniel Manning was elected to fill that office.
President Carter, of the National Commission, was invited to be present at this meeting, and again emphasized his views in regard to the prerogatives of the members of the board in performance of the duties which might be assigned them. He also spoke as follows:
With the power comes the responsibility. This exposition, if the general tone of business continues, ought to be, in the matter of attendance and universal interest, a pronounced success. The matter of interesting the world, securing attendance, securing exhibits, attracting the attention of different classes of people, would insure success. The law of Congress is pretty thoroughly considered. It was pretty thoroughly debated in the House of Representatives particularly. No part of the law was more thoroughly considered than this part, which contemplated the interesting of the women of the world in the exposition about to be given.
Determine at the earliest day practicable what the view of this board is as to what part women are to take in the exposition. That subject can not be too promptly considered or decided upon. You are to plan the scope of women's work in this exposition. Give the representation of women's work in this exposition a national or international character. If of an international character, will this board undertake to select the people who are to go abroad to represent the women of this country in appealing to the women of other countries? * * * It is a matter of supreme consequence that the women of the country shall be represented in a manner that will be approved by themselves at least. * * * I think it rests with you to formulate plan and scope, and transmit that formulated plan and scope to this Commission, to be approved by the Commission and approved by the local company, as a part of the programme of this exposition. It was the intention when this board was appointed to get together a body of representative women from all over the United States, and that this body when assembled would become a directing force along general lines. In the matter of women's work there is no limit. You exercise "general supervisory control." I would say that, in pursuance of authority granted the board of lady managers, that this board adopt resolutions stating that no woman shall be appointed to represent the exposition by either the National Commission or the local company until the name of such representative shall have been submitted to and ratified by this board of lady managers. You will find in talking with this company a keen anxiety to quickly adopt any suggestions that will bring about success in any line. Claim whatever you think in the form of a rule, assert your right to approve or confirm if you please everyone appointed to push this woman's work anywhere. In regard to a building, say what you want; submit your plans to this Commission; place your wants in the form of a resolution to be approved by the Commission and the local company; the approval will carry with it the expense. We will regard any expenditure which you may make as "legitimate exposition work"—commissioners to go abroad, or whatever it may be.
There is a large amount of money available for this exposition. It has been handled with the utmost care, skill, and excessive prudence by the company, but that shows merely a good, sound economical management; however, there is ample means, means that will unquestionably apply to meet every want.
At the session on November 20 the committee named to prepare resolutions to be presented through the National Commission to the Exposition Company offered the following, which were adopted, and copies forwarded to the Commission and company:
First. The board of lady managers respectfully call the attention of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to the act approved March 3, 1901, under which act this board has the power to appoint one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by women. The board of lady managers decline to accept the amendment of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to this act of Congress expressed in a resolution of the executive committee of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, as follows: "To nominate one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall have been produced in whole or in part by female labor."
Second. The board protests against the appointment, without its authority, of any representative at home or abroad connected with work for which this board is responsible.
Third. That the board of lady managers select, with the approval of the local company, two of its members to awaken interest in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company among women in other countries.
Fourth. That the president of this board be authorized, at her discretion, to appoint committees to visit each State to enlist the cooperation of the women in securing the proper representation of woman's work at the exposition in St. Louis; and in furtherance that the governor of each State be formally requested to name two women on the State commission.
Fifth. That the local company be requested to appropriate $50,000 for the erection of a woman's building on the fair grounds to be used after the close of the exposition as a hall of philanthropy.
Sixth. The board of lady managers request the directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to provide money to meet the current expenses of this board. They are further requested to notify this board in writing of the amount appropriated for this purpose. It is the sense of this board that an allowance of 5 cents per mile and $10 per diem be allowed; the per diem to cover the time from the day of departure until the day of return.
Seventh. That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, acting in harmony with the local committees appointed by the president of this board, shall have supervisory control of the entertainments of all women's organizations desiring to hold meetings in the building that will be appropriated to the use of this board.
Respectfully submitted.
Mrs. JAMES L. BLAIR, President.
Mrs. RICHARD W. KNOTT, Chairman.
To the copy of the above resolutions which was sent to the National
Commission, President Carter replied as follows:
St. Louis, U.S.A., November 29, 1902.
Dear Madam: I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of a set of resolutions adopted by the board of lady managers at their meeting in New York City on November 20, 1902.
You are informed that the resolutions have been transmitted with proper recommendations to the local company for consideration You are also informed that correction of objectionable rule in the "rules and regulations governing the system of awards," to which reference is made in the first subdivision of the resolutions, has been made. The rule referred to, as corrected, will embrace the word "appoint" instead of "nominate."
You are also informed that the Commission deems it inexpedient to apply to Congress for an appropriation to aid in the construction of the proposed hall of philanthropy. The Commission does not wish to be understood as being opposed to this commendable enterprise, but instead favors the proposition. The disinclination to appeal to Congress for aid arises from an understanding with the company and leading members of committees of Congress, that no further appropriation would be sought from the General Government in connection with the fair.
After a conference with the president and the secretary of the Exposition Company, the Commission is gratified to be able to inform you of the disposition of those officers to consult the board of lady managers with reference to the appointment of all persons intended to in any manner represent the board or its work in the exploitation of the exposition at home or abroad. We are also able to convey to you the assurance which has been conveyed to the Commission by President Francis, that it is the disposition of the Exposition Company to furnish the board of lady managers adequate and comfortable accommodations upon the grounds controlled by the company. The president of the company will communicate with your honorable board with reference to this and other subjects referred to in the resolutions.
You are informed that, agreeable to an arrangement made nearly twelve months ago, the accounts of the board of lady managers will be paid direct by the Exposition Company. It is desirable that your board should transmit all accounts direct to Mr. W.B. Stevens, secretary of the Exposition Company, by whom all settlements will be made.
Yours, very truly,
Thos. H. Carter,
President.
Mrs. Apolline M. Blair,
President Board of Lady Managers, St. Louis, Mo.
This meeting adjourned subject to the call of the president.
The next meeting of the board of lady managers was called by the president, Mrs. Blair, at the Murray Hill Hotel, New York City, N.Y., February 16, 1903, at which time a letter was read that had been received by the president of the board from the Exposition Company, in which an offer was made to the board, for its exclusive use, of one of the permanent buildings to be erected for the Washington University (and subsequently to be used by it as a Hall of Physics), to be known during the exposition period as the "Building of the Board of Lady Managers." This structure appealed specially to the members of the board, from the fact that it had been endowed by a woman, Mrs. Eliza Eads How, of St. Louis, and the offer was accepted. The building was finished about the middle of April, 1904, and thereafter remained the headquarters of the board during the term of the exposition. While it was not perfectly adapted for a woman's building, they made it as attractive as possible, and it served for their entertaining and occupancy far better than had been anticipated. Upon motion, it was decided that the furnishing of the building for the board of lady managers be under the supervision of the president of the board.
On February 16, 1903, a communication was received from Mr. Corwin H. Spencer, first vice-president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, stating that $3,000 had been appropriated by the executive committee of the Exposition Company for the use of the board of lady managers.
Although the members of the board were not only willing, but anxious, to settle upon some definite line of action, the vagueness of their powers outlined by the members of the Commission, together with the obstacle presented by the lack of funds, had caused them to be most conservative in action; without the positive assurance of financial aid they were not in a position to decide definitely upon a plan of future work. This condition led to the appointment by the president, Mrs. Blair, of two committees, one known as the "committee to confer with the National Commission on matters pertaining to the board of lady managers," and which consisted of Miss Lavinia H. Egan, chairman, Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, and Mrs. William E. Andrews; and the second, known as a "committee on woman's work," consisting of Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, chairman, Mrs. John M. Holcombe, Mrs. Daniel Manning, and Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter. Both of these committees were to confer with the National Commission and the latter committee with the local company.
Upon motion, duly seconded and carried, the meeting adjourned, to meet in St. Louis April 29, 1903.
A reception was given by the board of lady managers to the president-general, officers, and members of the Daughters of the American Revolution of the Twelfth Continental Congress, at the New Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., on February 26, 1903. The committee consisted of Mrs. Horton, chairman, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Andrews, Mrs. Moores, Mrs. Coleman, Mrs. Hunsicker, Mrs. Porter, and Mrs. Hanger. Invitations were extended to the President of the United States and his Cabinet, Diplomatic Corps, officers of the Army and Navy, members of the Senate and House of Representatives, the Government Board, the National Commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and officials connected with the exposition resident in Washington. The Exposition Company was most generous in allowing $600 for the cost of this reception. The two committees appointed to confer with the National Commission and local company on matters pertaining to the board of lady managers, met at the Southern Hotel, St. Louis, March 11, 1903, and were admitted to a conference with the National Commission on that day. The subject in regard to the work and duties of the board was reopened by the following questions:
First. What special work does the Commission desire the board to
perform before the opening of the exposition?
Second. What service will the Commission require from the board
between the opening and closing of the exposition?
to which Senator Carter replied as follows:
The plan and scope of your work must first be determined, and, in an advisory or suggestive sense only, I venture to submit for your consideration a plan and scope which would require your board—
First. To make due preparation for the intelligent selection of
one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such
exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female
labor.
Second. To advise the Commission from time to time as to the desired extent and the appropriate manner of woman's participation in the ceremonies incident to the dedication, opening, and conduct of the exposition.
Third. To confer and advise with the officers and chiefs of the exposition on the progress being made from time to time in exciting the interest and enlisting the cooperation of women in the several departments, and to appoint all committees necessary to carry out the purpose, and to procure information on the extent of woman's participation in the exposition.
Fourth. To encourage the presentation of exhibits by women by correspondence, advertising, or such other means as the company may approve.
Fifth. To collect statistics of women's work in connection with the exposition for publication.
Sixth. To encourage, by correspondence or otherwise, attendance at the exposition of societies and associations of women and the holding of conventions, congresses, and other meetings of women.
Seventh. To maintain within the grounds during the period of the exposition an organization for the relief of women and children who may be found in need of aid, comfort, or special protection.
Eighth. To receive and officially entertain women when requested so to do by the Exposition Company and the Commission.
Ninth. To commission members of the board or others, with the approval of the Commission and the company, to travel in the interest of the exposition, either at home or abroad.
Tenth. To provide for the constant attendance, in rotation, of at least three members of the board at the exposition grounds from April 30 to December 1, 1904.
Eleventh. To issue bulletins from time to time as the company and the Commission may approve, for the special information of women and the exploitation of their contributions to the success of the exposition.
These suggestions may be supplemented by others, and some of them may be disregarded by you entirely. They will, however, serve to convey to you the views of the Commission on the general range of work you can, if you wish, undertake to perform, subject only to the limitation that you submit your plan when agreed upon to the Commission and the company for consideration and approval, to the end that harmony may prevail.
Let us not at any time lose track of this one important fact, that the exposition will be enormously expensive at best, and that it does not befit us to look up ways and means of expending money exclusively but to have some regard for the income of the Exposition Company. Widespread and indiscriminate entertainment of societies will be quite impossible. Within the scope of your work there should be some committee or subdivision of the board to begin at once to ascertain what different societies, organizations, and women's congresses could be assembled here, and then bring them in within the scope of your work for submission to the company. We will gladly submit to the company a plan for the disposal of matters that will involve a reasonable limit of entertainment, and have means placed at your disposal for correspondence, exploitation, and entertainment. Your committees ought to be at work now and continue diligently at work until the exposition gates open. After that you will have ample work to do in connection with carrying out the projects you will have previously originated.
The meeting set for April 29 was called by the president of the board one day earlier, and the members met in the Administration Building, exposition grounds, April 28, 1903.
The announcement of the death on February 27, 1903, of Mrs. Washington A. Roebling, the member of the board from New Jersey, was read and received with regret, and a committee was appointed to draft suitable resolutions, to be spread upon the minutes of the board.
On that day the following rules and regulations were adopted by the board, a copy being submitted to the National Commission and subsequently approved by that body on April 29, 1903, and by the Exposition Company January 12, 1904.
Rules and Regulations.
No. 1. Meetings.—All the meetings of the board shall be held in the city of St. Louis. The regular meetings shall be held at such times as may be designated by a majority vote of the board. Special meetings shall be subject to call of the president of the board, the president of the National Commission, or written request of five members of the board. The president shall convene the board in accordance with the terms of the request.
No. 2. Officers.—The officers of the board shall consist of a president, eight vice-presidents, a secretary, and a treasurer.
No. 3. Duties of officers.—The president shall preside at all meetings of the board and shall sign all requisitions for funds to be advanced to the treasurer, and examine and approve all accounts to be paid by the treasurer.
No. 4. Duties of vice-presidents.—In the absence of the president the vice-presidents shall preside alternately from session to session, in the order of their official designation.
No. 5. Duties of secretary.—The secretary shall keep a correct record of the proceedings of the board, and shall attend to the giving or serving of all notices of meetings. She shall conduct the official correspondence of the board of lady managers, and shall perform such other duties as the board may assign to her. She shall notify all committees of their appointments, and also the work assigned to them. Previous to each meeting she shall make out an order of business for the chair, and also a list of standing and special committees. She shall make her headquarters in the city of St. Louis.
No. 6. Duties of treasurer.—The treasurer shall have the care and custody of all funds coming into the possession of the board, and shall disburse the same only upon order of the board and the approval of its president. At each regular meeting of the board she shall render an itemized statement of all receipts and disbursements from the date of the last report, and shall whenever directed by the board deposit the unexpended balance with the treasurer of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company.
No. 7. Quorum.—Nine members of the board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.
No. 8. Executive committee.—The board shall elect an executive committee of seven members. It shall be the duty of the executive committee to devise plans relative to the work within the legal jurisdiction of the board and submit, from time to time, recommendations to the board for consideration and action with the view of making arrangements to appropriate committees. The executive committee shall elect its own chairman and secretary.
No. 9. Standing committees.—The following standing committees shall be constituted and shall be elected by ballot, unless otherwise specifically provided therein: First, a committee on rules; second, a committee on work; third, a committee on awards; fourth, exposition rotating committee; fifth, an auditing committee.
No. 10. Committee on rules.—The committee on rules shall consist of three members, and shall prepare and present to the board such amendments to the rules and regulations as may from time to time be found necessary.
No. 11. Committee on work.—The committee on work shall consist of five members, and shall prepare and present to the executive committee a plan covering the scope of woman's work.
No. 12. Committee on awards.—The committee on awards shall consist of three members, whose duty it shall be to collect and report to the board such information as will enable the board to execute intelligently the provision of section 6 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901.
No. 13. The exposition rotating committee.—A committee of six members of the board, to be designated by the executive committee, shall be in attendance at the exposition from April 30 to December 1, 1904, in the discharge of such duties as may be prescribed by the National Commission, or may arise from time to time within that period, and appropriately require consideration and action of such committee. Four members of each committee shall be appointed at the end of each calendar month, beginning May 31, 1904. The appointments shall be so made that no member shall serve more than two consecutive months.
No. 14. Auditing committee.—The auditing committee shall consist of three members, elected by the board, and shall examine and audit the accounts of the treasurer, and present to the board a written report concerning each settlement, which shall be made promptly upon the receipt of the treasurer's itemized statement required by rule 6.
No. 15. Special committees.—Special committees may be appointed by direction of the board to consider matters not included within the jurisdiction of any committee provided for herein.
No. 16. Amendments.—These rules and regulations may be amended at any regular meeting of the board by a two-thirds vote of the members present, written notice of proposed amendment having been given at least one day in advance of action thereon.
No. 17. Order of business.—Reading of the minutes; reports of standing committees; reports of special committees; unfinished business; new business; adjournment. This order of business may be suspended at any regular meeting by two-thirds vote of the members present.
No. 18. Roberts's Rules of Order shall govern the proceedings of this board.
Upon the centennial of the day the Louisiana Territory was sold by Napoleon to the United States, the exposition, which embodied all that the vast territory now represents, was consecrated to its purpose. In the presence of 50,000 persons the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was formally dedicated; 12,000 troops, the pick of the United States Regular Army, and the best militia of the country, moved past a given point for one hour and a half, under Maj. Gen. Henry C. Corbin, U.S. Army, grand marshal. Governors and their staffs were loudly cheered as they appeared at the head of their State troops. Gathered on the reviewing stand was a notable assembly—our Chief Executive, President Roosevelt; ex-President Cleveland, ambassadors and diplomats, cabinet officers, the lieutenant-general of the Army, Nelson A. Miles; Cardinal Gibbons and Bishop Potter, Senator, Representatives, governors, State and Territorial representatives, Government officials, President Francis, and the board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, and the board of lady managers.
At the meeting in the Liberal Arts Building following the parade, President Carter of the National Commission addressed the great assembly. The enthusiasm was unbounded when, in turn, the President and ex-President spoke to the vast multitude. After the meeting an adjournment was made to the Administration Building, where President Roosevelt and ex-President Cleveland received many of their friends, and the board of lady managers entertained a distinguished company at 5 o'clock in their rooms in the Administration Building. Among the guests present at the dinner tendered in the evening by Hon. David R. Francis to President Roosevelt, in the building of the Hall of Congresses, were several members of President Roosevelt's Cabinet, ex-President Cleveland, Lieut. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, diplomatic representatives of thirty foreign governments, governors, Senators, National Commissioners, and the board of lady managers.
The second, or "International Day," the procession was arranged as on the first day, the introductory oration being delivered in the Palace of Liberal Arts. President Francis extended greeting to representatives of foreign governments and responses were made by Ambassador Jusserand, of the French Government, and Señor Don Emilio de Ojeda, Spanish minister to the United States. In the evening a reception was given at the St. Louis Club in honor of the diplomatic corps, and a banquet was tendered to visiting journalists in the Hall of Congresses on the exposition grounds.
The third, or "State Day," the visiting governors were specially entertained, and the closing exercises held, after which the governors and representatives of different States proceeded to the sites that had been allotted their respective State pavilions and broke ground and laid corner stones with appropriate ceremonies.
In all of the exercises of the three opening days the members of the board of lady managers, by their participation in the ceremonies, represented the women of the country.
On Saturday, May 2, 1903, the following resolution was offered by Mrs.
Edward L. Buchwalter, the first vice-president:
Whereas the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition find it necessary to have funds at their disposal for
the proper conduct of the business of the board; therefore be it
Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to take the necessary steps to secure such an appropriation from Congress at the earliest possible date; that said committee be, and is hereby, directed to take immediate action in such matter, and that said sum shall not be less than $100,000.
Upon the adoption of this resolution Mrs. Daniel Manning was made chairman, and in accepting the appointment she asked the members of the board to use their influence with the Senators and Congressmen of their States for the passage of the bill.
At this meeting (May 2, 1903) the president announced the appointment of the following standing committees: Executive, entertainment, foreign relations, women's congresses, and press, and the committee on women's work was enlarged.
An invitation was received from the Wednesday Club of St. Louis, in which a reception was tendered by that organization to the board. The courtesy was greatly appreciated and promptly accepted, and the occasion brought together the intellectual women of that city.
No further meeting was held until December 15, 1903, which was called by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission and held in St. Louis, at the Southern Hotel, Mrs. E.L. Buchwalter, first vice-president, presiding. The following communication was then read by the secretary:
St. Louis, U.S.A., October 21, 1903.
LADIES: I herewith tender to you my resignation from the office of president, to which you did me the honor to elect me. Begging you to accept the same, with my best wishes for the welfare and success of the board in the future, I remain,
Always faithfully, yours,
APOLLINE M. BLAIR.
BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS, LOUISIANA PURCHASE.
The resignation was accepted by the board, and a committee appointed to prepare suitable resolutions. At the afternoon session Miss Dawes, chairman of this committee, presented the following:
Resolved, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition accepts with regret the resignation of Mrs. James L. Blair as president; that it places upon its records its appreciation of her service to the board of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Her large abilities and her experience in social and public affairs have been freely given to this work, and she has served the board and the exposition with unwavering zeal and with conspicuous ability. Her enthusiasm for the exposition, her far-reaching sense of its aims and scope, her large conception of the possibilities of our connection therewith as a board, and her interests in its needs inspired her administration of its affairs and called for the recognition and thanks of this board, whose head and representative she was, and of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition which she served.
Resolved, That this board of lady managers express its recognition and gratitude by adopting these resolutions and that the secretary be directed to send a copy to Mrs. Blair.
On motion of Mrs. Manning, seconded by Mrs. Coleman, the resolution was unanimously adopted.
President Francis then appeared before the board of lady managers, and, upon the request of the chairman, made an address, in which he said, in answer to a request to give to the board some idea concerning the cost of the exposition:
I only can give you the comparisons with other of the largest expositions ever held in this or any other country. I will state as compared with the Paris Exposition, we are now nearer a state of completion than that exposition was on the date of its opening. That no exposition was ever so near completed four and a half months prior to its opening. Of course we have a great deal of work to do, and we must bear in mind that although we use a vast amount of material, 90 per cent of the cost is put in labor—not only the labor out on the grounds, but the labor in the lumber districts, in the loading and unloading of the lumber—and this comprises the greater part of our buildings as they are built almost exclusively of lumber—the value of it is comparatively small as compared with the cost of preparing it for market and getting it here.
Then the matter of wages—we have to pay 33 per cent higher wages than were paid at the Chicago Exposition. At that time carpenters got 35 cents per hour—you may remember that was the year of the panic, 1893. When we first began carpenters in this town were getting 45 cents an hour; they are now getting 55 cents an hour, and when you bear in mind that we have 5,000 carpenters at work there, an advance of 25 per cent in wages means something.
We broke ground on December 20, 1901, but we did that because it was the anniversary of the transfer of this territory from the French Government to the United States. But that was two years ago, and in those two years wages have gone up in St. Louis from 45 to 55 cents; plumbers' wages have advanced 25 per cent; plasterers were getting $4.50 per day—we are now paying them $6, and on last Friday they struck for $7. The hodcarriers who carry plaster for the plasterers are getting $4 per day—count twenty-five working days in the month, our hodcarriers are receiving $100 per month, which is more than educated clerks receive. A while ago these hodcarriers struck for $4.50 per day. * * * This is an Universal Exposition—we do not want to take a stand against union labor, but if it is to be a Universal Exposition we must stand by the laws of the United States so as to admit contract labor from abroad—men who work on erecting the foreign exhibits.
We were paying our day laborers 22 cents an hour and the railroads throughout the country were giving them 22 1/2 cents an hour; on the 25th of September they wrote that they had four demands: One was the recognition of the union (no one ever knew they had a union); second, that eight hours should constitute a day; third, they should get 30 cents an hour, and fourth, time and one-half for overtime. Well, in order not to stop our work I told the men to pay them 25 cents an hour, but that we could not limit our work to an eight-hour day; it was in the fall and we had to take advantage of the fine weather—we would pay them 25 cents an hour and work as long as we wished them to work—ten hours. I said to the laborers this is not a commercial enterprise; we are not running this for gain; we have put up $10,000,000 or $16,000,000; we are doing a patriotic duty, celebrating an historical event. * * *
We have 50 per cent more of buildings under roof than Chicago had at this time. We have 1,240 acres of ground space covered by buildings, while Chicago had 679 acres, which is nearly twice as much. When we say that the Chicago Company spent $22,000,000 I think you will say that under the circumstances $19,500,000 is a small amount for us to spend. Of course we have profited by their experience, which should be valuable to us.
A committee was appointed on December 16, 1903, to confer with President
Carter, and place before him the following resolution:
Resolved, That the board of lady managers respectfully request the National Commission to suspend its rules limiting the further appointments upon the board, for the purpose of appointing a representative from the city of St. Louis upon the board of lady managers.
On the same day the following communication was received in reply:
DEAR MISS DAWES: The Commission has under consideration the question propounded by you, understood to be substantially as follows: "Is it the intention of the Commission and the Exposition Company to suspend the rule heretofore adopted, whereby it is provided that no appointment will be made on the board of lady managers, until the number shall be reduced below twenty-one?"
In reply, I am authorized by the Commission to say that the Exposition Company, speaking through its president, has intimated that the executive committee of the company will present a request to the Commission for the suspension of the rule referred to, to the end that a lady residing in the city of St. Louis may be appointed a member of the board of lady managers, under such suspension of the rule.
This request, we are advised, will be presented by the company to-day, and the Commission is disposed to suspend the rule by unanimous consent in conformity to the request when presented, and to appoint the lady recommended by the executive committee of the company. You will be advised of the action of the Commission on the subject under consideration the earliest practicable moment.
Very respectfully,
THOMAS H. CARTER, President.
MISS ANNA L. DAWES,
Chairman of Committee,
Board of Lady Managers.
On December 18 the following letter was received from the president of the National Commission on the same subject:
ST. Louis, December 17, 1903.
MADAM: By direction of the Commission I am authorized to acknowledge receipt of your resolution recommending that the Commission suspend the rule restricting the membership of the board of lady managers, to the end that an appointment may be made of a representative from the city of St. Louis. In reply thereto you are informed that the rule referred to can not be suspended, save by the joint action of this Commission and the Exposition Company. The Commission feels indisposed to initiate any movement looking to its suspension. If requested by the Exposition Company to suspend the rule for the purpose of naming some lady residing in St. Louis, recommended by the Exposition Company, the Commission would probably, by unanimous consent, suspend the rule for that purpose.
Very respectfully,
THOMAS H. CARTER, President.
MRS. DANIEL MANNING,
President Board Lady Managers.
As no decision could be reached by the executive committee of the Exposition Company in regard to a choice of representative from the city of St. Louis on the board of lady managers, the board felt the necessity of selecting a president from its existing membership, and at the next session, on December 16, 1903, again held in the Administration Building, Mrs. John M. Holcombe moved that "we proceed at once to elect a president of this board."
Mrs. Buchwalter, the chairman, stated that it was in order to proceed with the election of a president of the board, and asked for nominations. Miss Helen M. Gould spoke as follows:
I would like to nominate Mrs. Daniel Manning for this office. Mrs. Manning has had large experience in matters of this kind as head of the Daughters of the American Revolution, having resided in Washington as the wife of one of the members of Mr. Cleveland's cabinet, and in representing our country abroad, having been one of our representatives at the Paris Exposition. I understand that Mrs. Manning is one of two women from this country who received the decoration from the French Government, and I take pleasure in nominating her for the office of president of this board. This nomination was seconded by several members, and, as no other nominations were made, the tellers announced the result of the vote: For Mrs. Manning, 13 votes: one blank, Mrs. Manning not voting.
The chairman then thanked the members of the board for the sympathy and help they had given her.
In reply the secretary extended to Mrs. Buchwalter the sincere thanks of the members of the board for the efficient work she had performed as their first vice-president and honorable chairman, and Miss Dawes spoke for the entire board in expressing her thanks to Mrs. Buchwalter for her impartiality, confidence, good management, and elegance in presiding.
Mrs. Daniel Manning, the newly elected president, then took the chair and thanked the board for the honor conferred upon her.
The order of business was then proceeded with, and, pursuant to a wish expressed by the National Commission to meet the board of lady managers, the members of the Commission were announced and Mrs. Manning said:
Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Commission: We understood that you would graciously come over and talk with us a little while. We are starting in on a new lease of life. We want to work for the exposition to the best of our ability. We want your advice and wish to consult you about a number of matters, but, first, we would like to hear from you.
President Carter responded as follows:
Madam President and Ladies: We have come to say a few words to you and to have you consult with us upon any subjects you desire to bring up. I do not know how graciously we have come, but we come very cheerfully. The subject of your remark has been under consideration for a long time and we all regret that a more definite conclusion has not been reached relative to the sphere of your activity in connection with the World's Fair. I think your report, the report of your committee, of which Mrs. Montgomery is chairman, and which she recently submitted, crystallizes into close compass about the line of action the board might appropriately pursue. The report referred to dealt not only with the conclusion reached, but the details whereby those conclusions were reached. It included discussions, formal and informal, and certain correspondence relating to the subject. The Commission has approved that report in so far as it prescribed in definite form the sphere of your work, and, with the approval of the Commission, that report has been forwarded to the local company. These resolutions or statements made by your board, which in your judgment would constitute a proper sphere of action, seem to embody a field sufficiently broad to be worthy of your intentions. It was hoped by the Commission that during the present session of the board, the members of the local company, together with the Commission, would be present for a conference—more informal than formal—which might result in a correct and definite understanding as to just what you were to do, and how you were to do it.
The only conclusion which has been reached is that which gives you a contingent fund, which seems to have been adequate for the meager necessities of the past, but I believe that up to this hour the exact part your board is playing in connection with making this exposition a success, is far too indefinite to be satisfactory to you, and it is certainly not satisfactory to the Commission. Our Commission will adjourn to meet on the 10th of January, and we hope by that time to be in receipt of some communication from the Exposition Company announcing their disposition of the report I have referred to, and the scope of the work of the board of lady managers. Notwithstanding that will be at a very late date, it is well to have it in sight.
The ladies of your board have been engaged without much credit being given to the board or to the ladies themselves, in the work of exploitation. A number of the ladies have done most efficient work in their respective States—and some, in the adjoining States—calling the attention of the people at large, and in some instances the legislative sessions, to the vastness, scope, and policy of the exposition. It is unfortunate that your board does not receive the credit which this line of meritorious effort deserves. In the end, I doubt not, that in the final reports you will be accorded full measure of credit for what you have done individually and collectively. The past has been devoid of results because of a lack of understanding to start with. I think you are now beginning an era more promising than any outlook you have had in the past. I congratulate you upon having reached a condition of harmony within your own organization, which speaks well for the future. The earnestness of this board, the disinterestedness of its members, leading them in the first instance to volunteer their services to this great enterprise, has been an example to the whole country of national devotion, which has been of great advantage to the exposition management; your gratuitous and earnest effort has been a means of making the exposition favorably known throughout this country, at least. Your expenses have been very light—I believe, up to this time, less than $20,000, in the neighborhood of $20,000—which, considering the long distances traveled, and the number of meetings, is a trifling sum in comparison with what has been spent by similar boards of former expositions.
As you are aware, the act of Congress, under which both the Commission and your board find warrant for existence, granted to the local company an appropriation of $5,000,000 for the purposes of giving this exposition. We have probably in moments of inconsiderate feeling been too prone to find fault—I speak of the Commission, not of the ladies—prone to find fault with the people here who have been doing the best they could. There has been a disposition to assume the control, to the exclusion of outside agencies; and this is but natural because it is inseparable—or is in evidence with reference to all official places in our Government—in fact, it has been noticed that a man, who is ordinarily indolent, when placed in power will become very energetic in this respect.
The Exposition Company has assumed a full measure of the responsibilities—and possibly some of our responsibilities as well—for which we have not been duly grateful. Nevertheless, we are not inclined to blame these people, because they have contributed very largely and generously of local means to aid this enterprise, which leads them to the desire to supervise each and every detail in connection with this work. This desire to assume full responsibility is possibly responsible for the failure to assign to the ladies any particular work, and is also responsible for the curtailing of the jurisdiction of the National Commission. As the work progresses, however, I think that the company realizes the necessity of drawing upon all the forces available to make the exposition a success.
This Commission had a long and pleasant interview with the president of the exposition, at which time he brought out a desire for cooperation and assistance that had not yet been manifested. I believe now, as your body is organized, from the harmonious work accomplished at these meetings, and its cordial relations with the Exposition Company, and certainly with the Commission, the future promises more than has been accorded to similar organizations in the past. * * * We thank you, ladies, for the privilege of being before you, and cheerfully extend our salutations on the election of your president and upon the good will and spirit of harmony which prevails among you.
Mr. Lindsay then spoke as follows:
The board of lady managers exists by operation of law, the same that called the National Commission into existence. It was the duty of the National Commission to create it. It was the duty of the National Commission and of the local board to prescribe the powers and duties of the board of lady managers. Of course, these duties could not be accurately and technically laid out; we could only confer the power, and that would suggest what duties—what power within that general grant they should exercise. It is not the duty of the board of lady managers to be supervised by or to be subject to the local board. I was struck when I read the report made by Mrs. Montgomery of her interview with the local board, not by the gracious manner in which she was received and the graceful questions that were asked, but by the absolute failure in any particular to give definite reply or take any action upon any of the recommendations made by that committee.
What I think this board ought to do is to outline or prescribe the actual things it intends to do, report that to the National Commission and the local board, and then go ahead, not waiting to know whether this or that is within its powers or whether or not this is expedient and whether it can be carried out. Let some one take the responsibility of saying you can not do this or can not do that. As long as you deal in generalities with the National Commission, or agree to everything that is brought up by the local company, this board of lady managers will never become an active part or parcel of this great exposition.
I do not agree with my friend, Senator Carter, on another thing, and that is that these people are entitled to any consideration on account of the money they have expended. They came to Congress and asked Congress for authority to do this very thing; they did not come to Congress for any benefit that they expected to result to the country, but on account of their own local interests and to glorify the Louisiana Purchase and the people of the Louisiana Purchase, and, upon agreeing that they would do these things, privilege was granted by Congress, and the appropriation made. That appropriation is not part of their fund—that is the fund of the United States which is being distributed in the city of St. Louis, preeminently for the city and generally for the United States. And was not this board of lady managers created by the very act of Congress, and have you not some rights in this matter, to the end that you may accomplish the work that has been assigned to you?
I say the time has come when we have got to talk plainly and make some one responsible for your action or nonaction. If either board considers that you are going beyond your powers they will have the right to make restrictions, but as long as you keep within these powers and what you think you ought to do, I doubt if your work will be restricted in any way.
It is now only four months before the exposition opens, and if there is ever going to be anything accomplished by this board it is none too early to begin. For instance, the act of Congress provides that this board name a judge on all the juries that are to pass upon the results of female labor; we agreed to it and the local board agreed to it. Now, then, have you any notice of on which juries you are to be allowed to name a juror? Have any steps been taken to indicate on which of these committees you are to make appointments? The time has come for this work and if you are to have any authority, or if you are to do any of this work, it will not be of credit to this board unless you are able to make the proper preparations for these appointments. But if you have three months to look around, you will be able to find the proper persons and make these appointments intelligently. I hope before the next meeting of the National Commission you will have agreed specifically upon what you can do, what you desire to do, and what you are ready to do, so that the scope of action and authority of this board can be conferred upon it and insisting that the local board here either approve or disapprove of your action.
I appreciate all the troubles and difficulties these people have had, and it is my earnest hope that they will be able to give the members of this board a decided answer within the next month. * * *
In reply to a statement made by a member of the board that in an interview with the executive committee of the Exposition Company, Mr. Skiff, the director of exhibits, had said he could not give a list of exhibitors (or exhibits) until near the time of the opening of the exposition, because he did not know what would be entered, and the lists would not be completed until about that time. Mr. Lindsay further said:
It was my opinion that when the lists of classification were completed, there was nothing else to be inquired into; in that list, everything which includes the result of female labor, constitutes the class on which you are to appoint a juror. The general classification forms a list that would be used for this purpose.
But referring to another matter, I think that there should have been provided by act of Congress a fund set apart for the ladies, to be used by them. Because, as long as you are compelled to go to the Commission, or to go to the local board to ascertain what you can spend or what you can not spend, just so long you will not be able to do anything effectually. I know that the local board is going to object to all this, but when the local board finds that by consenting to your reasonable wishes it is enhancing the interests of the exposition, it will agree to a proper appropriation and other proper demands made by your board which relieve that board of any further duties on the subject. I believe that I have said all I care to say. But, referring to the rules: That board and the Commission can advise you not to enforce certain rules, when the enforcement of them would lead you into difficulties, but just as long as the rules you make for yourselves are within the scope of authority and duties granted us and prescribed to you, you can take directions from the board or from the Commission if you choose to, but you do not need to do this unless you choose to.
In response to the request of Mrs. Manning that Senator Thurston say a few words, he responded:
Perhaps everybody has been a little delinquent in getting this board organized and in position where it can take up some proper work that will be of benefit and be agreeable to the ladies. I think, perhaps, without going into past history, that the board of lady managers perhaps has failed to do what it might have done in the way of formulating a plan for its own participation in the exposition and that was growing out of circumstances which no longer exist. I believe now this board is organized with a president who is heart and soul for the success of the exposition. Without being tied up to anything in the way of local interests, it will be better able to compete with the coming situation. There is, and has been a great deal of hesitancy on the part of the National Commission about attempting to outline a plan of action for this board of lady managers. We provided for your appointment according to law, and we fell into the belief, I hope it was not an error, that the ladies on this board would know a great deal better what they wanted to do, what they ought to do, and what would be best for them to do than this board of men, who had never had anything to do with these ladies' departments except to participate in the enjoyment of them when so fortunate as to be present.
Now, you have prepared and outlined and accepted your rules and regulations which were approved by our Commission along in June, I think. They were prepared in April—those rules and regulations were more than regulations for the procedure of your board, as I recollect them, they very largely outlined the field of work for the board of lady managers. They were adopted and modified a little by the National Commission and sent to the local company. They were prepared in April, promptly sent to the local company because we thought without their action they could not go into effect and there they have been ever since. To a limited extent it was never necessary to send them there, so far as the organization and management of the board of lady managers is concerned—but, when you step over that or attempt to outline the scope of your work, and your participation in the affairs of the exposition, that part must go to the National Commission and be approved.
Suppose, for instance, these ladies decided they would like to participate in one of the National Congresses, that they would take charge of a certain Congress out at the exposition, I do not think any of them could do that without the sanction of the local company.
I am very positive in my views that when it comes to providing for the legislation of this board for its participation in the fair, it can not be done without the National Commission, and especially without the permission of the company. I do not think that they can decide to take up certain lines of work and go out there to do it without having some agreement on the subject.
At the meeting of the board on the day following, December 17, 1903, Mrs. Hanger tendered her resignation from the office of the secretary of the board of lady managers, and Miss Lavinia II. Eagan was unanimously elected to fill the vacancy. Upon this occasion Mrs. Coleman presented the following motion:
That the resignation of Mrs. Hanger from the office of secretary of this board be accepted with regret, and that Mrs. Hanger be extended a hearty vote of thanks for her faithful, painstaking, and efficient work for the board as such official.
One of the most brilliant courtesies tendered the board of lady managers was the reception given in its honor by the Woman's Club, at the club house, on December 17.
Up to this time the plans outlined by the members of the Commission, such as sending representatives abroad to interest the women of foreign countries in the exposition, and other "suggestions" made by the board, designated by the president of the Commission as legitimate exposition work, had been rejected by the company. The members of the board of lady managers, therefore, were now of the unanimous opinion that they would be most seriously embarrassed and their services rendered ineffective and inoperative unless an appropriation could be secured from Congress to defray the cost of meetings and other necessary expenses. If they failed to secure funds of their own, their power and influence in connection with the exposition would continue to be limited and indefinite.
Pursuant to the recommendations of the National Commission, therefore, as expressed at their meeting December 16, 1903, a new legislative committee was appointed on December 18, to take the place of the one created under the resolution of May 2, 1903, with instructions to the members to proceed immediately to Washington, which they did on January 5, 1904. The history and successful result of their work is given by the chairman of that committee in her final report.
At the meeting of the board of lady managers, held at its rooms in the Administration Building, March 1, 1904, before the regular order of business was taken up, Mrs. Andrews asked for and obtained unanimous consent to speak to the members of the board, and said:
In view of what has transpired at Washington since our last meeting, the extent of which only members of our legislative committee realize—for almost to a man the lower House was opposed to the appropriation, and it was only by arduous, strenuous, and noble work of our president and the members of that committee that the results were attained—I offer the following resolution:
Resolved, That the thanks of the board are due, and are hereby tendered, to the members of the legislative committee for securing an appropriation to defray our necessary expenses and thereby achieving the honorable emancipation of the board.
Resolved, That the board extend a vote of thanks to itself for the wisdom manifested in the selection of Mrs. Daniel Manning as its president, who has so fully enlisted the best efforts of all the members of the board and who has begun her work by showing that deeds rather than words are of special value.
The resolution was adopted by unanimous rising vote.
On the following day President Francis addressed the board as follows:
I am very glad to have this opportunity to talk to you. I desire to congratulate you upon your getting the appropriation from Congress for $100,000. I was very willing, indeed, as all the members of the executive committee were, to do what we could toward securing the money. After your worthy president waited upon the executive committee and was informed of our plan to ask a loan of $4,500,000 from the Treasury, she in turn informed us that the board of lady managers had decided to ask for $100,000 for their own use, we very readily came to an agreement to the effect that we would join forces and see what we could accomplish with Congress. As you are aware, it is a very difficult matter to get money out of Congress at best, and when the Government had already spent about $1,250,000 for its own exhibit, and when we had promised that we would not apply to Congress or appeal for any additional aid, the circumstances under which we made that deal or presented that bill were especially trying, and I think we all deserve to be congratulated upon the outcome.
When I went to Washington I found your president at the Capitol with Mrs. Montgomery. They had all worked assiduously and had made considerable headway in the Senate—in which body it was our plan to introduce the bill in the shape of an amendment to the urgent deficiency bill.
While the matter was pending in the Senate the question of this $100,000 was brought up. We very promptly assured the ladies that this amount would be added to our bill asking for a loan of $4,500,000. We preferred, of course, that we should not be expected to repay it. However, the bill was presented and passed and this $100,000 is to be paid over to the board of lady managers upon their order, and for such purposes as they may elect. The bill does not provide definitely out of which of our payments this $100,000 should come. The bill provided that we should get the money in four installments of $1,000,000 each, and a final installment of $600,000 not being payable until May. The bill does not provide out of which payment your $100,000 shall be paid, but I wish to say, on behalf of the Exposition Company, we are willing and ready to pay that whenever you ladies request that it shall be paid. We do not know what plans, if any, you have made or in what manner you are planning for the disbursement of that money. * * *
Now, with regard to your money, I am not going to give you any gratuitous advice, but only wish to assure you that it is the intention of the company—that the company is ready to give that money to you in any form you may desire it. It will be given to you in any installments you may designate or it will be set aside in its entirety to be used for no other purpose than to honor requisitions of the board of lady managers.
In other words, it is possible for us to do this, and we will do it to your satisfaction, and we will draw up a letter of instruction and set aside as a special credit in the Treasury the sum of $100,000 in accordance with our bill of Congress, approved blank date. The auditor will draw his warrants without the approval of the treasurer of this company, but merely upon the requisition of the board of lady managers. The $100,000 would be set aside in the treasury of the company and you would have a written instrument and the treasurer would have orders to honor checks made upon that $100,000 in satisfaction of requisitions approved by the board of lady managers.
Of course, as I said before, if you wish to take that money out and put it in some depository in St. Louis or elsewhere it is at your disposal. You could get a check for a portion of the money or all of it if you wish. Our only obligation in connection with that $100,000 now is to repay it, as we have no intention or desire to avoid that part of it.
Now, if you should take the money out and put it in some depository in St. Louis or elsewhere to your credit you would be put to the expense of organizing an auditing system, the same as we have been.
I am willing, speaking on behalf of the company, to give you the benefit of the auditing system without your incurring any additional expense, and, if you wish, in order to make you doubly secure, I will get a letter from the treasurer stating that he has, in accordance with the instructions of the president, set aside $100,000 for the use of the board of lady managers, and that the $100,000 can only be drawn by checks signed by your treasurer and countersigned by your president.
I only say this as a suggestion, because we all have become interested, but if you choose to ask us for $25,000 of the money, or for all of it, we will give it you.
Now, with regard to other expenses you may incur or have incurred—I find in my report made to me to-day, which was made at your request—we have paid you up to this time for mileage and per diem in attending board meetings $16,856. That includes the $3,000 for which no vouchers have been turned in as yet. You can keep that, with or without vouchers as you please. If you want your business in the proper shape, however, it is more businesslike for you to turn in the vouchers. However, that lies with you.
Now, previous to the appropriation of the $100,000 the executive committee had appropriated $15,000 for the furnishing of the Woman's Building, which building, as you know, cost us $100,000. Of course, you could have gotten a building erected that would have answered your purpose as well and cost less than $100,000, but under the terms of our contract with the Washington University that amount was paid out of the rental fund of $750,000 which we paid for these buildings as they stand.
Besides that $100,000, we promised to give you $15,000 for the furnishing of that building. When we made that promise we did not know you were going to get $100,000 from Congress which we would have to pay back. * * *
Now, in view of what I have said, we feel that we will give you the $15,000 for your building if you insist upon it; that is, we have made the appropriation of $35,000 for the creche. The $15,000 toward the equipment of the Woman's Building, under the circumstances—it seems to me, we should be relieved of that $15,000. I thought when I returned from Washington that the financial worry had been met, but I have realized within the past forty-eight hours that we can not open the exposition within the nineteen and one-half millions. We will not go back to Washington, however. We are economizing in every possible way. * * *
An official communication was received by the president of the board of lady managers stating that in the draft of the contract between the Exposition Company and the Treasury Department—
It is provided that from the first payment of $1,000,000 there shall be set aside by the Exposition Company $100,000 to be paid to the board of lady managers according to the provisions of the act and for no other purpose whatsoever.
The attention of the Exposition Company was called to this provision, and on March 5, 1904, the two following letters were received:
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING,
Office of the Secretary, March 5, 1904.
MADAM PRESIDENT: I am directed by President Francis to inform you that the executive committee has approved the requisition of the board of lady managers for $100,000, made available to said board from the Government loan by special act of Congress, as set forth in the resolution adopted by the board March 3, 1904.
Acting in accordance with the instructions of the executive committee, the president has this day deposited, out of the Government loan, the sum of $100,000 with the treasurer, Mr. William H. Thompson, said sum to be drawn out by the board of lady managers in accordance with the resolutions adopted by the board; that is to say, to be "subject to draft of the treasurer of said board, countersigned by the president of the board."
Very respectfully, WALTER B. STEVENS, Secretary.
The PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS,
Administration Building.
ADMINISTRATION BUILDING,
Office of the Secretary, March 5, 1904.
MADAM PRESIDENT: I have this day received by deposit from the Government loan the sum of $100,000, made available to the board of lady managers by special act of Congress. This sum will be held by me subject to draft of the treasurer of the board of lady managers, countersigned by the president of the board of lady managers.
Very respectfully, W.H. THOMPSON, Treasurer.
To Mrs. DANIEL MANNING, President Board of Lady Managers.
The following is the provision made in the urgent deficiency bill, which was passed on February 18, 1904, which secured to the board of lady managers a sum sufficient to enable them to meet any obligations which they might assume in the conduct of their participation in the affairs of the exposition:
Provided, That of said sums $100,000 shall be paid by said Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to, or on the order of, the board of lady managers of said exposition for such purposes as said board of lady managers shall approve, and at such times as said board of lady managers shall request the same.
Immediately after the election of Mrs. Daniel Manning to the presidency of the board of lady managers, on December 16, 1903, a new legislative committee was appointed to succeed the one that had been created by Mrs. James L. Blair, the former president. The committee was composed of Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman, and Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman, and instructed to endeavor to procure from Congress an appropriation of $100,000 for the use of the board, in order that it might be enabled to perform in a proper manner the purposes for which it had been brought into existence.
It had become evident that the Exposition Company would require a much larger amount of money than was then at its command in order to inaugurate and successfully continue the World's Fair. The men who had engineered the magnificent undertaking to this point in its development reasoned that, as they had already expended a sum far beyond that ever given any other similar project, they might not find a ready response to a request for further gifts. They were so confident of ultimate success, however, that they did not hesitate to ask Congress for a loan of $4,500,000 in order to conduct the affairs of the exposition.
The legislative committee of the board of lady managers appealed to the Exposition Company and asked that the company add to the amount of the loan for which it desired to negotiate the further sum of $100,000, to be set apart for the exclusive use of the board of lady managers. Receiving the promise that this fund should be included, the members of the legislative committee went to Washington to aid in every way in their power the passage of the bill providing for said loan.
Upon the arrival of the committee in Washington, on January 5, the members found they had undertaken what eventually proved to be a most arduous task against great odds. They found the most deep-seated, persistent opposition to granting another dollar to the fair, and were told President Francis had been advised to defer his trip to Washington until the latter part of January, as it would be hazardous to attempt the passage of the bill until the strong feeling against it then existing had abated. Many members of Congress strongly advised the legislative committee to ask for a special appropriation, but it had been agreed that one appropriation should cover the requirements of both boards.
Mr. James S. Tawney, of Minnesota, a member of the House of Representatives, and chairman of the committee for this and similar appropriations, when in St. Louis had listened with interest to the representation of the subject setting forth the needs of the board of lady managers, and kindly had promised his good offices in helping to advance their cause. He promptly granted an interview when informed that the committee had arrived in Washington, and, while most courteous, did not disguise the fact that there were grave dangers ahead for the loan to the Exposition Company, which had been made a part of the urgent deficiency bill. He examined the budget which had been prepared, giving careful scrutiny to each item, and, after some suggestions and minor changes, a budget was submitted to him which was afterwards used.
On January 29 President Francis went before the Senate committee, and on February 1 appeared before the House committee, on behalf of a loan for the Exposition Company.
During the long interim preceding the arrival of President Francis and those aiding him, those of the committee who had remained in the capital were untiring in their efforts to make friends for the bill, and as their cause was heartily indorsed by their respective Senators and many members of their State delegations, they became most hopeful of ultimate success.
The unceasing energy of the members of the legislative committee was admirably aided by the president of this board, who had been untiring in her efforts to make friends for the bill, and had used these efforts in a masterly manner. Her large acquaintance among, and knowledge of, men of affairs in Washington, and her clear statements as to the way in which this board had been created, and her convincing argument that the work of the board must of necessity be most inadequate and inefficient by reason of lack of funds, gained many advocates for the bill, and to her is due the credit for the success of the work which the committee was appointed to do. She was always at work, unresting, unhasting, and, although weary and worn with the interminable delay, neither she nor any member of the committee left any honorable means untried in order to secure what was so vitally necessary to the very existence of this board during the exposition.
As the result of the combined efforts some who had affected indifference became interested, and some who had previously stoutly declared unalterable opposition finally yielded, not only working and voting themselves in favor of the bill, but persuading others to do so. It was naturally a source of great satisfaction to the members of the legislative committee that the strongest and most influential men of both Houses gave recognition to the urgent claims which the board of lady managers had upon Congress. It was these men who insisted upon the incorporation of the specific clause providing for their $100,000 as an amendment in the loan bill. This was eventually done, and the amendment remained there until the passage of the bill, thus becoming a part of the law governing the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
A brief description of the manner in which the loan bill was brought before Congress may be of interest.
There is, in every session, what is called an urgency deficiency bill, the object of which is to take care of the different Interests which are likely to fail through inadequate appropriation. The opposition to including the item of the loan for the Exposition Company was found to be so powerful that it could not be inserted in the bill when it was sent to the House. This urgent deficiency bill passed the House and went to the Senate. There the loan amendment was inserted, and finally our amendment was added also. It passed the Senate and was then returned to the House in order that that body might pass upon the amendments which the Senate had added. In the meetings before the two appropriation committees, as well as in the discussion in the two Houses, the arguments for and against were very forcibly expressed. One reason advanced as to why the loan should be made was because other governments had been invited to participate, and the company should be enabled to open its gates in a manner befitting a national host. Among the main objections set forth at length were: First, the alleged unconstitutionality of the whole proceeding; second, the inadequacy of the security. All those speaking against the measure affected a total disbelief that the receipts would be sufficient to enable the company to return the money advanced, and, of course, a spasm of economy nearly rent these statesmen in twain.
The exposition management was not spared. More than one speaker waxed eloquent over what he declared was wanton waste of the greatest amount of money ever intrusted to an exposition management, which wanton waste had made the Exposition Company bankrupt and again at the doors of the Treasury begging for funds. Those working against the bill triumphantly quoted the following clause, which is section 24 of the original bill, and which authorized the creation of the exposition. It reads:
"That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any liability of the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, nor for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the United States in support or liquidation of the debts or obligations created by said Commission."
After postponement and delays, the bill of the 11th of February passed the House 172 to 115—57 majority. On the 15th it went back to the Senate and was promptly passed.
The whole amount appropriated for the use of the board of lady managers was placed in their custody by the Secretary of the Treasury, and its expenditure has been most carefully guarded. With this money at its command, it has always stood ready to assist the Exposition Company in every way possible, and the report of the treasurer will show that the disbursements have been made in a manner befitting the greatest of all world's fairs.
Respectfully submitted.
C.B. BUCHWALTER.
MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY.
SALLIE D. COLEMAN.
All of the members of the board of lady managers were inspired at an early period of their official existence with a desire to accomplish something that would be of lasting benefit to the interests of women, and one of the first committees to be appointed by the president was on woman's work, which seemed to offer great scope for the development of earnest efforts and good judgment. They realized that upon their activity would greatly depend the extent to which women in this country and of the world at large would participate, directly or indirectly, in making this exposition the most beneficent for women that had been, or could be, attained in any age or ages.
Specific action was restricted, however, by the Exposition Company, and the committee on woman's work was not enabled to give an international character to its work. While the life of its organization was in no way affected, the board was not allowed to expend any money except under the authority of the Exposition Company, and although the members believed that whatever action they might take in regard to sending a representative of the board abroad was legitimate exposition work and would be promptly ratified by the National Commission and local company, their request was denied by the executive committee of the company, and they were not permitted to extend their work on the broad lines for which they had hoped.
An effort was made by two members of the committee on woman's work, in conference with the heads of the departments in Washington, to secure information as to the details of the work performed by women in the various Government departments, and their salaries. This matter was brought before the board at its session held February 18, 1903, and it was believed by the members that if such a statement could be obtained it would be helpful in the development and organization of woman's work in connection with the board. As all arrangements had previously been planned in Washington to have the work done if desired by the board, the secretary was instructed to write to Hon. John R. Procter, president United States Civil Service Commission, and ask for statistics. In order to procure the data from all the departments, it was necessary to have an Executive order from the President. Mr. Procter made this request, and the President graciously issued the following:
Executive Order.
The HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS:
The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition desires a statement prepared, showing the work performed by women in the departments, together with their official designations, salaries, etc. It is requested that so far as it will not inconvenience public work, such information may be supplied.
WHITE HOUSE, March 21, 1903.
It may be said that the occupations in which women are now engaged in the Departments, where their duties range from those involving mere manual labor to skilled professional service, represent many of the lines in which women are now so active everywhere. The salaries vary from $240 to $1,800 per annum.
It is believed that the citation of a few examples of the high positions of importance and responsibility now held by women, compiled for the information of the board of lady managers, may be a source of encouragement to others by showing what natural ability, backed with determination and industry, may accomplish. The following memoranda has been taken at random from but four of the Departments:
Department of State.—Miss —— went into the service in 1893, and was detailed to assist the Secretary of State, who was engaged in negotiating reciprocity treaties. She served in the capacity of confidential clerk to four Secretaries and one Assistant Secretary of State. Served as stenographer and typewriter in the Consular Bureau of the Department of State, and was later confidential stenographer to the Third Assistant Secretary of State, and assisted in the preparation of the correspondence with the Alaska boundary question.
Another was appointed as a temporary clerk for the purpose of introducing the book typewriter for recording the correspondence of the Department which formerly had been done by hand. After installing the book typewriter and bringing the Diplomatic Notes and Instructions up to date, she was detailed as stenographer and typewriter to the Chief Clerk of the Department. Her duties in the office of the Chief Clerk required her to be familiar with the work of the bureaus of the Department and the many intricate questions constantly presented to the Chief Clerk's office. She was required to have expert knowledge of the cipher used in the Department, and a considerable part of her time was employed in enciphering and deciphering telegrams sent from and received by the Department.
One young woman was detailed for three months to serve as stenographer and typewriter to the American Commission at The Hague in the arbitration between the United States and Mexico, where she assisted in taking stenographic report of the sessions before the arbitral court.
Miss ——, appointed under the civil service rules, was in the Bureau of Foreign Commerce, where her duties required her to prepare the consular reports for publication, translate extracts from foreign commercial newspapers, etc.
A clerk was appointed in the recorder of deeds' office, but resigned to accept an appointment in the Department of State. Her work at first was in the Diplomatic Bureau, where she was engaged in preparing papers for signature, translating French, Italian, and Spanish; engrossing treaties, proclamations, drafting maps, pen and ink sketches, etc. Later she was detailed to the Bureau of Indexes and Archives, where she was employed in recording the Diplomatic Notes and Instructions of the Department on the book typewriter.
Department of the Interior.—Mrs. —— held a law desk in the General Land Office and decided many of the difficult problems connected with the deeds and patents of land on the frontier. Was first appointed in the Government Printing Office at $48 per month, and later appointed in the Pension Office at an increased salary, where her duties were copying pension certificates and notifying pensioners of the allowance of their pensions. Upon her second promotion, the work and pay being unsatisfactory to her, she was, at her own request, transferred to the railroad division of the General Land Office. Her duties were to copy railroad decisions, and the work being merely routine clerical work, she took up typewriting, hoping to advance herself thereby. This caused her to be transferred to the contest division, and later she was assigned to a desk requiring original work, and her duties were to promulgate decisions of the Department. From this time on the grade of her work was raised until she was promoted to $1,400, by which time she had become familiar with the entire work of the division. She soon found that a knowledge of the law of Congress disposing of the public domain and familiarity with the rules of practice and decisions of the General Land Office and of the Department alone were not sufficient to enable her to perform her work in a manner satisfactory to herself, however satisfactory to the Department, and she therefore took up a regular four years' law course and graduated with credit to herself and her college.
How satisfactorily she does her work is shown by the fact that out of sixty appeals from her decisions rendered during a period of six months, decisions involving thousands of dollars, only one was reversed and one modified, and this because of new matter being filed after the decisions were rendered by her.
Mrs. —— also enjoys the distinction of holding a law desk in the General Land Office, having been transferred to it from the Census Office, where she had been dealing with mathematical problems. It was found that a $1,600 clerk was back in his work with 300 cases which it was necessary to have adjudicated. The bringing this work up to date was assigned to her. Prior to this she had written a few decisions. She was at first appalled at the decree, but went bravely to work with a determination to succeed. How well she succeeded can be ascertained by the records of the office. Later she was transferred at her own request from the public land division to the contest or law division. Her experience gained in the Land Office taught her how to adjudicate contest cases, and she was often required to bring up work of the principal law examiners when in arrears.
Miss —— was assigned to duty on Board of Pension Appeals to typewrite decisions for signature of the Assistant Secretary and act as his stenographer. Afterwards transferred to patents and miscellaneous division of the Secretary's Office. Duties: Stenographer and typewriting; indexing; in charge of issuing authorities for open market purchases to the Geological Survey and to Howard University, and issuance of permits for admission to the Government Hospital for the Insane, and to Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum; assistant in abstracting various reports to be embodied in the Secretary's annual report to the President. A knowledge of law was of considerable assistance in the work of the division, and after entering the Government service she took a three years' course in the Washington College of Law and was admitted to the bar of the supreme court of the District of Columbia.
Library of Congress.—The Library of Congress employs 135 women in a force of 302 persons. The salaries range $1,500 to $360 a year, and they are employed in almost all the divisions. None of them, however, rate as laborers.
At $1,500 there is one woman at work in the catalogue division as an expert reviser of printed catalogue cards and proof reader. At $1,400 three women serve as assistant readers of catalogue cards and proof readers in the catalogue division, and another is the chief reviser in the record division of the Copyright Office.
At $1,200 there are 11 women employees. Of these, 5 are in the Copyright Office as translators, indexers, and cataloguers; 5 are in the catalogue division as cataloguers of the first class, and one is in charge of the reading room for the blind.
Post-Office Department.—One clerk of class 3, salary $1,600, prepares correspondence for the signature of the Postmaster-General and the Chief Clerk reads and refers the Congressional and Departmental mail addressed to the Postmaster-General; assists in the compilation of the estimates of appropriations for the Department and postal service; also assists in the compilation of the Postal Guides; in charge of the distribution of the Postal Laws and Regulations and of the Postal Guide throughout the postal service; stenographer and typewriter.
One clerk of class 2, salary $1,400, to whom is assigned the duty of preparing the three lists of post-offices published each year in the Official Postal Guide, and lists of changes in post-offices published each month in the supplemental postal guide.
One clerk, assigned to the claims division. Duties: Preparation of correspondence connected with claims of postmasters for reimbursement for losses occasioned by burglary, fire, or other unavoidable casualty, and for losses of money-order and postal funds in transit to depositaries.
Office of the topographer: One woman skilled as draftsman, at $1,400, prepares the guides for the colors printed on the post-route maps, and has supervision of the map sheets transmitted from and to the photolithographer. Three other women draftsmen note the reported changes in the postal service of a group of States, revise and post-route map sheets of those States, and correct monthly the corresponding diagram maps for the use of officers and clerks of the Post-Office Department.
Office Second Assistant Postmaster-General: One clerk, salary $1,600, on work relating to ocean mail contract service; occasional translating, indexing, and briefing. One clerk, salary $1,400, on work relating to domestic statistics in connection with the international service; stating accounts of steamship companies for the sea conveyance of mails; occasional translating, and assisting in general correspondence. One clerk, salary $1,400, "corresponding clerk," whose duties consist in the examination of applications for establishment of star and steamboat service; changes therein; preparation of cases to be submitted for decision; preparation of orders and correspondence for official signature.
In most of the examinations which women pass in order to be appointed in the departments technical skill is required, as shown by the following list of subjects:
Artist, assistant microscopist, clerk stenographer and typewriter, computer in Coast and Geodetic Survey, counter, Government paper mill, industrial teacher, trained nurse, register and receiver's clerk, compositor, public document cataloguer, assistant ethnological librarian, scientific assistant, book typewriter, kindergarten teacher, scientific aid, zoological clerk, Internal-Revenue Service, Philippine Service, topographic draftsman, assistant to bookbinder, music teacher.
The following is a compilation and table of comparison showing the number of men and women employed in the various departments at Washington, D.C. The figures are based upon the Official Register of the United States, July 1, 1901, volume 1. Since that date there has been a great many hundreds of new appointees of both sexes in all the respective departments and bureaus below enumerated, and the accurate figures down to the present time will show an increase accordingly:
—————————————————-+————+————+
| Men. | Women. |
—————————————————-+————+————+
Executive Office (the President's) | 28 | |
Department of State | 92 | 17 |
Treasury Department | 3,234 | 2,313 |
War Department | 2,411 | 300 |
Navy Department | 2,292 | 85 |
Post-Office Department | 812 | 237 |
Department of Interior | 4,810 | 2,862 |
Department of Justice | 191 | 21 |
Department of Agriculture | 650 | 382 |
Government Printing Office | 2,623 | 1,068 |
Department of Labor | 74 | 10 |
United States Commission of Fish | | |
and Fisheries | 55 | 12 |
Interstate Commerce Commission | 133 | |
Civil Service Commission | 55 | 6 |
Industrial Commission | 10 | 7 |
Smithsonian Institution | 320 | 39 |
Bureau of American Republics | 13 | 9 |
—————————————————-+————+————+
The first woman employed in the Government service was appointed by
General Spinner, of the Treasury Department, about 1864.
On July 1, 1901, the clerical force in the Executive Departments in Washington was approximately a force of 27,605 employees of both sexes. Out of this number there were 7,496 females. The time, at this ratio of increase of the respective sexes, when the gentler sex is to overcome and pass the men, is merely a matter of arithmetic to those who wish to ascertain this interesting data. The above table shows that the women have between one-fourth and one-third of the appointments in Washington, D.C.
Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, the chairman of the committee on woman's work, read her first report of the work of that committee at the meeting of the board held Tuesday, April 28, 1903, and a copy was transmitted to the National Commission. At the session held on December 17, 18, and 19, 1903, the following letter was received and read by the secretary:
ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., December 16, 1903.
DEAR MRS. HANGER: Replying to your esteemed favor of the 14th instant, transmitting a copy of report of committee on woman's work, which was adopted by your board at a meeting held in April, 1903, you are advised that on motion the same was approved to the extent that the report prescribes the scope of your proposed field of activity.
The Commission, at its session on the 15th instant, adopted the following resolution:
"Moved and seconded that in so far as the report of committee on woman's work prescribes the line of work for the board of lady managers, the same stands approved by the Commission.
"Motion prevailed."
Agreeable to your request, the report has been forwarded to the
Exposition Company for its action, with a copy of the resolution
passed by the Commission.
Very respectfully, THOMAS H. CARTER,
President.
MRS. FREDERICK M. HANGER,
Secretary of the Board of Lady Managers,
Administration Building, City.
Extracts from this report are embodied in the final report of the committee on woman's work, which is as follows:
September 30, 1902, the women appointed by the National
Commission as lady managers for the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition were called by the National Commission to meet in St.
Louis and effect an organization of the board of lady managers.
At this meeting the board of lady managers was organized and
Mrs. James L. Blair elected president.
The first permanent committee appointed by the new president was a committee on woman's work. The ladies appointed on this committee were: Miss Anna L. Dawes, Miss Helen Gould, Mrs. Marcus Daly, Mrs. M.K. de Young, and Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, chairman. Two members of this committee were not present at the meeting. The president of the board impressed upon the chairman of the committee that a large share of the board's work must of necessity be performed by the committee on woman's work. The chairman of the committee asked the president of the National Commission for special instructions in regard to the plan and scope of the work of the board of lady managers. The president of the National Commission replied that the board of lady managers must outline their own policy and perform their own work to their best judgment. There was no work performed by the committee on woman's work at this meeting.
The second meeting of the board of lady managers was held in New York City, November 17, 1902. The chairman of the committee on woman's work asked to have added to this committee Mrs. John M. Holcombe, Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, Mrs. Daniel Manning, and Mrs. Richard Knott. The chairman of the committee called a meeting at that time, to which call only Miss Anna L. Dawes and Mrs. Daniel Manning responded. At this second meeting of the board of lady managers in New York the president of the board instructed the committee on woman's work to proceed to St. Louis not later than March, and there receive instructions from the National Commission in regard to the line of work they should take up at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. It became apparent at this meeting that it would be necessary to specialize the work of the board of lady managers, thus relieving the committee on woman's work of much responsibility and labor.
The chairman and Mrs. Daniel Manning, as members of the committee on woman's work, spent January, 1903, in the city of Washington, and during their stay endeavored to acquaint themselves with the work performed by women in each and every vocation in life.
In accordance with the instructions of the president, Mrs. Blair, at the meeting held on November 17, the committee on woman's work met at the Southern Hotel, in St. Louis, March 10, at 11 o'clock, Mrs. Montgomery, chairman. There were present besides the chairman Mrs. Manning, Mrs. Holcombe, and Mrs. Buchwalter, three members being unavoidably prevented from coming, viz: Miss Gould, Miss Dawes, and Mrs. Knott.
The interest that this committee felt in developing on broad lines their part in the exposition is shown in the following extracts taken from my report, which was not read, however, until the meeting of the board held April 28, 1903:
* * * * *
According to appointment, the committee on woman's work met the executive committee of the Exposition Company at the Laclede Building, March 11, 1903. Mr. Corwin H. Spencer, acting and first vice-president and chairman of the executive committee, presided, and stated: "These ladies are here, gentlemen, upon my invitation, and have some matters they wish to discuss with you."
Mrs. Montgomery, the chairman of the committee on woman's work, then said:
"Ever since we became members of the board of lady managers we have been somewhat in the dark as to what we could and might do to contribute to the success of this great exposition, and we thought perhaps if we came and talked to you gentlemen upon the ground that you could throw us a little light.' We, of course, want to work in harmony with everything that has already been outlined, and we feel that we are a very weak body, but we want to add our efforts to those of the officers of this exposition, and we came to ask you to please tell us how we can help you, and to instruct us upon the line which we are to take up. We feel that women of this country have become a very great factor, but we also feel that the time has passed when we are to have a separate exhibit of what women can do, and we thought perhaps in some way we might be able to work in unison with the executive committee and the various other committees of the exposition."
Several subjects were brought up by members of the committee on woman's work, such as the organizations of the country, the congresses at this exposition, the dates of meetings, and provision for the care of the women in attendance. It was suggested by a member of the committee that in the largest audience that the exposition would have the majority would be women. The company had already taken steps to provide a place of meeting, so arranged that meetings could be held without admission fee.
At this meeting a motion was made, and carried by the executive committee, "that the director of exhibits, Mr. Skiff, be instructed to formulate a programme suggesting the way in which the board of lady managers can assist in inducing congresses to come to the exposition."
The chairman of the committee on woman's work then called attention to the fact that almost the first thing done after the organization of that committee was to ask that immoral dances be excluded from the exposition, to which no reply had been received. During the discussion which followed Mr. Stevens read copy from his records, showing that a letter had been sent by him to the president of the board of lady managers, reading as follows:
"MADAM PRESIDENT: I am directed by the executive committee to reply to your letter conveying the resolution adopted by the board of lady managers on the subject of concessions. The resolution was duly referred by the executive committee to the director of concessions and the committee on concessions, with request for careful consideration. The report of the director and the committee on concessions has been received. The director and the committee express the belief that, under the conditions imposed in all the contracts the concessions will be so regulated as to render it impossible to present any amusement that can be classed as indecent or improper.
"Very respectfully,
WALTER B. STEVENS, Secretary."
The committee on woman's work then stated to the executive committee that this letter had never been read before the board at their meeting.
The matter was then considered of sending several members of the board of lady managers abroad to exploit woman's work and to excite an interest in woman's congresses throughout the world. The chairman stated that she had a letter from Mr. Francis saying he would send one with certain conditions, and the committee wanted to know if that decision was final and what the action of the executive committee would be on that point. It was suggested that three women from the board should be sent abroad—one from the East, one from the West, and one from the Middle States—and the chairman of the executive committee said that, if agreeable to the ladies, that committee would have the matter taken up as soon as President Francis returned. The executive committee was assured that if it would outline a programme by which the board of lady managers could render assistance to this great exposition they would be very glad; they wanted to help do what the heads of the exposition had laid out to be, done, and if there was anything that women could do, let them do it.
The meeting then adjourned, and the committee on woman's work met with Mr. Skiff, the director of exhibits. In response to an inquiry in regard to the question whether his committee had taken the initiative in regard to educational and international congresses, Mr. Skiff replied:
"The exposition simply patronizes and assists without the expenditure of money these stated congresses and conventions. Those bodies already organized are in a hospitable way invited here, and their executive management is aided more or less in a hall in which they can meet a committee to receive them; but they conduct their own conventions.
"Now the international congresses are an entirely different thing. They are patronized by the exposition. An appropriation of $150,000 has been made for that purpose. Dr. Simon Newcomb is president of the congress. There is no race or sex in a universal exposition; it is the productive use of a man as a unit. We have had great difficulty in convincing the scientific people that so great a thing should come from so western a point. We are going to do a very fine thing in a very large way. The delegates will be selected and all expenses paid from their homes and return, and whatever product of their thought they present here at these congresses will be bound and fixed in type. I can not say we are working on any plan; it is developed. The congress is my idea. I am the director of exhibits, and it did not seem proper for the director of exhibits officially to approve the proceedings and the signatures of an office of an international congress. So I suggested that Director Rogers report to President Francis, so that I use President Francis's name. In the meantime I have been appointed a member of the advisory board on account of my position as a director of the institute in Chicago. There is no opportunity for organizations to participate in that international congress. There you come in as individuals; but man or woman if they are great will be invited. It is all one congress; it will only last one week. We have not selected the exact date. It occupies a week; it is divided into sections. Some days in the Congressional Hall there may be 25 or 30 sections all working at the same time on different subjects. It is a magnificent programme. Meetings of these stated organizations are entirely different. The only point about meetings of these clubs and organizations is that, whether they are officered by men or women, or both, some one in behalf of the exposition must make their way as easy as possible for them and see that days do not collide."
A member of the committee made the request that some provision should be made for the care of trained nurses at the exposition, and Mr. Skiff stated that the War Department was contemplating a field hospital. "They want two things. I do not know what the outcome will be. If you ladies could proceed sufficiently to get these ladies interested in the trained nurse idea—to offer the services of a certain number of 'changed' nurses (you understand, double the number, so that they can change)—I have no doubt that Doctor Laidley will be glad to avail of their services."
In answer to the questions as to the time the jurors would be appointed, and whether he had a list of the things on which women are to be appointed, and how long before they would be known, Mr. Skiff replied:
"The jurors will be appointed the first week of the exposition, and the list of things on which women are to be appointed will depend on whether the work is done in whole or in part by female labor. We will know as soon as we get a catalogue. We can not tell what the exhibits will be until they are exhibits. The pamphlet of classification will be of invaluable assistance to you, ladies, in your work. The jurors are to be paid $7 a day and traveling expenses."
In response to the inquiry whether the board should not begin to look out for the women that would be capable for that sort of work, Mr. Skiff said:
"They will develop. There are 108 classes; a committee on each class would be 1,200 jurors. We are not working women's exhibits up any more than men's. It takes care of itself. We do not specially promote, except in this way: An officer of a department, if he understands his work, is given a classification. That is his bible. He makes up his mind what is possible to do in the way of an exhibit. They build up an exhibit. In that way they find it necessary to touch what we call 'individual promotion' on their broad lines. For instance, in education, deaf, dumb, and blind; charity, philanthropy, and education of mind; conveyance of thought; social economy, the model city; machinery, that class of machinery that is most ingenious; electricity, electric therapeutics, electric magnetism; transportation, aeronautics, Santos Dumont, etc.; forestry, fish culture, etc. They can add, and on broad lines develop, the highest type of the condition of the times."
Replying to the question whether an exhibit of laces by a woman could be insured, Mr. Skiff stated: "We have no money for insurance; we have no people to go on bond; she is an individual exhibitor, and must get in her own exhibit in a general way."
On the following day, March 12, I received from Mr. Stevens the following letter, accompanied by a record of 1903 conventions of organizations composed of women:
ST. Louis, U.S.A., March, 13, 1903.
MADAM: In pursuance of the conference held by your committee with the executive committee of the exposition the 11th instant, the acting president, Mr. Spencer, directs me to send to you the accompanying list of conventions and delegate meetings of women to be held in the near future. It is desired to obtain action by these bodies the coming year to meet in St. Louis during 1904. The acting president instructs me to say that if your committee or the board of lady managers will assist in obtaining such action it will be highly appreciated.
The exposition management, with a view to encourage the holding of conventions and congresses, has arranged to have several halls, the use of which can be given to conventions without cost to them. Two or three convention halls will be so located with approaches as to enable delegates to the conventions to reach them without passing through the gates of the exposition. It is also the purpose to afford hall room free to such bodies as may desire to hold meetings downtown.
The acting president directs me to say, further, that from a very thorough canvass made of the city, and from information in the possession of the exposition management, it is believed that good accommodations can be assured at reasonable rates during the exposition. It is the purpose of the exposition to maintain an information service, which will enable delegates to secure accommodations by mail previous to their arrival here.
In other ways the exposition management will endeavor to make the holding of conventions a prominent and satisfactory feature of the World's Fair. If the board of lady managers will join in the invitation to these bodies of women to hold their 1904 conventions at St. Louis the board can help very materially. If the members of the board of lady managers can attend some of these gatherings of 1903, and by personal effort and representation assist in bringing the conventions here the following year, the management will be pleased to have them do so.
Very respectfully, W.B. STEVENS, Secretary.
Mrs. MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY.
Record of 1903 Conventions of Organizations Composed of Women.
International Congress of Nurses, New York City; International
Board of Women and Y.M.C.A. Conference, Cleveland, Ohio;
Daughters of Liberty, National Council, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Daughters of St. George, Columbus, Ohio; Daughters of Veterans'
National Convention, Cleveland, Ohio; Ladies' Aid Society of the
United States, Providence, R.I.; P.R.O. Sisterhood Supreme, St.
Louis, Mo.; Ladies' United Veteran Legion National Convention,
Brooklyn, N.Y.; National Council of Women, New York City;
Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, Chicago, Ill.; National
League of Women Workers, Syracuse, N.Y.; Women's and Young
Women's Christian Association, St. Louis, Mo.; National Congress
of Mothers, Detroit, Mich., May 5-8; Daughters of the
Revolution, General Society, New York City, May 10; King's
Daughters and Sons, St. Louis, Mo.; Knights and Ladies of Honor,
St. Louis, Mo.; Knights and Ladies of Security, St. Louis, Mo.;
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, St. Louis, Mo.;
P.E.C. Sisterhood, St. Louis, Mo.; Spanish-American War Nurses,
St. Louis, Mo.; United Daughters of the Confederacy, St. Louis,
Mo.; Woman's Christian Temperance Union, St. Louis, Mo.; Woman's
Relief Corps, St. Louis, Mo.; Council of Jewish Women, St.
Louis, Mo.; National American Woman Suffrage Association, New
Orleans, La.; Ancient Sons and Daughters of Jerusalem, Kansas
City, Mo.; Ladies of the Maccabees, Port Huron, Mich.
In a letter from Mr. Howard J. Rogers, in charge of congresses,
which will be appended to this report, he says:
"I beg to state that, in my opinion, the only feasible way is for the secretary of the board of lady managers, acting in behalf of the board, to communicate with the secretaries of the various women's organizations, such as Federation of Clubs, etc."
Our committee suggests that a separate committee be formed to take these congresses and other women's organizations in hand and make it their duty to arrange for dates. We would also suggest that a local committee of leading club women of the city of St. Louis be appointed to act in harmony and in unison with this committee of congresses from the board of lady managers.
I herewith submit copies of letters from Mr. Skiff and Mr.
Rogers:
ST. LOUIS, U.S.A., March 07, 1903.
DEAR MADAM: I have the honor to acknowledge your favor of March 21, which has been noted. I beg to inform you, in accordance with the instructions of the executive committee, that the director of exhibits formulate a programme suggesting how the board of lady managers can assist the Exposition Company in obtaining congresses of women to meet in St. Louis. I referred the matter to the chief of congresses, who has made a report, in which I concur, and I respectfully submit it for your information and assistance.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, yours,
F.J.V. SKIFF,
Director of Exhibits.
MRS. MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY,
3642 Delmar avenue, St. Louis, Mo.
DEAR SIR: Replying to your communication of March 23, in reference to the director of exhibits 'formulating a programme suggesting how the board of lady managers can assist in obtaining congresses of women to meet in St. Louis,' I beg to state that in my opinion the only feasible way is for the secretary of the board of lady managers, acting in behalf of the board, to communicate with the secretaries of the various women's organizations, such as the Federation of Women's Clubs, Daughters of the American Revolution, Colonial Dames of America, United Daughters of the Confederacy, Young Women's Christian Association, Ladies' Catholic Benevolent Association, United States Daughters of 1812, and to second the invitation given by the exposition to meet in this city in 1904, assuring them their active cooperation in the matter of obtaining halls, accommodations, and other matters.
The Daughters of the American Revolution and the Federation of
Women's Clubs have already decided to meet in this city, the
former in June, the latter in May.
I return the letter, as requested.
Very respectfully, yours,
HOWARD J. ROGERS.
Hon. F.J.V. SKIFF,
Director of Exhibits' Building.
In the resolution adopted by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, in session assembled at the city of New York the 7th day of February, 1902, certain rules were made governing the board of lady managers. The first one recites the power given by Congress to this board of lady managers to appoint "one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor."
The committee on woman's work would suggest:
First. That our board make due preparation for the intelligent selection of one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor, and that we request from the local executive committee a list of all work presented for competition before the Louisiana Purchase Exposition produced in whole or in part by female labor.
Under the resolutions of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition of February 7, 1902, second, we are to "exercise general supervisory control over such features of the exposition as may be specially devoted to woman's work."
This resolution is so vague in its phraseology that we are unable to outline just what we may be permitted to do, and the chairman wishes to call the attention of this board to the fact that one of the subjects which we were instructed to take up before the local executive committee was in regard to a resolution passed by this board at its first meeting on September 30, 1902, regarding indecent and immoral dancing. We were instructed by the board of lady managers to inquire what action had been taken in regard to this resolution, and were informed that it was acted upon immediately, and the company's attorney was instructed to make the contracts in the Midway Plaisance so as to exclude immoral and indecent dancing.
The third resolution, that we were "to take part in the ceremonies connected with the dedication of the buildings of the exposition, and in official functions in which women may be invited to participate, and in any other functions, upon the request of the company and Commission."
From the very gracious manner in which this board of lady managers has been provided for and permitted to participate in the opening ceremonies of the exposition, it would appear that the Government, Commission, and local company will see that we are properly cared for on all future occasions.
Fourth. That we confer and advise with the officers and chiefs of the exposition on the progress being made from time to time in exciting the interest and enlisting the cooperation of women in the several departments, and to appoint all committees necessary to carry out the purpose, and to procure information on the extent of woman's participation in the exposition.
Fifth. That we encourage the presentation of exhibits by women by correspondence, advertising, or such other means as the company may approve.
Sixth. That we collect statistics of woman's work in connection with the exposition for publication.
Seventh. That we encourage, by correspondence, or otherwise, attendance at the exposition, of societies and associations of women, and the holding of conventions, congresses, and other meetings of women.
Eighth. That we maintain within the grounds during the period of the exposition an organization for the relief of women and children who may be found in need of aid, comfort, or special protection.
Ninth. That we receive and officially entertain women when requested so to do by the exposition company and the Commission.
Tenth. That we commission members of the board, or others, with the approval of the Commission and the company, to travel in the interest of the exposition, either at home or abroad.
Eleventh. That we provide for the constant attendance by rotation of at least three members of the board at the exposition grounds from April 30 to December 1, 1904.
Twelfth. That we issue such bulletins from time to time as the company and the Commission may approve, for the special information of women and the exploitation of their contributions to the success of the exposition.
After our board had adjourned and gone to their homes, the chairman called upon President Carter, of the National Commission, and had with him a most interesting talk in regard to woman's work, and he promised to furnish the chairman extracts from their minutes, containing such suggestions on the plan and scope of woman's work in connection with the exposition; and from these extracts our committee has outlined for this board the work which may be done by the board of lady managers, following in many instances the Commission's suggestions verbatim.
This committee desires to return their thanks for the courteous manner in which they were received by the local executive committee, and for the assurance of aid in any work which they might undertake. They also desire to thank the National Commission for its kind reception, advice, and suggestions on the plan of woman's work.
The board of lady managers, pursuant to a call, met in the city of St. Louis, April 28, 1903, and, as has already been stated, the chairman read before the board the report from which the above extracts are taken, on the work of the committee on woman's work performed in St. Louis. The president of the board of lady managers at this April meeting created several new committees, viz, an executive committee, an entertainment committee, a legislative committee, and a committee for a day nursery or creche. The creating of these committees practically took from the hands of the committee on woman's work all special work.
A meeting of the board of lady managers was called in St. Louis on December 15, 1903; at this meeting it became necessary to elect a new president of the board, and conditions had so changed that it became necessary to add several new committees to those already formed, one being the committee on awards, to further develop the work of the board of lady managers.
The only money the board of lady managers had ever received to conduct their work was an appropriation of $3,000 from the treasurer of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, part of which had been expended, so that all work of the board of lady managers was absolutely suspended for the want of funds. It became necessary for the legislative committee to proceed to Washington to secure money to carry out their plans. The result of the labors of the legislative committee has been ably told in the report of the chairman of that committee, Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter.
During the December meeting, and after the adjournment of the board, the work which seemed of the most vital interest, and the one which lay nearest to the hearts of every member of the board of lady managers, was the construction, equipment, and management of a creche or day nursery. The chairman of the committee on woman's work remained with the president of the board in St. Louis for ten days after the adjournment of the board, meeting the executive committee of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, endeavoring to arrange for the construction and equipment of a day nursery. The Exposition Company assured this committee that they would construct for the lady managers a building that would cost $30,000, and give $5,000 toward equipment, and that the day nursery would be self-sustaining with the possibility of an income above the expense payable to the Exposition Company.
It now became evident that if the board of lady managers was to have a day nursery, they must give up the idea of a purely philanthropic institution and enter the field as money makers.
After two weeks of patient labor, it was made apparent that if a day nursery was built, all expenses for furnishing and maintaining it must be paid for out of the funds appropriated by Congress for the use of the board of lady managers in their various works. The president of the board of lady managers offered to contribute $15,000 for the furnishing and maintenance of this day nursery out of the $100,000 set aside for the use of the lady managers, if the Exposition Company would free them from any further financial liability. This the Exposition Company refused to do.
The Exposition Company further informed us they had already let a concession for a model playground which would practically cover the work to be performed by the day nursery, and that this concession had agreed to care for each child at the rate of 25 cents per day, and that the board of lady managers could not conduct a day nursery without charging a fee for the care of each child. Thus the day nursery was taken out of the hands of the committee on woman's work.
As chairman of this committee, I can not bring this report to a close without expressing the very deep and heartfelt disappointment of the committee on woman's work, and I may add the president and every member of the board of lady managers, that circumstances over which we had no control forced us to abandon this cherished project of a model day nursery.
As the duties of the board of lady managers became more apparent and diversified, and the work evolved and developed, it became necessary to specialize. The work of the committee on woman's work ceased to be performed by a large committee under this name, but was carried on to the close of the exposition by committees composed of the various members of the board.
In closing this report it would appear at first that the committee on woman's work stood for very little and had done very little toward the success of the board of lady managers. However, this committee, under other names, did successfully perform a large amount of philanthropic and social work.
There were on the exposition grounds State buildings constructed by 44 States. These buildings were designed as clubhouses for the citizens of the various States and were provided with rest rooms, social halls, and other rooms to contribute to the comfort of and promote sociability among the people of the various States visiting the exposition. At the beginning of the exposition it seemed one of the duties of the board of lady managers would be to provide a hall for the meeting of women visiting the exposition and also a rest room, but this want was provided for by each individual State.
MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY, Chairman.
Mrs. MARCUS DALY.
ANNA L. DAWES.
M.K. DE YOUNG.
Mrs. EDWARD L. BUCHWALTER.
Mrs. RICHARD W. KNOTT.
Mrs. JOHN M. HOLCOMBE.
Miss Anna M. Dawes, chairman of the committee on foreign relations, read the first report of that committee at the meeting of the board held in the Administration Building on March 2, 1904. The final report of that committee is as follows:
The committee on foreign affairs was appointed by Mrs. James L.
Blair, the first president of the board, during the meeting at
the time of the formal opening of the exposition on May 2, 1903.
This committee consisted of Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Miss
Dawes, Mrs. Knott, Miss Gould, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery,
Mrs. Moores, and Mrs. von Mayhoff.
On December 17, 1903, Mrs. Manning having been elected president of the board after the resignation of Mrs. Blair, Miss Dawes became chairman of the committee, and has so continued.
In pursuance of a policy inaugurated by Mrs. Manning, it was determined to send a circular to the women of the different countries of Europe, calling their attention to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, inviting their cooperation and presence, and offering to do what we could toward that end. At the request of the present chairman, Mrs. Manning conferred with the officers of the exposition as to what had already been done, and with the State Department in Washington as to what could be done, and prepared the circular appended, the State Department sending it out to its officials in the following countries:
Berne, Switzerland; Bucharest, Roumania; Belgrade, Servia;
Brussels, Belgium; Constantinople, Turkey; Copenhagen, Denmark;
Athens, Greece; Berlin, Germany; Habana, Cuba; Lisbon, Portugal;
Rome, Italy; Paris, France; Madrid, Spain; Stockholm, Sweden;
St. Petersburg, Russia; Sofia, Bulgaria; Vienna, Austria;
London, England; The Hague, Netherlands; Egypt; Mexico; China;
Japan; Dominion of Canada.
The cordial cooperation of the Government, through the State Department, was a source of great satisfaction to the committee, giving, as it did, not only currency to the circular, but putting the weight and dignity of the Government behind our action. For this, and for the extremely valuable circular so finely adapted to the need, and so eloquently setting forth the objects of the exposition and the aims and desires of this board, we are, as in so many other things, indebted to the experience and ability of Mrs. Manning.
His Excellency the MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF ——.
EXCELLENCY: By an act of Congress of the United States, the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition is directed to join with the other constituted authorities in commemorating the great event in the history of the United States when, a century ago, there was added to its territory a new field which to-day is the home of many people, and where earnest and sincere women, as well as men, are laboriously working out the problem of the progress of humanity and the advancement of the race.
No single individual, no one people, no separate country can supply that full knowledge from which may be fixed the conditions of mankind, its development in the industries, the arts, the sciences at the commencement of the twentieth century. The entire world must contribute to this knowledge, and therefore the entire world has been invited to take part in this universal exposition and to bring hither the fruit of the lands, the products of other soils, the articles manufactured by foreign hands, and evidences of the achievements of the intellect and intelligence in the higher fields of thought.
While in gathering these things there is no distinction made between the product of man's hand and of woman's hand, nevertheless, it is the peculiar function of this board to act as the channel through which women, as individuals, and as organizations, may be brought into immediate communication with the exposition at St. Louis.
It is, therefore, with cordiality and eagerness that we invite the women of your country to join with us in presenting to the world the information of the condition, opportunities, development, and promises of their sex in their own country and to exhibit at the exposition specimens of their productions and examples of their activities, manual and mental, scientific and artistic.
And coupled with this invitation, we would express the hope that we may be permitted to be of personal service to such women as may visit the exposition in person, or to give special attention to the exhibits of such as may not be able to come.
Requesting your excellency's good offices to the end that the
publicity may be given to the invitation in order that it may
come to the knowledge of the women of the country, we beg to
assure you of the high consideration with which we are,
Your obedient servant,
MARY MARGARETTA MANNING,
President.
The honorable the SECRETARY OF STATE.
SIR: I have the honor to transmit herewith invitations which the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition have addressed to the women of foreign countries, through the respective diplomatic envoys, with a view to promoting women's interests at the exposition.
In view of the indorsement which the Congress of the United States has given to the exposition, and the recognition it has accorded to the board of lady managers, I should be pleased were it found consistent with practice for the invitations to be delivered by the diplomatic envoy of the United States, and if they were instructed to give them their support.
I have the honor to be, sir,
Your obedient servant,
M. MARGARETTA MANNING.
MRS. M.M. MANNING,
President Board of Lady Managers of the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition,
The Arlington, Washington, D.C.
MADAM: I have to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 14th instant transmitting invitations which the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition have addressed to the women of foreign countries, through the ministers for foreign affairs, with a view to promoting women's interests at the exposition.
In reply I have to inform you that these invitations, with suitable instructions, have been sent to-day to the diplomatic representatives of the United States in the countries mentioned by you.
I am, madam,
Your obedient servant, FRANCIS B. LOOMIS, Acting Secretary.
Letters were received from most of these countries expressing their gratification and cordial cooperation in the matter, a fact which was evidenced by many letters from associations and individuals with reference to exhibits, etc. For instance, a committee of women at Berne, through its secretary, sent a very remarkable consignment of pamphlets relating to the condition and work—philanthropic and otherwise—of the women of that nation. These were intrusted to the Department of Social Economy. Also in Italy a national committee of women of great consequence was formed.
Circumstances prevented any further initiative on the part of this committee outside the limits of the exposition itself. Within those limits it has, in common with the whole board, done much for the exposition, and for the country by social courtesies extended to the representatives of foreign lands and received from them—a service which has been performed by the board with success and dignity, and with great value to the interests of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
Reaffirming the motion already made on February 16, 1903, providing that the furnishing of the building of the board of lady managers be under the supervision of the president of the board, on March 4, 1904, it was moved that Mrs. Daniel Manning be made active chairman of the house-furnishing committee and select her own committee. This motion being carried, it was also decided that the committee on house furnishing be limited to the expenditure of the sum of $20,000 for furnishing the building. The report of this committee is as follows:
The president of the board of lady managers having been elected active chairman of the house-furnishing committee, with power to select her own committee, named Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery and Mrs. John M. Holcombe as the other members.
At the same meeting of the board at which the chairman was named, the sum of $20,000 was fixed as the maximum amount that might be expended for house-furnishing purposes by the committee. This sum was to cover all expenditures for electric wiring and fixtures, electric bells, push buttons, and annunciators; tinting of walls and staining of floors; water connections, filters, water heaters, bath tubs, sinks, etc.; all wooden partitions in dormitories; window shades, screens, and awnings; arrangements for butler's pantry; rugs, carpets, matting, and all floor covering; furniture, glass, china, and kitchen utensils; table and bed linen, blankets—indeed, every expenditure attending the fitting out and appointing of the building.
The committee was fortunate in arranging for part of the work, in preparing the building for occupancy, by securing the workmen that were employed by the Government on its building, and had been brought from Washington for that purpose; these men could contract for a longer stay at better rates than were obtainable in St. Louis. The tremendous advance in the price of labor about this time led the committee to be most cautious in its expenditures, not knowing the extent of the demands that might be made upon their fund before the arranging of the building was completed. President Francis, in his address to the board on December 15, 1903, has already given some of the difficulties experienced by the Exposition Company on the question of the cost of labor up to that date. By the time of the opening of the exposition the members of this committee had to meet even greater prices, as, instead of time and one-half for overtime, the demands of the workmen had risen to double time for overtime. This involved paying $1.50 per hour instead of 75 cents for certain kinds of work necessary to be completed by opening day.
Most of the furniture, rugs, carpets, curtains, glass, and china were purchased in New York City, but some interesting pieces of antique furniture were obtained by one of the committee in Connecticut, while others were secured in Albany, N.Y.
Material and substantial aid was rendered the members of the committee by the generous gifts and loans which added greatly to the attractiveness and comfort of the building.
Mrs. Roosevelt, wife of the President, by request, very graciously presented a picture of herself, which was the only picture hung in the salon of the building of the board of lady managers.
The committee is but echoing the sentiments of the entire board in expressing their thanks and appreciation to the following firms for their handsome and useful gifts, all of which were most acceptably used by the members of the board and their guests:
Cheney Brothers, of New York and Connecticut, most generously contributed one of their handsome pieces of silk damask for the covering of the walls of the salon, also the material for the curtains for that room, yellow silk curtains for the tea room, and pink silk curtains and furniture covering for the president's room. The thanks of the board can not be too warmly expressed to this firm for their generosity in aiding the board in such a substantial manner and beautifying their house by their gifts.
Steinway & Co., New York City: Manufactured for our use and loaned to us one of the handsomest pianos they could make, with beautiful Louis XV decorations in ormolu, which was used on state occasions or when some well-known singer or pianist was available. It was the admiration of all visitors.
Chickering & Co., New York City: Loaned one of their beautiful pianos, which was placed in the large hall in which was held informal meetings and dances.
Tiffany & Co., New York City: Silver-plated tea set, consisting of tray, hot-water kettle, with lamp, teapot, coffeepot, hot-milk pitcher, sugar bowl, cream pitcher, and slop bowl. This set was used every afternoon on the tea table, and was greatly admired by all who were the guests of the board at their informal afternoon teas.
Black, Starr & Frost, New York City: Gift of four silver-plated candlesticks of attractive antique colonial design; also a set of four silver-plated trays.
Gorham Manufacturing Company, New York City: Gift of two silver-plated candelabra of beautiful design, which were in constant use at the afternoon teas and on the private table of the board, and also at the more formal dinners and entertainments where lights were used on the tables.
Laycock & Co., of Indianapolis, Ind., generously loaned the brass beds and mattresses used in the dormitories in the building at a nominal price.
Macy & Co., New York City: Gift of 10 dozen plates, cups, and saucers, of Limoges china, specially decorated and of unique design, that were very handsome and in constant use by the board.
Higgins & Seiter, New York City: Gift of set of creaming dishes of most delicate pattern, in handsome white case.
International Nickle Company, New York City: Gift of chafing dishes, tea-kettles, and trays, of especially neat design, and most useful.
Mrs. Eva B. Leete, Guilford, Conn.: Loaned a rare antique sideboard of semicircular shape, and a "pie-crust" table.
Mr. Armand Hawkins, New Orleans, La.: Generously loaned many interesting, historic, and useful pieces of furniture, which were used in the building of the board of lady managers during the exposition period.
Standard Scales and Fixtures Company, of St. Louis, Mo.: Loaned the useful and necessary adjunct to housekeeping—an unusually fine and large McCray glass-lined refrigerator, which was in use from the first days of the exposition period until a few days after the close, and an aid to the comfort of all who resided in the building and their guests.
The gifts and loans to the board were most gratifying to the committee, as they were an evidence of a strong interest in the board of lady managers and their building.
It was, undoubtedly, not the intention of the board, when limiting the expenditure of this committee to $20,000, to mean that this sum should cover an outlay beyond the time the building was pronounced finished and furnished, and ready for the occupancy of the board at the opening of the exposition. The total expenditure given below, however, includes all additions to furniture, repairs, both to building and furniture, and the replacing of broken articles during the entire exposition period. Such was the careful management of the committee that they not only succeeded in accomplishing the payment of all bills contracted by it prior to the opening, but at the close of the exposition were still within the limit originally imposed of $20,000.
The Exposition Company agreed to pay $5,000 for the furnishing of the building of the board of lady managers, $5,000 for its maintenance, and $5,000 for entertainment. The demands upon the Exposition Company at this time, however, were so great that the board decided, at the meeting held on July 14, 1904, to take up any outstanding bills, and passed the following resolution:
Resolved, That the board of lady managers assume the payment of the now unpaid bills for entertaining and furniture for the board that have been turned over to the Exposition Company, for which the Exposition Company had pledged a certain sum.
The following is an itemized account of amount expended for the finishing and furnishing of the building of the board of lady managers:
Bills paid Bills paid Bills paid
by the from the from the
Exposition $3,000 $100,000
Company. appropriation.
appropriation.
Furniture, china,
linen, expressage …… $752.32 $652.25 $11,692.65
Tinting walls, plumbing,
staining floors, heating
apparatus, electric
wiring, awnings, screens,
partitions, etc. ……. 1,460.99 64.30 2,263.32
Total ……………. 2,213.31 716.55 13,955.97
Total paid by Exposition Company ………… $2,213.31
Total paid from $3,000 appropriation …….. 716.55
Total paid from $100,000 appropriation …… 13,955.97
—————
Total amount expended for house furnishing .. 16,885.93
MARY MARGARETTA MANNING, Chairman.
MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY.
EMILY S.G. HOLCOMBE.
It was the earnest wish of some of the members of the board, at a very early period of its existence, to establish and maintain, if possible, a day nursery or crèche on the exposition grounds, in order that suitable provision might be made for children whose parents might wish to have them cared for during the day, and thus afford to those whose time and means were extremely limited an opportunity to see as much of the exposition in as brief a space as possible. Ways and means were frequently discussed, but the absence of funds and the uncertainty of the action of the company in regard to substantial aid were sources of much anxiety and delay. Estimates were obtained of cost of building, however, plans were drawn ready for work to be begun the first practicable moment, and all information as to best methods and equipment was secured, in order that no time might be lost should it later be found possible to proceed with the enterprise. The idea was viewed with much favor by both the president of the Exposition Company and the director of exhibits, and it was hoped the Exposition Company would regard this as one of the "suggestions" from the board which President Francis had said the executive committee would "take under serious consideration," but on the 15th of August, 1903, President Francis wrote to the president, Mrs. Blair:
My idea is that we should not permit any one State to have charge of these day nurseries. I think the board of lady managers should have entire charge, and hope they will be able to raise the money without making inroads on the treasury of the Exposition Company.
Subsequently, however, the Exposition Company agreed to appropriate $35,000 for the purpose of erecting the building, but later granted a concession for a similar enterprise on the grounds. When the board eventually obtained its appropriation of $100,000 it was thought that the work might be begun immediately, but as some misunderstanding had arisen in the minds of the members as to the terms of the original proposition of the one who was to conduct the crèche for the board, upon close investigation it was found that, whereas in the first place it had been represented that the crèche would be self-sustaining, it now became evident that the plan had grown beyond all anticipated or intended proportion, and that instead of being self-supporting the board would be called upon for unlimited and unreasonable outlay.
As all the members had become greatly interested in the project, they felt keenly disappointed when it became evident that it would be necessary to abandon the undertaking. Desiring, however, to take some part in this useful work, and being informed that the concession that had been granted for a similar purpose was in need of funds to enable it to employ additional nurses and make it possible to care for more children, on July 14, 1904, at their midsummer meeting, the board passed the following resolution:
Be it resolved, That the board of lady managers set apart, and turn over, to the persons in charge of the Model Play Ground, Nursery, and Lost Children work the sum of $5,000 to assist in carrying on these projects on the exposition grounds.
Mrs. John M. Holcombe was made chairman of the committee having this appropriation in charge, and her final report is as follows:
The members of the board of lady managers were from the beginning of their organization deeply interested in the need of caring for little children at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and various plans were under consideration at an early date.
To have a model crèche was the desire of the president and members of the board, and it was with great satisfaction that arrangements were made for a very perfect equipment.
A practical philanthropy in full working order would prove also an exhibit of the most approved and up-to-date methods—at once a charity, an example, an inspiration.
The Exposition Company made a generous appropriation, the sum of $35,000 being allowed for the building and furnishing, and very beautiful designs were made and accepted. Here infants were to be cared for by trained nurses, receiving attention and consideration possible only to babies of the twentieth century, and altogether in advance of the simple and natural conditions of baby life prior to the closing years of the nineteenth century. Special foods specially treated, specially constructed bottles—in fact everything special and disinfected, from the nurse and crib down to the smallest minutiae.
The charge was to be 50 cents a day, and estimates formed on experience went to show that on this basis the crèche would be self-sustaining when once established and started in running order.
Shortly before the opening of the fair, however, and at a moment when the Exposition Company was passing through most trying experiences and needed all possible funds, it was found that unfavorable aspects had arisen. At the March meeting of the board, 1904, and only a few weeks prior to the opening of the exposition, it was learned that two concessions of a nature similar to the crèche had been made, where the charge for children would be but 25 cents a day. Already the board had heard some buzz of criticism that 50 cents was too high a price for benefit to poor people. Thus there seemed to be established a rate of income which, for the requirements of the crèche conducted under great expense, would be entirely inadequate. There were apparently no sponsors for the undertaking but the board of lady managers, and a steady loss of 25 cents on each child for a period of seven months would pile up the losses to unknown and quite incalculable proportions.
It is true the board had received a sum of $100,000. This was to cover all expenses of the board, whose members were the official hostesses of the fair. Everything was to be conducted at this great exposition in the most munificent manner possible. Ceremonies and entertainments which had been given at the dedicatory exercises in 1903 indicated a scale of elegance and boundless hospitality; in fact, hospitality was to be a distinguishing feature of this great exposition at St. Louis. The board of lady managers formed a part of the hospitable equipment, welcoming the world to the official home of the exposition, and were to fulfill one of woman's missions and entertain in a manner and on a scale harmonious with the greatest and most beautiful exposition the world had ever looked upon. For these purposes the money must be made to last throughout the seven months of the coming fair. No more fatal thing could occur for the fair name of the board than to spend early and inconsiderately, and to be met later with pecuniary embarrassments and complications.
The estimate for the opening expenses of the crèche exceeded by some $16,000 the sum appropriated by the Exposition Company. The members of the board might have felt justified in furnishing this sum, but there loomed before them the vast bulk of losses which must follow as the result of cutting the price from 50 cents to 25 cents on each of the many children to be accommodated at the crèche. It was an enormous responsibility.
Consultation with President Francis and some of the directors seemed to indicate that the saving to them of the promised $35,000 would be very desirable. The building was about to be commenced, and only a few hours were granted the board for their decision. It was obviously impossible to enter upon a work involving great and unknown expense pregnant with such possibilities of loss and failure, and so, with the deepest regret, the members of the board saw their cherished castle in the air—the beautiful, useful crèche—fade and disappear. Words can hardly express the discouragements and heart sinking of the members over this failure of their fond aspirations.
Mrs. Ruth Ashley Hirschfield opened her Model Play Ground on May 23, 1904. From the beginning it seemed to meet the requirements in a simple but direct and effective manner. So successful was it that soon the demands outgrew the accommodations, and the possibilities of extending the work were such that Mrs. Hirschfield welcomed the aid of the board of lady managers. Very soon after the opening of the Model Play Ground the president and members of the board became interested, realizing its needs and possibilities, many of which had been carefully—even affectionately—considered for a long period.
At the July meeting a committee was appointed to confer with Mrs. Hirschfield, and the sum of $5,000 was appropriated for use in the development and care of the Model Play Ground and Day Nursery, and a special stipulation made regarding the care of lost children. Arrangements were entered into as to times of payment. Mrs. Hirschfield was to have the entire responsibility; the board gave her their confidence and hearty support and five monthly payments of $1,000 each.
Results proved the soundness of the theories, as well as the administration of Mrs. Hirschfield, and no appropriation could have been more advantageously applied.
It gives me the greatest satisfaction to report that the money appropriated filled a distinct need and enabled Mrs. Hirschfield to enlarge the scope and power of her work up to the very day that the fair closed its doors on December 2, 1904. It seemed, indeed, to meet every want, and no child was ever turned from its hospitable doors. To this bright and happy spot parents could bring their children, even wee babies, and be themselves free to go unencumbered and enjoy the beauties and wonders spread so lavishly before them and happy in the consciousness that their little ones were receiving the tenderest care and were undoubtedly enjoying the many comforts and attractions provided for their welfare and entertainment. Here the wage-earner at the fair could bring her little child, leaving it with the same cheerful confidence. This also was the haven for lost children who were brought there by the police or by members of the Jefferson Guard, and here were they found by their distracted parents, or from here they were sent to their own abodes under safe escort.
The care of lost children began on June 6, when the first lost child was brought to the playground. The system of caring for lost children was as follows: Lost children found by members of the Jefferson Guard or the police were brought to the Model Play Ground, according to orders received from headquarters. Every child brought in was recorded, and an aluminum tag bearing a certain number was attached to each. They were cared for and entertained, and had all the privileges accorded to children who were registered by their parents. After being recorded they were handed over to the matron to be washed and fed and given all necessary attention. They were then induced to join groups of other children of their age. As a rule they quickly forgot their sorrows in play. They were not permitted to leave the playground until called for or sent home. If not called for they were escorted to their homes, or, in case of children of sufficient age and intelligence, to the car by the attendants of the playground. Parents inquiring for lost children were directed to this place by guards and police. If the child had not yet been brought in, the inquirer was informed the child would be taken care of. The telephone and electric service proved of great assistance. The ages of lost children ranged from 2 to 13 years. The system kept track not only of those who were brought in, but also of those who were reported lost, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition should have credit for a "lost children system" so complete that children separated from parents or escorts were restored to them in every case. "The method used for the care of lost children is the most complete and far-reaching system that has yet been devised for the use of any world's fair." (World's Fair Bulletin, September, 1904.)
Mrs. Hirschfield gave the following gratifying statement in her
September report:
"The $5,000 appropriated by the board of lady managers has assisted very materially in the ability to handle the increasing number of lost children, the fund enabling the playground to employ a larger number of trained assistants, and to add many and attractive features.
"The expense incurred in the care of infants and lost children was not contemplated in the original playground plan."
The accommodations for the children included bathing and laundry facilities; clothing was furnished in some instances; two luncheons were served daily; kindergarten classes were held morning and afternoon; athletic exercises and baths were furnished, and many were the children, boys particularly, who thus enjoyed luxuries not otherwise obtainable.
Among the children attending the classes were a number who came regularly, including children admitted free, whose parents were employed in the exposition grounds. The fee charged to parents who left their children to be cared for was, except in the case of small infants, 25 cents a day. For babies requiring the services of trained nurses, 50 cents. In the case of parents too poor to pay no charge was made.
The ages of the children ranged from 2 weeks to 14 years. The
number cared for, by months, was as follows:
May and June, 483; July, 864; August, 1,160; September, 1,732;
October, 1,922; November, 1,189; making a total of 7,350.
The number of lost children brought to the playground was: In
June, 94; July, 132; August, 328; September, 248; October, 209;
November, 156; total, 1,166.
Children admitted free were newsboys, office boys, messenger boys, all children earning their living, or whose parents were employed within the exposition grounds. Many of these came regularly. The hospitality of the playground was also open to the children of the orphan asylums and other charitable institutions and to the children of the city playgrounds and kindergartens.
The number of children admitted free was, in May and June, 336;
July, 554; August, 8,616; September, 3,916; October, 1,789;
November, 5,700.
On November 2 the children of all nations were received by Miss
Helen M. Gould, who gave a souvenir gift to each child.
On November 24 the children of all nations attended Thanksgiving dinner and ceremonies at the playground; 326 children were seated at the tables. After dinner they played and enjoyed the many features provided for their amusement. Every child took home a box of dainties and a souvenir of Thanksgiving Day, that traditional New England festivity. A member of the National Commission planned the affair, and it proved a notable success. Children of twenty-eight nationalities or tribes were gathered on the playground at one time. No such representation ever took place before, or was possible, except at the Model Play Ground and Day Nursery of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
It continued to be of service even to the closing hour. On December 1, the final day of the fair, 48 children, of whom 19 were less than 1 year old, were checked; 2,000 children were admitted free of charge, and 31 lost children were cared for and returned in safety to their homes or guardians.
In reviewing the experiences of the fair, it is gratifying to realize that although the members of the board of lady managers were not able to carry out one of their most cherished desires, and suffered keen disappointment in the abandonment of the crèche, still they had the pleasure of rendering material aid to a beautiful work, for such certainly was the Model Play Ground and Day Nursery.
Mrs. Hirschfield states that the assistance given by the board of lady managers can not be measured, for far beyond the money value of their appropriation was the power of their influence, and the interest aroused was not alone for the occasion of the fair, but would reach far into the future, affecting other undertakings of a similar nature.
On the day following the close of the exposition, one of the most able of the directors of the exposition expressed his approval of the course of the board of lady managers. As hostesses of the fair, he complimented them gracefully, and for the attitude they had been obliged to take regarding the crèche, of which he had been critical, he was happy to say he had been converted, and he was convinced that the board had acted prudently and wisely; that undoubtedly the attempt to carry on the elaborate and expensive crèche would have ended in financial failure and embarrassments; that the aid given Mrs. Hirschfield had made the Play Ground and Day Nursery so effective that it met all needs in a most acceptable manner and had proven one of the most interesting and satisfactory features of the great exposition.
Respectfully submitted.
EMILY S.G. HOLCOMBE, Chairman.
HELEN M. GOULD.
FRANCES M. HANGER.
The committee on woman's congresses was created by the first president of the board of lady managers in April, 1903, and its aim was to be instrumental in bringing together representative women of this and foreign countries, either as organized bodies or as individuals, in order that by discussion and comparison of all social, educational, charitable, and industrial aspirations, and an interchange of thought on important questions relating to the welfare of women, the higher intellectual, moral, and physical plane that has already been established might not only continue to be maintained, but mutual interests be renewed and encouraged. They hoped to thus foster a better understanding of the aims of women of the different countries, and, by strengthening their common cause and making possible uniformity of action, promote the advancement of women everywhere.
It was further desired by thus bringing together distinguished women from all parts of the world interested in mental development and philanthropic and reformatory work, to review not only the old, but add the new record of the historical progress of women to date, to learn not only the various achievements now being accomplished by the women of the world in all phases of life at the present time, but ascertain the objective height now sought or thought to be attainable for them in each country.
The committee felt that this exposition would afford an opportunity to carefully consider humanitarian interests, and record the close connection of women to the most important issues, their struggles, and their possibilities. The encouraging stimulus that would be given to them by the mutual expression of their hopes of the ultimate success of each earnest endeavor for their advancement, must inevitably result in aiding the elevation of women and the improvement of the conditions under which they live, and upon which not only their own welfare, but that of the nation, largely depends.
It was, therefore, a source of great regret to the members of the committee that their desire to carry out these commendable plans were doomed, in great measure not to be realized because, while the "suggestion" was again approved by the Exposition Company, no means were provided for the carrying out of the work, and their own appropriation was not received by the board in time to be made available.
The following is the final report of the committee on women's congresses:
The committee on women's congresses was appointed by Mrs. Blair,
April 19, 1903, and was composed of Mrs. Andrews, Mrs. Hanger,
and Mrs. Buchwalter, who was, by unanimous vote, made chairman
December 18 of that year.
When the committee was first created it asked for a letter of instruction from the exposition board. This letter was received together with a list of women's organizations which had been compiled in the office of the Exposition Company. Communications were at once sent to each of these associations, also to others selected by the committee, in all more than fifty. In addition to extending an invitation to hold its meeting at St. Louis during the World's Fair, each organization was told that a place of meeting would be provided, and that all possible aid would be given in making preliminary arrangements by a board of information which would be ready to supply any assistance necessary in preparing for the meeting.
Up to this time it had been hoped that it would be possible to inaugurate a series of meetings of women's associations which would be congresses in more than name. The committee, however, was confronted with the serious limitation of no treasury from which to draw. At the last meeting of the board during the incumbency of the first president, a committee had been appointed with Mrs. Manning as chairman, which was to ask Congress for $100,000 for the use of the board of lady managers. It was hoped that this matter might be brought to the attention of Congress at the special session in the fall of 1903, but the delay caused by the necessity of electing a new president retarded all the work of the board. Upon the election of Mrs. Manning to the presidency a new legislative committee was appointed which, unfortunately, was not able to report the success of its mission of securing the appropriation until March 1, 1904, by which time all the organizations had perfected their plans for that year, in consequence of which all idea of congresses was reluctantly abandoned.
In the meantime responses were received from many of the larger organizations, some of which said that experience had shown that the interest of their stated meetings suffered when they were held where there were so many counter attractions as were offered by a great exposition; others did not respond at all. Of those who accepted and held meetings in St. Louis in the season of 1904, were the various fraternal organizations of women, the General Federation of Women's Clubs, the National Mothers' Congress, the International Council, Council of Jewish Women, the Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society of the Colonial Dames of America, the United Daughters of the Confederacy, the P.E.O.'s, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, the Women's Relief Corps of the Grand Army of the Republic, and the Association of Collegiate Alumnae.
All the meetings which were held at the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition were largely attended and noted for the enthusiasm of
the members and the great interest taken in the objects
represented by the respective organizations.
Respectfully submitted.
C.B. BUCHWALTER.
M.M. ANDREWS.
F.M. HANGER.
Pursuant to adjournment, on March 5, 1904, a meeting of the board of lady managers was called by the president for April 28, 1904, to enable the members to be present at the opening exercises of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which were to take place on April 30 of that year.
The board was in session until May 9, during which time many matters of importance were considered. Letters were read from organizations, reports received from chairmen of committees, and jurors appointed. On May 6 a resolution, presented by Mrs. Holcombe and amended by Miss Egan, was adopted, by which the president of the board was made active chairman of the executive, entertainment, and ceremonies committees, and full plans were made for the conduct of the affairs of the board during the coming months of the exposition period.
Twenty-one of the twenty-two members were present, and on the morning of April 30 the board met and proceeded in a body to the Administration Building, where they joined the president and directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, the members of the National Commission, and representatives from foreign countries, and, entering carriages, were driven to the Peace Monument, where seats were reserved for them. After the close of the interesting exercises officially opening the exposition, 5,000 invited guests adjourned to the Varied Industries Building, where luncheon was served. After a brilliant display of fireworks in the evening at the Stadium, the board of lady managers entertained a distinguished company at dinner, which closed the festivities of opening day.
The following is the final report of the committee on entertainment and ceremonies:
The board of lady managers took possession of their new building which had been completed and furnished and was ready for occupancy at the time they arrived in St. Louis for the meeting, April 28, which was the first to be held in their own house, and afforded them the earliest opportunity to see the structure and the result of the work that had been done in preparing and furnishing it for their use.
The first entertainment given by them was in honor of the president and members of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, on the evening of April 30, the official opening day of the exposition. Invited to meet them was the representative of the President of the United States, Secretary Taft, the president of the Exposition Company and Mrs. Francis, the directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and their wives, the governors of the States represented at the opening exercises and their wives, the Senators, and Members of the House, representing the two bodies of Congress, and other distinguished visitors and citizens. It was a most brilliant and interesting gathering, and not only rounded out the opening day with satisfaction to all, but inaugurated the series of entertainments that were to be afterwards given in the building of the board of lady managers.
In the argument of President Francis before the appropriation committee, in January, 1903, when asking Congress to make the additional loan, he said:
"We are the nation's hosts, as we understand it. We propose to entertain distinguished people from every section of the globe. * * * Bear in mind we are entertaining the guests of the Government, we think we are benefiting the commerce of the country; we think we are doing a patriotic service in commemorating a great event and bringing all classes into closer relations, cementing the ties that bind the different sections of the nation, affording our people opportunity to see something of the people and customs and the resources of our possessions, and, on the other hand, affording opportunity to those people to become acquainted with this great country."
At the meeting of the board on March 2, 1904, after the board of lady managers had obtained the appropriation from Congress that placed it within its power to meet the requirements of its position, President Francis was asked what he thought would be the pleasure of the executive committee that the board do with the funds so obtained, as no expression had been received from the company as to what special duty it was anxious, or would like, to have the board perform, to which President Francis replied, that he "had not given the matter thought, but that the board would want to do some entertaining; that the ladies were well adapted to that; they were experienced in that sort of thing and knew how to go about it. That he did not see much they could do with the money aside from entertaining."
And thus the board of lady managers authoritatively took its place in the great exposition, in the complex mechanism of which it was but a single factor, and assumed the responsibility of doing its share of the entertaining on behalf of women at the exposition.
What form of government is there at the present time that is not dependent upon the household of the executive and the homes of the officials for the social success of an administration? An exposition on the enormous scale of that which existed in St. Louis partook in its management for the time being of the nature of a government; an executive and official household was an essential and important factor because the representatives of all nations were to be entertained. As in this World's Fair, the highest recognition was given to women, it was but reasonable that women should be appointed to take the place set apart for them, and to perform such duties as would be assigned to them in any well-regulated government, and upon the broadest scale, their province being that of national hostesses, their privilege to extend a generous and far-reaching hospitality to all official dignitaries from home and abroad who visited the exposition.
Among the social events occurring at the building of the board of lady managers, the following is a list of the more prominent ones held during the exposition period:
Dinner to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, April 30; reception tendered to Mrs. Francis, wife of the president of the Exposition Company, May 9; reception to officers of Army and Navy, present in and around St. Louis at that time, May 18; luncheon to General Federation of Women's Clubs, May 19; luncheon to Miss Roosevelt, May 31; tea to Musical Federation, June 2; dinner to Prince Pu Lun, the official representative to the exposition of the Empress An of China, June 10; reception to foreign representatives at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, June 17; reception to P.E.O.'s, June 18; reception to governors, and State and Territorial commissioners at the exposition, June 24; dinner to Governor Odell, of New York, and Mrs. Odell, June 28; visit of Cardinal Satolli, July 1; reception to Mrs. Charles Mercer Hall, July 12; reception to Civic Federation, July 12; reception to members of Interparliamentary Union, at which time the building was draped with the flags of all nations, and the national airs of the different countries represented were played by the orchestra, September 12; reception to Mrs. Sarah S. Platt Decker, president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, September 19; reception to members of the Congress of Arts and Sciences, September 20; reception to members of the American Bar Association and Congress of Lawyers and Jurists, September 30; reception to the president, Mrs. Augustine Smythe, and officers and members of the United Daughters of the Confederacy, October 7; reception to the president, Mrs. Charles W. Fairbanks, and officers and members of the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution, October 11; reception to the governor of Connecticut and his staff, October 13; tea to hostesses of State and Territorial buildings, October 14; reception to the president, Mrs. Herbert Claiborne, and members National Society Colonial Dames of America, October 20; an informal dance, October 25; reception to meet the president and members of the Wednesday Club, of St. Louis, October 29; reception to meet the members of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, November 3; reception to meet the president and members of the Woman's Club of St. Louis, November 7; informal dance, November 9; dinner to President Francis, November 12; reception to Forest Park University students, November 14; informal dance, November 18; reception to Prince Fushimi, the official representative to the exposition of the Mikado of Japan, November 22; dinner to Jefferson Guards, Thanksgiving Day, November 24; final reception of the board of lady managers on what was known as "Francis Day," in honor of the president of the exposition, when the board of lady managers kept informal "open house" and entertained all who called on this, the last day of the exposition, December 1.
The members of the board met their obligations with acceptable dignity, offering cordial hospitality to all the important bodies meeting within the exposition grounds. Their building was the social center around which gathered the national and international representatives of governments and organizations, until more than 25,000 persons received specific invitation to their official entertainments. And whether the hospitality was extended to His Eminence, the emissary of the Pope, or whether it was a reception to His Imperial Highness, the representative of the Mikado of Japan, or a dinner to the envoy of Empress An, of China, or to the governor of a State and his staff, or to the members of the National Commission, or the officials of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, all were welcomed with genuine cordiality, the board of lady managers never failing to remember their responsibility and that they were representing the nation and serving their country by thus doing their share in affording an opportunity for all nationalities to become acquainted with each other and with our social customs as demonstrated at the exposition.
Respectfully submitted.
M. MARGARETTA MANNING, Chairman.
FANNIE LOWERY PORTER,
BELLE L. EVEREST,
JOSEPHINE SULLIVAN,
SALENA V. ERNEST,
M.K. DE YOUNG,
KATHARINE PRATT HORTON,
HELEN BOICE-HUNSICKER,
AMELIA VON MAYHOFF,
Members of Committee.
The ninth meeting of the board was called September 20, 1904. This was a special meeting called for the purpose of reconfirming the departmental jurors as is set forth in the final report of the chairman of the committee on awards.
An exposition must of necessity prove educational. The director of exhibits of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition said "The opportunity afforded for study and comparison of the various productions of human genius and activity classified and shown in detail, the finished product beside the methods and processes by which articles are produced, the vast systems of machinery in operation, and the skilled artisans occupied in difficult and intricate employments or native industries, representing accurately and in detail the latest development of the various arts and manufactures, makes it possible for not only the student to acquire knowledge, but each exhibitor may learn something from every other exhibitor in his class which may be to his advantage, and which may lead to the improvement of that which he produces, whether it be in the domain of art or manufacture, at home or abroad. The measure of the value of an international exposition is determined by the number of important countries represented by exhibits, the characteristics and comprehensive nature of these exhibits, or the excellence in quality according to the standards of the countries from which they come. That an exposition affords the greatest opportunity that manufacturers and producers of a nation have to increase their export trade by displaying their samples and products before the eyes of foreign people whose markets they seek. Exhibitors are commercial and noncommercial." The commercial exhibitor has as his chief object the advertisement of his business and consequent increase in the sale of his goods by means of his display and the possible receipt of an award which may prove valuable in future exploitation of his products. The noncommercial exhibitor has but the moral satisfaction of receiving the tangible assurance of the excellence of his work as represented by the award.
Though woman's work enters into almost all manufactured articles, its proportion in some is very small, and at the Columbian Exposition, where it was estimated that women had a share in nearly 350 industries, it was finally agreed between the board of control and the board of lady managers that the best method upon which to base the proportion of women on the juries would be to give them representation according to the amount of work done by women on articles to be judged in each department of the classification. This was a very satisfactory arrangement to that board, inasmuch as the manufacturers exhibiting were asked on the application blanks furnished them when they applied for space: "Was the work upon this exhibit done wholly or in part by women?" An affirmative answer entitled the board of lady managers to membership on the jury of awards, giving them a majority in any department where women were especially active, and a minority, or total exclusion, where she had contributed little or nothing to the department, which would seem a most equitable method.
The impossibility of ascertaining these facts greatly affected the right of representation of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition on the juries of awards.
President Francis, in his address to the board on March 2, 1904, spoke on this subject as follows:
I wish to say again—I think I have made this statement to you before—that when we started the organization of the exposition the question of separate fields of exhibit of competition was suggested and advanced, but the stronger view was presented as we believed by the stronger women, that there should be no contest between individual members of the different sexes, but that the work of each should be shown—that if women had not arrived at that stage and made that advancement which permitted them to compete with men's work, they had advanced but little. Therefore we did not think of making any separate classification for the exhibitions of women's work—they came in under the same classification as men. On most of the lines of work upon which women have entered, they are holding their own, if not in every instance.
While there was formerly something to be said on each side of the question of separate exhibits, the extent to which women now enter into all departments of industrial and professional activities, renders it not only difficult, but in some instances almost impossible, to make a separate exhibit of the part they perform. It is true, if women were to-day eliminated from the employments in which they are now engaged and relegated to those of forty years ago, the exhibits of the nature of man's work would be in no wise affected, and women have not sufficiently taken the initiative (from lack of capital and adverse competition), in establishing large manufacturing plants to be enabled by these means to make exhibits on similar lines; but where women now work by the side of, and the quality of their mental and manual labor competes satisfactorily with that of men, it is now her right to receive unqualified recognition and consideration as an economic factor, and her work should not only be accorded the consideration and respect it deserves, but insure to her the receipt of equal compensation for equal services performed.
It is to be regretted that the example of other expositions was not followed in requiring manufacturers to indicate by means of some device placed upon their exhibit what proportion or percentage was "in whole or part the work of women," and it is urged that this be done in all future expositions, large and small, that all who are interested in this matter may ascertain the facts, and that the record of the kind of industries in which women share, and which portion of them they perform, may be available at all times as statistical information.
In selecting the jurors it is desirable and necessary that the most careful discrimination be used, in order to secure the best and most skillful women to represent each special department, and those well versed in the requisite technical knowledge.
At the meeting of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase
Exposition, held April 29, 1903, the following resolution was offered by
Mrs. Daniel Manning, and accepted by the board:
Resolved, First, it shall be the duty of the committee on awards of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, through its chairman or otherwise, to ascertain definitely in regard to every exhibit in the exposition, whether or not the labor of women was employed in its production.
Second, it shall be the duty of this committee to take any and all action to secure and appoint competent jurors of awards in every class and group of the classification where woman's labor has been engaged in the production of any articles exhibited therein.
A copy of this resolution, under date of May 2, was sent to the secretary of the local company, and the following reply received:
ST. LOUIS, May 26, 1903.
MADAM PRESIDENT: I am directed by President Francis to inform you that the resolutions adopted by the board at a called meeting on May 2, 1903, with reference to participation in the award system, has been reported upon by the director of exhibits, Mr. Skiff, who states that his division has taken notice of the resolution, and will, in due time, prepare a list of those exhibits which are in whole or in part the labor of women.
Respectfully, W.B. STEVENS, Secretary.
At a meeting of the board, held in the Administration Building March 1, 1904, in response to a call by the president for a report from the committee on awards, Mrs. Hanger, chairman of the committee, said:
This committee was named by Mrs. Manning after our last meeting, as follows: Mrs. Hanger, Mrs. Knott, Miss Egan, Mrs. Porter, and Mrs. Hunsicker. I happened to be here in January, and asked Miss Egan to go with me to see Mr. Skiff. We waited two or three hours and saw Mr. Skiff about fifteen minutes. It had been said there were 200 jurors to be appointed, and we would only have the appointing of 35 or 40 of them. He assured us that the lists could not be made out as the exhibits were not installed. He gave us some instructions in regard to the selection of jurors, saying that they must stand for intellectual ability; it did not matter how many people applied for appointment, we must be governed by that.
I had a letter from Mrs. Manning suggesting that I try again. I wrote to Mr. Stevens and he communicated with Mr. Skiff, and later repeated to me the same thing. We have had quite a number of names suggested, and I have written to the other members of the committee asking them to come here as soon as the exhibits are in place. I hope we can hold that meeting very early, but until after that meeting I do not feel that we have anything to report.
In response to questions from members of the board as to whether Mr. Skiff was to be understood to mean that there were but 35 or 40 things to be exhibited at the exposition which were made in whole or in part by women, Mrs. Hanger said that Mr. Skiff said the board "would only have the appointing of 35 or 40 women—that it was a matter of expense and that they must assist in keeping it down."
This decision was a source of great disappointment to the board, as it has been shown most conclusively that scarcely anything is manufactured that women do not at least share in the production or process of its manufacture. The act of Congress stated that there should be appointed by this board a member of every jury judging "any work that may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor," and the members were averse to an abridgment of the authority vested in them by the wording of the act.
Expositions are a natural and useful factor to women in that by their means new avenues of employment that are constantly being opened to them may be collectively demonstrated, and it can be shown in which of these they may share and excel or be most successful, and statistics may be compiled showing the proportion of wages that women receive for their share of labor performed equivalent to that of men, and other helpful information and facts procured which are not easily ascertained by other means.
The Departments of Machinery, Electricity, Transportation Exhibits, Forestry, Mines and Metallurgy, Fish and Game, and Physical Culture were not given representation by the Exposition Company on the group juries appointed by the board of lady managers, and while it is undoubtedly true that all of these fields have been invaded by women as assistant workers, yet evolution and progress in these lines are necessarily slow where their opportunities have not been commensurate with those of men and more congenial employment is undoubtedly afforded in education, art, liberal arts, manufactures, agriculture, horticulture, anthropology, and social economy.
The "Special Rules and Regulations providing for an International Jury and Governing the System of Making Awards," as applicable to the board of lady managers, read as follows:
The total number of jurors in the international jury of awards shall be approximately 2 per cent of the total number of exhibitors, but not in excess of that number, and each nation having fifty exhibitors or more shall be entitled to representation on the jury. The number of jurors for each art or industry, and for each nationality represented, shall, as far as practicable, be proportional to the number of exhibitors and the importance of the exhibits.
Of this selected body of international jurors, three graded juries will be constituted: One, the general organization of group juries; two, department juries; three, a superior jury.
Each group jury shall be composed of jurors and alternates.
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company shall certify to the board of lady managers the numbers of groups in which the exhibits have been produced in whole, or in part, by female labor; to each of the groups so certified the board of lady managers may appoint one juror and one alternate to that juror; such appointees, when confirmed, shall have the privileges and be amenable to the regulations for other jurors and alternates.
Nominations made by chiefs of departments, and by the board of lady managers, shall be submitted to the director of exhibits, and when approved he shall submit them to the president of the Exposition Company.
The nomination of group jurors and alternates, when approved by the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for the approval of that body.
The work of the group juries shall begin September 1, 1904, and
shall be completed not later than twenty days thereafter.
Examinations or other work not completed in the time specified
herein will be transferred to the department jury.
Each group shall carefully examine all exhibits pertaining to the group to which it has been assigned. It shall also consider and pass upon the merits of the collaborators whose work may be conspicuous in the design, development, or construction of the exhibits.
The jury shall prepare separate lists, presenting the names of such exhibitors as are out of competition; awards recommended to exhibitors in order of merit; awards recommended to collaborators in order of merit; a report giving an account of the most important objects exhibited, and a general account of the group as a whole.
Each department jury shall be composed of the chairmen and vice-chairmen of the group juries of the respective departments, with one member of the directory of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, to be named by the president of the company, and one person appointed by the board of lady managers.
Each department jury shall complete its organization and begin its work on September 20, 1904.
The duties of these juries shall be to consider carefully and review the reports of the group juries; to harmonize any differences that may exist between the recommendations of the several group juries as to awards, and to adjust all awards recommended so that they will be consistent with the rules and regulations.
No more than ten days may be devoted to this work, and when the awards recommended by the group juries have been adjusted the department juries shall, through the chiefs of their respective departments, submit their findings to the director of exhibits, who shall, within five days after the receipt thereof, certify the same to the superior jury, including such work as may have been left incomplete by the department jury.
The officers and members of the superior jury shall be as follows: President, the president of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company; first vice-president, the director of exhibits; second vice-president, a citizen of the United States to be named by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission. The members of the jury shall further consist of the commissioners-general of the nine foreign countries occupying with exhibits the largest amount of space in the exhibit palaces, the chairmen and first vice-chairmen of the department juries, the chiefs of the exhibit departments, and one person appointed by the board of lady managers.
The superior jury shall determine finally and fully the awards to be made to exhibitors and collaborators in all cases that are formally presented for its consideration.
For the purpose of installation and review of exhibits and the conduct of the system of awards a classification was adopted which was divided into fifteen departments, which were divided into 144 groups, which in turn were subdivided into 807 classes. They will show that while many of the groups and classes are not suited to the requirements of woman's work, yet all products of female labor can be properly classed in these departments, and that there are extremely few occupations in which man is engaged in which woman can not and does not also work.
The list of appointments of group and department jurors appointed by the board of lady managers is given in the final report of the chairman of the committee on awards.
At a meeting held on May 9, 1904, the committee to present nominations for superior jury announced the names of Mrs. Eliza Eads How, Mrs. Philip N. Moore, Mrs. Thomas N. Neidringhaus, and Miss Mary E. Perry. On ballot the result was the election of Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis, with Mrs. Eliza Eads How, of the same city, as alternate.
In order to arrive at some conclusion in regard to the representation of women at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and to gain some knowledge of the extent of her participation in exhibits, the following questions were addressed to the jurors appointed by the board of lady managers. They were not designed to be more than suggestive, as, of course, in some instances hardly more than one or two would apply to a given department. They were based on the rules and regulations, however, by which awards were issued.
The Department of —— at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in which you were a juror in group No. ——, contained —— groups and —— classes within the groups. Can you give an approximate estimate of the proportional number of exhibits by women contained in these classes?
Please give the nature of the exhibits by women (or articles
exhibited by them) in your department, group, and classes.
Which, in your opinion, were the most striking exhibits by women
in your department?
What advancement did they show in the progress of women in any
special industry, art, science, etc.?
What proportion, or, approximately, what number, of exhibits
were installed by foreign women?
Was any display made that would lead you to think that women were now capable of executing unusual or more creditable work than they accomplished eleven years ago (at the time of the Chicago Exposition) or at any time in the past?
In what way did their work (or exhibits) differ from their work (or exhibits) of the past?
Would their work, as shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, where it was placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, prove helpful or suggestive to those interested in the advancement and success of women's work? If so, how?
Was the work of women as well appreciated when placed by the
side of that of men?
Would the results have been better if their work had been
separately exhibited?
If you have attended previous expositions, please compare the
exhibits of the work of women shown in them with those shown at
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
Were any manufacturers asked (to your knowledge) to state the
percentage of woman's work which entered into the manufacture of
their special exhibits?
Were they shown in such manner as to indicate in any way, or to
enable you to distinguish, which part had been performed by
women, which by men?
In your opinion, what proportion of the work was performed by women, as compared with that performed by men, in the groups and classes that came under your supervision?
What proportion of women received awards in your group or classes?
Was any new or useful or distinctive invention or process shown as the work of woman, or special work of their art or handicraft exhibited in your department; if so, please specify.
What can you say of the skill and ingenuity displayed in the invention, construction, or application?
Were any of the exhibits of women developments of original inventions, or an improvement on the work of some prior inventor?
What was the value of the product, process, machine, or device, as measured by its usefulness or beneficient influence on mankind, in its physical, mental, moral, or educational aspects?
What of the merits of the installation as to the ingenuity and taste displayed, and its value as an exposition attraction?
Did any new avenues of employment appear to be opened for women, as shown by their exhibits at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in the arts, sciences, industries, etc.; if so, to what extent; what is their value?
In which of these will their work be of the most distinct value by reason of the natural adaptability, sensitive or artistic temperaments, and individual tastes of women?
In your opinion, what education will best enable women to enjoy the wider opportunities awaiting them and make their work of the greatest worth, not only to themselves but to the world, as evidenced by their work at the exposition.
REMARKS.—Give any information or make any statement you may think of interest in regard to the part taken by women as shown by their work or exhibits at the exposition, and the beneficial results to be derived by women in general by reason of their representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
Department A, Education, of which Dr. Howard J. Rogers was chief, comprised 8 groups and 26 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in 6 of the 8 groups.
Group 1, Miss Anna Tolman Smith, of the Bureau of Education, Washington,
D.C., juror.
Under the group heading of "Elementary Education," the four classes into which it was divided represented kindergarten, elementary grades, training and certification of teachers, continuation schools, including evening schools, vacation schools, and schools for special training. (Legislation, organization, general statistics. School supervision and school management. Buildings: Plans, models; school hygiene. Methods of instruction; results obtained.)
In a letter Miss Smith says:
The chairmanship which I held in the group jury was that of the committee on the report of the jury formed to prepare a survey of the material presented to the attention of the group to serve as an introduction to the secretary's minutes. Owing to circumstances the committee were unable to work as a whole on the report and it became consequently the sole work of the chairman. I mention this fact because it illustrates the equality of service as between men and women in the jury of group 1.
Miss Smith's report is as follows:
With respect to the exhibits at St. Louis upon which the Jury on Elementary Education (Group 1) were appointed to pass judgment, it would be impossible to discriminate between the work of men and women as therein illustrated.
These exhibits comprised first and chiefly the work of pupils; second, photographs and models illustrating school architecture, school appliances, and school life; third, statistical charts and reports pertaining to the administrative work of school systems.
The great bulk of the material in these exhibits belonged to the first of the three divisions specified above. Since very nearly three-fourths of the teachers in the public elementary schools of the United States are women, it is obvious that the greater proportion of the pupils' work exhibited was the direct outcome of the efforts of women teachers.
In the South Atlantic and South Central divisions of our country the proportion of women teachers is much smaller than in the whole country; in the divisions named they form only a little more than one-half the whole teaching force, but so far as they were represented no difference was made between the work of men and women as exhibited in the section here considered, nor was there any difference in the mode of estimating the work.
The second class of material mentioned, i.e., photographic views and models, was largely the work of experts, artists, and craftsmen employed for the purpose. It would be impossible to determine the relative proportion of men and women contributing, although it is probable that the former were in excess. It should be observed, however, that many very interesting devices for teaching children, many suggestive modifications of kindergarten material and exercises, and many excellent photographs showing classes at work, were executed by women. The great skill and admirable system attained by women teachers in the preparation of material for teaching the sciences to children were illustrated in a very graphic manner by the exhibits of normal schools, such as those of Massachusetts and the State Normal School of Rhode Island.
The third class of material named, i.e., that pertaining to school administration—chiefly in the form of statistical charts and reports—was the work of school superintendents and their clerical force, in which branch of the school service comparatively few women are engaged.
The mode of installation formed a striking feature in the case of many of the systems of public schools exhibited at St. Louis. The highest results were achieved where the plan of the exhibit had been carefully worked out with full regard to aesthetic effect and educational significance. In the formation of these plans women had very largely participated, and in one instance, namely, that of the Minnesota educational exhibit, the entire installation was planned and carried to a successful completion by a woman. This exhibit was ranked in the first class for the unity of its plan, the completeness with which it set forth the educational provision in every part of the State, and its aesthetic finish. In judging of exhibits, the person who planned and organized the exhibit was regarded as a collaborator, and to Miss S.E. Sirwell, the collaborator in this instance, the highest award allowable was adjudged by the jury of group 1, a distinction which was conferred upon very few individuals.
The exhibit of the public school system of the city of St. Louis, which was universally admired, owed its chief decorative effect to the artistic skill of Miss M.R. Garesché, who composed and executed a series of 16 transparent paintings representing a history of education. These pictures formed a succession of brilliant panels on the external side of the façade, and for this unique work a gold medal was awarded to Miss Garesché.
Mention should also be made of a very interesting series of paintings by Miss Florence Hedleston, of Oxford, Miss., representing all the wild flowers of that State, an exhibit which excited much attention both for its artistic excellence and its usefulness in teaching the native flora.
The exhibit of New York City afforded many striking examples of the ingenuity and progressive spirit of women teachers. The public school system of this city has had marked development on what may be called the sociologic or philanthropic side, and in this development, which was graphically illustrated in the educational exhibit, women teachers have borne a very important part. It is, however, impossible here to particularize as to their work in this respect.
The external side of the New York City booth in the Education Building was utilized for the exhibit of the Woman's School of Design. The exhibit consisted of a remarkable collection of original designs which, with one or two exceptions, were purchased by manufacturing firms as they stood on the wall. Although this work did not come within the scope of the jury of group 1, I mention it here to emphasize the fact that the exhibits of art schools in the Education Building showed very remarkable progress on the part of women in the art of designing.
This survey had been confined almost entirely to the exhibits of the United States. It need hardly be said that in no foreign country do women play so important a part in education, and on account of the mode of installation it would have been impossible to distinguish between their work and that of men in the foreign exhibits. Mention may, however, be made of the fact that the exhibits of French industrial schools for girls and of the French lycées for girls, which were of a very high order, were substantially the work of women. In the Swedish section there was a very admirable exhibit of secondary schools for girls and coeducational schools, which had been planned and installed by Miss Mathilda Widegren. In the English section were shown very remarkable specimens of art work in jewelry and silver repoussé designed and executed by women students. As the foreign exhibits specified did not come under the jury of group 1, I am unable to report the awards which they received.
The increasing recognition of the value of women's services is indicated by the increase in the proportion of women called to serve upon the exposition juries. The jury of group 1 included three women, of whom two were foreigners, namely, Miss Elizabeth Fischer, a teacher from Halle, Germany, and Miss Mathilda Widegren, associate principal of a private school in Sweden. These three members were all women of great experience in the matters with respect to which they were called to judge, and their abilities were most cordially and heartily recognized by their colleagues. Indeed, in view of the place in education which is now accorded to women in our own country and in the leading countries of Europe, I should unhesitatingly say that it is for the advantage of women and of society in general that their work should not be separately exhibited, but should rather form an integral part of a collective exhibit. This principle, indeed, might not apply to certain specialties which have heretofore been exclusively or almost exclusively practiced by men, or which (like artistic needlework) have a particularly feminine character.
ANNA TOLMAN SMITH, Member of the International Jury, Group 1, Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
BUREAU OF EDUCATION,
Washington, D.C.
As chairman of the committee to report on the work of the jury, Miss
Smith writes:
The material presented for the consideration of the jury of group No. 1 (elementary education) comprised on the part of the United States the exhibit of public education as organized in 34 States and Territories, in 6 cities (presented as separate units), and in 15 foreign countries. In number, extent, and complexity these exhibits surpassed all previous collections of the kind; the separate entries ran up into the thousands, representing for the most part such important collections as the exhibits of cities, counties, and groups of rural schools, all deserving careful attention.
The examination of this material in the brief time allowed (twenty days) was a severe task, and would have been impossible but for the circumstance that, with two exceptions, the exhibits were all placed in one building. For the first time in the history of expositions the chief collective activity of civilized peoples was honored by an edifice planned and erected for itself alone. This concentration of the material under the general direction of an experienced and able chief, thoroughly familiar with the arrangements and of unfailing courtesy and helpfulness, alone brought the work assigned the jury of group 1 within the bounds of possible achievement. Their efforts were furthered also by the expert qualification of each and every member of the group by the system and perfect harmony in which they worked, and by the exceptional ability of their official staff: Chairman, Dr. E.O. Lyte; vice-chairman, Mr. B. Buisson, representing the French Government; secretary, Mr. Morales de Los Rios, representing the Cuban Government.
The details of the group organization are shown by the minutes of the secretary, which also present a full record of its daily action and findings. It remains here only to speak of salient features of this particular division of the exposition, whose effects can not be indicated nor estimated by any system of awards.
The installations of the various exhibits had been carefully planned and were, as a rule, effective, and in many cases extremely beautiful. The United States has made notable progress in this respect since the Chicago Exposition of 1893, and even since the Paris Exposition in 1900, and in the present exposition several of our States and cities offer fine models of the exhibitor's art. This is the case especially with Missouri and St. Louis; the latter in particular has realized the double purpose of challenging popular attention and satisfying critical taste. The art of effective exposition, whether worked out with noble simplicity or rich decorative accessories, requires on the one hand intelligent selection and coordination of the material, and on the other skill in the treatment of space and artistic elements. No small part of the value of an educational exhibit lies in its esthetic quality, since this reveals not less clearly than the methods and results of school training the inherent genius of a people. This International Exposition has been rich in this quality, on account both of the number of different nations participating and the care taken by each to give distinctive character to its display. This is marked in the exhibits of elementary education, which in nearly all European countries forms a complete whole, distinct from other grades, and having the definite purpose of maintaining an established social order or national type through the intellectual, manual, and artistic training of the masses. The presentation of elementary education as an independent unit indeed well accords with the conditions in nearly all countries excepting our own. Elsewhere, as a rule, elementary education forms a complete system, having its separate administration, purposes, and ideals. In this respect the United States presents a notable contrast to the chief countries of the Old World, and one strikingly illustrated in this exposition. In our own country education is conceived as an integral process steadily developing from the kindergarten to the university. To this conception corresponds the sequence of elementary and high schools united under a common administration and by close scholastic bonds. Hence a measure of violence is done both to elementary and secondary education as here organized by the endeavor to view them separately. On the other hand, a portion of the elementary education of foreign countries, notably of France and Germany, does not enter at all into the sum total of the impressions recorded by the jury of either group, because of the social distinctions that underlie in those countries the classification of schools as elementary and secondary. These anomalous conditions affect particularly the classification and judgment of the various agencies for the training of teachers (that is, normal schools, teachers' training colleges, and auxiliary agencies, such as normal classes in academies or other secondary schools, teachers' institutes, etc). In the chief foreign countries professional schools of this kind are easily classified by virtue of their administrative relations, but in our own country the different orders of pedagogical training merge into each other almost imperceptibly because they are all based upon the same fundamental conception of the teaching profession.
It is interesting to note in this connection that the exhibit of Great Britain and Ireland has avoided all confusion by the selection of the characteristic features of particular schools or of processes that have worked well in certain communities or pupil and class work of special significance. This mode of exhibition accords perfectly with the private character of a large proportion of the schools of all orders in England and with the local independence throughout the Kingdom. It results that this exhibit has greater emphasis upon typical and essential things than any other in the collection. In this respect it is most nearly approached by Massachusetts among our own States.
The confusion arising from differences in classification already referred to, which imply also more radical differences in opinion and practice, has led one of the most acute minds among our foreign colleagues to express the hope that one of the permanent results of this exposition may be an effort toward international unity, or at least agreement in respect to classification and nomenclature. Undoubtedly such agreement would promote the great purpose of international comparisons which is to enable each nation to benefit by the experience of every other.
In addition to the broad distinctions between national systems as here indicated, there are also disclosed by the exhibits striking differences in the spirit and methods of instruction. In France the teaching is logical and analytical. The stress of pedagogical training in that country is upon the treatment of subjects, and the abiding effects of that training are seen in the theses by teachers and by school inspectors (the latter all men of professional training), which form a very interesting and instructive part of the exhibit of that country. The analytical principle is maintained in the manual training, which, as shown by the examples presented, consists of a graded series of exercises upon the elements that enter into simple constructions. Germany adheres more closely to the authoritative method of instruction, a fact plainly shown by the photographs of classes in which every child seemed listening with breathless attention to the word of the teacher. From the photographic displays one would readily infer that in our own country the emphasis of class exercises is upon the activity of the pupil; in Germany, upon the personality of the teacher.
The importance of photographs in an educational exhibit was never so manifest as in the present exposition. By this means may be shown at a glance the equipment of schools and even the actual conduct of class instruction, and the mind distracted by the endless succession of written work, drawings, etc., is thus reenforced by total impressions or images. This exposition surpasses all others in the extent, effectiveness, and beauty of the photographic displays and the value of the statistical charts presented. So full and graphic were these statistical summaries from all the principal countries that individual mention would be invidious. The jury, however, will never forget the display of charts and diagrams by Japan, since they revealed in a universal language the status, organization, and wonderful progress of education in that country, whose effect must otherwise have been lost in the mysteries of an unknown tongue.
Those who recall the Centennial Exposition, at Philadelphia, must be struck with the progress made by our States and cities and even by the individual colleges toward uniform statistical schemes. The impulse to this important result came undoubtedly from the United States Bureau of Education, whose statistical representation of education in this country, current and retrospective, is one of the most valuable features of the entire exposition. As this material, however, is placed in the Government building, its consideration does not come within the province of the regular juries.
By means of the two media—photographs and statistics—a very complete representation of a school system is possible with great economy of space and special regard to essential particulars. The extensive exhibits of pupils' work from our own schools show remarkable similarity in methods and results throughout the country; this similarity extends even to the rural schools, which, in the case of some particular districts, present work well up to the average of neighboring cities. There are also signs that the rage for "newness" has subsided; the work shows closer sequence and more systematic treatment of subjects than that exhibited at Paris. Correlation, for instance, is not so promiscuously applied, but limited to subjects whose relations are obvious, as geography and history, etc.
The impulses toward nature as the inspiring motive in art instruction and toward social activities as factors in school training have been felt in other countries than our own. Germany has replaced the conventional art instruction by a system based upon the study of natural forms, growths, and coloring, and Belgium presents a remarkable object lesson in the use of local products and industries in a progressive scheme of practical instruction. The skill with which Sweden has reduced domestic art and sloyd[1] to pedagogic form was already well known in this country, but it has excited new interest by its presentation here in one of the most admirably systematized and suggestive exhibits in the collection.
[Footnote 1: a system of manual training in woodwork, having originated in Sweden. (note added when transcribed to etext)]
School architecture forms an impressive feature of many of the exhibits. Germany has made a very full presentation under this head by means of photographs, plans, and complete models. Argentina has an unrivaled collection of photographs, showing palatial school buildings of noble design and well-planned interiors. In this connection may be mentioned a device of a portable schoolhouse for use in congested city districts pending the erection of permanent buildings. The models shown were from St. Louis and Milwaukee.
The great movements now in progress in our country, as indicated by the exhibits, are, in the States at large, the improvements of the rural schools, particularly by the consolidation of small schools and the grading of the resulting central school, as graphically shown by Indiana, and the creation of township or county schools, as in Pennsylvania and Kansas.
In cities the most important movements relate to the physical development of the young and the use of the school machinery for the benefit of persons beyond the limit of school age by means of evening schools, or outside the appointed school hours by means of vacation schools and recreation centers. The most extensive work along these lines is going on in New York City, and formed one of the most instructive features of the exhibit of this great metropolis.
A beginning of continuation schools for the people is seen also in the county agricultural school included in the Wisconsin exhibit. Schools of this type form a prominent feature of the German exhibit and constitute for us at this time the most important lesson of that comprehensive exposition. Apart from the educational lessons, which possibly only appeal to specialists, this exposition marks distinct steps in the realization of the chief end of educational exhibits, namely, the increase of popular interest in ideal purposes through their effective symbolic representation.
ANNA TOLMAN SMITH, Chairman of time Committee.
Under the group heading "Secondary Education," the two classes into which it was divided represented: High schools and academies; manual training high schools; commercial high schools. Training and certification of teachers. (Legislation, organization, statistics. Buildings: Plans and models. Supervision, management, methods of instruction, results obtained.)
Miss MacDougal's report is as follows:
Study of the world's work, as displayed at the St. Louis Exposition, revealed the truth that to-day there is no clear line of demarcation between the work of men and of women. The product of woman's brain or of her hand was there placed side by side with the similar work of man, to be judged upon its merits, not by a standard suggested by limitation and apology. Such a cataloguing was the surest evidence of woman's industrial progress. Her part in art, literature, music—the decorative side of life—has long been granted; what she is capable of doing in the practical business enterprises of modern society is just beginning to be revealed.
My opportunity for observing this phase of woman's work was largely confined to the educational exhibits, where I had the pleasure of serving as a juror, by appointment of the board of lady managers. Owing to the character of the exhibits in the Department of Education, it was impossible to differentiate the work of the men and the women teachers, excepting where the exhibits showed the work of separate institutions for the sexes. A comparison of that kind would be profitable only from a pedagogical point of view and is of minor consideration in our American system of education. Woman's place in the schoolroom is defended by tradition, expediency, and merit; and instead of surrendering in the face of foreign criticism their positions as instructors, women teachers are to-day broadening their field of labor by serving as instructors in many higher institutions where a generation since they were not even admitted as students. To-day, in high schools, academies, and colleges, women not only share in the work of instruction, but fill offices of administration as well.
Woman's success in a purely administrative or executive function was what proved most interesting at St. Louis. Many of the State exhibits of the public schools were in charge of women. In each instance I found them well informed on questions of school statistics and eager to be helpful to visitors. It seemed as though these young women felt the distinction of serving in a public capacity and had taken pains to prepare themselves for a creditable performance. The most striking instance of independent and original work was shown in the State exhibit from Minnesota. This exhibit was under the sole charge of Miss Susanne Sirwell, who planned it with the main purpose of exploiting the complete system of manual training adopted in the Minnesota schools. With this plan in view, Miss Sirwell collected the specimens from various schools of the State, supervised the erection of the booth, and installed the displays. As a result, the Minnesota exhibit had a distinct system and unity, was free from useless and cumbrous repetition, its main idea was readily grasped, and it stood as a memorable proof of one woman's artistic sense of proportion and adequacy. It was original in conception; it had beauty of color, order, and arrangement, and, as Miss Sirwell herself laughingly boasted, it was one of the two or three exhibits in that huge building which were ready and finished for public inspection on the opening day of the fair.
Under the group heading "Higher education" the five classes into which it was divided represented: Colleges and universities, scientific, technical, and engineering schools and institutions; professional schools; libraries; museums. (Legislation, organization, statistics, buildings, plans and models, curriculums, regulations, methods, administration, investigation, etc.)
Miss Temple reports as follows:
The Educational Department at the World's Fair in St. Louis presented greater progress in woman's work since the Columbian Exposition of 1893 than was shown by any other great division at the exposition.
In regard to an approximate estimate of the proportional number of exhibits by women in the five classes of group 3 (higher education) of the Educational Department, I would say that only in the cases of the several large female colleges which installed exhibits at the fair were there special women's exhibits distinct from those of men. In the United States section valuable and important displays were made by Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Woman's College of Baltimore, Smith, Wellesley, Mount Holyoke, Pratt Institute (New York), Milwaukee-Downer College (Milwaukee), and several lesser women's colleges, while in the English section a wonderfully interesting showing of women's activity in "higher education" was made by the Oxford Association for the education of women, including Lady Margaret Hall, Summerville College, St. Hugh Hall, St. Hilda's Hall; by Girton College and Newham College, Cambridge University; by Westfield College and the London School of Medicine for Women of the London University; by Owen's College of the Victoria University of Manchester; by University Hall of the University of St. Andrew, and by Dublin Alexandra College.
In the German section no special exhibit of a woman's department was made by any university or college. According to the German system women's education is carried on side by side with men's. Women acquiring a leaving certificate from a classical gymnasium can matriculate on an equal footing with male students in the universities of Heidelberg, Frieburg, Erlangen, Würzburg, and Munich. In the other universities, except Münster, by permission of the rector, or under the statutes, women are permitted to hear lectures. In all the German universities there are in attendance many women, either as matriculants or as hearers, ranging from 10 to 200 women at each university.
In the universities of France, Belgium, and Japan a similar plan of educating men and women together exists. But outside the University of Paris, of Louvain and of Tokio, the number of women attending the courses does not compare with the number in attendance at the German, English, and American universities. Among the lesser nations at the fair, as Italy, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, Canada, Sweden, Ceylon, and Cuba, the exhibits so often appearing under the name of college work scarcely represented work in higher education, except in the line of art.
The very fact that at St. Louis women's work was nowhere separated from men's, but was shown side by side with it, was in itself a radical advance in the last eleven years. While this applied to every department of the exposition, it applied with greatest impressiveness to the Department of Higher Education, for this in the past had been set apart as man's special province, though, of course, down through the ages there have been brilliant exceptional cases of women becoming profound students and learned teachers, as Hypatia, Maria Agnesi, and others.
In the five classes of group 3 (higher education) in the Department of Education there was really less scope and a more restricted field for women than in any other group of the Educational Department. Of the five classes, to glance hastily over them—i.e., class 7, colleges and universities; class 8, scientific, technical, and engineering schools; class 9, professional schools; class 10, libraries; class 11, museums—only in class 7 and class 10 has woman gained for herself any distinctly marked footing. In the other three classes, the hold she has acquired, from the very nature of the case, has been limited, but in every class of group 1 (elementary education), of group 2 (secondary education), of group 4 (special education in fine arts), of group 6 (special education in commerce and industry), of group 7 (education of defectives), of group 8 (special forms of education, text-books, etc.), she is the controlling force, and is very strong.
Inasmuch, however, as higher education has been considered less naturally her field, the steady advance she is making in it is the more noticeable and more striking, as shown at the World's Fair of 1904. In replying to the question of an approximate estimate of the proportionate number of exhibits by women in the five classes of group 3, I may venture to say it was near 37 per cent of the domestic and foreign exhibits, estimating the percentage of work exhibited by men and women as probably proportional to the respective number of each sex registered. (See monographs on Education in United States. See monographs on History and Origin of Public Education in Germany. List of British Exhibits, Departments H and O.)
In giving the nature of the exhibits by women in the department of higher education we gladly state that they differed little from the exhibits by men, as the requirements called for in the circular of the department were identically the same for both. It happened, however, possibly from being younger institutions and having less to show in the way of literature, libraries, histories, etc.; partly, also, from having a less liberal supply of money; also partly from a smaller sense of ambition and rivalry with other institutions, that the exhibits of Vassar, Bryn Mawr, and the other women's colleges were smaller, less costly, and less elaborate both in materials and in installation than those of the men's colleges. The exhibits consisted largely of photographs, diagrams of statistics, prospectuses, and reports. In the case of the English women's colleges the showing was quite on a par with those of the men's universities, as they were in every case a part of the same. The American women's colleges in addition showed charts, department work, special work, histories, publications, and models of buildings and grounds.
In the lesser foreign countries exhibits of art and needlework, though sometimes questionably under the head of higher education, were thus entered by the so-called colleges. And while these could not be measured by the same standard as the English and American women's college work it was, however, valuable and instructive as showing the emancipation and progress of women in lands where until within a few years her opportunities have been most restricted and as presenting the liberal spirit toward her which now animates the civilized world. Especially in Japan and Mexico the women's displays were novel and interesting.
I am glad to pay tribute to the department work of the Woman's
College, Baltimore, and to the advanced special work of Bryn
Mawr.
As to what advancement was shown in the progress of women, I would emphatically answer that advancement was unmistakably apparent in every line of women's educational work—advancement not alone along old lines, but along new as well. One of the greatest steps forward made by woman in the last eleven years, since the Columbian Exposition, has been the throwing open to her of the doors of nearly all of the old established men's colleges, giving her in every country, in every State, and in nearly every large town almost the same free and easy access to learning enjoyed by her brothers. Coeducation and coeducational institutions have rendered it possible for every woman desirous of self-improvement to find the highest advantages immediately at hand, only waiting for her to help herself.
Domestic science and household economics are new sciences developed under the active interest of college women in the last twenty-three years. Their real hold upon the public, however, and their enlarged avenue for bettering the home, the food, the health of the nation, and consequently its usefulness, happiness, and prosperity has come within the last eleven years.
In all lines of art, from the fine arts of painting and sculpture to the practical and useful work of design in its multifold forms, women's advance is almost phenomenal. In the sciences of astronomy, medicine, physics, and psychology she has been far from inactive during the last half decade. In teaching, in all its branches from kindergarten and primary work through all the grades of intrauniversity training to specialization in various lines, she has achieved her most striking success. In the future her usefulness will be more and more increased in this her beloved profession. The number of women teachers is rapidly increasing, while the number of men is decreasing, and more and more women's college graduates are employed in the various chairs of colleges and universities.
While the educational exhibits at St. Louis gave, in a general way, a complete presentation of women's part in the progress of the world, there was far less shown of the work of foreign women than was desired in order to make a really satisfactory and just comparative estimate of the relative advance of the women of our own country and those abroad. In fact, the exhibits of foreign women were too limited to allow of any comparison between the two.
Women's work in art, in school organization and management—exemplified in the control of the great women's colleges—her achievements in teaching, in research (historical and scientific), in medicine unmistakably show that she is able to do and is doing unusual and far more capable work than she has ever done previously. Her pronounced success in serious literature, as well as in lighter literature, would alone demonstrate this.
The work of women at this exposition differed from that of the past in having extended into many new lines, whereas in quality it is greatly superior to anything they have ever before accomplished. A few years ago the scientific and professional woman was the exception, to-day she is the rule. Either working alone or assisting some great man, woman is found everywhere. To cite instances, I refer to the able assistance Mrs. Hedrick, a Vassar alumna, gives to Professor Newcomb in his calculations on the moon; to the brilliant aid rendered by the wealthy and gifted young American girl of Leland Stanford and Johns Hopkins, Dr. Annie G. Lyle, to the famous Dr. Theodore Escherich, of Vienna University, in his important expert medical researches, which have resulted in the famous scarlet-fever serum, the discovery of Doctor Moser with the help of Doctor Lyle. As we have said, women's work has not only grown in extent, but in variety, in complexity, in greater thoroughness and ambition, and especially in the greater appreciation it receives from the world.
Woman's splendidly accomplished successes as seen at the World's Fair give impulse to her efforts in every line. Assured of sympathy, encouragement is imparted to other women to take up science, teaching, the professions. Formerly almost insurmountable obstacles were encountered by women. To-day the open door to triumph, according to her ability, along almost every line is hers. In primary education, in all university training, in economic arts, in all sanitary studies, in philanthropic work, and in much of the practical part of medicine the Louisiana Purchase Exposition showed women's efforts in a varied light of helpfulness and suggestion for the future.
The juxtaposition of man's and woman's work was suggestive to men, and at the same time will incite women to more and better endeavors along new lines. It will enable her to acquire more scientific ways and a better preparation for the business world. It will teach her a saving of energy and greater self-reliance.
The incalculable advantage of women's work for the first time having a place side by side with men's can not be overestimated. It enabled women to see at a glance their own weaknesses, and at the same time presented to the view of others their strong points in the most telling manner. The jury of higher education did not ask on examining an exhibit whether it was men's or women's work. Each exhibit was judged entirely on its individual merit as presented. And if the universities and great men's colleges (and in many cases these included women's work) received a higher grade of award than did the great women's colleges, it was because, in the opinion of the jury, the equipment of the former and the larger showing in the way of actual work and appliances entitled them to the award, rather than that it was the respective work of either men or women. But I may say, to show the absolutely unbiased mind of the jury, that women's work in many lines came in for even greater appreciation than did that of the men.
By no means would the results have been better if their work had been separately exhibited. A far greater importance was assumed by women's work in the placing of it side by side with men's work. Thus displayed, it received precisely equal attention and a more liberal study undoubtedly than it would have done if placed alone.
At Chicago and various other expositions it was relegated to a far less desirable position by itself. The very fact of its isolation in a building designated the Women's Building set it apart as a different and inferior effort and created a prejudice against it.
Women's work was far more varied at St. Louis and more representative of different nations. The so-called strictly feminine, viz, art and needlework, pottery, decoration, libraries of books by women authors, attractive parlors, displaying women's taste, which largely filled the charming women's buildings at Chicago, at Atlanta, at the Tennessee Centennial, at Omaha, and at Buffalo, were unquestionably showy and striking displays. In St. Louis, on the contrary, women's exhibits mingled with men's work in the serious and practical enterprises of the day and appealed to the same audiences. Woman appeared as she really is, the fellow-student, the fellow-citizen, and partner of man in the affairs of life.
Manufacturers were not asked to state the percentage of woman's work which entered into the manufacture of their special exhibit, nor did I have any way of forming any estimate on this point; neither were they shown in any manner that would indicate in any way or enable the investigator to distinguish what part had been performed by women.
Considering all kinds of work involved in the exhibits of the Department of Education, whether installed by women alone or in conjunction with men, the taste, completeness, ingenuity of the same, the clerical work during the duration of the fair—in other words, the whole connection of woman with carrying out the administration of the Department of Education—it may be considered that 50 per cent of the work was performed by women. The German section was entirely under the supervision of men, as were most, if not all, of the foreign exhibits. But women were everywhere else omnipresent in charge of the Educational Department.
In the awards to higher education I would say that upward of 20 per cent went to women exhibitors. (For percentages and other suggestions I am indebted to Dr. J.J. Conway, St. Louis University, also a member of jury of higher education.)
We point with pride to the discovery of radium by Madame Currie, of Paris, as both a new, useful, and distinctive work of woman. Columns might be written on this invention alone. The work of Madame Currie was certainly original. Miss Annie E. Sullivan's new methods of teaching the deaf-blind, as in the case of Helen Keller, gives her the honor not only of prominence as an educator of defectives, but also of inventing a very new and valuable method of instruction. The methods of teaching defectives are the wonder of educators, and will probably be effective of marvelous results in the near future. The highest praise must also be bestowed upon the work of Mrs. Shaw and Miss Fisher, of Boston, and of Mrs. Putnam and Mary McCullough, as the promoters of kindergarten work. Kindergarten work is self-eloquent.
Credit is due woman for her conception of the idea of traveling libraries, which have so effectively brought cheer and recreation, and even reform, to many restricted lives. The libraries of the Colonial Dames and everything along the line of reading circles, literary clubs, etc., have had their inception in the brains of women. Traveling libraries have been a boon to many a small town. Though it is impossible to digress in woman's work in the industries, the Newcomb Pottery, made at the Sophia Newcomb College, Louisiana, should be mentioned, all of which is done by women educated at that school of design.
I commend the ample and reliable literature on all these subjects, as a better source of information on the merits of these inventions that can be shown in this brief report. But most of women's work in the educational section, the school work, art work, etc., was an improvement along already existing lines. But along household and economic lines women, during the last ten years, have done original thinking and much investigation. And the studies in sanitary chemistry, the attainments as a scholar and scientist of Mrs. Ellen C. Richards, Vassar, 1870, stand out conspicuously, having won for her the respect of the world.
The question of the value of the product or process, as measured by its usefulness or beneficent influence on mankind, is so vast that a flood of answers sweep over one, embracing the whole field of women's usefulness and the whole realm of education. The usefulness of the discovery of radium has scarcely been estimated as yet, nor has the beneficent influence of teaching defectives, and of many of the household inventions been fully enjoyed up to this time. The question involves much of the scientific success of the future along both physical, mental, moral, and educational lines, and, judging by the past, we feel assured that many brilliant achievements will owe their origin and accomplishment to women.
There was naturally nothing lacking in the merits of the installation of any exhibit presented by women, nor in the taste manifested in the placing of the same. The women's college booths were always effectively arranged and sometimes made up for the lack of range of exhibit by unusual artistic grouping and tasteful placing of the displays.
Several times I have referred to the progress in art displayed by woman at St. Louis. This was evidenced not only in the magnificent specimens of her brush and chisel in the Fine Arts Museum in both the home and foreign art schools, but in the prolific efforts of her skill in outside exposition sculpture, where woman's work, side by side with man's, was pointed to with exultation as one of the greatest triumphs of the twentieth century exposition. We all recall how many of the most notable pieces of statuary crowning the various great palaces were the work of divinely endowed women. Such was the superb "Victory," surmounting Festival Hall, the conception of Mrs. Evylyn B. Longman, while the spirit of "Missouri," which winged its flight from the summit of the great Missouri Building, was executed by Miss Carrie Wood, of St. Louis. To Miss Grace Lincoln Temple, the beautiful decorations of the interior of the United States Government Building were due. The two "Victory" statues on the Grand Basin and the Daniel Boone statue were executed by Miss Enid Yandell, by birth a Kentuckian, but now of New York. The statues of James Monroe, James Madison, George Rogers Clark, on Art Hill, were, respectively, done by Julia M. Bracken, Chicago; Janet Scudder, Terre Haute, and Elsie Ward, Denver. The reclining figures over the central door of the Liberal Arts Building were by Edith B. Stephens, of New York, and the east and north spandrels of the Machinery Building were done by Melva Beatrice Wilson, New York.
Glancing at the portrait painting of Cecelia Beaux, the work of Mary MacMonnies, of Margaret Fuller, of Mrs. Kenyon Cox, and of Kate Carr, of Tennessee; of Virginia Demont-Breton, of France: of Lady Tadema and Henrietta Rae, of Great Britain, we feel, as well as see, the exalted place woman's genius has given her in the art world of to-day. While in science we point with gratification not only to Madame Currie, but to the astronomical work of Miss Whitney, of Vassar; of Miss Agnes Clerke, of Cambridge, England, and of Dorothea Klumpke, born in San Francisco, but connected with the Paris Observatory and one of the foremost astronomers of France. In archaeological works Miss Elizabeth Stokes, of Alexandra College, Dublin; in research work, Miss Skeel, of Westfield College, London; and in mathematics, Sophia Kowalevski, of Stockholm, and Charlotte Angus Scott, born in England and professor at Bryn Mawr, stand out preeminent—adding even greater luster to the woman's page of science, on which in the past the names of Caroline Herschel, Mary Summerville, and Maria Mitchell were written in illumined letters.
In medical works, especially in the United States, and more particularly in the profession of surgery, women have scored for themselves many glorious successes, though it is not possible here to enter into an amplification of the subject.
In conclusion, I would say that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition markedly showed the setting aside by women of former traditions and her expansion into a new life, where, though by no means giving up the ornamental and social, she has yet demonstrated her rights to be recognized in the broader and more useful fields of discovery, investigation, and invention in art, science, and industry. She is everywhere the rival of man, everywhere entering with enthusiasm his chosen paths, excepting perhaps in naval and military operations, and as nurse and ministering doctor she is even there.
As the World's Fair at St. Louis was a stupendous triumph of modern times in manufactures, in economic and liberal arts, in electricity, in history, in science, in architecture, in agriculture and forestry, in landscape gardening, in machinery, in archaeology, in education, in fine arts—in fact, along every line of practical work as well as in the sciences and arts—so woman's progress in every department was such as to gleam forth from even the superb and marvelous splendor everywhere reflected as worthy of her highest ambition and as suggestive of untold and signal possibilities for the future.
Under the group heading "Special Education in Fine Arts," the two classes into which it was divided represented: (Institutions for teaching drawing, painting, and music. Art schools and institutes. Schools and departments of music; conservatories of music. Methods of instruction, results obtained. Legislation, organization, general statistics.)
Mrs. Thayer writes as follows:
As a juror of this group I was associated with five jurors, all men, holding positions as professors of schools of art, and they agreed with me that the fine art work of the woman was equal to the men students and in some schools of art it was far superior; this was especially so in the study of the nude from the academies of art in New York and Philadelphia.
The only school of art in which we found the work of woman inferior to men was in Austria, excepting in the making of lace and embroidery; but the studies in figure painting was inferior to the same work done by woman in American schools. Yet the art students' work from Austria, as a whole, was so fine we gave that country the grand prize.
I was particularly pleased with the wall-paper designs made by women students in a school of design in New York City. They were most original and artistic. This school made a display of several hundred designs, and we were told they were all sold for large prices during the exposition to manufacturers of wall paper.
The New York Night School of Art showed some remarkably good work by girls who were employed during the day. The professor in charge told us that the girls were so eager for instruction in art that they would be waiting for the doors to open and would work longer hours and make greater progress than the men.
Under the group heading "Education of defectives," the three classes into which it was divided represented: Institutions for the blind, publications for the blind; institutions for the deaf and dumb; institutions for the feeble-minded. (Management, methods, courses of study; results. Special appliances for instruction. Legislation, organization, statistics. Buildings; plans and models.)
Miss Loughborough presents the following report:
The jury of group 7 in the Department of Education had under its inspection the work of the blind, the deaf, and the feeble-minded. In view of the fact that the exhibits were sent by institutes and special schools, and were the result of the cooperation of men and women teachers who selected the work of both boys and girls to represent the school as a whole, it was difficult to estimate with accuracy the proportional amount of women's work. As nearly as it can be estimated, however, two-fifths of the exhibits shown in the three classes of which this group was composed were the work of women. With the exception of a few special prizes the awards were given to institutions and not to individuals, but about 21 per cent of these were given for women's work. The work of the boys and girls in the shops was generally shown distinctly, but were not awarded separately, the whole idea being to show, not what the boys or girls, the teachers or principals were doing individually, but what results were being obtained in the institutions from the best-known methods for special education, both in class and industrial work, and particularly to show by means of the model school—or living exhibit—some of the class methods in operation.
The living exhibits were the most striking in classes 19 and 20. They consisted of entire classes which were brought, one at a time, from different State institutions. Each class remained at the fair some weeks, were provided with accommodations on the grounds, and had its recitations every day in a temporary schoolroom in the Educational Building. This class room was always surrounded by a crowd of eager lookers on, who watched with the utmost attention the methods of instruction—so little known to the public in general—by which the deaf and blind make such wonderful progress. The work of instruction in the living exhibits, although almost entirely planned by men, was executed by women.
The awards for the living exhibits were given the institutions from which the classes came, with one exception. This exception was Lottie Sullivan, a deaf and blind girl from the Colorado institution, who was awarded a gold medal for her aptitude and the progress she had made. The jury thought at first that her teacher, too, deserved special recognition for the results obtained, but as it was found that the teacher in charge of Lottie Sullivan at the fair had had her but a short time, and that there was no one person responsible for her progress, it was decided to make no award.
Of the special schools, not State institutions, which exhibited, those conducted by women showed work on a par with that done in the schools conducted by men, and received as liberal rewards.
Particularly creditable was the work done in the schools for the feeble-minded.
In group 7 the exhibits were divided into three classes, 19, 20, and 21, the work respectively of the blind, the deaf, and the feeble-minded. In class 19 women showed basket work, raffia work, modeling in clay, hammock weaving, crocheting, embroidery, printing by means of Braille writing machines, and class work; in class 20, sewing, embroidery, crocheting, painting, drawing, modeling, and class work, and in class 21, basket making, sewing, embroidery, crocheting, and class work.
There was but one foreign woman who made an exhibit. This was Mademoiselle Mulot, a French woman, who had invented a writing machine for blind children. She had brought a little blind French boy with her, who was not installed as an exhibit, but whom she brought before the jury to show the working of her machine. This machine consisted of a small frame blocked off into squares, in which the child was taught to write the letters of the English alphabet. Mademoiselle Mulot's claim for award was that with the machine generally in use it was necessary to teach the child a language of dots and dashes which was not legible by people in general. Although ingenious, Mademoiselle Mulot's machine was not considered striking or new enough to warrant an award.
There was no display within the jurisdiction of group 7 which would seem to indicate any great advancement in the work of women since the Chicago Exposition, though the methods of instruction—many of them through the painstaking application of women—have undergone marked improvement. The work of women as shown by the exhibits in the education of defectives at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, was very creditable. There was nothing particularly helpful or suggestive in the school work being shown on equal terms of comparison with that of men, for in this field women have always kept well abreast of men, and their work has been appreciated equally with that of men.
Department B, art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, chief, comprised six groups and eighteen classes, the board of lady managers being represented in four of the groups.
Under the group heading "Paintings and Drawings," the two classes into which it was divided represented. Paintings on canvas, wood, metal, enamel, porcelain, faïence, and on various preparations, by all direct methods, in oil, wax, tempera, and other media; mural paintings; fresco painting on walls; drawings and cartoons in water color, pastel, chalk, charcoal, pencil, and other media, on any material; miniatures on ivory.
Miss Solari reports as follows:
The first feeling of a woman who looks back to the history of art during the last ten years is one of pride, for she recognizes that the exhibit made by women in the Fine Art Department of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition is the best, most complete, and important that has ever been made by women at any previous exposition; that it is superior to that made at the Chicago World's Fair in point of quality and character, and by competent judges said to be better than that made in Paris in 1900.
As regards the St. Louis Exposition, that influence is conspicuous which has brought about a development rather than new foundations or new schools. In seeking subjects for the "new thought" the "old masters" have not been lost sight of. "There is nothing new under the sun," and as the musician draws from the old masters his soul-inspiring theme, so the aspiring painter studies the canvases of the past ages for his correct guidance. And to the dispassionate observer these things prove much with regard to the actual work being done by women artists, and the new influences, if such they be, that have made themselves felt during the last decade. Should we regard a work of art as an independent entity, the result of what is called "a separate creative act" on the part of the artist, with no relation to its environment, we must perforce conclude prenatal conditions in the painter which we are loath to admit. Hence we have no reason to be ashamed of the old masters. Critics there are who know how to judge of a picture, and critics who constitutionally can not draw from a canvas a simple salient good feature; they have not the knowledge of the difference between bad and beautiful design and color, or the meaning of harmony.
If we may apply to art what Goethe said of poetry we find that among its votaries there are two kinds of self-half-informed people, "dilettanti," he calls them, "he who neglects the indispensable mechanical part, and he thinks he has done enough if he shows spirituality and feeling, and he who seeks to arrive at poetry merely by mechanism in which he can acquire an artisan's readiness, and is without soul and matter."
This exposition has no doubt been the means of discouraging a number of men and women from continuing in a profession for which they are not qualified by the possession of any rare gift. It is to be hoped, however, that the work accepted and shown at the St. Louis Exposition will prove that a class of women artists has been produced in the decade just past who have at least learned the grammar of their chosen art work—the value of simple lines and pure tones.
The work of the women was placed side by side with that of the men artists and where the pictures would show to the best advantage and harmonize with the surrounding ones.
In examining for awards the merit of the work was discussed and considered regardless of the name the canvas bore; but that this was the better plan for exhibiting women's work leaves room for doubt, because as a whole women's work could not be viewed, thereby leaving the exhibition incomprehensive to the average visitor who could not grasp the importance of woman's contribution to the world of art by the scattered pictures as arranged in the various galleries of the Art Building. I do not hesitate to say that women in general by their representation at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition derived little or no benefit by having their work placed side by side with that of men, chiefly because it was reduced to insignificance by the small proportion of works exhibited. Secondly, the visiting public was not attracted by the fact that women had a picture here and there hanging on some one of the walls in the Palace of Art.
Had their work been collected in one gallery the display would have been more comprehensive and better appreciated. But, nevertheless, this exposition has emphasized the fact that woman fills an important place in the field of art. She wields her brush deftly, conscientiously, and her canvases fit well side by side with those of her brother artists.
Women at the exposition excelled most in figure paintings in oils, and in this line of work have made greater progress since the Chicago Exposition than in any other branch of the fine arts. The execution is bold, free, and shows a greater familiarity with the subject portrayed, though they have reached a very high standard in watercolor landscapes and are notably strong in miniature painting. The innate refinement and delicate sense of detail and color which characterizes women are prominent for the features for the production of the high finish required in a miniature. Mural painting is beginning to attract women, and with their love for beautiful homes they must soon excel in this branch and bring decorative art to a fuller perfection.
One of the crowning glories of this exposition is that it has brought to the few American artists living at home the opportunity to study the salient characteristics of the schools of the various countries exhibiting at the St. Louis Exposition.
Twenty-four countries exhibited in the Fine Arts Department and contributed to Groups IX and X 5,468 pictures from nearly 1,500 professional artists, of which number not more than 300 were women (289) and fully half this number were represented by their work in the United States section. The number of awards bestowed in the United States section was 41 to women exhibitors against 239 to men. The total number given in the foreign sections, collectively, was 17 to women against 398 to men. No work executed prior to the Chicago Exposition was in competition for award.
United States: Oil paintings, 64; water colors, 41; mural paintings, 6; miniatures, 42. Argentina: Oil painting (by Julia Wernicke), 1. Belgium: Oil paintings, 21; water colors, 6. Ceylon: Oil paintings, 2. Italy: Oil paintings, 9; water colors, 2. Nicaragua: Oil painting (Miss Andrea Garcia), 1. Portugal: Oil paintings, 4. Sweden: Oil paintings, 6. England: Oil paintings, 16; water colors, 13; drawings, 10. Austria: Oil paintings, 3. Canada: Oil paintings, 10; water colors, 2. Holland: Oil paintings, 21. Japan: Oil paintings, 5. Peru: Oil painting (Miss Amalia Franco), 1. Russia: Oil paintings, 15; water colors, 15. France: Oil paintings, 19; water colors, 17. The two last-named countries (France and England) did not exhibit in any department for awards.
List of honors conferred by the international jury of awards upon women artists exhibiting in the Department of Fine Arts of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:
United States section.—Group IX, gold medal: Cecelia Beaux,
Lucia Fairchild Fuller, Laura C. Hills, Theodora W. Thayer.
Silver medal: Adelaide Cole Chase, Louise Cox, Helen Emmet,
Lidia F. Emmet, Rosina E. Sherwood, Janet Wheeler, Mary S.
Green, Elizabeth Nourse, Violet Oakley, Sara C. Sears, Susan
Watkins. Bronze medal: Ellen Witherald Ahrens, Martha S. Baker,
Alice Beckington, Emma Lampert Cooper, Mary C. Dickson, Elinor
Earle, Adele Herter, Emma Kipling Hess, Margaret Kendall, Anna
E. Klumpke, Clara T. MacChesney, Rhoda Holmes Nicholls, Mabel
Packard, Pauline Palmer, Lilla Cabot Perry, Alice T. Searle,
Amanda Brewster Sewell, Mariana Sloan, Letta C. Smith, Mary Van
der Veer, A.B. Wing, Louise Wood. Group X, silver medal:
Charlotte Harding, Jessie Willcox Smith. Bronze medal: Maud
Alice Cowles, Elizabeth Shippen Green.
Belgium.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: Louise
De Hem, Henriette Calias, Marie De Bievre, Juliette Witsman.
Canada.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal:
Florence Carlyle. Bronze medal: Laura Muntz.
Germany.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal: Anna
Maria Wirth.
Holland.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, gold medal: Therese
Schwartze.
Japan.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal: Madam
Shoyen Uyemura. Bronze medal: Madam Giokushi Antomi.
Portugal.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, silver medal:
H.R.M. the Queen of Portugal.
Russia.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal; Miss
Eliza Backlund, Miss Emile Loudon.
Sweden.—Group IX, paintings and drawings, bronze medal; Esther
Almquist, Fanny Brate, Anna Nordgren, Charlotte Wahtstrom.
Group 11, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Matthews, New York City, Juror.
Under the group heading "Sculpture," the four classes into which it was divided represented: Sculpture and bas-reliefs of figures and groups in marble, bronze, or other metal; terra cotta, plaster, wood, ivory, or other material; models in plaster and terra cotta; medals, engravings on gems, cameos, and intaglios; carvings in stone, wood, ivory, or other materials.
Mrs. Matthews reports as follows:
The recent Louisiana Purchase Exposition furnished further evidence of the importance of such gatherings of the world's artisans, and has left with us an illuminating impression of the effectiveness of the greater civilization which is the result of unification of national interest in the development of the useful and beautiful. This is probably the greatest good from such expositions, and they serve to cement the workers of the world in one grand mosaic of endeavor.
The field of application is large, and the progressive people are few. We are babes as yet in the ability to receive ideas, and with comparatively little capacity for the expression of them in tangible work, so that whatever tends to a common interest that speaks for progress, let it be exultant cause for practical thinkers to give their support to every such movement.
The wide identification women have accomplished in the fields of industrials and art during the past decade has made it necessary that the sex be taken into serious consideration in expositions, and that requisite encouragement and support be given women it is necessary that they should have adequate representation on committees and boards that are formed for administration. Service on such boards by women is invariably conscientious and efficient, and for this reason their services are valuable in all departments in which the work of women is involved, and it is certainly obvious that socially they are indispensable.
As a member of the committee on awards in sculpture at the recent exposition at St. Louis, I wish to say that in the sculptural exhibit 60 out of 350 pieces, or 17-1/2 per cent, were by women. Four of these pieces were by women of foreign birth and residing in foreign countries. Of this number there were a few portrait busts, and the remainder were ideal and symbolic works.
The first impression one received in viewing the work in this department was that there was a number of women sculptors in this country of more than ordinary ability, and this impression grew the more you examined their work with that of men. It is true that by far the greater number of pieces sent by women were small, but even they showed a capacity for conception, construction, technique, and individuality that will ere long make them fully the equals of men in this important branch of the arts. And there were large pieces there, too, that spoke of a daring that will soon develop into a confidence that promises well for future work, and this element was what the women sculptors of the country lacked more than any other.
The placing of their work alongside that of men will do much to increase confidence in their own powers; and while it would not be exact to say that the work of the two sexes was equal in merit, the difference was not great. For this reason I think the managers did an extremely wise thing in not segregating the work of the two sexes, and to have placed them side by side, so that the weak points could be discovered and remedied and the points of excellence improved. All were delighted to see the advancement women have made in sculptural art in the past few years, and this advancement is attested by the fact that they received 1 gold, 3 silver, and 16 bronze medals in this department alone.
The progress they have made in the past ten years has been most gratifying, and they are certainly progressing more rapidly along certain lines than men. The deficiencies and points of weakness brought out by this exhibition will soon be overcome, and as women have become convinced that natural endowment does not fit men for greater work than women, they will evolve grander themes than heretofore. And by firmness with which woman in art is already treading this upward path, she is convincing others that another road exists than that which their feet knew.
It is positive that the encouragement given to man on account of his physical prowess, by both men and women, has had a psychological effect in helping him to evolve ideas and to carry them out in tangible form. Women will be helped to a large extent only by women; they must not wait for that help that has been given man. They must do the work that comes to their consciousness, or that which is given them to do, without question or hesitation. There should not be any doubt or leaning on any seeming staff. Women are the originators, the creators of spiritual and material progress, and must not be fearful in expressing themselves. The female mind is more refined, more delicate, thus receiving truer perceptions than man's. The sensitiveness of the woman nature is of much advantage in any artistic endeavor.
The fine arts, music, poetry, painting, and sculpture, have been the educators of nations. Now that woman's thought is finding greater expression, their mental and moral influence on both sexes will be great; and as such expositions are world-wide educators, the beneficent influence of women as coworkers and practical idealists is above and beyond computation as a proper exposition attraction. It was a great surprise to the millions of people who saw the excellence of talent that was shown by the women artists, and the fact that women did it elevated the sentiment and appreciation of art. Indeed, without the work of women officially organized, and as individuals, it could not have reached, as it did, the height of success.
Group 12, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va., Juror.
Under the group heading "Architecture" the four classes into which it was divided represented: Drawings, models, and photographs of completed buildings. Designs and projects of buildings. (Designs other than of architectural or constructive engineering.) Drawings, models, and photographs of artistic architectural details. Mosaics; leaded and Mosaic glass.
It is unfortunate that in this department the extent in which women share in the kind of work represented in this group was not demonstrated. While there are not many women architects of buildings as yet, it is believed that the number is rapidly increasing, and within the past ten years it has been discovered that their aptitude for designing and working in leaded glass is of the highest, their artistic tendencies rendering them peculiarly adapted to this kind of work.
Miss Weld reports as follows:
In this department there were only two women exhibitors, both Americans. The English and French exhibits were not open for competition, but, so far as I could find out, there were no exhibits by women from either of these countries.
One of the American women exhibited as an architect some attractive plans and interior views for a farmhouse. The other, as a landscape architect, some photos of garden scenes.
This last exhibit was the more striking of the two, as it showed that in the last few years women had made inroad into another profession hitherto left to the men.
Miss Brown only finished her studies in landscape architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1903, where she was one of the first three women to take the course, a course only established within the last few years, so that there has not been much time in which to show what women can do in the profession. It is only a step from private gardens to public parks and grounds.
Until lately the laying out of the grounds has been left to the landscape gardener, after the house and other buildings have been completed by the architect. It is the idea of the landscape architect, as I understand it, to consider both elements in the original design, instead of leaving them to the different tastes of the architect and landscape gardener in the hope of having a more harmonious result.
Though both the exhibits mentioned above were appreciated in their classes, I can not help thinking that not enough attention was paid to the way they were presented, especially in the case of the garden scenes. Six little photos mounted in one frame did not show to the advantage or make the impression that the working drawings and one large photo of the result would have made.
As the work of men and women must stand side by side in the world, the proper way is to exhibit it on terms of equal comparison, as was done at St. Louis. If the work is better than the men's, so much the more glory; if not so good, it ought to arouse ambition.
It was a great disappointment to see such a small exhibit by women in this department, a department where such creditable work has been done by women in this country, and if there had been at all a just representation I am sure it would have been a great surprise to some of the foreign visitors. I hope the other departments were better represented.
Group 14, Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena Park, Ill., Juror.
Under the group heading, "Original objects of art workmanship," the eight classes into which it was divided represented: Art work in glass (other than that which is included in group 12); art work in earthenware, pottery, or porcelain; art work in metal (other than that included in group 11); art work in leather; art work in wood (other than that included in group 11); art work in textiles; artistic bookbinding; art work not covered by any other group.
It is to be regretted that Mrs. Field felt unable to make any report on this group, which so self-evidently must have contained much work done at least in part by women. It is well known that they have, within the past few years, entered the field of artistic bookbinding with the most gratifying success; that they excel in art work in textiles, and are proficient in art work in leather.
Department C. liberal arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, chief, comprised 13 groups and 116 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in but three of the groups.
Group 16, Miss Frances B. Johnston, Washington, D.C., Juror.
Under the group heading "Photography," the two classes into which it was divided represented: (Equipment, processes, and products); materials, instruments, and apparatus of photography; equipment of photographic studios; negative and positive photography on glass, paper, wood, cloth, films, enamel, etc.; photogravure in intaglio and in relief; photocollography; stereoscopic prints; enlarged and micrographic photographs; color photography; direct, indirect, and photocolor printing; scientific and other applications of photography; artistic photography as applied to portraiture, landscapes, etc.
Miss Johnson says:
There were comparatively few women exhibitors whose work was passed upon by our group jury, but notwithstanding this fact, the work of the women ranked very high, and was fully recognized in the awards. In this regard I do not venture to base any report to you on my memory alone, and I have, so far, been unsuccessful in getting any official list of the awards made.
Group 17, Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chicago, Ill., Juror.
Under the group heading "Books and publications—Bookbinding," the seven classes into which it was divided represented equipment and products: Newspapers, reviews, and other periodicals; collections of books, forming special libraries; new books and new editions of old books; drawings, atlases, albums; musical publications; equipment, processes, and products of making stitched books and of bookbinding; specimens of bindings, stamping, embossing, gilding, etc.
No report.
That the work of women entered into the nature of the exhibit is shown by the fact that the Exposition Company granted the board representation upon it, and one has but to step into any large bindery to see scores of women busily engaged in the various departments, from folding the printed sheets to laying on the gold leaf. On newspapers the range of their work is from typesetting to editor in chief, and no library seems to exist at the present time without one or more women on its working staff.
Under the group heading "Maps and apparatus for geography, cosmography, topography," the four classes into which it was divided represented: Maps, charts, and atlases; geographical, geological, hydrographical, astronomical, etc.; physical maps of all kinds, topographical maps, flat or in relief; terrestrial and celestial globes, statistical works and tables; tables and nautical almanacs for the use of astronomers, surveyors, and seamen.
Mrs. Woolwine writes:
Having served as juror in group 18 of the Department of Liberal Arts at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, it gives me great pleasure to make for you the best report I can on woman's work, my knowledge of most of which has been obtained from outside sources, as by neither registration nor cataloguing was there any differentiation between the work of man and woman.
There were two very large relief maps of New Orleans and the levee system of the Mississippi River, which were the work of Miss Jennie Wilde, of New Orleans, and, while they rank low in the final prize award, attracted a great deal of attention and admiration. Comparatively speaking, I think this work much more ambitious than that heretofore undertaken by a woman along this line, and should prove a stimulus to woman in a new field. I could not see that results would have been better if their work had been separately exhibited.
So far as I know, manufacturers were not then asked to state the percentage of woman's work which entered into their special exhibits; nor were they, as a rule, shown in such manner as to indicate in any way which part was performed by woman and which by man. The grand prize work, I am informed by the Rand, McNally Company, was nearly half performed by women; certainly 45 per cent of it. In this the skill and ingenuity displayed and the originality was not separable from that of her colaborers.
Group 18, which consisted of geographical work in general, was hardly a fair test of woman's skill, surveying and engineering having been considered out of her line. Therefore I consider the one exhibit by woman a step forward along a new line, a willingness to compass great things, an evidence of woman's ambition and desire to succeed, but with her past education and opportunities inadequate for equal competition.
If I may suggest, it will be greatly to our interest that women should have their work so catalogued that they may have credit for what labor they perform. No doubt much work is done in map making by women, but no mention of it is catalogued or credit for its excellence asked by them.
It seems to me that a committee to investigate these questions at the beginning of each great exposition, or at the time of the placing of the exhibits, would be of very great statistical value in determining the amount of labor and the degree of skill exercised by woman in these departments.
The art of embroidery has been supposed always to be one peculiarly belonging to women, but that the men at least occasionally invade the field of her occupations is shown by the fact that the large Japanese and Chinese maps exhibited in the Transportation Building were both done by men, and showed exquisite workmanship, particularly the embroidered one.
The letter Miss Wilde herself has written in regard to the work on her relief map of the levee system may be of interest, as this certainly represents a new field of labor for women. It counted one more gold medal in the awards.
All of the work on my relief maps was done by "woman," my sister assisting me greatly. On account of the limited time I had to finish the maps in, I was unable to finish them entirely myself, so had to employ assistants, but in each case it was the hand of woman. I received a gold medal for my work, or rather my work received a gold medal, it being an order from the State of Louisiana, and forming a part of their exhibit the medal had to become the property of the State.
Surveying and engineering I have never studied, except in the making of these maps, when every assistance in regard to data, etc., was given to me by the most noted State and city engineers, they coming from time to time to supervise the work, and laughingly saying, when I had completed the same, that they would have to give me a diploma for proficiency in the profession. Of course I had to read up and learn a great deal in regard to surveying and engineering in making the maps, as everything is done correctly to a scale.
Department D, manufactures, Mr. Milan H. Hulbert, chief, comprised 24 groups and 231 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in but 7 groups.
This would seem to be one of the departments where women should have been accorded fuller recognition. Space does not permit an examination of the number of groups into which their work largely enters, but in the group of "clock and watch making," for instance, it would seem scarcely just not to grant them their full measure of praise for work well done. In one factory alone in Massachusetts, where more than 3,000 persons are employed, hundreds of them are women and girls, employed not only in assembling the parts, but attending various machines. Under the group "Toys," also "Dolls, playthings," it is self-evident women must have much to do with their manufacture and preparation for the market, and their inventions of toys and playthings for children would seem to preeminently entitle them to the place in this group which was denied them.
Group 37, Mrs. R.A. Edgerton, Milwaukee, Wis., Juror.
Under the heading "Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings and dwellings," the nine classes into which it was divided represented: Permanent decoration of public buildings and of dwellings. Plans, drawings, and models of permanent decoration. Carpentry; models of framework, roof work, vaults, domes, wooden partitions, etc. Ornamental joiner work; doors, windows, panels, inlaid floors, organ cases, choir stalls, etc. Permanent decorations in marble, stone, plaster, papier-maché, carton pierre, etc. Ornamental carvings and pyrographics. Ironwork and locksmiths' work applied to decoration; grill work and doors in cast or wrought iron; doors and balustrades in bronze, roof decoration in lead, copper, zinc, dormers, spires, finials, vanes; crest and ridge work. Decorative paintings on stone, wood, metal, canvas, or other surfaces. Signs of all varieties. Mosaic decorations in stone or marble for flooring; enameled mosaic for walls and vaulted surfaces. Various applications of ceramics to the permanent decoration of public buildings and dwellings.
As much time was consumed in endeavoring to communicate with the principal of this group, Mrs. Edgerton as alternate did not arrive in St. Louis until the work of the jury was far advanced, and therefore could make no report.
Group 45, Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga., Juror.
Under the group heading "Ceramics," the 13 classes into which it was divided represented: (Raw materials, equipment, processes, and products.) Raw materials, particularly chemical products used in ceramic industrials. Equipment and methods used in the manufacture of earthenware; machines for turning, pressing, and molding earthenware; machines for making brick, roofing tile, drain tile, and pottery for building purposes; furnaces, kilns, muffles, and baking apparatus; appliances for preparing and grinding enamels. Various porcelains. Biscuit of porcelain and of earthenware. Earthenware of white or colored body, with transparent or tin glazes. Faience. Earthenware and terra cotta for agricultural purposes; paving tiles, enameled lava. Stoneware, plain and decorated. Tiles, plain, encaustic, and decorated; mosaics, bricks, paving bricks, pipes. Fireproof materials. Statuettes, groups and ornaments in terra cotta. Enamels applied to ceramics. Mosaics of clay or of enamel. Mural designs; borders for fireplaces and mantels.
No report.
Group 53 (later combined with Group 61), Mrs. F.K. Bowes, Chicago, Ill.,
Juror.
Under the group heading of "Equipment and processes used in sewing and making wearing apparel," the nine classes into which it was divided represented: Common implements used in needlework. Machines for cutting clothes, skins, and leathers. Machines for sewing, stitching, hemming, embroidering, etc. Machines for making buttonholes; for sewing gloves, leather, boots and shoes, etc.; plaiting straw for hats. Tailors' geese and flatirons. Busts and figures for trying on garments. Machines for preparing separate parts of boots and shoes (stamping, molding, etc.). Machines for lasting, pegging, screwing, nailing. Machines for making hats of straw, felt, etc.
Mrs. Bowes writes as follows:
Chairman, Daniel C. Nugent, St. Louis; honorary vice-president,
Jean Mouilbeau, Paris, France; first vice-president, John
Sheville Capper, Chicago; second vice-president, J.E. Wilson,
Elmwood, Ill.; secretaries, Charles W. Farmer, New York City,
and Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago (elected by the jury to fill the
place of Secretary Charles Farmer, owing to his being called to
New York City). Group 53: Chairman, J.E. Wilson, Elmwood, Ill.;
vice-chairman, Charles E. Moore, Brockton, Mass.; secretary,
Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago, Ill.; Mary G. Harrow, Ottumwa,
Iowa; Mathilda Ripberger, Dresden, Germany. Group 61: Chairman,
John Sheville Capper, Chicago, Ill.; secretary, M. Blum, Paris,
France; M. Mouilbeau, Paris, France; Eugene Leonard, Paris,
France; Fred L. Rossback, Chicago, Ill.; W.E. McClelland, New
York City; M. Magai, Japan; Nellie Saxton, Brazil; Celia Nelson,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Ella E. Lane Bowes, Chicago, Ill.
Group 53.—Group 53 was composed of two men and two women jurors, viz, the chairman and vice-chairman, men; the secretary, the writer, an American, and a German woman.
Group 53 was composed of equipments, processes, etc. Class 326, common implements used in needlework. Class 327, machines for cutting clothes, skirts, and leathers. Class 328, machines for sewing, stitching, hemming, embroidering. Class 329, machines for making buttonholes; for sewing gloves, leather, boots and shoes, etc.; plaiting straw for hats. Class 330, tailors' geese and flatirons. Class 331, busts and figures for trying on garments. Class 332, machines for preparing separate parts of boots and shoes (stamping, molding, etc). Class 333, machines for lasting, pegging, screwing, nailing. Class 334, machines for making hats of straw, felt, etc.
In this group of nine classes there was no distinctive exhibits by women, but the outcome of their skillful labor on the wonderful machines was purely their own and well displayed.
The most practical exhibit of woman's work was the finished
product of sewing machines in the United States and Great
Britain sections.
The Singer sewing machine exhibit furnished the best display in
the group. The work was very fine in detail, done by skilled
artisans.
Among the work in the homely arts were shoes, corsets,
underwear, and skillful darning. The manufacture of these useful
articles proved interesting.
In the beauty arts was displayed embroideries and fancy monograms, a skilled workman demonstrating a machine that would produce twelve monograms at one time in elaborate embroidery; in fact, the machines seemed as human as the workers themselves; although they were not talkers, they were "Singers."
Among the notable exhibits in this group was the attractive display of paper patterns. The Butterick Pattern Company exhibited on life-size wax figures the evolution of dress during the past one hundred years, true to the fashions of each decade in style, color of dress, and bonnet.
The McCall Company's exhibit consisted of life-size wax figures attired in paper patterns, up to date in all the idiosyncracies demanded by fashion, an educational feature in this line of work.
As a work of art the large and handsome display of paper costumes has never been equaled. No such display of costumes, representing lace, velvet, linen, silk, cloth, etc., all made in paper, has ever been seen anywhere in the world prior to this exhibit; and this work of art was the handicraft of women.
In the Homer Young Company's sewing machine the demand and supply for women's comfort was again called out in the combined dressing table and sewing machine, a good invention for flats, the fad of the day, that was designed for convenience.
The electric flatirons were certainly an advance in the right
direction.
A great time saver was the "Universal button fastener,"
"guaranteed not to come off."
In some departments of manufacture exhibits the percentage of woman's labor was said to be 10 per cent; the wax-figure department, 75 per cent; in operating sewing machines for the manufacture of wearing apparel, etc., the percentage is about 90. Operation of sewing machines and kindred industries have reached about as high a state of perfection as possible. The same holds good in regard to the Singer sewing machines of Great Britain. Their output is larger for machines for the manufacture of embroideries, lace, saddlery, leather, top-boots, sewings, and upholstery. A specialty of machine work was their fine hemstitching. Perhaps the attractiveness of the Singer sewing machine exhibits was owing largely to the fact that they were shown in motion.
Germany's sewing-machine product showed great skill in workmanship. Lintz & Eckardt, Berlin, displayed the output of eight styles of embroidery machines, ribbon plaiting, and a three-needle machine with band apparatus, which turned out wonderful work of bead and silk embroideries on silk and other fabrics.
The many dress cutting and ladies' tailoring systems, again the inventions of man, are perhaps among the most useful in women's work to-day in teaching dress cutting from a perfect system, and greatly assisting in the work of drafting garments from actual measurements. They are time savers, and are so constructed as to follow the changes in fashion, and women can, by their use, become expert workmen and display artistic skill. A great advancement has been made along this line of work during the past ten years, or since the last exposition; not only from a practical standpoint, but as an educational feature, especially in rural districts, for through their schools, conducted through correspondence, they have enabled women throughout the country to learn dressmaking and to keep in close touch with the styles of the world. The McDowell system, for manufacturing purposes, is superior, and under a skilled workman is most correct. The Edward Curran drafting machines are useful for the novice—good on account of their simplicity, being more portable on account of folding into a small compass. The same can be said of the Valentine system.
In this group there was no installation by foreign women.
In group 53 there was nothing unusual displayed that would lead one to think that women were more capable of executing more advanced work than they accomplished eleven years ago.
In the Louisiana Purchase Exposition woman's work was installed in such a manner and not being specified, one could not tell where their work began and where it left off. As to the appreciation of woman's work, it was taken as a whole and was judged as a work of mankind. Women's work and men's work of to-day would be hard to separate. Perhaps if women's work could be brought out more prominently it would be better for them. No work was displayed in such a manner as to enable one to distinguish between the two. In the manufacture of personal effects, the larger proportion was women's work. No woman received an award in group 53 to my knowledge.
As has been said before, the operation of machines is especially women's work. Women were not the inventors, but they displayed ingenuity and skill in the operation—application. Although they are not the original inventors, it is a well-known fact that many improvements are women's suggestions. Their working at the machines and the ingenuity and taste displayed in the choice of work was of marked value as an exposition attraction.
Group 61. Various industries connected with clothing (processes and products).—Class 383, hats; hats of felt, wool, straw, silk; caps, trimmings for hats. Class 384, artificial flowers for dressing the hair, for dress and for all other uses. Feathers, millinery, hair: coiffures, wigs, switches. Class 385, shirts and underclothing for men, women, and children. Class 386, hosiery of cotton, wool, silk, and floss silk, etc.; knitted hosiery, cravats, and neckties. Class 387, corsets and corset fittings. Class 388, elastic goods, suspenders, garters, belts. Class 389, canes, whips, riding whips, sunshades, parasols, umbrellas. Class 390, buttons; buttons of china, metal, cloth, silk, mother-of-pearl or other shell, ivory, nut, horn, bone, papier-maché, etc. Class 391, buckles, eyelets, hooks and eyes, pins, needles, etc. Class 392, fans and hand screens.
Owing to Mr. Farmer being called to his home, Mrs. Ella E. Lane Bowes, secretary of group 53, served as secretary of group 61 also. Group 61 was composed of 11 individuals, 7 men and 4 women, with an American for chairman and a Frenchman for secretary, and two vice-chairmen.
Group 61 contained 30 classes. Within this group there was no especial exhibit by women, although their work stood out in prominence.
The most striking display was the corset display of Birdsey & Sumers, of New York. The corsets were shown on wax half-size figures, the color scheme being carried out in detail to match the corset. The most prominent figure was one done in white satin and real lace with jewel clasps, etc. This display, from its artistic arrangement and elegant materials was in conformity with the French exhibits. With the exception of the jewels, it was purely of American production; and the arrangement and display of the exhibit was due to an American woman, an employee of the manufacturer.
Another notable display was that of Kops Brothers, of New York. They exhibited the "Nemo" corset and the "Smart Set," in an artistic manner. The arrangement of this display was also due to a woman.
Strouse-Adler & Co., New York City, showed a practical exhibit
of what was termed by the exposition officials a "live exhibit,"
manufacturing garments from start to finish, and was an
attractive display. These demonstrations were by women.
In the exhibit of the American Hosiery Company, New Britain,
Conn., the goods were up to the high standard of the "Grand
Prix."
The Lewis Knitting Company, Janesville, Wis., made an attractive display, and the writer was told at this exhibit that the garments were brought to a high state of perfection through the ingenuity of Mrs. Lewis.
The Wayne Knitting Mills, Fort Wayne, Ind., made a very beautiful display of fine knit goods, the work of women.
The Kleinert Rubber Company, New York City, made an artistic display of fancy things and were assisted in the arrangement of same by a woman. This exhibit should have special mention for having had everything in place and on time before opening day, which could not be said of many others. I was told that here also many of the improvements were the suggestions of women.
Many of the finest exhibits in this group were ladies' lingerie. There were many creditable exhibits of women's underwear, the work of their hands, and marvelous creations in bead embroidery, lace, and artificial flowers.
A most brilliant display was made by the Rosenthal-Sloan Millinery Company, consisting of artificial flowers manufactured by women. This artistic display was said to have been suggested and carried out in detail by a woman. A unique feature of this display was a map of the United States, each State being formed with its adopted flower, the States being outlined in golden rod, the proposed national flower.
The writer understood that in some of the underwear and hosiery mills women were superintendents of departments and employed in great numbers in other work, the proportion of women to men being between 80 and 90 per cent.
The J.B. Stetson Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., made a good practical display of hats, and in their line the finished product was equal to any in the world, and showed great progress since the Columbian Exposition, when the writer had the pleasure of judging their exhibit. The average of woman's work is about equal.
In this group the advancement in special industries has been in the processes of women's work in the knit goods and corsets, which show greatest improvement. The creditable work shown in the arrangement and display of exhibits by suggestions and carrying out of detail by women leads one to think that women are more remarkable along these lines of work and have accomplished much in the last eleven years, since the time of the Chicago Exposition, or at any time in the past.
Their work was more individualized in former expositions, while in the latter it was impossible to draw comparisons in the advancement or success of women's work, the work not being placed in such a way as to enable one to judge whether it was solely that of women or men. All work was exhibited as the work of mankind in general, and could not be classified under the head of either women's or men's work.
Where manufacturers were questioned relative to the percentage of women working in their establishments, they gladly answered the questions.
No woman received an award in this group.
Among the useful and distinctive inventions shown were the garter supporters, well known to be the invention of a woman.
The underwear in general, corsets, and accessories are more useful and more healthful from a physical standpoint, especially the corsets of to-day. This is an advancement.
There was more ingenuity displayed in the installation and taste in artistic arrangement of the exhibits, making them of greater value as exposition attractions; whereas in former expositions Philadelphia was experimental, the World's Columbian Exposition educational, and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition exploitive.
There is no reason why women should not have a large representation, if not equal with men, in all expositions. While they may not be the real inventors of the machines, devices, etc., they many times are the suggestors. Being the spenders and buyers for the home and family makes them more competent as judges of merchandise of all kinds and quicker to note improvements.
In the work of the world, especially in anything pertaining to the home, educational matters, arts, and professions, women hold such a prominent place to-day, almost exclusively doing the work in the manufacture of articles and habiliments for creature comforts, that it is impossible to ignore them.
Summary of groups 53 and 61 (jury composed of 19 persons).—In previous world's fairs they were called judges, but at this one they were "jurors."
It would be well to dwell upon the vastness of the work accomplished by the petit jury within a brief period of time, for they were in constant work for twenty days, from morning till night, visiting the many exhibits. Upon examination, the value of the commodity or product was decided and the usefulness of the same and comparisons made with similar exhibits, consultation in jury meetings, where the many good points of the exhibits were presented and discussed, and a final decision was reached by vote of the jury as a whole.
The various machines were for the manufacture of women's habiliments, with the much-needed garment-drafting machine, which, if not invented by women, was at their suggestion and creation of the demand for supplies.
The up-to-date paper patterns, wax figures, papier-maché forms, milliners' findings, and sewing machines made the grand whole. The finished products were the marvelous creations of her hands, for, as truly said, man did invent these machines, but women work and bring forth the grand finale, therefore one is not complete without the other. In all things it takes the good work of men and women to complete the whole. And this applies to jury work as well.
From the writer's experience in expositions up to date she would approve the combination of the John Boyd Thatcher individual judge and diploma systems, together with the bronze, silver, gold, and "grand prix," which would be preferable from an educational standpoint and also to show to the world what the medal was given for. Also, the group or petit jury doing the work should combine with a larger jury, and perhaps a court of appeal, it being impossible for anyone in a higher court to know the why and the wherefore of the workers of the petit jury; and as far as the writer could learn it was the concensus of opinion of both exhibitors and jurors, as heretofore stated, that the opportunity to hold to the last was more preferable.
As an observer of the workings of world's fairs from the Centennial at Philadelphia, and also being closely allied with other great fairs, having visited same since that time and being a judge heretofore, will repeat the general remark of exhibitors and judges of former expositions. The consensus of opinion was that "no world's fair was complete without a jury composed of men and women, a just representation," working in unison and perfect accord with only one end in view—justice to all.
Group 61 (combined with 53, as above), Mrs. A.G. Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa,
Juror.
Under the group heading, "Various industries connected with clothing," the ten classes into which it was divided represented (processes and products): Hats; hats of felt, wool, straw, silk; caps, trimmings for hats. Artificial flowers for dressing the hair, for dress, and for all other uses. Feathers. Millinery. Hair; coiffures, wigs, switches. Shirts and underclothing for men, women, and children. Hosiery of cotton, wool, silk, and floss silk, etc.; knitted hosiery; cravats and neckties. Corsets and corset fittings. Elastic goods, suspenders, garters, belts. Canes, whips, riding whips, sunshades, parasols, umbrellas. Buttons, buttons of china, metal, cloth, silk, mother-of-pearl, or other shell, ivory, nut, horn, bone, papier-maché, etc. Buckles, eyelets, hooks and eyes, pins, needles, etc. Fans and hand screens.
Mrs. Harrow reports as follows:
The work of group 53, of which I was a member, did not take us very extensively among the women exhibitors of the exposition, but in every instance where their work came under our observation or inspection they demonstrated their marked ability in the manner and taste shown in their display, and in some instances, where their competitors were men, they proved the fact that if their work was not superior, it was at least equal to that of the men.
In my opinion it is better for women's work to come in competition with that of men and not be separated.
All women in general, I feel sure, must have been greatly benefited by having a fair representation at the exposition, as it could not but help placing a higher standard upon all women's work, and that work in particular in which she excelled.
And as woman's work receives benefit, and also success by being placed on equal terms of comparison with that of men, so likewise may man's work receive helpful suggestions and real advancement by being brought into competition with the work of women.
Group 58 (later combined with Group 59), Mrs. E.D. Wood, Indianapolis,
Ind., Juror.
Under the group heading "Laces, embroidery, and trimmings," the seven classes into which it was divided represented: Lace made by hand, laces, blond or guipure, wrought on pillow or with the needle or crochet, made of flax, cotton, silk, wool, gold, silver, or other threads. Laces made by machinery; tulles, plain or embroidered; imitation lace, blond and guipure, in thread of every kind. Embroidery made by hand; embroidery by needle or crochet, with thread of every kind, on all kinds of grounds (fabric, net, tulle, skin, etc.), including needlework upon canvas, as well as embroidery appliqué or ornamented with gems, pearls, jet, spangles of metal or other material, feathers, shells, etc. Embroidery made by machinery, with the foundation preserved, or with the foundation cut or burned away. Trimmings; galloons, lace or braids, fringes, tassels, all kinds of appliqué and ornamental work, handmade or woven, for millinery or garments, ecclesiastical vestments, civil or military uniforms; for furniture, saddlery, carriages, etc.; threads and plates of metal, gold or silver, real or imitation, spangles, chenilles, and all other articles used for trimmings. Church embroidery; church ornaments and linen; altar cloths, banners, and other objects for religious ceremonies in fabrics ornamented with lace, embroideries and trimmings. Curtains, with lace, guipure, or embroidery, upon tulle or fabrics; blinds, screens, portieres, lambrequins, and other draperies, ornamented with lace, embroidery, and trimmings.
Mrs. Wood writes:
Our jury was a large one—about thirty members. They came from France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, China, Japan, Great Britain, Mexico, Porto Rico; the other members were Americans, and represented the different States. The work we were to do was what was known as "groups 58 and 59," and covered so much ground we found that in order to finish in the required time we would have to divide our jury, so that some were detailed to examine embroidery, others costumes, trimming, laces, etc. I was on the lace committee. Laces made by hand, wrought on pillows, by needle or crochet, silk, wool, gold, silver, or thread, machine-made laces, imitation, embroidered tulles, and lace curtains. It would be impossible to describe the beauties of the lovely laces, the time, patience, and labor given to them. We examined the exhibits in the Manufacturers' Building, Varied Industries, all foreign buildings. The work done by women in the Philippines, Porto Rico, Mexican and Alaskan exhibits was as fine in texture and as beautiful as imported laces. The work in every instance was as handsome as that shown at the Chicago World's Fair, but perhaps not on so large a scale.
I was a member of a committee of four appointed to adjust the losses on the handsome imported costumes and wraps in the French section that were damaged during a wind and rain storm that swept over the exposition grounds during the summer and damaged the building and the immense glass cases containing these valuable goods, the loss of which amounted to hundreds of dollars to the Exposition Company.
Group 59 (combined with Group 58 above), Mrs. William S. Major,
Shelbyville, Ind., Juror.
Under the group heading "Industries producing wearing apparel for men, women, and children," the four classes into which it was divided represented: Clothing to measure for men and boys; ordinary costumes, suits for hunting and riding, leather breeches and similar articles; suits for gymnastic uses and games, military and civil uniforms, campaign clothing of special types, robes and costumes for magistrates, members of the bar, professors, ecclesiastics, etc., liveries, various costumes for children. Clothing, ready-made, for men and boys. Clothing to measure for women and girls; dresses, vests, jackets, cloaks (made by ladies' tailors, dressmakers, or cloak makers), riding habits, sporting suits. Clothing, ready-made, for women and girls. Patterns.
Mrs. Major reports as follows:
In group 58, Department of Manufactures, the proportional number of exhibits by women contained in these classes was small—I would think about 10 per cent. Groups 58 and 59 exhibited laces, embroideries, trimmings, decorations for gowns, costumes, and wraps, drawn work and Tenneriffe. Art needlework was the most striking exhibit by women in that department. Women showed great advancement in each industry, without question. Very few exhibits were installed by foreign women; the foreign costumes were largely from the man tailor. The needlework in the Visayan Village of the Philippine exhibit was of a very high order, but no provision was made to grant awards upon this—the Philippine exhibit—and Miss Anna Woolf, of St. Louis, and I called the attention of the authorities to the deserving character of the exhibit and made a plea for awards to be made by the higher jurors, and they promised to do so. I do not know whether it was done or not, however, but there was no woman's work in the whole Louisiana Purchase Exposition more deserving or of higher grade than the needlework in that village exhibit. Enough can not be said of these little workers. The present age is one of superiority, in which women not only show their ability, but each year they are granted more, and more widespread becomes their ability to grasp all vocations and fill them most creditably.
I am confident there was no question of the interest shown by men in woman's work; in fact, I think it attracted more visitors, and the results would not have been better if their work had been separately exhibited.
The work shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was on a much greater and higher plane than ever has been exhibited before. Where women exhibited they received a greater number of awards in proportion. Miss Mary Williamson was an original designer of artistic needlework, showing exceptional talent, and was awarded a grand prix for her designs.
I attended the Paris Exposition of 1878, also the Centennial at
Philadelphia, 1876; spent much time at the Columbian World's
Fair in Chicago, and possess a diploma and gold medal for my
artistic needlework exhibited at the Columbian Exposition.
Miss Margaret Summers, of Louisville, Ky., was also a juror in the above-combined groups 58 and 59, and writes:
In group 59 the costumes made by men were about twice as many as those made by women, though the handsomest of the exhibits was the work of a woman, Caroline, of Chicago.
All the work done by women showed a great improvement over that exhibited at the Chicago Exposition, not only in the cut and design, but in the artistic finish and the care given to every detail.
The hand work was a special feature of all the garments for women in the lingerie, gowns, and manteaux.
The most intricate designs were executed in a manner betokening the true artist, and none but those educated in the art of combining colors and in designing could have obtained the results seen at St. Louis.
The tendency in all garments for women, however, was toward the ornate rather than the simple, and with but few exceptions every gown, every wrap, and all the lingerie was most elaborate. But the hand of the true artist was shown in these garments in that they were beautiful and in good taste in spite of their elaborateness.
It would have been advantageous if the women's work had been arranged separate from the men's, because they would have attracted more attention as a woman's exhibit per se and would therefore have called greater attention to the progress women have made in these lines. In other words, the separate exhibit would have served better for a comparative study of woman's advancement in the past ten years.
There was a greater variety of woman's work than was shown at the Chicago Exposition, and that in itself showed an advancement. The greater scope gave evidence of a broadening influence, and the women showed themselves proficient in all they undertook.
As compared with the work of men, I should say that the women's exhibit had every right to be placed side by side with the men's, just as was done.
In Group 58 was eventually placed the wonderful piece of embroidery of the "Sistine Madonna," the work of Miss Ripberger, of Berlin. The linen upon which the life-like figures were wrought was probably 6 by 8 feet in size, and in order to reproduce the colors the silk had been matched with the colors in the original painting. The reproduction of Raphael's wonderful work was a marvel of artistic ability and patience, and was exquisitely executed. It justly deserved the grand prix accorded it.
Department H, agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, chief, comprised 27 groups and 137 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in but five groups.
Group 78, Mrs. W.H. Felton, of Cartersville, Ga., Juror.
Under the heading of "Farm equipment—Methods of improving lands," the three classes into which it was divided represented: Specimens of various systems of farming. Plans and models of farm buildings; general arrangement; stables, sheepfolds, barns, pigsties, breeding grounds; special arrangements for breeding and fattening cattle; granaries and silos; furniture for stables, barns, kennels, etc. Material and appliances used in agricultural engineering, reclaiming of marshes, drainage, irrigation.
Mrs. Felton says, in a letter accompanying her report:
In accordance with your official request, I have prepared a short résumé of the work as juror in Group Jury No. 78. It was the central group—I mean, the leading group in the Department of Agriculture. There were no exhibits by women, because we passed upon matters so immense that it was the work of States and foreign governments, rather than of individuals, that was noted.
Mrs. Felton's report is as follows:
I was selected as a juror for Group Jury No. 78, and entered upon the duties assigned me on September 1, 1904.
Group Jury No. 78 organized, and after the chairman and vice-chairman were selected I was made secretary, which position I held until the minutes and report were handed in to the office of Hon. Fred. W. Taylor, chief of Department of Agriculture, on September 19.
As secretary, the work of the Group Jury No. 78 came immediately under my supervision, and I found the work exceedingly pleasant, and my colleagues (all the members were gentlemen except myself) were most agreeable, and we concluded our work without the least friction or antagonism to the close.
Group No. 78 was the first on the list in the general Department of Agriculture. It covered exhibits on main lines, other groups taking what I might term subdivisions.
We examined farm improvement as related to inventions and
devices which were intended as fixtures to farm buildings. Group
No. 79 was devoted to such exhibits as were movable.
To illustrate: No. 78 collected data and awarded prizes on barn gates, doors, hay carriers, silos, windmills, pumps, etc., while No. 79 was concerned with thrashers, plows, and the various implements which are not sold with farm buildings as necessary fixtures.
Having lived an active life on a Georgia plantation for fifty years, all these matters were of exceeding interest to the secretary, although a woman.
Our jury made an exhaustive examination of the exhibits of irrigation models, with various reports and statistics, that were carried to St. Louis. Germany made the finest exhibit as to number and completeness, and I feel sure there never has been such a far-reaching display of irrigation methods in the United States before. I was intimately connected with the Columbian Exposition, as a lady manager from Georgia and chairman of the woman's executive committee in the Cotton States and International Exposition, and I feel I speak advisedly when I tell you that nothing I have ever seen compares with the agricultural exhibits of the St. Louis Exposition, as uncovered to my view in performing the duties of a juror, especially in regard to the greatest problem of the twentieth century, namely, in regard to irrigation and its future possibilities for our various States and Territories. You will understand, of course, women had no part in the various governmental works where land has been reclaimed and converted into the finest farming lands known to this era, but in the results which followed such reclamation the farmer's wife and daughter has been seen and felt everywhere, although no percentage of women's work was noted in the exhibits examined by Group Jury No. 78.
Germany, Italy, Belgium, and France were prominent, and the States of Utah, Montana, California, and Louisiana gave most satisfactory evidences of advanced progress by irrigation in farming methods.
In the Belgian exhibit we were shown the beautiful and remarkable flax grown in the irrigated districts, the material from which the finest lace, known as the Brussels product, is constructed. If the investigation had been pursued to the limit, every benefit, or profit, or financial opportunity resulting from the improvement of farms, abroad or at home, touches somewhere the lives of our farm women in comfort and happiness.
Our jury passed upon the magnificent exhibit made by the State of Missouri in the Agricultural Palace—the finest State exhibit known to this continent—up to date in agriculture.
The construction of an elegant lay figure, made entirely of corn shucks and corn silks, representing a lady of style and fashion, was the handiwork of a woman and richly deserved the prize that was awarded.
Group No. 78 being confined to general lines, and covering the idea of farm improvement on an extended scale, grasping, as it were, the great and fundamental principles of modern agriculture, the work of the sexes was not indicated by the exhibitors. The percentage of each was not required by instructions given to Group Jury No. 78.
It gives me great pleasure to thank you and the board of lady managers for kind attentions, and the opportunity for pleasure and instruction in this group jury work, and to assure you that it was my constant aim and purpose to prove to my colleagues and to Chief Taylor that your trust and confidence had not been misplaced in assigning me to jury duty in so important a place.
Group 84, under the group heading "Vegetable food products—Agricultural seeds," was divided into eight classes, which represented: Cereals—wheat, rye, barley, maize, millet, and other cereals in sheaves or in grain. Legumes and their seeds—beans, peas, lentils, etc. Tuber and roots and their seeds—potatoes, beets, carrots, turnips, radishes, etc. Miscellaneous vegetables and their seeds—cabbages, peppers, artichokes, mushrooms, cresses, etc. Sugar-producing plants—beets, cane, sorghum, etc. Miscellaneous plants and their products—coffee, tea, cocoa, etc. Oil-producing plants and their products. Forage, growing, green, cured, or in silos; fodder for cattle; forage, grass, and field seeds.
Neither the principal nor alternate in this group were able to serve.
Group 89, Mrs. E.L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss., Juror.
Under the group heading "Preserved meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit," the eight classes into which it was divided represented: Meat preserved by any process. Salted meats, canned meats. Meat and soup tablets. Meat extracts. Various pork products. Fish preserved by any process. Salt fish, fish in barrels, cod, herring, etc. Fish preserved in oil—tuny, sardines, anchovies. Canned lobsters, canned oysters, canned shrimps. Vegetables preserved by various processes. Fruits dried or prepared, prunes, figs, raisins, dates. Fruits preserved without sugar. Fruits, canned, in tins or in glass. Army and Navy commissary stores and equipment.
No report.
Group 88, Mrs. F.H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr., Juror.
Under the group heading "Bread and pastry," the two classes into which it was divided represented: Breads with or without yeast, fancy breads, and breads in molds, compressed breads for travelers, military campaigns, etc. Ship biscuits. Yeasts. Baking powders. Pastry of various kinds peculiar to each country. Ginger bread and dry cakes for keeping.
Mrs. Pugh reports substantially as follows:
The nature of the exhibits in group 88 were angel food cake, pickles, bread, fruit cake, Purina Mills exhibit, the most striking exhibit being a California fruit cake, made by Mrs. Rose E. Bailey, which weighed 81 pounds. The exhibits showed advancement in the science of good cooking, all the exhibits being installed by American women, no foreign women that I can recall participating, and the display was more creditable than at the Chicago Exposition, in that the exhibitors showed more confidence in themselves and their work, more attention being given also to the purity and healthfulness of their food exhibits. Their work, as shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, would most certainly prove helpful or suggestive to those interested in the advancement and success of women's work by their exhibition of success already achieved, and the work of women, it is believed, was as well appreciated when placed by the side of that of men, and the results would not have been better had their work been separately exhibited. No manufacturers that I knew of, excepting the Purina Mills (Ralston) exhibition, were asked to state the percentage of woman's work that entered into the manufacture of their special exhibits, and only by one or two exhibits was it in a measure indicated in any way which part had been performed by woman, which by men; but, in my opinion, probably about one-tenth of the work was performed by women in this group. There were eight women exhibitors out of a total of sixty-three applications.
In the exhibits in this department daintier manipulation and more regard for purity of foods was shown than in the past, and in the construction of individual booths Mrs. Buchanan's pickles, Mrs. Gautz (Northwestern Yeast Company), and Mrs. Haffner's Swansdown flour deserve special mention. The exhibits of the women did not show special development of original inventions, but were mainly improvements and greater skill in handling the products, the greatest labor-saving machine being Werner's domestic machinery; but it is presumed this is the invention of man only, and that while women took no part in constructing that their installations were a credit to the most wonderful of all expositions and were a great attraction to visitors.
I am frank to say that as I look back upon our work there, the women who made the greatest effort to add to the attractiveness of the Agricultural Palace did not receive all the awards they deserved, namely, Mrs. Rose E. Bailey, to whom was awarded a grand prize for the ingenuity of her exhibit, never heard of the award; Mrs. Bertha E. Haffner, representing Swansdown flour, should have had a grand prize for her cakes, since a grand prize was awarded Mrs. Gautz for bread. This was the consensus of opinion of jurors in group 88.
The coffee exhibits employing women, and the flours—Pillsbury, Washburne, and Crosby, the banana flours, North Dakota flour exhibitors, Sanitas Nut Company, breakfast foods—were all in the charge of women, all of whom deserve special mention for their unfailing courtesies to sightseers.
It warms my heart yet just to think of the dear old Palace of
Agriculture, and the many delightful hours spent there in our
work. I desire to specially commend the kindness received by
those in charge of the Brazilian Pavilion and Machin Brothers'
French bakery.
Group 90, Miss Carolyn Hempstead (now Mrs. C.M.F. Riley), Little Rock,
Ark, Juror.
Under the group heading "Sugar and confectionery—Condiments and relishes," the eight classes into which it was divided represented: Sugar. Glucose. Confectionery. Chocolate. Brandied fruits, preserves, jellies. Coffee, tea, substitutes for coffee—mate, chicory and sweet acorns. Vinegar. Table salt. Spices and extracts; pepper, cinnamon, allspice, etc.; flavoring extracts. Mixed condiments and relishes; mustard, curries, sauces, etc.
Mrs. Riley reports as follows:
Department of Agriculture, group 90. In this group there were not as many women exhibitors as seemingly might have been expected, as women have always been the exponents of this domestic science, and have been called the "ministering angels" to man's needs; have feasted his eyes and fed his stomach from times immemorial with their sweetmeats. Eve, even, perhaps made Adam happy with sun-dried figs. Who knows?
All told, there were not over thirty women exhibitors, and the exhibits consisted of preserves, jellies, jams, marmalades, pickles, relishes, candied fruits, crystallized flowers—excellent in their quality and most beautifully put up and hygienically sealed. In this, the science of our grandmothers, much of their wisdom and practice clings to the art of producing and effecting the good result which were displayed before us; but if the exhibitors did have recourse to the old cookery books, the manner of showing the exhibits, the attractive booths, the managing ability, the business methods were the attributes of the women of to-day—the advancing, the farseeing business woman.
There were no foreigners in this class. The exhibitors of the guava jellies and foreign preserves were men. Man in all countries has been prone to reach out and gather in the best that women have had to give, and in this branch of trade has so enlarged and sometimes, may I add, adulterated the old recipes, and with his money and his army of employees has established great pickling and preserving plants designed to feed the world's masses.
In most cases the pureness, the sweetest, the old touch of "homemade" is gone, and only until the domestic woman, by dint of hard pressure, has been driven out into the world to gain her own livelihood, has this pure homemade article been put upon the market. "Pin-money" pickles are now a household word—made by a woman in Virginia, who started by making for her friends and neighbors, but whose industry has grown now to immense proportions.
In the exhibits by women at the St. Louis exposition two exhibits were worthy of unusual merit—one a fruit cake containing 41 varieties of preserved fruits, and weighing 81 pounds, made by Mrs. Rose A. Bailey, of California. Mrs. Bailey preserved these fruits in sugar only. Her collection of jellies, etc., received the warmest praise, and so much has been said that she is now contemplating the forwarding of a "Home-prepared fruit agency" to be handled by women only.
The other exhibit was the crystallized rose leaves and violets, by another California woman—so made that the sugar could be peeled off, leaving the rose leaf or violet intact and perfect in its coloring and form.
These were the odd and new exhibits. A long line of clear jellies and good pickles and toothsome relishes was most willingly judged and more willingly tasted. A most attractive exhibit of these were in the booth of Mrs. Nathalie Claibourne Buchanan, representing an old Virginia kitchen, its open fireplace with the fire logs in the background, the high mantel with its rows of preserves and pickles, and a dear old black "mammy" in kerchief and bandana as a most fitting setting to the scene.
No woman received the highest award, the grand prix, but some were given the gold medal.
In the exhibits of the large manufacturers there was no way to tell what part of the labor had been performed by women; but on the printed forms the proportion of women laborers was quite often given, but it is a known fact that two-thirds of the work of these large factories is done by women and girls.
This should be a wide avenue for women to enter the marts of life, but on the small scale it is so underpaid in proportion to the labor expended that but few are bold enough to enter.
Department J, horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, chief, comprised 7 groups and 27 classes, the board of lady managers being represented in but one group.
Group 107, Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort, Ky., Juror.
Under the group heading "Pomology," the six classes into which it was divided represented: Pomaceous and stone fruits—apples, pears, quinces, cherries, plums, peaches, apricots, nectarines, etc. Citrus fruits—oranges, lemons, limes, shaddocks, pomelos, etc. Tropical and subtropical fruits—pineapples, bananas, guavas, mangos, tamarinds, figs, olives, sepodillas, etc. Small fruits—strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, gooseberries, currants, etc. Nuts—almonds, chestnuts, filberts, pecans, hickorynuts, walnuts, etc. Casts and models of fruits in wax, plaster, etc.
Mrs. Day says, in substance, in her replies to the questions: That she can not give an approximate number of women who exhibited in this group, but that the nature of the exhibits shown were fruits—grapes, apples, etc.—and flowers, the most striking exhibits being by florists and fruit culturists, and that women have entered many more branches of this work in recent years; that she believes their work shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition would prove helpful and suggestive by reason of the great care taken in the exhibits. Mrs. Day does not think any difference was shown in appreciation of the exhibits of women when placed by the side of men, and hardly thinks the result would have been better had the work of women been separately exhibited. This seems to be almost the only department where exhibits were shown in such manner as to indicate whether they were the work of men or women, as all exhibits were marked distinctly with the name of the owner of fruit, farm, or florist, the exhibits of New Mexico and Oklahoma being each in charge of very intelligent women. Some of the finest fruit farms sending exhibits were owned by women, and women also made some of the best displays of fruits and, flowers.
Department N, anthropology, Prof. W J McGee, chief, comprised 4 groups and 5 classes, the board of lady managers being accorded representation upon each.
Group 126, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D.C., Juror.
Under the group heading "Somatology," the two classes into which it was divided represented: Physical characteristics of man; the comparative and special anatomy of races and peoples; specimens, casts, measurements, charts, and photographs representing typical and comparative characteristics. Anthropometry; measurements, charts, diagrams, etc., showing the methods and results of comparative studies on the physical structure of living races; instruments and appliances used in anthropometric investigations.
Miss Fletcher reports:
In the Department of Anthropology there were no distinctive exhibits by women that I can recall, for the work of women in that field was represented in the general student body of the science.
In archaeology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall's investigations in Mexico were represented in the publications of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University and the University of California. Miss Boyd's remarkable excavations at Gournia, Crete, were in connection with the Archaeological Institute of America, and the University of Pennsylvania. The contributions of these two and of Miss Breton, an English woman, who has made copies in color of the disappearing mural decorations in Central America, rank among the recent notable archaeological researches.
In somatology, the exhibit of Bryn Mawr College showed so marked a comprehension of the value of this line of study and its observations and the results in this branch of science, were so clearly and well presented as to receive a special award.
In ethnology, the work of women in this branch was included in the publications of scientific bodies and universities. In the collections exhibited the articles obtained by women were indiscriminately arranged with those gathered by men so as to make the exhibits of value and of interest.
In reply to the questions as to whether woman's work was as well appreciated when placed side by side with that of men, as when separately exhibited, I would say, that the trend of opinion at the present time is to judge of work by its character and quality rather than by the sex of the worker. Every woman student desires only such judgment to be passed on her work and is grateful that the day has come when she can be so dealt with.
Again, as to a comparison between the exhibits of woman's work at previous expositions and at the one held in St. Louis; as I have visited nearly all since that of the Centennial, I think that no one could fail to note the fairer estimate put on woman's work at the, recent exposition than was ever before granted. From the days of the childhood of the race to the present time it has always been impossible to draw a hard and fast line between the labors of men and those of women, their work has continually interchanged and overlapped. What has been woman's work in one age has become man's in another. The history of textile industries is a well known case in point. Such being the fact, it is in keeping with the truth of the past and the present time, not to attempt to exhibit separately that which has always been interwoven.
In anthropology the number of women students is small, but the work accomplished by these few has been creditable, and has received its due recognition.
The Indian school exhibit came under the Department of
Anthropology, and several women received awards for special
accomplishments.
Looking over the field of woman's work as presented at the St. Louis Exposition, one is convinced of the growth of a healthful recognition of her labors in the upbuilding of social life, both in the ideal and the practical, and can not fail to note the uses to which she is putting the widening opportunities for her higher education.
Group 127, Mrs. Alice Palmer Henderson, of Tacoma, Wash., Juror.
Under the group heading "Ethnology" there was but one class, representing illustration of the growth of culture; the origin and development of arts and industries; ceremonies, religious rites, and games; social and domestic manners and customs; languages and origin of writing.
Mrs. Henderson says:
In the Department of Anthropology in the Louisiana Purchase Exposition there were but few individual exhibits, those being principally in the section of history. Women have always been the chief heralds of family and conservators of family records and relics. The Daughters of the Revolution have stimulated research, restoration, and preservation along historical lines. For the first time in exposition management a department of history had its own commissioner and that commissioner was a woman. Miss Hayward justified this decidedly new step by her services. I think I am right in asserting that she was the first woman commissioner on the board of any international exposition.[A] The section of history was part of the Department of Anthropology.
[Footnote A: Mrs. Potter Palmer and Mrs. Daniel Manning were appointed by President McKinley to serve as commissioners at the Paris Exposition, 1900.]
New, too, was representation on the jury of anthropology of workers in Indian affairs, as represented in the model Indian school, containing, as it did, so large a proportion of women's work in exhibits from different tribes and sections of the country, and of the suggested work of the white woman teachers. Of these latter was the juror, Miss Peters, of the domestic science department. Advancement along these lines since the Columbian Exposition is undoubted, except in the matter of such Indian arts as basketry and rug making. If there be any reason for the existence of a raffia basket in hideous aniline hues it doth not yet appear. I think this bastard has usurped the place of the Indians' beautiful art of long descent, and it is distressing. White teachers who presume to instruct the Indians in basket making, or who substitute hairpin lace and the like, have much to answer for.
I noted no particular advance in anthropology among women since the Columbian Exposition, when I served upon the same jury in the same distinguished company—Mrs. Zelia Nuttall and Miss Alice Fletcher. In other more tangible departments, so to speak, and at other expositions, I have noted a steady advance in woman's work and in the spread of her domain. The time has long past when it should be segregated, as kindergarten efforts are from regular school work.
I recall no anthropological exhibit by foreign women at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In fact, American women undoubtedly lead in such study, investigation, exploration, and publication. In their own country the opportunity is great, especially in ethnology, because of the thousands of barbarous people among us and savages upon our borders. Tribes still in the stone age are our actual contemporaries. Women, quick to grasp, able to ingratiate themselves, are peculiarly fitted to gather the folklore of the Indians, their songs and myths and ceremonials—weird, rich, beautiful as those of the ancient Greeks. Miss Fletcher, who at St. Louis served upon the section of psychometry, has done much for both ethnology and the coming school of American music in rescuing and preserving the Indian songs.
What has been accomplished in archaeology by women was best exhibited in the attainments, translations, and publications of another member of the jury of anthropology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, as well known in Europe as in this country. Woman's acknowledged intuition, patience, and enthusiasm are factors of great value in the problem of reducing to one common denominator the life and works of bygone man from his archeological remains.
It seems to me of great importance to emphasize the work of women at such expositions. What woman has done, woman can do, is an invaluable suggestion borne in upon many minds of latent possibilities which, developed, might greatly benefit humanity. The most important exhibits at any great exposition are never seen, only felt.
Miss Cora Peters, Department of the Interior, United States Indian Service, Chilocco, Okla., as mentioned by Mrs. Henderson, also served in this Department, and briefly says:
I have not been able to give very definite replies as I had so little time to investigate the work. I served on the section of Indian education, and the work of the women was usually better than that of the men, and in every case they were more persistent in their efforts. It seems to me that there are more opportunities open to women along educational lines, especially that of domestic economy. The extent of women's influence in the home will never be known, so I am very glad that at present there is a great interest taken in that subject.
Miss Peters further says that the nature of the exhibits was historical, such as those by the Daughters of the American Revolution of Indian relics, and the exhibit in the Alaska Building, the latter being the most striking exhibit in the department. The women had more displays than men, and some of their work was very creditable, and in some cases was as well appreciated when placed by the side of that of men; that in one case it might have been more beneficial in result had it been separately exhibited, but as a whole I think women were given due consideration. The proportion of the work performed by women was not as large in proportion as that performed by the men, but in the Indian section of which I was a juror I think the awards were about evenly divided. The greater part of the exhibits consisted of collections of relics, and the exhibits by women showed great skill and ingenuity, and in nearly every case the installation of exhibits was considered very good, as was the taste displayed. Some of them were better than those by men.
Group 128, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass., Juror.
Under the group heading "Ethnography," the one class represented races and peoples from earliest man to the present time; tribal and racial exhibits, showing by means of specimens, groups, and photographs, the stages of culture reached by different peoples of various times and under special conditions of environment. Families, groups, and tribes of living peoples.
Mrs. Nuttall's report in the sections of archæology, ethnology, and history is as follows:
Exhibits of original work by women in these three sections were conspicuous by their absence. At the same time the names of several women figure in the catalogue as collaborators in the installment of archæological collections. Mrs. Quibbell and Miss Cox gave valuable assistance in arranging the Egyptian exhibit from the Museum at Cairo.
Miss Mary Louise Dalton not only helped to install the archæological and historical specimens belonging to the Missouri Historical Society, but was also instituted as the custodian of these exhibits.
It is impossible to overrate the value of the services rendered to the exposition by the special commissioner for history, Miss Florence Hayward, who not only secured the special exhibit of the Queen's jubilee presents, but also the exhibits of the Louisiana State Historical Society, the historical exhibit of the city of New Orleans, and several interesting private collections.
The highest award was given to Miss Hayward, and bronze medals were assigned to Miss Dalton and to Miss Valentine Smith, the secretary of the Chicago Historical Society, who installed its loan exhibition, and likewise lent some documents belonging to her private collection.
Two women only figured as exhibitors of single ethnological and archæological objects, but merely as their possessors.
The foregoing facts establish that of the three sections under consideration (ethnology, archæology, and history) it was in the section of history that women distinguished themselves most at the St. Louis exposition. It may perhaps be said that the activity of women in bringing together and classifying historical material was a feature of the exposition, and marks an encouraging stage in the history of women's work in the United States.
Department O, social economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, chief, comprised 13 groups and 58 classes, the board of lady managers receiving representation in 5 groups.
Group 129, Miss Caroline Griesheimer, Washington, D.C., Juror.
Under the group heading "Study and investigation of social and economic conditions," the five classes into which it was divided represented Official bureaus and offices. Private bureaus, museums, boards of trade, etc. Economic and social reform associations, congresses. Economic serials, reviews, and other publications. Scholastic instruction in economics and social economy.
Miss Greisheimer says:
Studies and investigations of exhibits, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, social economy group 129. The exhibits, by means of reports and statistics, of leading States and countries showing the commercial and industrial conditions of the State or country, in regard to exports and imports, wages, occupations, hours of daily labor, health statistics, educational facilities, means provided for industrial betterment of employees, and photographs and graphic charts illustrative of the above, no doubt attracted the attention of thousands of visitors at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and will result in much good. Important subjects are thus brought to the front and many employers and capitalists are benefited by the experience of others, and so go away and work out some plan for the betterment of the conditions of their employees. It opens the way for the capitalist to meet his workmen in the adoption of measures for harmonizing the interests of capital and labor and binding together in mutual interest and good will the men whose work enriches the State and the employer who directs their labor and converts its products into wages.
The many photographs exhibited illustrating the line of betterment evolution and industrial commercial pursuits and development bring facts relating to these subjects before the public and lead captains of industry and the employer to investigate betterment institutions and profit by the experience of others. They also furnish an idea of the large industries, progress, and natural resources of the country. Thus the photographs of the coffee plantations of Brazil thoroughly illustrated the coffee industry and gave an idea of this great industry, its commercial value, its growth and development. The exhibits of New Jersey by means of photographs of industrial betterment institutions and industrial conditions furnished plenty of matter for studies and investigations to students of social economics.
Representatives of large industries, through the medium of international expositions, study the means of improving the productions of their factories, either by the use of better raw material, securing it cheaper by importing it direct from the producing centers, or by the improvement of their processes by using modern machinery, and by the study of the social betterment conditions of the employees of other large industrial enterprises.
Many of the foreign governmental publications, reports, photographs, statistics, and graphic charts exhibited showed the degree of advancement reached in some parts of the country with relation to these particular subjects, and the splendid condition and resources of the State or country. Many of these exhibits were beautifully illustrated, giving information of the social and economic conditions, as well as the history, geography, physical resources, etc., of the State or country. The exhibits of France, Belgium, Germany, and Great Britain were elaborate and systematically arranged, and furnished a fund of information in social economic studies and investigations by their most eminent economists.
The exhibits of the American Institute of Social Service deserves especial mention. We learn from them how we can aid in humanizing and elevating the spirit, methods, and conditions of modern life.
This institute had on exhibition about 2,000 photographs in 10 wing-frame cabinets, which visualize and interpret all forms of social and industrial betterment, arranged as follows: (1) The American Institute of Social Service. (2) Civic betterment. (3) Improved housing. (4, 5, and 6) Industrial betterment. (7) European social studies. (8) Salvation Army and denominational work. (9) Young Men's and Young Women's Christian associations. (10) Institutional churches. After the exposition these cabinets will be put on permanent exhibition at the headquarters of the institution in New York.
These photos make a deep and lasting impression upon the mind of the observer of the great work being done in all forms of social and industrial betterment. It is an efficient way of showing the needs of the times created by the new conditions in the industrial world, and is a means of bringing together the best thinkers of the age to devise feasible plans for the betterment of mankind, and the solving of problems of social conditions and industrial betterment. They also show what is being done by the American Institute of Social Service.
The American Institute of Social Service is a clearing house for exchange of facts, experiences and ideas on social and industrial betterment. It is both a laboratory for investigation and a distributor of the knowledge gained. It is practically an international university for the study and promotion of social and industrial progress. Its work is done on a large and thorough plan, and benefits multitudes.
The fundamental principle and purpose of the institute is to make the experience of all available for the instruction of each. This principle is applicable alike to individuals, corporations, churches, societies, cities, States, and nations.
The institute places human experience on file. It welcomes inquiries from anyone. The answers aim to be complete, or, if necessary, to refer the writer to the most direct and trustworthy sources.
It furnishes expert advice for solving local problems to employers of every kind, to workingmen, to municipal officers, to teachers and ministers, to writers, students, and others.
Through its many foreign collaborators, the institute receives
reports, and is in close touch with social movements abroad.
The institute also arranges for addresses and lectures, with or
without lantern slides, on many important subjects, such as: The
Child Problem, History of Labor, Food, Tenements and Improved
Housing, Industrial Betterment, Substitutes for the Saloon, The
Newer Charity, Municipal Problems, Institutional Churches,
Public Baths and Wash Houses, The Better New York.
Its publications are: Social Service, an illustrated monthly
magazine; The Better New York, monographs, and leaflets.
It has a specialized and growing library, with many foreign books and pamphlets, 3,000 lantern slides, and 4,000 photographs, showing social and industrial conditions throughout the world.
Results.—Plans for new factories have been modified for comfort and health. Result: Better workers and better work.
Facilities for warm lunches, baths, and recreation at noon have
been provided. Result: Hold of the saloon weakened.
Social secretaries have been appointed in factories and
department stores. Result: Employees and employers in harmony.
Ministers, lecturers, and writers have been aided in presenting moral questions with force and persuasiveness. Result: Public conscience aroused.
The attention of societies and clubs has been turned to vital civic questions. Result: Energies given practical value.
Many private individuals have been encouraged to undertake local efforts of great value from which they reluctantly shrank for lack of knowledge and experience. Result: Individuals and communities have been both beautified.
Theodore Roosevelt said: "This institute is fitted to render a great and peculiar service, not merely to the country but to all countries. The possibilities of usefulness for the institute are well nigh boundless. It will hasten the progress of civilization and the uplifting of humanity."
The exhibits of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum of the World's Commerce and American Industries by means of 88 graphically illustrated charts also deserve mention. These charts illustrate the progress and present conditions of the commerce of the world, of the manufacturing industries of the United States, and of the British and American shipping industries.
This graphic method shows more clearly than statistics alone would do what proportion of the world's trade belongs to each of the principal nations, and the relative importance, from a manufacturing standpoint, of the leading cities of the United States.
The Philadelphia Museum was organized in 1884 by ordinance of the city councils, and is governed by a board of trustees. The board maintains the Commercial Museum and a Commercial Library, and is accumulating material for a group of city museums devoted to public education, ethnology, economics, economic botany, and general science.
The Commercial Museum comprises collections illustrating the production and commerce of all nations. A bureau of information collates all available data regarding the subject of foreign trade, and distributes, upon application, reports tending to the extension of American trade abroad.
The Commercial Library is free to the public and contains books bearing particularly on the subjects of international trade, productions, transportation, banking, economics, and municipal affairs. It also contains more important books, pamphlets, periodicals, and foreign reports of recent date relating to foreign trade and commerce than any other commercial library in the world.
This valuable collection of trade literature includes statistical reports of all foreign governments issuing such documents, and foreign governments' gazettes, reports of board of trade bodies, regulations of customs tariffs, yearbooks descriptive of many foreign countries, colonies, and settlements, the consular reports from all countries, special work regarding trade, commerce, agriculture, mining, and general conditions in foreign countries. It also has periodicals, city directories, and trade directories from all countries.
The museums are maintained by an annual appropriation from the city of Philadelphia, and the bureau of information by contributions from business firms and individuals desiring special service.
The Commercial Museum has accomplished much along the educational lines. The growing feeling that an increased export trade is necessary to the prosperity of the country is forcing upon schools and colleges the necessity of courses in commercial geography and commerce.
The Commercial Museum, with its wealth of products collected from every part of the world, is in the position to supply the necessary demand for the material on which such schools must depend. It has distributed over 225 collections of such products, with photographs arranged for the study of commercial geography, and so is intended to eventually include within its scope schools, colleges, and universities.
Salvation Army.—It is impossible to describe in a few words the great work and the good being accomplished by the Salvation Army. Many photographs were exhibited illustrating the work being done by this noble army.
On Christmas, 1878, in London, this army of Christian workers was christened "The Salvation Army," consisting then of about 20 workers and about as many posts, with a few hundred members, and some 3,000 souls seeking salvation during the year. To-day there are scattered through 47 countries and colonies as follows:
Fifteen thousand separated workers, entirely supported from its funds; 40,000 unpaid local officers, who support themselves and give their spare time; 16,000 brass bandsmen (unpaid); 50,000 other musicians, composing thousands of hymns and hundreds of new tunes annually; 250,000 penitents profess salvation publicly in the course of a single year; 6,000 centers have been established, where an average of fourteen to twenty meetings are held weekly, half in open air, half in buildings; 84,000 meetings weekly; 10,000,000 weekly listeners; 520,000,000 listeners in a year. To the poor the gospel is being preached everywhere.
In 1880 the first Salvation Army officers landed in New York. The Salvation Army struck root in its new soil from the outset. The work has gone on steadily forward, and it is noted throughout the world for the wonderful spirit of humility and devotion among its workers, who came to be increasingly widely recognized. They made rapid strides in America. They founded homes for the homeless; work for the workless; establishments for labor bureaus and social-relief institutions; establishment of industrial homes; workingmen's hotels; working women's homes and hotels; the establishment of the beautiful Floral Home, Los Angeles; Benedict Hotel for Young Women, Boston, and a number of cheaper-class hotels for women in New York, Chicago, and Boston; these all supply a clean, comfortable bed, with good moral surroundings, kindly sympathy, and religious services. In New York and other large cities day nurseries have been opened in connection with some slum posts; here mothers bring their children to be cared for during the day, while they are out at work earning the wages upon which the family depend for existence. There are more than 100 rescue homes located in leading cities of the world, and more than 7,000 fallen women were taken care of during the last year.
Farm colonies have also been established, and fresh-air camps are organized for summer outings. In the summer ice is furnished to the needy of the tenements; in winter, coal.
Who can estimate the good done by this noble army? How their efforts help to cast gleams of sunshine into the desolate hearts and homes of the needy. In civilization, religious and sociological reforms the Salvation Army is doing a magnificent work.
Philippine Island exhibit.—The insular exhibit of the Philippine Islands at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was one of the great features of the fair and deserves especial mention, although it does not come under group 129.
No other one exhibit was so widely commented upon in the press and by the public as the insular exhibit. Everybody who went to the exposition visited the Philippine village and went away full of wonder and with new ideas regarding our island possessions and our governmental policy in regard to the Filipinos and the islands.
In the Philippine village or grounds there were erected a number of typical Philippine buildings. The native villages presented the life of the Negritos, Igorrotes, and other tribes. A number of buildings displayed the native woods, and some were devoted to commerce, agricultural products, and others to educational matters.
The educational exhibits attracted unusual attention. The main school building was constructed after a Manila cathedral. The main feature of the educational exhibit was a model school, taught by Mr. Hager and Miss Zamora of the Philippine Normal School. The Filipino pupils were objects of great interest and curiosity.
No doubt many visitors were interested in the Igorrotes or in some other one slight feature which left no deep impression of the actual condition of the islands. But everyone who went attentively through the Philippine village knows just what kind of people the Filipinos are, and learned much of their customs and their industries, and also acquired a fair knowledge of the resources of the islands and the many problems confronting our Government. The Philippine exhibit was one of the greatest features of the fair.
Humane Education Society.—The pamphlets issued by the Humane Education Society during the progress of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition are far-reaching as an important factor in true education, and can not but result in good. Children through their influence will be trained in habits of kindness to the dependent lower creatures, become gentler to each other, more amenable to authority, and better in their conduct. Through the efforts of this society Bands of Mercy have been organized in the various schools and churches throughout the country, and as a result children become more humane.
Pamphlets of instruction of methods of forming humane education societies were given out with other literature on humane treatment of animals which could not fail in arousing interest. A grand and noble work is being done throughout the world by the humane societies. Too much can not be said in praise of the work being accomplished by the little children as members of Bands of Mercy.
This is a report of a few important exhibits. It was impossible for me to give an accurate report of all the important exhibits viewed by jury group 129. There were several things I consider of vital importance to humanity exhibited under other groups; you will no doubt receive reports concerning them. One was the "Model Nursery," which no doubt appeals to all womankind. Another, the school exhibits in manual training, drawing, nature study, and kindergarten exhibits. Most of this work is developed through the training of the powers of the child by our great army of noble women teachers.
Group 135, Miss Margaret Wade, Washington, D.C., Juror.
Under the group heading "Provident institutions," the six classes into which it was divided represented: Savings banks, life insurance, accident insurance, sickness insurance, old age and invalidity insurance, fire, marine, and other insurance of property.
Miss Wade expressed a somewhat pessimistic view of the work of women in this special department, as she said "the part taken by women as shown by their exhibits showed no high degree of excellence, the only exhibit in group 135 being not up to the standard, and therefore, in her opinion, it would have been no advantage to women to have had their work exhibited separately."
This would be a somewhat difficult class, no doubt, for women to endeavor to make an exhibit, because, while thousands of them are employed in the offices of insurance companies and as solicitors, it is probably not a field in which they will assume the risks involved for many years to come.
Group 136, Miss Jane Addams, Hull House, Chicago, Ill, Juror.
Under the group heading "Housing of the working classes" the five classes into which it was divided represented: Building and sanitary regulations, erection of improved dwellings by employers, erection of improved dwellings by private efforts, erection of improved dwellings by public authorities, general efforts for betterment of housing conditions.
Miss Addams says in her report as group juror of the above:
From the nature of the exhibits in this department it is difficult to divide the work of women from that of men, for, although the erection of dwellings by public authorities, as in London, was naturally done through men who were members of the London County Council, and while the model dwellings erected by large employers, such as those built by Mr. Cadbury, at Port Sunlight, England, or by the Krupp Company, in Germany, were naturally carried through altogether by men, the earliest efforts for amelioration in housing conditions, and in many cases the initiatory measures for improved dwellings, have been undertaken by women.
The activities of Octavia Hill, in London, preceded by many years the governmental action, and there is no doubt that the creditable showing she was able to make on the financial as well as on the social and educational side had much to do with making the movement for better housing popular in London. The efforts of Fraulein Krupp in connection with the model housing at Essen are also well known, although, of course, this was not indicated in the Krupp exhibit.
Of the five grand prix which were given for general achievements disconnected with exhibits, only one was awarded to a woman, that to Miss Octavia Hill, although a silver medal was also awarded to Frau Rossbach, of Leipzig, Germany. Two gold medals were given to American enterprises in model housing which were carried on almost exclusively by women—one to the Boston Cooperative Society, which was founded and largely directed by Mrs. Alice Lincoln, and one to the Octavia Hill Association, of Philadelphia.
On the whole, the special work of women in connection with housing showed most satisfactory results in "rent collecting," which has become a dignified profession for many English ladies who conscientiously use it as a means of moral and educational uplift to those most in need of sustained and continuous help. Improvements in housing conditions are so closely connected with the rate of mortality among little children, with the chances for decency and right living among young girls, with the higher standards and opportunities for housewives, that it has naturally attracted the help of women from the beginning of the crowded tenement conditions which unhappily prevail in every modern city.
Group 139, Miss Mary E. Perry, St. Louis, Mo. Juror.
Under the group heading "Charities and correction" the seven classes into which it was divided represented: Destitute, neglected, and delinquent children; institutional care of destitute adults; care and relief of needy families in their homes; hospitals, dispensaries, and nursing; the insane, feeble-minded, and epileptic; treatment of criminals; identification of criminals; supervisory and educational movements.
Miss Perry reports:
Department O, Group 139.—(1) Class 784: Vacation Playground,
Mrs. E.A. De Wolfe; Philadelphia Night College for Girls, Mrs.
Wilson; Missouri Industrial School for Girls, Mrs. De Bolt;
Illinois Industrial School for Girls, Mrs. Ameigh; Industrial
School for Girls, Washington, D.C., Amy J. Rule. Class 785:
Door of Hope, Mrs. Möise. Class 786: Committee on tuberculosis
of the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York,
Miss Brandt. Class 787: Johns Hopkins School for Nurses, Miss
Ross; anatomical and pathological exhibit, Mrs. Corrine B.
Eckley. Class 788: Seguin School for Backward Children, Mrs.
Seguin; Compton School for Nervous Children, Fanny A. Compton;
Chicago Hospital School, Mary R. Campbell. Class 789: Police
supplies and detective exhibit, Mrs. M.E. Holland. Class 790:
Missouri State board of charities, Miss Mary E. Perry; New
Hampshire State board of charities, Mrs. Lilian Streator;
Massachusetts charity and correctional exhibit; Jewish
Charitable and Educational Union, by committee of ladies; the
Catholic University of America made an exhibit of all the
Catholic institutions relating to charities and correction,
which was collected and installed by the union, but put in
charge of the "Queen's Daughters," Miss Mary Hoxsey.
(2) Class 784, 35 per cent; class 785, 30 per cent; class 786, 20 per cent; class 787, 40 per cent; class 788, 30 per cent; class 789, 15 per cent; class 790, 40 per cent; total, 30 per cent (average).
(3) Missouri State board of charities, Massachusetts exhibit in charities and correction, Johns Hopkins School for Nurses, committee on tuberculosis of the Charity Organization Society of the City of New York.
(4) It is a very noticeable fact that women are taking the place of men in charitable institutions. This fact, however, is more clearly demonstrated in the general educational exhibit. The exhibits relating to dispensaries and nurses were mostly prepared by women; in fact, they seem to have a monopoly on this particular line of work.
A part of the anatomical and pathological exhibit was in charge
of Mrs. Eckley, anatomist, from the College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Chicago, Ill.
The number of women entering this field was shown to be steadily on the increase, and the exhibit relating to medical schools also showed a great increase in the number of students.
Nearly all of the reformatory schools for girls and prisons and reformatories for women are under the charge of women, and a great many of the State board of charities are practically under their control.
Women are taking the place of men in the distribution of charities in the larger cities, and Mrs. M.E. Holland, who installed the exhibit on police supplies, and who is also the editor of the Detective, was, at the same time, in charge of the Chicago police exhibit. This is one of the cases where a woman has entered the profession of detective.
(5) No foreign exhibits were installed by women, although about 15 per cent of the foreign exhibits were prepared by women.
(6) The most noticeable work given to women at the fair was along the lines demanding executive ability, as is required in organizing exhibits, where tact and business capacity were essential to success. (See answer 4.)
(7) Their work differed from the work at other expositions in the fact that scientific material was presented in an attractive and comprehensive way, so as to be easily understood and appreciated by the general visitor.
(8) Yes. Their work could easily be compared to that of men. It was of the same grade, and there seemed to be no question or suggestion of inferiority.
(9) Yes; the work of women was as well appreciated when placed by the side of that of men as when separately exhibited.
(10) The results would not have been better if separately exhibited. Exhibits must be scientifically classified in order to be appreciated by the general visitor. If the exhibits prepared by women had been separated, it would have left a great gap in the scientific arrangement required in a collective exhibit, as in group 139. The exhibits in this line prepared by women would not and could not have covered the subject completely.
(11) See answer to No. 7.
There were no manufacturers in group No. 139 except manufacturers of prison cells, and no women are employed in such factories.
Thirty per cent of the work of organizing, collecting, and installing exhibits in group 139 was performed by women, and about 40 per cent of the actual work was prepared under the direction of women, such as teachers in reformatory institutions, etc.
All women preparing and organizing exhibits in this group received awards. The exact proportion can not be determined until the jury make their final report.
Naturally, there were no inventions by women in this group, but the exhibits made, or nearly all of them, were improvements on such work at former expositions, and a great deal of originality was displayed presenting scientific material and installment of exhibits.
The artistic genius and method of displaying scientific material made this group very interesting to the general public, and the subjects could be comprehended with but little effort by the passing visitor. At former expositions such subjects received little attention and were of no interest except to scientific investigators.
This exhibit as a whole showed that women have taken possession of several lines of work such as teaching and nursing, and that men have been practically forced out of these occupations. It also showed that they are entering many new fields, such as the medical profession and even becoming detectives, which demonstrates the fact that they are not inferior to men, but are more specially adapted to certain lines of work.
Group 141, Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas, Tex., Juror.
Owing to illness, Mrs. Turner served but two days on this jury, and was succeeded by Mrs. Condé Hamlin, who had been named by the board of lady managers as Mrs. Turner's alternate.
Under the group heading "Municipal government," the five classes into which it was divided represented: City organization. Protection of life and property. Public-service industries. Streets and sewers. Parks, baths, recreation, city beautification, etc.
Mrs. Hamlin became secretary of this jury, and reports as follows:
In the department in which I was a juror, namely, municipal government, a good deal of the work was inspired by women, and some of it prepared by women. Women's work in civic improvement is well to the front. The work in the vacation schools, which was shown, in playgrounds, for clean streets, for smoke abatement, for better disposition of garbage, has in many cities been largely inspired by women. In fact, I know of no department where the women of the leisure class are more actively interested and more efficient than in civic improvement work, and the results reached through the activities of the municipal leagues, through officials, have been most marked. The Twin City municipal exhibit I myself designed and largely prepared and administered, and was the resident member of the municipal commission.
The nature of the exhibits in this department were charts and photographs, literature on civic improvement work for and by children in playgrounds, school gardens, etc. Civic work of women's clubs. The civic improvement movement may be said to have had its inception and development since the Chicago Fair; hence the display at St. Louis showed a decided and marked advance over the work of a similar nature shown at Chicago, but, naturally, there were no exhibits from foreign women, municipal betterment work being new for both men and women, in the present understanding of the term. The work shown, of course, relating as it does to the social life of cities, would prove helpful to those interested in the advancement and success of women's work, but I saw no difference in appreciation shown in comparing the work of men and women, and the very nature of the work would not permit of its being separately exhibited, and it was not in all cases shown which had been performed or accomplished by women, which by men, although much of the work had been stimulated by women, but just how much they actually performed I can not say, and only two or three awards were given to women.
The board of lady managers was given recognition on each of the
department juries, fifteen in number, namely, Education, Art, Liberal
Arts, Manufactures, Machinery, Electricity, Transportation Exhibits,
Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Mines and Metallurgy, Fish and
Game, Anthropology, Social Economy, Physical Culture.
The department jurors report as follows:
Department A, Education, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Mrs. W.E. Fischel,
St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror.
This department comprised 5 groups and 26 classes, the group headings being Elementary education, Secondary education, Higher education, Special education in fine arts, Special education in agriculture, Special education in commerce and industry, Education of defectives, and Special forms of education—text-books—School furniture, and School appliances.
Mrs. Fischel writes:
The queries relative to woman's work at the exposition were duly received. I have given very careful consideration to the request of the accompanying letter and have deferred my answer so as to deliberate most intelligently. Reading the questions over, I found myself unable to form any opinion of woman's work as woman's work. Indeed, I have held very strongly to the opinion that the one great thing accomplished for women in this Louisiana Purchase Exposition was the exhibition of work as work without distinction as to sex. In the jury room, when I served, no consideration of award was given to any sex characteristic, and not having viewed the exhibits with any idea of specializing this feature I find myself now at a loss to particularize and say there was such a per cent of woman's work.
Department B, Art, Prof. Halsey C. Ives, Chief.
This department comprised 6 groups and 18 classes, the group headings being Paintings and drawings, Engravings and lithographs, Sculpture, Architecture, Loan collection, and Original objects of art workmanship.
The board was most unfortunate in not being able to obtain the services of the prominent artists named for this position, all being abroad at the time notice of their appointment was sent, and having engagements upon their return that rendered it impossible for them to reach St. Louis in time to serve.
Department C, Liberal Arts, Col. John A. Ocherson, Chief.
This department comprised 13 groups and 116 classes, the group headings being Typography—Various printing processes; Photography; Books and publications—Bookbinding; Maps and apparatus for geography, cosmography, topography; Instruments of precision; Philosophical apparatus, etc.—Coins and medals; Medicine and surgery; Musical instruments; Theatrical appliances and equipment; Chemical and pharmaceutical arts; Manufacture of paper; Civil and military engineering; Models, plans, and designs for public works; Architectural engineering.
Mrs. H.A. Langford, of Chicago, Ill., was appointed as juror in this department, but unfortunately did not receive notice in time to serve.
Department D, Manufactures, Milan H. Hulbert, Chief; Miss Thekla M.
Bernays, of St. Louis, Mo., Department Juror.
This department comprised 24 groups and 231 classes, the group headings being Stationery; Cutlery; Silversmiths' and goldsmiths' ware; Jewelry; Clock and watch making; Productions in marble, bronze, cast iron and wrought iron; Brushes, fine leather articles, fancy articles, and basket work; Articles for traveling and for camping; India-rubber and gutta-percha industries; Toys; Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings and dwellings; Office and household furniture; Stained glass; Mortuary monuments and undertakers' furnishings; Hardware; Paper hanging; Carpets, tapestries, and fabrics for upholstery; Upholsterers' decorations; Ceramics; Plumbing and sanitary materials; Glass and crystal; Apparatus and processes for heating and ventilation; Apparatus and methods, not electrical, for lighting; Textiles; Equipment and processes used in the manufacture of textile fabrics; Equipment and processes used in bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing textiles in their various stages; Equipment and processes used in sewing and making wearing apparel; Threads and fabrics of cotton; Threads and fabrics of flax, hemp, etc.; Cordage; Yarns and fabrics of wool; Silk and fabrics of silk; Laces, embroidery, and trimmings; Industries producing wearing apparel for men, women, and children; Leather, boots and shoes, furs and skins, fur clothing; Various industries connected with clothing.
Miss Bernays reports as follows:
In order to arrive at an accurate idea of the value of women's work as compared with men's, it would have been necessary to study the St. Louis Exposition from the time of its opening to the close, with a view to collecting data and statistics on this question. Furthermore, to get definite results regarding the progress of women since the Columbian Exposition one would have had to have access to the researches and statistics of former expositions on this subject, if such there exist. I visited both the Columbian Exposition of 1893 and the Paris Exposition of 1900, but I have only impressions of the work by women as exhibited there. Nor can I furnish figures, percentages, or even accurate estimates of women's work at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The observations subjoined have value only in so far as the interest in women's work lies always in the under-current of my thought. Even under the terrific stress of the enormous amount of work pressed into the few short days of jury duty I was vividly impressed with the dignity of the work accomplished in arts and crafts by the women of Germany, where it was exhibited together with that of men. In the one instance where women secluded themselves it was shown with appalling force that the result was tawdry and inharmonious.
I was appointed by the board of lady managers to serve upon the department jury in the same classification of which I had served as group juror, for "Kunstgewerbe" (Arts and Crafts). Finding my group divided into four classes—Fixed inner decoration, Furniture, Stained glass, and Mortuary monuments—with numberless exhibits m various buildings all over the grounds, I elected to serve in the class for "Fixed inner decoration." I was aware that I had been appointed for Germany because of the great interest I had taken in the movement for harmony in household art inaugurated in Germany about ten years ago. This movement admits of no division into "fixed inner decoration" and "furniture," etc., but regards the arrangement and decoration of spaces with a view to the effect of the "ensemble." Following the lead of our distinguished chairman, Doctor Wuthesius, we adhered to this idea in spite of the barbarous separation ordered by the official instructions. Thus I was enabled to gain an insight into what women were accomplishing in industrial art, which would have been impossible had I permitted myself to look only upon "fixed inner decoration."
The exhibits made by our own country in household art were meager compared to those of several foreign countries, notably Germany and Austria. Nor was it possible to gain information from our exhibitors as full and as accurate as from some of the foreigners. Here again the Germans were to the front with a complete, reliable, and artistically finished catalogue, which they freely distributed among the jurors. Only the Japanese were as perfectly equipped in the matter of literature on their exhibits and as lavish of information to the jurors as the Germans.
I have no doubt that American women are as extensively employed in industrial art as the women of Europe, but, excepting in pottery, their forward stride was not made to appear pronounced at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Woman's work as a maker of laces was not so exhibited as to make it readily distinguishable from men's, although it must have entered largely into the exhibits made, which, however, as I have just said, did not adequately represent the United States, many of the best and most renowned eastern firms having chosen to absent themselves.
Nor were foreign women, always the Germans and Austrians excepted, frequent or prominent in the showing made. In the two countries mentioned women have been undoubtedly taken up as factors which hereafter are to count in the arts and crafts. We found German women in a perceptible number exhibiting side by side with men, holding their own fairly well in decorative painting, as designers of rooms, of carpets and wall coverings, workers in iron and other metals, while in tapestry, weaving embroidery, and lace work their advance is nothing short of astonishing.
Wherever in the Varied Industries Building, in the German House, in the Austrian Pavilion, and elsewhere the work of German women was incorporated into the general scheme of the decorations and furnishings, wherever women, together with men, designed and planned, or wherever they carried out the designs of men, harmony was the result. Women's work was found to blend perfectly with men's when both worked on a common plan to a common end. Of course women in German art, as elsewhere, are numerically immensely in the minority, nor do they as yet often attempt the grand, the monumental, the complex. But many of them are honest and efficient helpers, whose eyes and hands show excellent training. They are, besides, enthusiastic supporters and intelligent abettors of the new movement which aims to achieve homogeneousness in the arts of living.
Again and again in the German exhibits one was constrained to note that the female members of an artist's family were frequently represented by work of their own. One encountered Bruno and Fra Wille, joint designers of rooms, carpets, wall coverings; Professor Behrens's wife plans a variety of things from costumes to book covering. There are feminine Hubers, Spindlers, Laengers in the catalogue, showing that the Germans who have been so long reckoned as addicted to the cult of the "Hausfrau" only, are beginning to accord the woman artist due recognition.
It was all the more amazing to find that Germany, the very Germany who, by general verdict, had given the most complete exhibit of household art ever shown at any exposition, who, as I have just pointed out had brought forward its craftswomen in no contemptible role, should all unconsciously furnish the striking, the classical example of the folly of separating the sexes at an exposition. The "Verein Berliner Kunstlevinnen" made an exhibit of exclusively feminine work, which was as pointedly painful, as conspicuously lacking in force and originality, as confused as to arrangement as have been all the previous displays, where the accentuated feminine was relegated to separate little buildings or separate little corners in buildings. I saw more than one German artist hustle his American friends past that part of the Varied Industries Building, where abominations of his misguided countrywomen were on view. And more than one told me that it was a slander on what German women could do. This only goes to prove that the action of the authorities in charge of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition believed to be the fact: That the exhibition of woman's work, apart from men's, runs to the tawdry, the insignificant, and the unnecessary. Therefore, separation of the sexes in the display at expositions should not be tolerated.
Department E, Machinery, Mr. Thomas M. Moore, Chief; Miss Edith J.
Griswold, New York City, Department Juror.
This department comprised 5 groups and 35 classes, the group headings being: Steam engines; Various motors; General machinery; Machine tools; Arsenal tools.
Miss Griswold says:
After considerable consideration I almost feel that the least said about women exhibitors in the Machinery Department at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition the better. The fact is, there were no women exhibitors. However, in this department the exhibitors were mostly old firms or very large manufacturers, and while women are undoubtedly making their way into mechanics they have not been in the field long enough to have reached a point where their work of a nature to form exposition exhibits can compete with man's work. The chief of the Machinery Department and one other member of the jury mentioned a Miss Gleason, who is connected with one of the firms that exhibited, and spoke of her ability in the mechanical line and her knowledge of mechanics in the highest of terms. Women are employed in various capacities in nearly every line of work that was exhibited in this department, and Miss Gleason probably stands as an example of the real but unostentatious work of many women who understand the intricacies of machinery fully as well as men with the same degree of training.
That women are making a place for themselves in this department of industry is shown by the Patent Office statistics. The first patents for inventions were granted to men in 1790, but no patent was issued to a woman until May 5, 1809, and the number of inventions granted to them in any one year did not exceed 6 until the year 1862, when 14 were issued. This number was lowered but once, and that was in 1865, when naturally women had responsibilities of a nature that precluded outside interests, but the direction of which is shown in the fact that two of the 13 applications in that year were—one for "Improved table for hospitals," the other for "Improvement in drinking cups for the sick." In 1863 an application was made for "Improvement in ambulances."
It is a significant fact that from the time General Spinner appointed the first woman to be employed under the Government in 1864, her advancement was shown in invention, as well as in all other phases of her existence. At the beginning of the year 1864, fifty-five years after the first patent had been granted to her, she had received but 103 patents. During the next fifteen years, 1,046 patents were granted; during the next ten, 1,428, and during the next five years (from 1889 to 1894), 1,309 patents were issued to women, the number in five years exceeding that granted during the first seventy years. It is to be regretted that the Patent Office records do not show a classification of her work during the past ten years, their list practically ceasing March 1, 1895.
The inventions cover a wide and ambitious range, and include, even among their earliest attempts, "Improved war vessel, the parts applying to other structures for defense;" "Improvement in locomotive wheels;" in "Engraving copper;" "Steam whistles;" "Mechanism for driving sewing machines;" "Improved material for packing journals and bearings;" "Improvement in the mode of preventing the heating of axles and journals;" in "Pyrotechnic night signals;" in "Paper-bag machines;" in "Railway car safety apparatus;" "Conveyors of smoke and cinders for locomotives;" "Sewing machines;" in "Alloys for hardening iron;" in "Alloys to resemble silver;" in "Devices for removing snow from railways;" "Car coupling;" "Attachment for unloading box cars;" "Railroad car," etc.
Department F, Electricity, Prof. W.E. Goldsboro, Chief, Miss Hope
Fairfax Loughborough, Department Juror.
This department comprised 5 groups and 24 classes, the group
headings being: Machines for generating and using electricity;
Electrochemistry; Electric lighting; Telegraphy and telephony;
Various applications of electricity.
Miss Loughborough's report is as follows:
The field of electricity has been so long and so peculiarly a man's field that it is not surprising to find that in the 5 groups and 24 classes which the Department of Electricity at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition comprised, only 2 exhibits were made by women, both of whom were Americans.
One of these exhibits was made by Mrs. Alexander Baumgard, of New York City, and showed an automatic advertising figure actuated by an electric motor. The figure was that of a woman standing before a rack on which were a number of signs. The figure stooped, picked up one of the signs, raised it, turned a quarter way around in order to display it to the best advantage, and replaced the sign. The next movement took up the next sign, and so on. The mechanism was actuated by an electric motor, which, by means of a series of cams and gears, caused it to go through the various movements. The value of the device was considered very small, as there are other more effective means of advertising of this kind, and no award was given Mrs. Baumgard.
The other exhibit by a woman was made by Mrs. Blodgett, and consisted of ornamental shades for electric lights, painted by hand. These shades were quite artistic in themselves, and were well installed, so the exhibit was awarded a bronze medal.
In neither of these exhibits was there any invention or process which was original.
In the electrical industry there is practically no machine or apparatus made without the assistance of women or girls, as they are employed in every electrical factory for insulating and winding coils, etc. In the manufacture of these the percentage of women's work is from 3 to 10 per cent. But aside from this purely mechanical work women have contributed little or nothing to the advancement of the application of electricity, either before the Chicago Exposition or during the past eleven years.
Department G, Transportation Exhibits, Mr. W.A. Smith, Chief; Miss Rose
Weld, Newport News, Va., Department Juror.
Miss Weld is a graduate of the Boston School of Technology and now in the employ of the Newport News Shipbuilding Company.
This department comprised 6 groups and 33 classes, the group headings being: Carriages and wheelwrights' work; Automobiles and cycles; Saddlery and harness; Railways, yards, stations, freight houses, terminal facilities of all kinds; Material and equipment used in the mercantile marine; Material and equipment of naval services, naval warfare; Aerial navigation.
Miss Weld briefly reports:
As a department juror I saw the papers of every exhibitor, and there were no exhibits by women in this department in any of the 33 classes, but not coming in contact with any of the exhibitors I can give no exact information about the work done by women in the manufacture or construction of the exhibits.
Department H, Agriculture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Richard
P. Bland, Lebanon, Mo., Department Juror.
This department comprised 27 groups and 137 classes, the group headings being: Farm equipment—methods of improving lands; Agricultural implements and farm machinery; Fertilizers; Tobacco; Appliances and methods used in agricultural industries; Theory of agriculture—agricultural statistics; Vegetable food products—agricultural seeds; Animal food products; Equipment and methods employed in the preparation of foods; Farinaceous products and their derivatives; Bread and pastry; Preserved meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit; Sugar and confectionery—condiments and relishes; Waters; Wines and brandies; Sirups and liqueurs—distilled spirits commercial alcohol; Fermented beverages; Inedible agricultural products; Insects and their products—plant diseases; Live stock—horses and mules, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.; Swine; Dogs; Cats; Ferrets, etc.; Poultry and birds.
Mrs. Bland reports as a department juror in this department:
Our jury passed upon machinery for making drinks, refrigerators, refrigerating, Sunny Brook Distillery, ice-making plant, beer packers, and packages, etc., bottle washing and cleaning. Bake ovens, candy and chocolate machines also came within our jurisdiction. One special machine of French make was for making ice for families and on the farm; these were small machines and would make from 10 to 300 pounds, and were comparatively cheap and within the reach of many.
There was an interesting and unique exhibit from Germany showing canned stews and other edibles to be used in camp and on hunting and fishing trips. The can had an interlining of tin, and between the two walls of the can was unslacked lime; by making a hole in each end of the can and placing first one end and then the other in cold water for five minutes the stew was warmed and cooked.
Mrs. Bland conducts a large farm, and in a letter states that she was awarded a bronze medal at this exposition for her exhibit of timothy hay and Grimes golden apples.
Mrs. Bland also served on the jury of awards in the women's department of the Charleston Exposition, and it was her opinion that there is a great opening for women in house furnishings, designing wall paper, and photography.
Department J, Horticulture, Mr. Frederic W. Taylor, Chief; Mrs. Ida L.
Turner, Fort Worth, Tex., Department Juror.
This department comprised 7 groups and 31 classes, the group headings being: Appliances and methods of pomology, viticulture, floriculture, and arboriculture; Appliances and methods of viticulture; Pomology; Trees, shrubs, ornamental plants and flowers; Plants of the conservatory; Seeds and plants for garden and nurseries; Arboriculture and fruit culture.
Mrs. Turner says:
In reply to your questions in regard to the work of the women jurors at the St. Louis Exposition, will say that I arrived very late at the exposition, after the jury had about finished their duties in the Department of Horticulture, in which I was to serve. For this reason my duties were limited, and I had little opportunity to examine and give an intelligent estimate of the part taken by women in this department.
Department K, Forestry, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. J.M. Glenn,
Baltimore, Md., Department Juror.
This department comprised 3 groups and 14 classes, under the
group headings: Appliances and processes used in forestry;
Products of the cultivation of forests and of forest industries;
Appliances for gathering wild crops and products obtained.
No report.
Department L, Mines and Metallurgy, Mr. J.A. Homes, Chief; Mrs. M.G.
Scrutchin, Atlanta, Ga., Department Juror.
This department comprised 5 groups and 43 classes, under the group headings: Working of mines, ore beds, and stone quarries; Minerals and stones, and their utilization; Mine models, maps, photographs; Metallurgy; Literature of mining, metallurgy, etc.
Mrs. Scrutchin reports as follows:
In all our fairy stories, dwarfs and elves live below the earth and deal with mines and their dark belongings; the fairies live above. So none of us are surprised to find few women in this line of exhibitors. My work as a member of the department jury confined me to one room, and to an inspection of lists submitted by the group jurors. So I really had no opportunity for specific examination of the various groups and classes, except where some doubt was expressed as to the validity of an award, when I made it a point to examine that subject with more or less care. Many women placed specimens of clay and ore in their State collections. Several Georgia women, I know, did this—some, though owning and operating mines, and active in submitting specimens, took shelter under the husband's name. This fact also came under my own observation.
Nearly all these exhibits were in group 116, class 682. One collection of clays and pottery produced in the interest of artistic handicraft came from the Sophie Newcombe Memorial College for the higher education of girls, of New Orleans, La., and was in the same group, but class 690. Many like collections were seen in the Educational Building, but this is the only one given space in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy.
The Woman's Club of Pipestone, Minn., showed specimens of pipestone and jasper belonging to group 116, class 682. In the whole list I find only two foreigners—one from Toronto, Canada, and the other from Taxco, Guerrero, Mexico, both such near neighbors to our own country as hardly to seem foreign. The one making exhibition from Mexico, Esther Lopez, is associated with a man, Hernano, brother or husband, I presume. Group 118 devoted to metallurgy, had only one woman exhibitor, Mrs. Abbie Krebs, San Francisco, Cal., who submitted redwood tanks for an award.
I do not recall any award made to a woman in the Department of Mines and Metallurgy. Many mercantile houses and large corporations were competitors, and, as I said before, many women sent their specimens to their respective State exhibits, and so increased the chances of the State to an award.
The fine Alaskan exhibition in the Alaska Building was collated, I understand, by a woman. I did not see it and did not learn the woman's name, though I made an effort to do so.
From my observation, I think the work of the women would have been better appreciated and the effect more pronounced had they been placed in a separate building. In this Department of Mines, for instance, every woman would have sent to the Woman's Building instead of to the State exhibit, and a greater number would have been on record as exhibitors.
The only two exhibitions, or expositions rather, at all approaching the one in St. Louis that I have attended were the Centennial at Philadelphia, in 1876, and the International Cotton Exposition at Atlanta, in 1895. At the first I do not recall any emphasis on what women had done, except in the lines in which she had always worked—art, needlework, and dairy products. In Atlanta, as at Chicago, there was a Woman's Building, and here were found her work in all lines, and many visitors enjoyed the exhibition.
The recognition of woman as evidenced by her appointment on the juries of the different departments, both group and department, was the most striking development of the recent great expositions.
The list submitted below contains the names of all women whose names appear in the official catalogue of exhibits in the Department of Mines and Metallurgy:
Sophie Newcombe Memorial College for the Higher Education of Girls, of New Orleans, La. Clays and pottery produced in the interest of artistic handicraft. Group 116, class 690. Mrs. Abbie Krebs, San Francisco, Cal. Redwood tanks. Group 118, class 702. Mrs. George Rupp, Bessemer, Mich. Collection of iron ores, needle, grape, kidney, and blackberry ore. Group 116, class 682. Woman's Club, Pipestone, Minn. Pipestone and jasper. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. Helen M. Schneider, Eureka, Nev. Collection of minerals. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. George W. Pritchard, White Oaks, N. Mex., Lincoln County. Ores. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. D.D. Menges, Allentown, Pa. Iron ores. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. C. Robinson, Spokane, S. Dak. Arsenopyrite ore. Group 116, class 682. Mrs. Haliburton, Bridgewood, Bridgewood Company, Ontario, Canada. Minerals. Group 116, class 682. Esther y Hernano Lopez, Taxco, province of Guerrero, Mexico. Silver ores. Group 116, class 682.
Department M, Fish and Game, Mr. Tarleton H. Bean, Chief; Mrs. Mary
Stuart Armstrong, Chicago, Ill., Department Juror.
This department comprised 5 groups and 19 classes, the group headings being: Hunting equipment; Products of hunting; Fishing; equipment and products; Products of fisheries; Fish culture.
No report.
Department N, Anthropology, Dr. W.J. McGee, Chief; Mrs. Zelia Nuttall,
Cambridge, Mass., Department Juror.
This department comprised 4 groups and 5 classes, under the
group headings: Literature; Somatology; Ethnology; Ethnography.
Mrs. Nuttall reports, as group juror, this department.
(Report not on file.)
Department O, Social Economy, Dr. Howard J. Rogers, Chief; Miss Jane
Addams, Chicago, Ill., Department Juror.
This department comprised 13 groups and 58 classes, the group headings being: Study and investigation of social and economic conditions; Economic resources and organization; State regulation of industry and labor; Organization of industrial workers; Methods of industrial remuneration; Cooperative institutions; Provident institutions; Housing of the working classes; The liquor question; General betterment movements; Charities and correction; Public health; Municipal improvement.
Miss Addams says in her report as department juror of the above:
The general advance in social betterment has been very marked in the eleven years intervening since the Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, and women have not only shared that advance, but have undoubtedly contributed more than their proportionate share, if tested by the proportionate value of their exhibits at Chicago and at St. Louis. This is also true if tested by the social economy exhibits made in Paris in 1900, where I was a juror in the department of social economy. No separate exhibit was there made of the work of women save that implied in the exhibition of women's philanthropic societies. At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition their separate exhibits were not only larger, but more definite and coherent. The work of women was as much appreciated when placed by the side of men as if it had been installed by itself, and the results would have been no better if separately exhibited. Certainly nothing in the entire department at St. Louis was more successfully installed and attracted more favorable attention than the Twin City Museum, which occupied an entire building upon the Model street and was under the direction of Mrs. Condé Hamlin, of St. Paul, who had also planned it from the beginning and was made commissioner. It was certainly a notable achievement to have one such exhibit as that standing absolutely upon its merits and dealing with the civic and general social conditions as they are constantly developing in our large and growing cities. It had suggestions of activities along a dozen lines which make for amelioration of urban conditions as they bear hardest upon the people of the most crowded quarters. To quote from the report of another on this subject: "It is now a well-established fact that women most effectively supplement the best interests and the furthering of the highest aims of all government by their numberless charitable, reformatory, educational, and other beneficent institutions which she has had the courage and the ideality to establish for the alleviation of suffering, for the correction of many forms of social injustice and neglect, and these institutions exert a strong and steady influence for good, an influence which tends to decrease vice, to make useful citizens of the helpless or depraved, to elevate the standard of morality, and to increase the sum of human happiness."
Department P, Physical Culture, J.E. Sullivan, Chief; Miss Clara
Hellwig, Plainfield, N.J., Department Juror.
This department comprised 3 groups and 6 classes, the group headings being: Training of the child and adult-theory and practice; Games and sports for children and adults; Equipment for games and sports.
Unfortunately Miss Hellwig was abroad and did not receive notification in time to reach St. Louis for the jury work.
Superior Jury.
Mrs. Philip N. Moore, of St. Louis, Mo., was appointed to represent the board of lady managers on the superior jury, and in a general résumé of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Mrs. Moore says:
If the organization of a world's exposition begins years before its doors open, if public opinion changes in a decade, it may be well, before summing up the work of women at St. Louis, to look first at the record of achievement from Chicago in 1893 through Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, Paris, and Buffalo, all of which led gradually to the high plane upon which we now stand.
Segregation of the sexes was the limited understanding of most of those in charge of former expositions. Not for a moment would I imply by this statement that there was a desire to give the work of women a lower grade than that of men; rather was it the mistaken idea of drawing attention to it, as something better and apart. By this very means there was often a serious and hurtful comparison, since many women with undoubted ability would not thus place their exhibits. It implied that in the special group, where exhibit was made, woman's mind differed from that of man's to the extent that there was also a difference in the result.
We owe sincere thanks to the progressive men in charge of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, that they listened with intelligent appreciation to the plea from women for equal representation, wherever their work was found worthy.
There is no mistaking the dignified effect of this edict, and only the best in various lines gained admission to the exhibit palaces.
In most exhibits the larger proportion was presented by men; and in similar proportion the awards were assigned. There was, however, no distinction made as to sex; and the members of the various juries, including women, paid as careful attention to the one exhibit as to the other, without reference to name, often the only indication of sex.
There were some art, educational, and economic exhibits, placed entirely by women, showing marvelous adaptability to the limitations of environment, and also skill in artistic and practical setting. Looking closely at the work in the several departments, my opinion is that, while woman has not gained greatly in inventive or constructive arts, she has gained breadth in the applied arts and has grown immeasurably in freedom of execution. This has been obtained partly by the contact with man's work, extending through many centuries in advance, and partly by the very fact that she must now stand only on her own merits.
Women from foreign lands entered into competition in the departments of art, education, and liberal arts to a very slight extent, with some investigation in science, but in all a very small proportion. This was natural, on account of the great distance, and may be applied equally to the number of exhibitors from across the water, whether men or women.
American women were found in nearly every field open to competition, though it was the apparently proud statement of the director of Mines and Metallurgy that there were no women on his juries, which meant, of course, no exhibit. (NOTE.—Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin was evidently appointed after this statement.)
The congresses were open to women, who appeared on the same programmes with men, were paid the compliment of as large audiences, were listened to with interest, and their opinions in discussions answered with freedom. This occurred also in the various associations, where men and women work side by side.
In the work of the superior jury, where for the first time the right of membership was given to a representative of women, the application of deliberation and judgment was made to the work of men and women alike. Courtesy and the hand of fellowship were extended to all. Exhibits were not specially investigated, unless appeals from former jury awards were sent in. In such case most careful and detailed investigation was made by the special boards, to which were assigned certain departments. There was no distinction of sex mentioned in the jury room; and the time has evidently arrived when no less will be expected from women—no more from men—than the quality of work merits.
The chairman of the committee of awards of the board of lady managers begs leave to present the story and the report of that committee to your honorable board.
We will not begin by saying "once upon a time," for this is no fairy story, but we will hark back to that time when we, as a board, were not, that we may refer to the vital words of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901, which act provided for the creation of a board of lady managers, gave the excuse for its existence, and named specifically one duty it would be called upon to perform, to wit: "To appoint one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall have been produced in whole or in part by female labor."
This phase of woman's work at the World's Fair formed the principal topic of talk at the informal conference held in New York, December 5, 1901, between the National Commission and the members of the board of lady managers that had been appointed up to that time.
The committee of awards was one of the last of the standing committees to be appointed, but was the first committee appointed by Mrs. Daniel Manning after her election to the presidency of the board of lady managers in December, 1903, and was as follows: Mrs. Frederick Hanger, chairman, Little Rock, Ark.; Mrs. Richard W. Knott, Louisville, Ky.; Miss Lavinia H. Egan, Shreveport, La.; Mrs. Fannie Lowry Porter, Atlanta, Ga.; Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, Hoboken, N.J.
From the organization of the board its influence had been sought and besought by women wishing positions connected with the exposition work. The appointing of the committee of awards acted like a wireless-telegraphy message throughout the country and brought applications from "would be" jurors or recommendations from friends of "would be" jurors until the files of the board room were filled to the limit, and the colored postman of the free-delivery postal service in the southern home of the chairman thought he had relapsed into a "previous condition of servitude."
The rules regulating the system of awards, enacted by the Exposition Company, stated that the nomination for jurors must be in the hands of the director of exhibits thirty days before the opening of the exposition, for the approval of the Exposition Company and the National Commission.
The division of exhibits had issued a list of all exhibits that could be entered at the exposition, dividing them into 144 groups.
As woman's work is never done, and as she has worked her way into almost every industrial avenue, to find out the "woman" in the work of exhibits required more light than the act of Congress or the rules of the Exposition Company gave on the subject.
The chairman of the committee of awards made a special journey to St. Louis, a month after the committee was appointed, and in company with Miss Egan, a member of the committee, waited upon the director of exhibits and asked that the World's Fair light, for femininity, might be thrown on the 144 groups of exhibits, that woman's work, "in whole or in part," might have a juror appointed by the board of lady managers to judge of its merits.
The director of exhibits, with much genial graciousness, threw up his official hands and said he was helpless, that not until the exhibits were placed could the groups that would admit of women jurors be determined, and that there would be women jurors appointed by the Exposition Company as well as by the board of lady managers. He suggested that we look carefully through the 144 groups and use our "judgment" as to which groups would call for women jurors.
We asked the advisability of conferring with the heads of the different departments, and were told that the information must come through the director of exhibits. We were told to remember that the list of women jurors must be limited to keep down the expense of the jury work.
From this time until the 25th of July the board waited for the classified list.
By correspondence among the members of the committee of awards, by meeting of the same, and by suggestions from the entire board, a long list of names of women eminent for intellectual, artistic, material, and practical achievements was obtained from which to choose women jurors. It seemed impossible for the committee to make a report to present to the board for acceptance until information in regard to the classified list had been obtained.
Partial tentative reports were read at the March meeting, to report progress and secure suggestions.
At a meeting of the board held April 29 a list of 83 names for women jurors and their alternates was submitted by the committee and accepted by the board. A motion carried to the effect that power to act was left with the committee, as the classified list had not been received from the Exposition Company and the committee's use of "judgment" might be tempered with the blue pencil of the Exposition Company.
The confirmation of names for jurors was made very comprehensive, as the board at that time did not expect to meet until after the jurors had served.
The president of the board was untiring in her efforts in behalf of the jury work of the board. The chairman of the committee was called to St. Louis twice on the special work of the jury list, and the members of the board and committee by consultation with members of the National Commission, officials of the Exposition Company, and heads of departments, held out for what they considered the full rights of the nominating power of the board, with the hope of bringing American womanhood in touch, as near as possible, with the work of the exposition.
The following communications indicate the progress made:
ST. Louis, July 22, 1904.
DEAR SIR: In regard to the appointment of women jurors the board of lady managers begs leave to state that names of women jurors for 83 groups have been approved by the board. We have been informed that the classified list of groups is in your hands, and we would be glad to receive it at the earliest possible date.
Very respectfully,
M. MARGARETTA MANNING,
President.
Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS, President Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Exposition Grounds, St. Louis, Mo.
St. Louis, July 25, 1904.
MADAM PRESIDENT: The Exposition Company, through the executive committee, has approved the accompanying report of the director of exhibits, and hereby certifies to the board of lady managers the number of groups in which the exhibits have been produced in whole or in part by female labor.
This is in response to your letter addressed to the president under date of July 22, and this day submitted to the executive committee.
The groups so certified are as follows:
Education.—Group 1, Elementary education. Group 2, Secondary education. Group 3, Higher education. Group 4, Special education in fine arts. Group 7, Education of defectives.
Fine arts.—Group 9, Paintings and drawings. Group 11,
Sculpture. Group 12, Architecture. Group 14, Original objects in
art workmanship.
Liberal arts.—Group 16, Photography. Group 17, Books and publications—Bookbinding. Group 18, Maps and apparatus for geography, cosmography, topography.
Manufactures.—Group 37, Decoration and fixed furniture of buildings and dwellings. Group 45, Ceramics. Group 52, Equipment and processes used in bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing textiles in their various stages. Group 53, Equipment and processes used in sewing and making wearing apparel. Group 58, Laces, embroidery, and trimmings. Group 59, Industries, producing wearing apparel for men, women, and children. Group 61, Various industries connected with clothing.
Machinery.—None.
Electricity.—None.
Transportation.—None.
Agriculture.—Group 78, Farm equipment—Methods of improving land. Group 84, Vegetable food products—Agricultural seeds. Group 88, Bread and pastry. Group 89, Preserved meat, fish, vegetables, and fruit. Group 90, Sugar and confectionery—Condiments and relishes. Group 92, Wines and brandies.
Live stock.—None.
Horticulture.—Group 107, Pomology.
Forestry.—None.
Mines and metallurgy.—None.
Fish and game.—None.
Anthropology.—None.
Social economy.—Group 129, Study and investigation of social and economic conditions. Group 133, Methods of industrial remuneration. Group 136, Housing of the working classes. Group 137, The liquor question. Group 139, Charities and corrections. Group 141, Municipal improvement.
Physical culture.—None
Very respectfully, DAVID R. FRANCIS, President.
MRS. DANIEL MANNING, President Board of Lady Managers.
St. Louis, Mo., July 30, 1904.
DEAR SIR: The accompanying list of 83 women jurors, to serve on the committee of awards of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, has been made by the board of lady managers and is hereby submitted for approval to the Exposition Company and to the National Commission.
This list has been made according to the authorization granted to the board in section 6 of the acts of Congress approved March 3, 1901, to wit, "To nominate one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall have been produced in whole or in part by female labor."
Yours, truly, M. MARGARETTA MANNING, President.
FRANCES MARION HANGER, Chairman Committee of Awards.
Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS, President Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Administration Building.
MY DEAR MADAM PRESIDENT: Responding to your communication of July 30, transmitting a list of women jurors and alternate jurors, that you recommend for appointment, and which you submit for approval by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, I beg to state that under the rules and regulations of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, approved by the National Commission, the board of lady managers may appoint 32 women jurors and women alternate jurors.
As the number of names submitted by you greatly exceeds the number you are permitted to nominate under the rules and regulations above referred to, the list is herewith returned for revision. If the names you have submitted for appointment upon the groups for which the board of lady managers are entitled to make nominations are the ones you desire in these particular groups, they will be entertained for confirmation, but it may be you will desire to readjust your list.
Very respectfully,
D.R. FRANCIS,
President.
MRS. DANIEL MANNING,
President Board Lady Managers.
DEAR SIR: In response to your letter received August 8, in relist of nominations for the women jurors made by the board of lady managers, I beg leave to state that said list was made under what the board believed to be the interpretation of section 6 of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1901, which would seem to provide for the appointment of "one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor."
We regret exceedingly that "in the discretion of said commission and corporation" referred to in said act, the list of groups has been reduced from 83 to 32.
We respectfully ask, however, that a favorable consideration may be given to four additional groups, viz: No. 125, Literature; No. 126, Somatology; No. 127, Ethnology, and No. 128, Ethnography. These groups have been specially designated by the chief of the Department of Anthropology, the names of nominees submitted are those approved by him, and it is most desirable that this request be granted.
We herewith hand you revised list, readjusted as per your instructions.
Respectfully submitted.
FRANCES MARION HANGER,
Chairman on Committee of Awards.
Hon. DAVID R. FRANCIS,
President Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company.
———————————————————————————————————————————
Number and title of group. | Principals. | Alternates.
———————————————————————————————————————————
Group 1, Elementary education|Miss Anna Tolman Smith, |Miss Clara Hellwig,
| Washington, D.C. | Plainfield, N.J.
Group 2, Secondary education |Miss Anna G. MacDougal, |Miss Mary Boyce Temple,
| Chicago, Ill. | Knoxville, Tenn.
Group 3, Higher education |Miss Caroline Hazzard, |Mrs. Charles Perkins,
| Wellesley College, | Knoxville, Tenn.
| Wellesley, Mass. |
Group 4, Fine arts |Mrs. E.A. Thayer, Denver, |Mrs. Charles Cary, Delaware
| Colo. | avenue, Buffalo, N.Y.
Group 7, State institutions |Mrs. Sarah Platt Decker, |Mrs. George Noyes,
| Denver, Colo. | Milwaukee, Wis.
Group 9, Painting and |Mrs. J. Montgomery Sears, |Miss Mary Solari,
drawing | Boston, Mass. | Memphis, Tenn.
———————————————————————————————————————————
———————————————————————————————————————————
Group 11, Sculpture |Mrs. Elizabeth St. John |Miss Enid Yandell,
| Matthews, New York, N.Y. | Louisville, Ky.
Group 12, Architecture |Miss Rose Weld, Newport |Miss Susan N. Ketcham,
| News. Va. | Carnegie Hall, N.Y.
Group 14, Art workmanship |Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena |Miss Alice Barber Stevens,
| Park, Ill. | Philadelphia, Pa.
———————————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————————— Group 16, Photography |Miss Francis B. Johnston, |Mrs. Charles Ladd, | Washington, D.C. | Portland, Oreg. Group 17, Publishing and |Mrs. Horace S. Smith, |Miss Bulkley, Hillside, bookbinding. | Chicago, Ill. | Mo. Group 18, Maps, apparatus for|Mrs. Fannie Hicks Woolwine,|Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin, geography. | Nashville, Tenn. | Atlanta, Ga. ———————————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————————— Number and title of group. | Principals. | Alternates. ——————————————————————————————————————————— Group 37, Furniture and |Mrs. Candace Wheeler, New |Mrs. R.A. Edgerton, household decoration. | York, N.Y. | Berwyn, Ill. Group 45, Ceramics |Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, |Miss Henrietta Ord Jones, | Ga. | New York City. Group 52, Bleaching and |Miss Madolin Wynn, |Mrs. W.S. Major, dyeing, etc. | Deerfield, Mass. | Shelbyville, Ind. Group 53, Equipment and |Mrs. Elisha Dyer, sr., |Mrs. Frederick Nathan, processes used in making | Providence, R.I. | New York City. clothes. | | Group 58, Lace trimming and |Mrs. E.D. Wood, |Mrs. Noble Prentiss, embroidery. | Indianapolis, Ind. | Leavenworth, Kans. Group 59, Industries |Miss Margaret Summers, | producing wearing apparel. | Louisville, Ky. | Group 61, Industries |Mrs. F.K. Bowes, Chicago, |Miss Runley, Clinton, connected with clothing. | Ill. | N.Y. ———————————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————————— Group 78, Agriculture— |Mrs. W.H. Felton, |Miss Myra Dock, Methods of improving lands. | Cartersville, Ga. | Harrisburg, Pa. Group 84, Vegetable products |Mrs. Christine Terhune |Mrs. E.W. Williams, | Herrick, Haworth, N.Y. | Winona, Minn. Group 88, Bread and pastry |Mrs. F.H. Pugh, Bellevue, |Mrs. John B. Henderson, | Nebr. | Washington, D.C. Group 89, Preserved meats, |Mrs. E.L. Lamb, Jackson, |Mrs. Minnie H. Lawton, fish, vegetables, and fruit.| Miss. | Omaha, Nebr. Group 90, Sugar and |Miss Carolyn Hempstead, |Mrs. R.P. Bland, Lebanon, confectionery—Condiments | Little Rock, Ark. | Mo. and relishes. | | Group 92, Wines and brandies.|Miss Cruse, Helena, Mont. |Mrs. W.C. Ralston, San | | Francisco, Cal. ———————————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————————— Group 107, Pomology |Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort,|Mrs. Robert Fulton, | Ky. | Buffalo, N.Y. ———————————————————————————————————————————
———————————————————————————————————————————
Group 125, Literature |Miss Grace King, New |Miss Annie Scoville,
| Orleans, La. | Stamford, Conn.
Group 126, Somatology |Miss Alice Fletcher, |Mrs. Nelson H. Doubleday,
| Washington, D.C. | New York, N.Y.
Group 127, Ethnology |Mrs. Alice P. Henderson, |Miss Matilda Coxe
| Tacoma Wash. | Stevenson, Washington, D.C.
Group 128, Ethnography |Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, |Miss Cora Peters,
| Cambridge, Mass. | Washington, D.C. (United
| | States Indian Bureau).
———————————————————————————————————————————
——————————————————————————————————————————— Group 129, Study and |Miss Caroline Greisheimer, |Mrs. J.M. Glenn, Baltimore, investigation of social and | Washington, D.C. | Baltimore, Md. economic conditions. | | Group 135, Provident |Mrs. Eliza Eads How, St. |Miss Margaret Wade, institutions. | Louis, Mo. | Washington, D.C. Group 136, Housing of the |Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, |Mrs. H.G.R. Wright, working classes. | Ill. | Denver, Colo. Group 137, The liquor |Countess of Aberdeen |Mrs. Ralph Trautman, question | | New York, N.Y. Group 139, Charities and |Miss Mary E. Perry, St. |Miss Josephine Woodward, correction. | Louis, Mo. | Cincinnati Ohio. Group 141, Municipal |Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas, |Mrs. Condé Hamlin, improvement. | Tex. | St. Paul, Minn. ———————————————————————————————————————————
The foregoing list was confirmed by the Exposition Company and
the National Commission (August 21).
The group jurors were notified at the earliest possible moment
of their appointment.
The time that most of the jurors began to serve was September 1.
The list of jurors who served under appointment from the board of lady managers was as follows:
List of Group Jurors—Board of Lady Managers.
Education:
Group 1, Miss Anna Tolman Smith, Washington, D.C.
Group 2, Miss Anna G. MacDougal, Chicago, Ill.
Group 3, Miss Mary Boyce Temple, Knoxville, Tenn.
Group 4, Mrs. E.A. Thayer, Denver, Colo.
Group 7, Miss Hope Loughborough, Cleveland, Ohio.
Art:
Group 9, Miss Mary Solari, Memphis, Tenn.
Group 11, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John Matthews, New York.
Group 12, Miss Rose Weld, Newport News, Va.
Group 14, Mrs. Eugene Field, Buena Park, Ill.
Liberal Arts:
Group 16, Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston, Washington, D.C.
Group 17, Mrs. Horace S. Smith, Chicago, Ill.
Group 18, Mrs. W.M. Woolwine, Nashville, Tenn.
Manufactures:
Group 37, Mrs. R.A. Edgerton, Milwaukee, Wis.
Group 45, Mrs. Isaac Boyd, Atlanta, Ga.
Groups 53 and 61, Mrs. F.K. Bowes, Chicago, Ill.; Mrs. A.G.
Harrow, Ottumwa, Iowa.
Groups 58 and 59, Mrs. E.D. Wood, Indianapolis, Ind.; Mrs.
Margaret Summers, Louisville, Ky.; Mrs. W.S. Major,
Shelbyville, Ind.
Agriculture:
Group 78, Mrs. W.H. Felton, Cartersville, Ga.
Group 88, Mrs. F.H. Pugh, Bellevue, Nebr.
Group 89, Mrs. E.L. Lamb, Jackson, Miss.
Group 90, Miss Carolyn Hempstead, Little Rock, Ark.
Horticulture:
Group 107, Mrs. M.B.R. Day, Frankfort, Ky.
Anthropology:
Group 125, Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington, D.C.
Group 126, Mrs. Alice Palmer Henderson, Washington, D.C.
Group 127, Miss Cora Peters, Washington, D.C.
Group 128, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass.
Social Economy:
Group 129, Miss Caroline Greisheimer, Washington, D.C.
Group 135, Miss Margaret Wade, Washington, D.C.
Group 136, Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, Ill.
Group 139, Miss Mary Perry, St. Louis, Mo.
Group 141, Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas, Tex.; Mrs. Conde Hamlin,
St. Paul, Minn.
The appointment of the departmental jurors had been provided for in the extensive jury list approved April 29, but at the request of three of the members of the National Commission the list of departmental jurors was further confirmed by a meeting of the board called for that purpose on September 20, and these jurors began their work almost immediately.
The following list of department jurors was sent to the
Exposition Company and the National Commission:
Department A, Education:
Mrs. W.E. Fischel (principal), 3841 Washington Boulevard, St.
Louis, Mo.
Miss Anna Tolman Smith (alternate), care Mr. Howard J. Rogers, chief
department of education.
Department B, Art:
Mrs. Montgomery Sears (principal), Boston, Mass.
Miss Cecelia Beaux (alternate), South Washington square, New York
City.
Department C, Liberal Arts:
Miss Olive Seward (principal), 1725 Nineteenth street, Washington,
D.C.
Mrs. H.A. Langford (alternate), 5817 Rosalie court, Chicago, Ill.
Department D, Manufactures:
Miss Thekla M. Bernays (principal), St. Louis, Mo.
Mrs. W.H. Clapp (alternate), 28 West Eighth street, New York City.
Department E, Machinery:
Miss Kate Gleason (principal), care The Gleason Works, Rochester,
N.Y.
Miss Edith J. Griswold (alternate), St. Paul Building, New York
City.
Department F, Electricity:
Miss Hope Loughborough (principal), Euclid avenue, Cleveland, Ohio.
Miss Madolin Wynn (alternate), Deerfield, Mass.
Department G, Transportation exhibits:
Miss Rose Weld (principal), care Mrs. Dimmock, Newport News, Va.
Mrs. Robert Fulton (alternate), care Mrs. J.M. Horton, Buffalo,
N.Y.
Department H, Agriculture:
Mrs. Martha Shute (principal), secretary State board agriculture,
Denver, Colo.
Mrs. Edward Gilchrist Low (alternate), Lothrop, Groton, Mass.
Department J, Horticulture:
Mrs. Ida L. Turner (principal), Fort Worth, Tex.
Mrs. M.B.R. Day (alternate), Frankfort, Ky.
Department K, Forestry:
Miss Myra Dock (principal), State forestry restoration commissioner,
Harrisburg, Pa.
Mrs. J.M. Glenn (alternate), 617 Columbia avenue, Baltimore, Md.
Department L, Mines and Metallurgy:
Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin (principal), 96 East Linden street, Atlanta,
Ga.
Mrs. E.L. Lamb (alternate), Jackson, Miss.
Department M, Fish and Game:
Miss Mary Stuart Armstrong (principal), editor Elite, Chicago, Ill.
Mrs. C.E. Hatch (alternate), Kentland, Ind.
Department N, Anthropology:
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall (principal), care Peabody Museum, Cambridge,
Mass.
Mrs. Emily Cook (alternate), Bureau Indian Affairs, Washington, D.C.
Department O, Social Economy:
Miss Jane Addams (principal), Hull House, Chicago, Ill.
Mrs. Lilian Cantrell Bay (alternate), 5904 Clemens avenue, St.
Louis, Mo.
Department P, Physical Culture:
Miss Clara S. Helwig (principal), Plainfield, N.J.
Miss Margaret Wade (alternate), 912 Nineteenth street, Washington,
D.C.
It was found, upon communicating with the above named, that very
many could not serve, and no provision having been made for
alternates many changes became necessary. The following list was
subsequently transmitted to the Exposition Company and National
Commission, two of even these, however, failing to serve:
Department A, Education, Mrs. W.E. Fischel, 3341 Washington
Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo.
Department B, Art, Miss Mary Bullock, Hillside, Mo.
Department C, Liberal Arts, Mrs. H.A. Langford, Chicago, Ill.
Department D, Manufactures, Miss Thekla M. Bernays, St. Louis,
Mo.
Department E, Machinery, Miss Edith J. Griswold, New York City.
Department F, Electricity, Miss Hope Loughborough, Cleveland,
Ohio.
Department G, Transportation exhibits, Miss Rose Weld, Newport
News, Va.
Department H, Agriculture, Mrs. Richard P. Bland, Lebanon, Mo.
Department J, Horticulture, Mrs. Ida L. Turner, Fort Worth, Tex.
Department K, Forestry, Mrs. J.M. Glenn, Baltimore, Md.
Department L, Mines and Metallurgy, Mrs. M.G. Scrutchin,
Atlanta, Ga.
Department M, Fish and Game, Miss Mary Stuart Armstrong,
Chicago, Ill.
Department N, Anthropology, Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Cambridge, Mass.
Department O, Social Economy, Miss Jane Addams, Chicago, Ill.
The committee of awards regrets that the discretionary power of the Exposition Company restricted the appointive power of the board, and that the late hour of the appointments prevented a number of the jurors from accepting.
It was a great pleasure to the members of the board and the committee to meet and to entertain the clever and attractive women jurors, who served with distinction in their work and who in every possible way showed their appreciation of the honor conferred upon them by the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
Respectfully submitted.
FRANCES MARION HANGER,
Chairman.
JENNIE GILMORE KNOTT.
LAVINIA H. EGAN.
FANNIE LOWRY PORTER.
HELEN BOICE-HUNSICKER.
Madam PRESIDENT,
Board of Lady Managers.
The tenth meeting of the board was called on November 9, 1904. Many matters in connection with the closing of the work of the board in St. Louis were disposed of, and the following resolution passed concerning the preparation of its final report:
I move that the president of this board be requested to make a final report of the work of this board.
On December 2 the last session of the board was held in the building which it had occupied during all the months of the exposition, and it was with a feeling of genuine regret that the members separated, never to meet again in the house which had been the scene of many interesting gatherings.
On the day following the official closing of the exposition the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company sent their representative to make an inventory of the contents of the building, preparatory to the dismantling of the house which was thereafter to be known as the Physics Building and be occupied by students of the Washington University. On December 13 formal and final surrender was made by the president on behalf of the board of lady managers to the Exposition Company.
The following is the final report of the house committee for the exposition period:
On the 30th day of April, 1904, at the opening of the greatest exposition the world has ever known, and commemorating one of the most important events in the history of our country, the board of lady managers, created by act of Congress and appointed by the National Commission, designed by the wisdom and forethought of one of our most dearly beloved Chief Executives, to represent the women of America in setting forth to the world woman's part, not only in the making of the exposition but in the real expansion and development of our great nation, found itself, by a combination of circumstances fortuitous or otherwise, resolved into a committee on entertainment, with a commodious and elegantly appointed home to call its own and the appropriation of $100,000 to spend on furnishing, entertaining, and necessary expenses of the board. It is therefore the pleasure of this your house committee to report for the entire exposition period beginning April 30, 1904, and ending December 1, 1905, the house in order each day from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., for the reception of the public and for a series of entertainments, which, by reason of the number of distinguished men and women thus brought together, were international in character, and of a nature and brilliancy in the highest degree pleasing to the board itself. During this time some 25,000 guests were entertained by the board at the special functions and the informal afternoon teas, the latter having been made a most attractive and interesting feature, dispensing the board's hospitality toward the close of the Fair. For every month, save August, a number of formal affairs were given, including luncheons, receptions, and dinners.
It was particularly fitting that the initial feast spread by the board of lady managers in its exposition home should have been given in honor of the National Commission, the Government's representative in the great World's Fair. To this dinner, given on the evening of the 30th of April, under the trying circumstances attendant upon a day strenuous with opening exercises and the disadvantages of the rapid adjustment of household arrangements, 100 guests were bidden, among them Secretary Taft, who represented the President of the United States in the opening events, members of the Senate and House committees, and governors of States. President Carter of the National Commission was toastmaster on this occasion, and toasts were given by President David R. Francis, Senator Daniel, Congressman Tawney, and Hon. M.H. de Young.
A reception in honor of Mrs. David R. Francis followed on May 9, to which 500 guests were invited.
On May 17 a brilliant company of 500 was entertained at an afternoon reception in honor of the representatives of the Army and Navy in and near St. Louis. Ladies of the Army and Navy assisted in receiving, and many distinguished persons were present.
On May 19, immediately following the Louisiana Purchase Day exercises of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, a luncheon was given by the board of lady managers in honor of the delegates to the General Federation.
Miss Alice Roosevelt was the honoree of a luncheon given on May 31, to which 600 guests were bidden. The affair was most charming and successful.
Having thus during the opening month announced itself, the board of lady managers continued during the exposition to contribute its quota to the social life of the great fair.
The distinguished foreigners whom it was the privilege of the board to especially honor were the representatives of foreign governments, with a reception on June 17; Prince Pu Lun, to whom a dinner of 52 covers was given on July 10, and Prince Fushimi, for whom a reception was held on November 22. Receptions to the Interparliamentary Union on September 12 and to the Congress of Arts and Sciences on September 20 were also international in character, a number of distinguished foreigners being present.
Among the special functions given, none was more successful or more brilliant than the dinner in honor of President David R. Francis, on November 12, to which 140 guests were invited.
The building of the board of lady managers, with the changes made by the board, was, both in its appointments and location, admirably adapted for the purpose for which it was set aside, and in itself was a tribute to the necessity and advantage of cooperation on the part of the board.
The whole lower floor of the building was beautifully fitted up for the reception and entertainment of guests and the upper floor was reserved for the private use of the board, being divided into board room, secretary's room, reception room, apartments for the president of the board, and quarters for all members of the board who wished to avail themselves of the hospitality of the home while in the city.
The house was conducted as any well-organized household under the direction of the rotating committee, composed of the resident members in St. Louis, and the members rotating each month. They were ably assisted by a very capable hostess.
The house committee are greatly indebted to Miss Julia McBlair, for the gracious manner in which she served the board as hostess during the period of the exposition.
The work of the house committee is so closely allied to that of the committee on ceremonies that it is somewhat difficult to draw a line between the duties of the two or to set forth in a formal report the differences.
For details of the work of house committee preliminary to entertainments, reference is made to report of entertainment and ceremonies committees, and for details of house furnishings reference is made to house furnishing committee.
Without wishing to discriminate in the least, thanks are especially due to Weil's band, of St. Louis, Mo., for their never-failing courtesy in supplying music for the entertainments of the board whenever it was possible for their engagements to permit, and to the leader, Mr. William Weil, for his personal interest.
To the commissioner from Ceylon, Mr. Stanley Bois, the board would especially express their thanks for the tea from his commission, which was used and enjoyed by the members of the board and their guests, and also to the representatives of the Japanese commission, who presented the chests of tea from which, together with that sent by the commissioner from Ceylon, all afternoon teas and receptions and luncheons of the board were supplied, to the great pleasure and enjoyment of their tea-drinking friends. Department of Horticulture for their gifts of choice fruit, and the California commission for beautiful basket of fruit on "California Day." To the agent who, through Messrs. Nicholson & Co., of St. Louis, presented two cases of champagne; and Colorado horticulture for baskets of fruit.
The house committee particularly appreciated the courtesy extended to the board of lady managers by Lieutenant-Colonel Kingsbury and Lieutenant-Colonel Fountain and officers of the Jefferson Guards for constantly providing a guard for their building.
SALENA V. ERNEST,
Chairman.
Immediately upon the adjournment of the board the president began to collect material for the report, and pursuant to the power given her by the resolution at the last session, held in St. Louis, a special meeting was called on June 9, 1905, at the Murray Hill Hotel, New York, to pass upon the final report.
There were present: Mrs. Daniel Manning, president, presiding, and Mrs.
Buchwalter; Mrs. Hanger, acting secretary; Mrs. Knott, Mrs. Daly, Mrs.
Holcombe, Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. Coleman, Miss Dawes, Mrs. Hunsicker, Mrs.
Moores, and Miss Egan.
The report was to be transmitted to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, whose final meeting was called at Portland, Oreg., for June 15. It was, therefore, necessary that the report of the board should be in the hands of the Commission by that time, and it was most fortunate that immediate action could be taken upon the copy and forwarded to the Commission.
Among the reports made by special committees was that of the committee to edit minutes, which showed that a resolution adopted, at the meeting of the board on November 14, 1904, provided for the editing the minutes of the board and had named the following committee: Mrs. Frederick Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, and Miss Anna L. Dawes. At the meeting of the board on June 10 the chairman of the committee reported that the stenographic reports of the proceedings of the ten meetings of the board, covering about 700 typewritten pages, had been carefully edited; that all motions and resolutions had been retained inviolate; that these, with roll call, time and place of meeting, and in some instances limited discussion, made up the subject-matter of the minutes, the same covering some 240 typewritten pages. The report of the editing committee was adopted, the minutes accepted and ordered placed on file with the archives of the board.
A committee on resolutions, consisting of Mrs. Edward Buchwalter and Mrs. Richard W. Knott, presented as one of the finalities of the eleventh meeting of the board the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted:
Whereas the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission by authority vested in it by an act of Congress appointed the members of the board of lady managers; therefore, be it
Resolved, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition expresses its appreciation of the high honor conferred on its members by their appointment; and
Be it further resolved, That the thanks of the board of lady managers be extended to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission for the privileges and pleasures it enjoyed as a board.
The members of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition wish to express their appreciation of the
courtesy and kindness shown them by the Exposition Company
during the exposition period.
The board of lady managers express their appreciation to the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company for the commemorative
diplomas and medals conferred upon them by the Exposition
Company.
The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
wishes to express its appreciation of its officers for their
services not only in their official work but in all the duties
that devolved upon them as members of the board.
Mrs. William H. Coleman was elected treasurer of the board of lady managers at its first formal meeting, held on October 1, 1902.
The first appropriation received was from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and was for the sum of $3,000 for incidental expenses. On February 18, 1904, the appropriation of $100,000 for the use of the board was made by Congress, at which time the real responsibilities of the treasurer began.
Her duties were fully defined in rule 6 of the rules and regulations adopted by the board, and the custody of all funds was placed in her hands to be disbursed "only upon order of the board and the approval of its president."
Regular itemized statements were rendered to the board at each regular meeting showing receipts and expenditures. These accounts were each time fully set forth and always found to be absolutely correct and clearly rendered.
At the meeting called for June 9, 1905, Mrs. Coleman read her last report, the following being the final summary of all funds received and disbursed on behalf of the board of lady managers:
Receipts:
Received from Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, by
appropriation of February 16, 1903 …………………………….. $3,000.00
Received from appropriation of Congress, by act of
February 18, 1904 ……………………………………………. 100,000.00
Received interest on $100,000 account ……………………………. 1,502.29
———————
104,502.29
Disbursements:
Tinting walls, staining floors, heating apparatus,
wiring for bells, awnings, screens, and plumbing—
From $100,000 ………………………. $2,263.32
From $3,000 ………………………… 64.30
—————- $2,327.62
Furniture, china, linen, freight, and packing charges—
From $100,000 ………………………. 11,692.65
From $3,000 ………………………… 652.25
—————- 12,344.90
Mileage and per diem, board meetings and rotating
committees, paid from all sources ………………… 30,272.76
Entertainment, all sources ………………………… 10,672.85
Stationery, engraving, and printing ………………… 5,906.15
Postage and telegrams …………………………….. 1,196.94
Telephones ………………………………………. 281.24
Clerical and household force expenses ………………. 5,096.17
Office incidentals ……………………………….. 274.14
House incidentals ………………………………… 1,007.84
Other incidentals ………………………………… 2,255.77
Model playground …………………………………. 5,100.00
Miscellaneous expenses, resolution June 10, 1905, in
payment ……………………………………….. 2,000.00
—————-
Total disbursements …………………………….. 78,736.38
Less returned from incidental account ………………. 900.75
—————-
Grand total of all disbursements to June 10, 1905 ….. 77,835.63
Balance in hands of treasurer June 10, 1905 …………… 26,666.66
—————- 104,502.29
===========
Amount brought forward from the treasurer's report as balance in
hands of treasurer June 10, 1905, which is the amount to be returned
to the Exposition Company by the board of lady managers,
from all funds ………………………………………………… 26,666.66
To the above amount to be returned to the Exposition Company by
the board of lady managers, as a credit, is to be added the sum
paid to the company in cash on December 14, 1904, for furniture
and articles purchased by the members of the board, amounting to ……. 2,150.00
—————-
Making the total amount returned to the Exposition Company
from all sources …………………………………………… 28,816.66
Mrs. WILLIAM H. COLEMAN, Treasurer.
The auditing committee, composed of Mrs. William E. Andrews, chairman, Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, and Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, was elected by the board of lady managers March 4, 1904, for the purpose of examining and auditing the accounts of the treasurer, Mrs. William H. Coleman.
The committee met at stated intervals and examined the vouchers and checks numbered 1 to 253, inclusive, and reported that these were found to be correct, and accounted fully for all moneys received by the treasurer to that date, and this report was accepted.
The exposition closed on December 1, and the auditing committee was not again called until the time for rendering a final account of the funds of the board. At this time the absence of the chairman, Mrs. Andrews, and Mrs. Montgomery necessitated the appointment of two other members to fill said vacancies, in order to audit the bills contracted by the board from November 1, 1904, to June 10, 1905. Mrs. Hanger and Mrs. Knott were thereupon elected. Mrs. Montgomery arriving later, Mrs. Hanger withdrew from the committee, leaving the membership—Mrs. Ernest, chairman, Mrs. Montgomery, and Mrs. Knott—all present.
On June 12 and subsequently this committee met and examined the vouchers and checks from November 1, 1904, to June 10, 1905, inclusive, and found the accounts between the above-mentioned dates to be correct.
Total receipts:
From Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company ………………… $3,000.00
From appropriation by Congress …………………………… 100,000.00
Total interest received on above $100,000 account ………….. 1,502.29
—————-
104,502.29
Total expended from $3,000 ………………………. $3,000.00
Total expended from $100,000 …………………….. 74,146.83
Total amount interest expended as per resolution of
June 10 ……………………………………… 688.80
—————-
Total expenditures …………………………. 77,835.63
Balance on hand from interest ………….. $813.49
Balance on hand from $100,000 appropriation 25,853.17
—————- 26,666.66
Balance on hand from all sources …………………………….. 104,502.29
A certified public accountant has been engaged to prepare a classified summary of all receipts and disbursements, and we refer to the figures of his report for details and totals, which we hereby approve and accept as final.
In witness whereof we have hereunto set our hands this 17th day of June, 1905.
SALENA V. ERNEST,
MARY PHELPS MONTGOMERY,
JENNIE GILLMORE KNOTT,
Members Auditing Committee.
NEW YORK, June 16, 1905.
In accordance with your instructions, I have made an examination of your treasurer's accounts from March 17, 1903, to June 10, 1905, and herewith submit to you my report thereon.
All vouchers covering the disbursements from the appropriation made by Congress of $100,000 are in due form and properly approved and attested, vouchers being on file for all amounts paid, each voucher containing a "paid" check signed by the treasurer and countersigned by the president, excepting a few, which, in the ordinary course of business, have not as yet been presented at bank for payment.
All disbursements from the $3,000 received from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company and from the interest received from banks have been made by treasurer's check and all have been approved by the president of the board. The total disbursements and receipts to June 10 are as follows:
Total amount received by the treasurer to June 10, 1905:
From Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company …………………… $3,000.00
From Congress …………………………………………….. 100,000.00
Interest received from banks ……………………………….. 1,502.29
—————-
Total received from all sources to June 10, 1905 ……………. 104,502.29
===========
Total amount disbursed by treasurer to June 10, 1905:
From the $3,000 received from the Louisiana Purchase Exposition
Company ………………………………………………… 3,000.00
From the appropriation from Congress ………………………… 74,146.83
From the interest received from banks ……………………….. 688.80
—————-
Total disbursed from all sources to June 10, 1905 …………… 77,835.63
===========
Balance in hands of treasurer on June 10, 1905:
From the $100.000 appropriation from Congress ………………… 25,853.17
From interest received from banks …………………………… 813.49
—————-
Balance in hands of treasurer June 10, 1905 ………………… 26,666.66
Respectfully submitted. JOHN PROUD, Certified Public Accountant.
The PRESIDENT AND AUDITING COMMITTEE, Board of Lady Managers, Louisiana Purchase Exposition.
It has been said that "an exposition should be as broad and comprehensive as the efforts of mankind." In all human activities in recent years advancement has been so marvelously rapid that important expositions might be held from time to time in which would be included nothing but inventions, discoveries, and accomplishments that belong to the intervening epoch-making periods.
That all nations take a deep interest in world's fairs is made manifest by the large attendance of people from all parts of the globe. It is self-evident that they appreciate the fact that most beneficial results may be derived by all, not only by means of the practical and tangible demonstration and comparison of objects assembled, but through the opportunity afforded for interchange of thought so conspicuously made available to advanced thinkers and workers. And it is hoped and believed that in its own time and in its own way each exposition will accomplish much for the good of both men and women of every country.
It would seem from the division of work as shown at the exposition by the Filipinos and the Indian tribes that women have not only, from the remotest times of which we have record, originated and practiced most of the industrial arts, but, among primitive nations, they still continue to ply the same occupations. The exhibits showed that the work of the men was still that of the hunter and trapper, while the Filipino woman who sat on the floor making cotton cloth, would indicate that it had fallen to the share of women not only to fashion garments, but the material from which they were made. And was not the stick which she so deftly handled, upon which she wound her thread to carry the woof to and fro transversely across the warp of her hand-woven fabric, the forerunner of the swiftly moving shuttle of today? And if the primitive woman still makes garments from the skins which the hunter brings home, and cooks the game which he shoots or traps, and has originated the method of cooking other articles of food, has she not earned for herself the right to be termed the first "home maker?" It is true the home originally had to be maintained by force of arms, but when this necessity no longer existed, and man, "the protector," had time to examine this woman-made home, he put his ingenuity to work to aid in the increased demands large households made upon women and invented and applied machinery to do the heavy tasks that had theretofore been done by them. He found it a vastly remunerative occupation, and promptly removed her work of spinning, weaving, dyeing, and even the making of every kind of garment, and the preparation of foods, to his factories.
Women did not take kindly to the innovation at first—their occupations were gone—but, with their usual adaptability, they immediately invented new ones. They now had time and opportunity to acquire education, enter the professions, and prepare themselves to take their equal place by the side of men.
President Francis, in his address on opening day, said of the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition:
So thoroughly does it represent the world's civilization that if all man's other works were, by some unspeakable catastrophe, blotted out the records here established by the assembled nations would afford all necessary standards for the rebuilding of our entire civilization.
And at this great exposition, by the elimination of the special woman's department, the exhibits of woman's work for the first time in this country stood solely and independently by the side of the exhibits by men, and the industrial equality and the value of the contributions to the industries, sciences, and arts of both were judged by the same standards. Let no concern, therefore, be felt as to the future advancement of women. Their strength and powers have been tested, and the new era upon which they entered but a few years ago under the leadership of the women of America is now so far advanced for the women of all nations in every country that their undeniable right to education and training is being acknowledged, their consequent recognition as a factor for increased usefulness is being accorded, and their development is swift, their progress sure.
The Louisiana Purchase Exposition is passing into the realm wherein lies forgetfulness; its beauties are even now fading from the memories of its millions of visitors. The buildings have been razed, and the broad acres it covered have been laid waste; the labor of years, the result of thought, perseverance, patience, energy, and untiring application on the part of hundreds of its promoters and workers, already seems as intangible as a dream. But the things for which those buildings stood, the intellectual, moral, and material prosperity which they expressed are real, lasting, and glorious. These are permanently recorded in history. And forming an important part of these records is the work of woman.
The board of lady managers of this vast world's fair earnestly hopes that at every future exposition woman may be accorded that dignified position that she has so splendidly earned by her own endeavors, and that each time a résumé of her work achieved is recorded new fields of usefulness may be found added thereto. No fear need be entertained that she will not always demonstrate that she does contribute her full share toward the progress and prosperity of nations and the uplifting of humanity.
* * * * *
Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission from April 23, 1901, to June 30, 1901, inclusive.
Scarritt Comstock Furniture Company, furniture ………… $71.00
Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, stationery ………. 32.90
Broadway Furniture Company, rug ……………………… 19.00
Smith-Premier Typewriter Company, one typewriter ………. 99.00
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, letter heads ……… 31.50
William Corcoran, stenographer, eight days at $8.33-1/3
per day …………………………………………. 66.67
——————— $320.07
Imperial Building Company, rent of office …………….. 25.00
Joseph Flory, advanced for stamps ……………………. 15.00
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes ………… 22.75
Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, stationery ………. 7.80
Joseph Flory, express charges ……………………….. .55
Gould Directory Company, city directory ………………. 7.00
William Corcoran, stenographer, four days at $8.33-1/3
per day …………………………………………. 33.33
F.A. Burrelle, press clippings ………………………. 10.00
St. Louis Toilet Supply Company, towels for office …….. .75
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary, twenty-five days, $75 62.90
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 1.02
——————— 186.10
Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………… .50
William H. Corcoran, stenographer, copying minutes …….. 25.00
Imperial Building Company, rent of office …………….. 25.00
St. Louis Toilet Supply Company, towels ………………. .75
St. Louis Express Company, moving office furniture …….. 2.50
F.A. Burrelle, press bureau, press clippings ………….. 10.00
Claude Hough, official stenographer, salary …………… 75.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 19.55
Do …………………………………………….. 2.08
——————— 160.38
—————-
Total to June 30, 1901 …………………………. 666.55
Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902, inclusive.
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes ………… $6.75
Herring-Hall Marvin Safe Company, one safe ……………. 85.00
Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, desk …………….. 52.00
National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide one
year ……………………………………………. 5.00
Miller & Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………… 5.55
Bell Telephone Company, rent telephone for quarter …….. 22.23
Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings ……………….. 10.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 75.00
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Wilfred A. Simpson, messenger, salary ………………… 30.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 7.21
——————- $398.74
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, supplies …………. 12.00
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 1.40
Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms …………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 75.00
Wilfred A. Simpson, messenger, salary ………………… 30.00
Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings ……………….. 10.00
Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges …………. 6.80
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 28.46
——————- 263.66
Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms …………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 75.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings ……………….. 10.00
Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges …………. 2.50
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 4.04
——————- 221.54
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, envelopes and letter
heads …………………………………………….. 16.25
Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms …………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 75.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Miss Gertrude Jenkins, stenographer, copying rules …….. 15.00
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 7.45
Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges …………. 2.25
Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings ……………….. 10.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 9.74
——————- 265.69
United Typewriter and Supplies Company, stationery …….. 5.49
Library Bureau, one file case, complete ………………. 65.75
F.W. Baumhoff, postmaster, to stamps …………………. 5.00
Higgins Map Company, 20 maps of St. Louis …………….. 5.00
Southern Hotel Company, rent office rooms …………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, letter heads ……… 4.75
Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges …………. 3.25
F.A. Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings …………… 10.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 22.13
——————- 351.37
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… $5.35
Skinner & Kennedy, Eureka bath and supplies …………… 5.60
Library Bureau, two sets file guides …………………. 1.50
Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance
charges …………………………………………. 35.35
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings ……………….. 10.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 13.88
——————- $301.68
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, supplies …………. 7.50
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 7.45
Burrelle Press Bureau, press clippings ……………….. 10.00
Remington Typewriter Company, two machines ……………. 180.00
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 17.70
——————- 452.65
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 2.25
——————- 332.25
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 20.60
Superintendent of Documents, Revised Statutes …………. 7.90
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance
charges …………………………………………. 50.95
Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………. 50.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Hon. Thomas H. Carter, expense typewriting ……………. 7.30
——————- 416.75
Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads ………… 333.00
Skinner & Kennedy, supplies …………………………. 9.10
Gould Directory, one city directory ………………….. 6.00
A.C. McDonald, one Webster's Dictionary ………………. 10.00
Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………. 50.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 109.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 14.84
——————- 702.94
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. $100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
John H. Grosse, messenger, salary ……………………. 30.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 4.40
——————- $334.40
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 30.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone, long-distance
charges …………………………………………. 31.55
Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ………………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 8.62
——————- 420.17
——————-
Total ………………………………………………………… 4,461.84
Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903, inclusive.
National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide one
year ……………………………………………. $8.00
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 30.00
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 10.40
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………. 50.00
Densmore Typewriter Company, desk and chair …………… 32.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 1.60
——————- $382.00
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 30.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Smith Premier Typewriter Company, repairs machine ……… 2.00
Isaac Hamburger, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 2.97
——————- 334.97
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 7.40
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. 100.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 30.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone for quarter ….. 31.25
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 6.40
——————- 375.05
Southern Hotel Company, rent of office rooms ………….. $31.10
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 30.00
J. Kennard & Sons, four Wilton rugs ………………….. 72.75
Mrs. M.E. Schuerman, stenographer services, board of lady
managers ………………………………………… 66.10
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 14.70
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Fidelity Storage and Moving Company, moving office …….. 25.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 2.28
——————- $441.93
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 30.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Southern Hotel, rent of meeting rooms ………………… 35.00
Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F.A. Betts, July to November ….. 50.00
A.S. Aloe Company, hauling McKinley portrait ………….. 5.00
Miss M. McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ……………… 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… .91
Miss Minnie Moran, clerk F.A. Betts, November …………. 25.00
——————- 345.91
Linze Electrical Supply Company, call bell ……………. 2.45
John R. Parson, two silk flags, one 15-foot flag ………. 18.00
Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, stationery ………….. 355.00
J. Kennard & Sons Carpet Company, matting and pillow …… 83.01
Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller, six months ……. 50.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Jos. A. Carlin, messenger, salary ……………………. 40.00
Spalding Stationery Company, stationery and supplies …… 9.45
Bell Telephone Company, rent and long distance ………… 34.80
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
J.J. Ferguson, to 10 photographs of commissioners, framed.. 110.00
Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, office furniture ….. 349.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 5.91
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 25.00
——————- 1,282.62
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Jos. Carlin, messenger, salary ………………………. 40.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Henry O'Flynn, insurance agent, insuring McKinley
photograph ………………………………………. 20.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 25.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 6.60
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 25.00
———————- 316.60
Lambert-Deacon & Hull Printing Company, supplies ………. $20.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
J. Kennard & Sons, three Smyrna rugs …………………. 18.90
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 25.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 8.43
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 10.00
——————- $322.32
Skinner & Kennedy Stationery Company, supplies ………… 3.00
Postal Telegraph Company, service ……………………. 1.93
Miss Lulu R. Colvin, stenographer, extra service ………. 5.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 100.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent of telephone long distance
service …………………………………………. 34.72
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 10.00
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 7.45
Southern Hotel Company, rent meeting rooms ……………. 177.15
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 25.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 39.50
——————- 543.75
St. Louis Express Company, moving office records ………. 2.50
Mermod & Jaccard Company, engraving cards, dedication ….. 37.50
John R. Parson, one large flag ………………………. 15.00
The Postal Telegraph Company, service ………………… 1.66
Mesker & Bro., steel flag pole ………………………. 63.00
Mook Brothers, painting office of Commission ………….. 50.00
Chas. Rippe Tent Company, one streamer for flag pole …… 15.50
Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing minutes ……… 91.50
Wand Livery Company, carriages furnished dedication ……. 45.00
Steiner Engraving and Badge Company, badges for
Commissioners ……………………………………. 15.00
E.C. Giltner, clerk George W. McBride, six months ……… 100.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 21.70
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 25.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
——————- 823.36
Wand Livery Company, carriages for dedication …………. 90.00
Southern Hotel Company, rent of meeting rooms …………. 358.85
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 9.80
Edward M. Gould, city directory ……………………… $6.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 10.26
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 25.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
——————- $814.91
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M ………………………… 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
W.C. Tyler, expert accountant, auditing accounts ………. 178.75
W.E. Andrews, per diem allowance while auditing ……….. 60.00
Jones, Caesar & Co., expert accountants, to May 31 …….. 1,250.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent and long-distance charges …. 14.54
Southern Hotel Company, rent of meeting rooms …………. 17.55
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 25.00
Bell Telephone Company, long-distance charges …………. .75
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Pullman Sleeping-Car Company, accommodations W.E. Andrews . 10.00
Baltimore and Ohio Railway, transportation W.E. Andrews,
W.C. Tyler ………………………………………. 82.50
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 8.29
——————- 2,012.38
——————-
Total to June 30,1903……………………………….. 7,995.81
Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904, inclusive.
National Railway Publishing Company, railway guide
one Year ………………………………………… $8.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Lambert-Deacon & Hull, stationery and supplies ………… 17.35
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 25.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 1.73
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott………………………… 50.00
——————- $367.08
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 25.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 2.78
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott………………………… 50.00
——————- 342.78
Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books .. $500.00
John R. Parsons, one large United States flag …………. 15.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent for one quarter and long-
distance charges …………………………………. 33.35
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 25.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 9.41
——————- $947.76
The Kellogg Company, desk telephone bracket …………… 2.50
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 7.75
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 10.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 1.10
——————- 386.35
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, binding report ……. 8.00
Smith-Premier Company, new feed roll …………………. 3.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 10.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Jones, Caesar & Co., checking financial reports ……….. 75.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 4.74
——————- 465.74
Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads ………… 154.00
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 21.90
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Miss Margaret McElvain, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………… 50.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller ………………. 10.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
The Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long-
distance charges …………………………………. 33.20
Southern Hotel, rent of meeting rooms ………………… $16.95
Miss Minnie T. Moran ……………………………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 1.45
——————- $602.50
John R. Parson, two United States flags, flag pole …….. 26.00
Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ………………… 50.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Claude Hough, traveling expenses to New York and Washington 124.25
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 4.57
——————- 519.82
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 6.80
Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ………………… 50.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books .. 45.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 1.08
——————- 417.88
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ………………… 50.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Enterprise Cleaning Company, cleaning office ………….. 20.00
Simmons Hardware Company, ice-water cooler ……………. 7.50
Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long distance 33.20
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 25.00
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 3.59
——————- 454.29
Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads ………… 90.00
Sexton-Stubinger Range Company, water-cooler stand …….. 3.25
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Carrol Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ………………… 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 19.75
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 4.27
——————- 482.27
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… $125.00
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
Lambert-Deacon & Hull, stationery ……………………. 25.15
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Oliver J. Grace, 10 keys for office ………………….. 2.40
Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing order books ….. 54.60
Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, two desks ………… 45.00
Keyes & Marshall Brothers Livery Company, conveyance one
month …………………………………………… 140.00
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, paper and envelopes ….. 94.50
J.S. Durham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Laurence H. Grahame, salary, assistant secretary, nine days 72.58
——————- $799.33
Kennard & Sons Carpet Company, screens and sofa cover ….. 15.50
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 12.20
Wm. Prufrock Furniture Company, one sofa ……………… 27.00
Black-Starr & Frost, ten official badges for Commissioners 300.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 125.00
Wm. E. Barclay Printing Company, printing orders ………. 22.50
Eugene Nahler, messenger, salary …………………….. 40.00
J.S. Durham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Ringen Stove Company, ice chest and glasses …………… 12.40
Howard E. Riggs, clerk, fifteen days …………………. 37.50
Will Hillmer, placing locks on ice chest ……………… 2.75
S.G. Adams Stamp Company, automatic pad and stamp ……… 2.00
Laurence H. Grahame, expenses trip to New York ………… 87.50
Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads and
envelopes ……………………………………….. 305.00
Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books .. 1,250.00
Woodward & Tiernan Printing Company, printing cards ……. 90.00
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 25.00
Mound City Coupe Company, conveyance, fifteen days …….. 155.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent for quarter ……………… 31.20
Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone, twenty-eight
days ……………………………………………. 7.10
Keyes & Marshall Brothers, conveyance, seven days ……… 68.00
James Hardy, to team and vehicle one day ……………… 7.00
Laurence H. Grahame, salary as assistant secretary …….. 250.00
Howard E. Riggs, salary, messenger, two days ………….. 4.00
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
Laurence H. Grahame, per diem expenses allowed ………… 25.00
Southern Hotel Company, telephone charges, April, May,
June ……………………………………………. 1.80
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 6.84
Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing Exposition Company's books .. 1,000.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 2.80
——————- 4,133.09
——————-
Grand total fiscal year ending June 30, 1904 9,918.89
Statement of expenditures of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905, inclusive.
National Railway Company, railway guide, one year ……… $8.00
Howard E. Riggs, messenger, salary, fourteen days ……… 28.00
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 4.90
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Samuel S. Bennett, messenger, salary …………………. 32.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Scarritt-Comstock Furniture Company, one bookcase ……… 26.50
General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 230.28
John R. Parson, two United States flags ………………. 26.25
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, stamping 100 cards …… 9.50
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 12.79
——————- $728.22
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Samuel S. Bennett, messenger, salary …………………. 60.00
Chas. A. Bradley, relief stenographer, eighteen days …… 90.00
Jones, Caesar & Co., audit Exposition Company's books ….. 250.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Raymond E. Brock, subscription daily papers …………… 2.70
General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 230.28
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
Mermod & Jaccard Company, stationery, note heads, and
supplies ………………………………………… 510.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 6.90
—————— 1,499.88
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone one quarter ….. 25.00
Frank N. Hodgins, messenger, salary ………………….. 60.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 222.86
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller, three months …….. 25.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 9.61
Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride ……………… 14.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent one quarter and long-distance
charges …………………………………………. 38.35
——————- 744.82
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 14.60
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Wilson Coker, messenger, salary ……………………… 60.00
Miss J. Floy Penney, copyist ………………………… 42.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Geo. M. Brand, one No. 4 Densmore typewriter ………….. 90.00
Miss Minnie T. Moran, clerk F.A. Betts ……………….. $50.00
General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 230.28
Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride ……………… 14.00
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 12.50
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 1.74
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
—————— $815.12
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Wilson Coker, messenger, salary ……………………… 65.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Miss J. Floy Penney, copyist ………………………… 40.00
Wm. B. Ayers, subscription daily papers ………………. 3.50
Edmund C. Giltner, clerk Geo. W. McBride ……………… 14.00
Geo. W. Conrad, clerk John F. Miller …………………. 12.50
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
General Service Company, wagonette and driver, one month .. 222.85
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 11.89
——————- 669.74
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 20.30
Fidelity Storage Company, moving office to city ……….. 48.50
McCaughen & Burr, packing and express charges, McKinley
portrait, and insurance charges ……………………. 14.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Wilson Coker, messenger, salary ……………………… 65.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Bell Telephone Company, rent for one quarter ………….. 31.20
Kinlock Telephone Company, rent one quarter and charges
moving telephone …………………………………. 28.45
Miss Blanch Barth, clerk John F. Miller ………………. 10.00
Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms ………………… 50.90
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
J.S. Dunham, clerk P.D. Scott ……………………….. 50.00
——————- 568.35
Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms ………………… 60.10
Wilson Coker, messenger, salary ……………………… 32.50
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Henry Schmid, messenger, salary ……………………… 19.50
Spalding Stationery Company, supplies ………………… 10.05
W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00
——————- 372.15
Hotel Jefferson, rent of office rooms ………………… 47.40 Fidelity Moving Company, moving office furniture ………. 63.32 Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00 Henry Schmid, messenger, salary ……………………… 52.00 W.D. Tipton, clerk Thomas H. Carter ………………….. 50.00 United States Express Company, express charges two boxes records …………………………………………. 6.88 Bell Telephone Company, rent January 1 to February 24, 1905 ……………………………………………. 19.98 Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 2.33 ——————- 391.91
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… $150.00
Claude Hough, expense to Washington ………………….. 102.00
L.H. Grahame, per diem expense to Washington ………….. 72.00
Kinlock Telephone Company, rent telephone one quarter,
ending March 31 ………………………………….. 30.00
Clarence E. Gauss, special service, stenographer ………. 5.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 1.98
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
——————- $410.98
Sheppard Knapp & Co., matting for office ……………… 22.44
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to New York and return …… 120.50
Claude Hough, expenses to St. Louis and Chicago ……….. 196.00
The Dudley Press company, stationery and supplies ……… 14.26
Geo. W. Read, lettering office door ………………….. 2.44
Claude Hough, expenses to Washington and Baltimore …….. 25.50
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
E.H. Gleason, storage and moving office furniture ……… 8.10
New York Telephone Company, rent of telephone and toll
service …………………………………………. 2.20
Littlefield & Alvord Company, freight and drayage office
furniture ……………………………………….. 21.63
——————- 613.07
Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to Washington and return …. 24.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Laurence H. Grahame, expenses to Washington …………… 29.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Mermod & Jaccard Jewelry Company, letter heads and
envelopes ……………………………………….. 97.00
McKnight & Co., translating report from France ………… 16.45
Western Union Telegraph Company, service ……………… 3.97
——————- 370.42
Jones, Caesar & Co., auditing books Exposition Company …. 1,400.00
Carroll Purman, clerk John M. Thurston ……………….. 50.00
Claude Hough, stenographer, salary …………………… 150.00
Western Union Telegraph Company, service, Portland …….. 17.45
Remington Typewriter Company, service, Portland ……….. 111.50
Hotel Eaton, Portland, rent meeting rooms …………….. 107.85
Pacific Express Company, Portland, express records …….. 60.45
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, rent office April,
May, June ……………………………………….. 200.00
Joseph Mahoney, towel service office of Commission …….. 2.50
New York Telephone Company, rent of telephone and tolls … 12.80
Western Union Telegraph Company, September, October,
November, 1904; February, April, 1905 ………………. 4.93
Western Union Telegraph Company, service, June ………… 15.90
Claude Hough, expenses to Portland to June 30 …………. 327.09
Claude Hough, additional salary allowance …………….. 75.00
——————- 2,535.47
——————
Total to June 30, 1905 ……………………………………….. 9,720.13
Expenditures from April 23 to June 30, 1901 …………… $666.55
Expenditures from July 1, 1901, to June 30, 1902 ………. 4,461.84
Expenditures from July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1903 ………. 7,995.81
Expenditures from July 1, 1903, to June 30, 1904 ………. 9,918.89
Expenditures from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905 ………. 9,720.13
——————-
Grand total 32,763.22
Total amount reserved for period April 23, 1901, to
July 1, 1905, for expenses of Commission ……………. $41,923.36
Total amount expended by Commission for above period …… 32,763.22
——————-
Total unexpended balance ………………………….. 9,160.14
Accounts. (See Report of statements of receipts and disbursements.)
Accountant, board of lady managers, report of, 520
Act creating board of lady managers, 367
Addams, Miss Jane, report on housing working classes, 489
Admissions:
Rules governing, 74-76
Special tickets, sale of, 79-82
Correspondence respecting, between National Commission and Exposition
Company, 71-76
Statement of, 130
Agriculture, report on, 499
Alabama:
Birmingham district representatives, 237
Exhibits, 238
Alaska:
Commissioners, 240
Building, 240
Exhibits, 242
Albrecht, H.S., affidavit of, 150
American Institute of Social Service, work of, 484
Ancient Sons and Daughters of Jerusalem, 411
Anthropology, woman's work in, 480
Appendixes to final report. (See Report on accounts, etc.; Report on
disposal
of salvage; Report on foreign countries; Report on States,
Territories, and
districts; Report of board of lady managers; Statement of
expenditures.)
Appropriations for board of lady managers, 517
Archaeology, woman's work in
Architecture, report on, 460
Argentine Republic:
Commissioners, 175
Building, 175
Exhibits, 176
Argentina, school buildings of, 444
Arizona:
Commissioners, 243
Building, 243
Exhibits, 243
Arkansas:
Commissioners, 244
Building, 245
Exhibits, 245
Assets and liabilities, tabular estimate of, on May, 3,, 1905, 138
Association of Collegiate Alumnae, 428
Austria:
Commissioners, 178
Building, 178
Exhibits, 179
Awards:
Final report of committee on, 505
Correspondence respecting rules and regulations governing, 83-103
Rules governing, 20
Jury of, rules for, 435
Bernays, Miss Thekla M., report on manufactures, 494
Blair, Mrs. James L., resignation of, 385
Bland, Mrs. Richard P., report of, on agriculture, 499
Blind, and other defectives, work of, 454
Board of lady managers:
Act creating, 367
Duties of officers of, 382
Expenses [Transcriber's note: original lacks page number for this
entry]
Members of, 368
Rules and regulations, 381
Disbursements on account of, 135
Duties of, 21
To serve without compensation, 21
Names of, 12
Increase in number of members, 22
Special mention in final report, 120
Bonds, city of St. Louis, report of collections from sale of, 129
Boston Cooperative Society, award to, 489
Bowes, Mrs. F.K., report of, on sewing machines, etc., 465
Boyd, Mrs. Isaac, report of, on ceramics, 464
Brazil:
Commissioners, 182
Building, 183
Exhibits, 184
Bread and pastry, report on, 476
Building, permanent, board of lady managers
Buildings (see under each country and State), salvage of,
correspondence
respecting contract for, 105-116
California:
Commissioners, 246
Building, 246
Exhibits, 247
Canada:
Commissioners, 184
Building, 185
Exhibits, 185
Capital stock:
Collections from sales of, 128
Loan realized on security of, 130
Carter, Hon. Thomas H., president National Commission:
Address of welcome at Centennial Day exercises, 25
Addresses by, 370-376,, 389
Resignation of, 113
Cash balances available at end of exposition, 135
Centennial Day, April, 30,, 1903, description of exercises, 24
Ceramics, report on, board of lady managers, 464
Ceylon:
Commissioners, 187
Building, 187
Exhibits, 188
Charities and corrections, report on, 490
Children, lost, 424
China:
Commissioners, 190
Building, 192
Exhibits, 191
Circular to women of Europe, 416
Cleveland, ex-President, dedication day address, 34
Clothing industries, report on, board of lady managers, 470
Colleges, women's exhibits by, 446
Collegiate Alumnæ, Association of, 428
Colonial Dames, 428
Colorado:
Commissioners, 248
Exhibits, 248
Commissioners. (See under each country; See also National
Commission.)
Committees, board of lady managers:
Auditing, 369
Awards, 369
Congresses, 369
Entertainment, 369
Foreign relations, 369
House, 369
House furnishing, 369
Legislative, 369
Special, 369
Standing, 369
Woman's work, 369
Women's congresses, 369
Commissions, statement of receipts from., 131
Connecticut:
Commissioners, 248
Building, 249
Exhibits, 249
Congress, international, 426
Correspondence:
Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company on the
question of jurors and awards—
Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, October, 18, 1904, 85
Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November, 4, 1904, 88
Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November, 5, 1904, 90
Mr. Allen to Mr. Francis, November, 12, 1904, 94
Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, May, 19, 1904, 83
Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, May, 23, 1904, 83
Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, November, 22, 1904, 95
Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November, 4, 1904, 89
Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November, 4, 1904, 89
Mr. Francis to Mr. Allen, November, 8, 1904, 91
Mr. Knapp to Mr. Thurston, November, 11, 1904, 94
Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company on the
question of advertising the exposition and sale of special tickets
Agreement with respect to special tickets, 81
Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, July, 20, 1904, 77
Mr. Flory to Mr. Stevens, May, 19, 1904, 80
Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, May, 18, 1904, 79
Between the National Commission and the Exposition Company in the
matter of financial reports
Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, October, 3,, 1902, 67
Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, November, 26,, 1902, 68
Mr. Flory to Mr. Stevens, February, 5,, 1903, 69
Mr. Francis to Mr. Carter, October, 15,, 1902, 67
Mr. Francis to Mr. Carter, November, 26,, 1902, 69
Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, November, 1,, 1902, 67
Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, November, 26,, 1902, 69
Mr. Stevens to ——, November, 29,, 1902, 69
Mr. Stevens to Mr. Flory, February, 19,, 1903, 70
Salvage of exposition property
Mr. Carter to Mr. Francis, February, 28,, 1905, 105
Mr. Stevens to Mr. Carter, March, 7,, 1905, 107,, 111
Mr. Stevens to Mr. Grahame, March, 23,, 1905, 114,, 116
Council of Jewish Women, 428
County schools, 444
Creche, the, 421
Cuba:
Commissioners, 193
Building, 193
Exhibits, 194
Curie, Madame, 451
Daughters of—
American Revolution, 428
Liberty, 428
St. George, 428
Veterans, 428
Day, Mrs. M.B.R., report of, on pomology, 479
Day nursery, 421
Dedication, exercises of, 383
Dedication day:
Address by Hon. D.R. Francis, 27
Address by President Roosevelt, 29
Address by Ex-President Cleveland, 34
Names of Senate committee, 60
Names of House committee, 60
Denmark:
Commissioners, 195
Exhibits, 196
Deposits, receipts from interest on, 133
Design, Woman's School of, 440
Diplomatic day, May, 1,, 1902, description of exercises, 43
Disbursements and receipts. (See Report of statements, etc.)
Dockery, Hon. A.M., governor of Missouri, address on State day, 56
Dunphy, John M., affidavit of, 169
East India:
Commissioners, 216
Exhibits, 216
Edgerton, Mrs. R.A., report of, on decoration of buildings, 464
Education, report on, lady board of managers, 441
Egypt:
Commissioners, 196
Exhibits, 196
Electricity, report on, 498
Entertainment and ceremonies, report of committee on, 429
Ethnography, exhibits in, 482
Ethnology, woman's work in, 481
Exhibits (see also under each country and State):
Classification of, 14
From foreign countries, to be admitted free of duty, 18
Rules governing applications for space, 16
Rules governing packing and shipment of, 16
Educational
Exhibits, 438
Indian school, 344
Philippines, 327,488
Special commendation of
Philippines exhibit, 118
Foreign exhibits, 119
State, Territorial, and district exhibits, 120
United States Government exhibit, 121
Special installation of, disbursements in, 135
Exhibits to statement of receipts and disbursements. (See under Report
on accounts, etc.)
Expenditures, board of lady managers, statement of, 523
Exploitation committee, emergency funds advanced to, 135
Exposition, educational advantages of [Transcriber's note: page number
missing in original]
Expositions, previous work of women in, 369
Farm equipment, report on, 474
Farming by irrigation, 475
Felton, Mrs. W.H., report of, on farm equipment, 474
Financial condition of Exposition Company, 136
Fischel, Mrs. W.E., report of, on education, 493
Fletcher, Miss Alice C., report of, on somatology, 479
Foreign countries:
President's proclamation inviting participation of, 9
(See under each country.)
Foreign exhibitors:
Rules and regulations concerning, 10, 11, 12
(See also under each country.)
Rules and regulations for settlement of disagreements with Exposition
Company, 12
France:
Commissioners, 197
Buildings, 198
Exhibits, 199
Francis, Hon. D.R., president Exposition Company:
Address presenting buildings for dedication, 27
Address on diplomatic day, 45
Addresses by, 372,, 386,, 395
French industrial schools, 200
Fruit farmers, women, 479
Fund:
Contingent, 397
Exposition, statement of, 5
General Federation of Women's Clubs, 428
Geographical apparatus, 462
Georgia:
Commissioners, 252
Building, 252
Exhibits, 252
Germany:
Commissioners, 204
Building, 204
Exhibits, 206
Gibbons, Cardinal, invocation on centennial day, 24
Great Britain:
Commissioners, 208
Building, 209
Exhibits, 211
Griswold, Miss Edith J., report of, on machinery, 496
Greisheimer, Miss Caroline, report of, on social economy, 483
Guatemala:
Commissioners, 213
Building, 211
Exhibits, 212
Haiti:
Commissioners, 213
Exhibits, 213
Hamlin, Mrs. Conde, report of, on municipal government, 492
Harper, Rev. William R., invocation on State day, 55
Harrison, Rabbi Leon, benediction on State day, 59
Harrow, Mrs. A.G., report of, on clothing Industries, 470
Hedleston, Miss Florence, exhibit by, 440
Henderson, Mrs. Alice Palmer, report of, on ethnology, 481
Hill, Octavia, work of, in London, 489
Historical data, 361
Honduras:
Commissioners, 214
Exhibits, 214
Hough, Claude, appointed stenographer of the National Commission, 7
Hendrix, Bishop, prayer at dedication-day exercises, 41
Hostess' Association, 359
House Committee, final report of, 514
House furnishing:
Expenditures, 418
Gifts and loans for, 419
Housing model, 489
Hungary:
Commissioners, 216
Exhibits, 216
Humane Education Society, methods and results, 488
Idaho:
Commissioners, 254
Building, 254
Exhibits, 254
Igorrotes, 488
Illinois:
Commissioners, 258
Building, 258
Exhibits, 258
Indian exhibit (United States Government):
Authority to establish, 344
Buildings, 344
Exhibits, 344
School entertainments, 346
Indian relics, 345
Indian Territory:
Building, 270
Commissioners, 269
Exhibits, 269
Indiana:
Commissioners, 267
Building, 268
Exhibits, 268
International Board W. and Y.M.C.A., 411
International Congress of Nurses, 411
International day, 384
International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, 411
Intramural Railway, receipts from, 132
Inventions of women, 497
Italy:
Commissioners, 217
Building, 217
Exhibits, 214
Japan:
Commissioners, 219
Building, 221
Exhibits, 220,221
Jewish women, council of, 428
Johnston, Miss Frances B., report of, on photography, 461
Jurors, board of lady managers:
List of, 509
Department jurors, 512
Group jurors, 511
Jurors and Awards. (See Awards and Correspondence.)
Jury of awards, rules for, 96
Jusserand, M. Jean J., French Ambassador, address on diplomatic day, 47
Kansas:
Building, 274
Commissioners, 272
Exhibits, 272
Kentucky:
Building, 277
Commissioners, 274
Exhibits, 274
Kings Daughters, 428
Knights and Ladies of Honor, 428
Krug, S., affidavits of, 155
Krupp, Fraulein, model housing, 489
Laces, report on, 471
Lindsay, William, member National Commission, address on State day, 55
Ladies' Aid Society of United States, 411
Ladies' Catholic Benevolent Society, 412
Ladies' United Veteran Legion, 411
Ladies of the Maccabees, 411
Legislative committee, final report of, 398
Liabilities. (See Assets and liabilities.)
Libraries, traveling, women's work in, 451
Lincoln, Mrs. Alice N., model housing, 489
Lost children, 424
Louisiana:
Building, 277
Commissioners, 277
Exhibits, 278
Loughborough, Miss Hope Fairfax:
Report of, on education of defectives, 453
Report on electricity, 498
McDonald, Charles L., affidavit of, 153
MacDougal, Miss Anna G., report of, on secondary education, 445
McCall, Mrs. John A., resignation of, 374
Machinery, report on, 496
Maine:
Building, 280
Commissioners, 280
Exhibits, 280
Major, Mrs. William S., report of, on wearing apparel, 472
Manning, Mrs. Daniel, election of, 388
Manufactures, report on, 494
Maryland:
Building, 281
Commissioners, 280
Exhibits, 282
Massachusetts:
Building, 283
Commissioners, 283
Exhibits, 283
Massachusetts school exhibit, 440
Matthews, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John, report of, on sculpture, 458
Mexico:
Commissioners, 222
Exhibits, 223
Michigan:
Building, 283
Commissioners, 283
Exhibits, 284
Mining, woman's work in, 501
Mines, report on, 500
Minnesota:
Building, 286
Commissioners, 286
Exhibits, 287
Minnesota:
Educational exhibit, 446
Manual training in, 446
Missionary Society, Woman's Foreign, 411
Mississippi:
Building, 292
Commissioners, 292
Exhibits, 293
Missouri:
Building, 294
Commissioners, 294
Exhibits, 295
Model playground, 423
Montana:
Building, 298
Commissioners, 298
Exhibits, 298
Moore, Mrs. Philip U., general report of, 503
Mothers, National Congress, 411
Music Department, benefits from, 133
Museum, Philadelphia Commercial, 486
National Commission:
Allotment for contingent expenses of, 11
Names of Commissioners, 6
Committees of, 6
Resignation of Mr. Carter as president of the Commission, 113
Election of Mr. Thurston as president of the Commission, 113
Monthly reports, difficulty in preparation and submission, 66
Report of, submitted, 3
Members of, from Senate and House, at dedication, 60
National American Woman Suffrage Association, 411
National Congress of Mothers, 411,428
National Council of Women, 411
National League of Women Workers, 411
Nebraska:
Commissioners, 299
Exhibits, 299
New Hampshire:
Building, 300
Commissioners, 300
Exhibits, 301
New Jersey:
Building, 301
Commissioners, 301
Exhibits, 301
New Mexico:
Building, 306
Commissioners, 304
Exhibits, 304
New York:
Building, 306
Commissioners, 306
Exhibits, 307
New York City, night school of art, 453
New York City, sociological exhibit, 308
New Zealand:
Commissioners, 225
Exhibits, 226
Norway and Sweden:
Commissioners, 228
Exhibits, 228
North Carolina:
Commissioners, 310
Exhibits, 310
North Dakota:
Commissioners, 312
Exhibits, 312
Nurses, International Congress of, 411
Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia, investigations in archæology, 482
Odell, Hon. B.B., governor of New York, address on State day, 57
Officers, election of, board of lady managers, 374
Ohio:
Building, 313
Commissioners, 313
Exhibits, 314
Ojeda, Señor, Spanish minister, address on diplomatic day, 53
Oklahoma Territory:
Building, 314
Commissioners, 314
Exhibits, 315
Opening day, festivities, 24
Oregon:
Building, 316
Commissioners, 316
Exhibits, 317
Organization of board of lady managers, 370
Paintings and drawings, report on, 455
Passes (photo) receipts from, 133
P.E.C. Sisterhood, 411
Pennsylvania:
Building, 319
Commissioners, 318
Exhibits, 318
Perry, Miss Mary E., report of, on charities and corrections, 490
Peru:
Commissioners, 230
Exhibits, 230
Peters, Miss Cora, report of, on Indian education, 482
Philadelphia Commercial Museum, 486
Philippine Islands:
Buildings, 324
Commissioners, 323
Exhibits, 325
Official board, 325
Photograph, importance of, as educational exhibit, 443
Photography, report on, 461
Pomology, report on, 479
Portable schoolhouse, 444
Porto Rico:
Commissioners, 331
Exhibits, 331
Potter, Rt. Rev. Henry C., benediction at dedication day exercises, 42
Proclamation:
Of the President inviting foreign governments to participate, 9
Of President Roosevelt, postponing Exposition to, 1903, 22
Proctor, Hon. John R., report of, on woman's work in Government
Departments, 401
Provident Institutions, report on, 488
Pugh, Mrs. F.H., report of, on bread and pastry, 476
Receipts. (See under Report on accounts and statement of receipts and
disbursements.)
Receipts and disbursements, tabular statement of, 131
Relief Corps, Woman's, 411
Report on accounts and statement of receipts and disbursements:
Receipts—
Collections on account of sales of stock, 128
Collections from sale of city of St. Louis bonds, 129
United States Government aid, 129
United States Government loan, 129
Loan on security of capital stock subscriptions, 130
Admissions, 130
Concessions, 131
Intramural railway, 132
Service, power, light, etc., 133
Music Department, 133
Premium on souvenir gold coin, 133
Photo-pass receipts, 133
Interest on deposits, 133
Miscellaneous collections, 134
Salvage of exposition property, 134
Special fund, 134
Disbursements—
Exhibits, special installation of, 135
Money for emergency exploitation committee 135
Board of lady managers, 135
Cash balances available, 135
Financial condition of Exposition Company, 136
Tabular statement of receipts and disbursements to April, 30,, 1905,
137
Current assets and liabilities, tabular estimate of, on May, 3,, 1905,
138
Exhibits to statement of receipts and disbursements—
Admissions' collections, 140
Concessions' collections, 140
Service, power, light, water bills, etc., 140
Transportation collections, 142
Interest receipts, 142
Miscellaneous collections, 142
Construction, 143
Rent of grounds and buildings, 144
Maintenance and operating, 144
Exhibits division, 145
Exploitation division, 145
Protection, 146
Concessions and admissions division, 147
Executive and administrative division, 147
Transportation bureau, 147
Money advanced, 147
Miscellaneous, 147
Condensed statement showing estimated financial result, 149
Reports of foreign countries. (See under each country.)
Reports on States, Territories, and districts. (See under name of
each.)
Resolutions:
On auditing of Exposition Company's accounts, 71
On subject of free admissions, 72,, 74
On sale of special tickets, 79
Concerning allotment of funds for contingent expenses of the National
Commission, 11
On death of President McKinley, 9
Rhode Island:
Building, 332
Commissioners, 332
Exhibits, 334
Rhode Island, school exhibits, 334
Riley, Mrs. C.M.F., report of, on sugar and confectionery, 477
Rogers, Dr. Howard J., in charge of the congresses, 411,, 412
Roosevelt, Miss Alice, luncheon in honor of, 515
Roosevelt, Mrs. Theodore, picture of, presented, 419
Roosevelt, President—
Dedication Day address, 29
Orders statistical information for Woman's Work Committee, 401
Rules and regulations:
Classification of exhibits, 12
Concerning applications for space, 16
Concerning packing and shipment of exhibits, 16
For government of the exposition, 12
Governing system of awards, 61
Governing correspondence respecting, 83-103
Governing making of awards, 20
Pertaining to foreign exhibits, 10, 11, 12
As to board of lady managers, 21
Board of lady managers, 382
Russia:
Commissioners, 231
Exhibits, 231
St. Louis school exhibit, 440
Salvage of exposition property:
Correspondence respecting contract for, 105-116
Investigation of contract for—
Affidavit of Charles L. McDonald, 153
Affidavit of H.S. Albrecht, 150
Affidavit of S. Krug, 155
Affidavit of George J. Schmitt, 166
Affidavit of John M. Dunphy, 169
Receipts from, 134
Salvation Army:
Its beginning, 487
Its progress, 487
Schmitt, George J., affidavit of, 166
Scientific research, woman's work in, 451
School, French Industrial, 444
Schoolhouse, portable, 444
Schools:
County, 444
Movement to centralize, 444
Scrutchin, Mrs. M.G., report of, on mines, 500
Sculpture, report on, 458
Secretary board of lady managers:
Election of, 374
Resignation of, 394
Election of second, 394
Service, power, light, etc., receipts from, 133
Sewing, report on, 473
Siam:
Commissioners, 233
Building, 232
Exhibits, 232
Sirwell, Miss S.E., award, 440
Sloyd in Sweden's school exhibit, 444
Smith, Miss Anna Tolman, report of, on educational exhibits, 439
Social economy:
Exhibits in, 483
Report on, 483
Social events, list of, 430
Solari, Miss Mary, report of, on paintings and drawings, 455
Somatology, report on, 479
South Dakota:
Building, 335
Commissioners, 335
Exhibits, 336
Financial statement, 338
Souvenir gold coin, receipts from sales of, 133
Spain, exhibits, 234
Spanish-American war nurses, 411
Special fund, receipts on account of, 134
State day, May, 2,, 1903:
Description of exercises, 55
Mentioned, 384
Sugar and confectionery, report on, 477
Summers, Miss Margaret, report of, on wearing apparel, 473
Sullivan, Miss Annie E., instruction of defectives, 451
Sullivan, Lottie, award to, 454
Surgery, woman's work in, 452
Swenson, Reverend, invocation at diplomatic-day exercises, 43
Teachers, proportion of women, 445
Temple, Miss Grace Lincoln, designer of interior decorations, 445
Temple, Miss Mary Boyce, report of, on higher education, 446
Tennessee:
Building, 339
Commissioners, 339
Exhibits, 339
Texas:
Building, 342
Commissioners, 342
Exhibits, 342
Thurston, Hon. John M.:
Address by, 393
Address on diplomatic day, 44
Election as president of National Commission, 113
Final report to the President of the United States, 123
Transportation bureau, functions of, 14
Transportation, report on, 499
Treasurer board of lady managers, report, 518
Turkey, commissioners, 234
Union, International Ladies' Garment Workers', 411
United Daughters of the Confederacy, 428
United Daughters of, 1812, 428
United States Government aid, 129
United States Government loan, 129
Utah:
Building, 343
Commissioners, 343
Exhibits, 343
Vatican:
Commissioner, 235
Exhibits, 236
Venezuela:
Commissioners, 235
Exhibits, 235
Vermont:
Building, 347
Commissioners, 347
Exhibits, 348
Virginia:
Commissioners, 348
Exhibits, 348
Wade, Miss Margaret, report of, on provident institutions, 488
Waite, John D., appointment of, as a member of National Commission, 114
Wall papers, designs of, by women, 453
War, Spanish-American, nurses, 411
Washington:
Building, 350
Commissioners, 350
Exhibits, 351
Wearing apparel, report on, 472
Wednesday Club, 385
Weld, Miss Rose, report of:
On architecture, 460
On transportation, 499
Widegren, Miss Matilda, Swedish school exhibits, 441
Wild flower painting exhibit, 440
Wille, Fran, designer of carpets, 496
Wisconsin:
Building, 353
Commissioners, 354
Exhibits, 354
Woman:
In scientific research, 451
Progress in art, 452
In surgery, 452
In Government employ, 401
Woman's Building, 414
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 411
Woman's Club, reception by, 394
Woman's clubs:
Civic work of, 492
General Federation of, 428
Woman's Foreign Missionary Society, 411
Woman's Relief Corps, 411
Woman's School of Design, 440
Women as inventors, 497
Women fruit farmers, 479
Women's colleges:
List of, 446
Exhibits by, 446
Women's congresses, report of committee on, 427
Women teachers, proportion of, 445
Wood, Miss Carrie, designer of the "Missouri", 452
Wood, Mrs. E.D., report of, on laces, 471
Woolwine, Mrs. W.M., report of, on apparatus for geography, 462
Wyoming:
Commissioners, 356
Exhibits, 356
Yandell, Miss Enid, designer of the "Daniel Boone", 452
Young Women's Christian Association, 411
[END OF ORIGINAL DOCUMENT] ————————————————————-
Transcriber's notes:
The original index did not have any labels in the gaps between letters. Added above for clarity.
ERRATA in original fixed in electronic text listed in the order they appear in the text. The corrected word appears first with context around it; the context does not necessarily appear all on one line in the text version of this file. Then the original erroneous word is shown.
On December 1, 1901, the rules and regulations were published,
… [a few lines]
"An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary"
— had 'hundreth'
[a few lines later] "It will be held to celebrate the one hundredth anniversary" — had 'hundreth'
"of the one hundredth anniversary of an event which doubled the" — had 'hundreth'
"new brethren to partake of the blessings of freedom" — had 'brethern'
"entrance of that river to the sea." — had 'entrace'
"protection and allegiance are reciprocal" — had 'recriprocal'
"thought it not amiss, however," — had 'aethought'
"In this triumphal day, amid the shouts of joy," — had 'trumphal'
"The simplest protocol on postal or sanitary questions" — had 'procotol'
"to the broadest possible liberty of action" — had 'posible'
"signature of some competing exhibitor" — had 'competiting'
"The special rules provide for the appointment" — had 'appoinment'
"to the end, presumably, that unchallenged" — had 'unchalleged'
"The contract provisions were superior to any made in the bids." — had 'porvisions'
[the next phrase appears twice within a few paragraphs, and had the same error in each] "Condensed summaries of these reports have been prepared" — had 'summariies'
"in respect of the restoration of Forest Park" — had 'Partk'
[leader line shortened here] "Exposition Water Company ….. 63,000.00" — had 'Expositon'
"lists were not furnished to bidders," — had 'furnishel'
"an excellent archaeological collection." — had 'archaelogical'
"an exhibit comprising a great variety of corundum products,"
— had 'corumdum' throughout this paragraph, and nowhere
else in the document. The Oxford English Dictionary does
not recognize 'corumdum' as a correct alternate spelling.
"the magnificent jeweled caskets of carved ivory" — had 'magnificient'
"Thirty years ago the island exported a million tons of coffee annually, and tea was an unknown article;" — one wonders whether 'pounds' is meant, thirty years ago being 1874 or thereabouts.
"tapestry woven of wool and silk set off with gold" — had 'wold'
Dr. Johannes Breger, hygienic department; — had 'deparment'
"the invitation to participate in the exposition was accepted," — had 'acepeted'
"The adaptation of the colonial features" — had 'adaption'
"a hundred million dollars' worth of gold" — had 'hunderd'
"native woods from different sections of the State." — had 'diffierent'
"were installed in the Indian Territory Building." — had 'instlled'
"In the arrangement of material, repetition" — had 'arangement'
"The responsibility for this failure rests with" — had 'responsibilty'
"The units from 15 to 21, inclusive" — had '16 to 21' which contradicted remainder of paragraph
"Each department, in addition to its other features," — had 'feautres'
"noted places and buildings in Pennsylvania history." — had 'Pensylvania'
"consisted of samples of sesame, peanut, castor," — had 'seasame'
"The building contained about 4,500 square feet of surface behind glass cases, and about 9,400 square feet of open wall and ceiling space covered with museum specimens, or a total of about 14,000 square feet, where about 1,800 specimens were displayed." — had '1,300' instead of '14,000'
"It has been said that the true value of the" — had 'beeen'
"agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fish and game," — had 'foresty'
"game animals, and game birds indigenous to the section;" — had 'indigenenous'
"It well justified the assertion of Minister Livingston" — had 'asertion'
"that it involved not only a heavy responsibility," — had 'responsibiltiy'
"Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company tendered to the members" — had 'Expositon'
"the construction of the proposed hall of philanthropy." — had 'philanthrophy'
"shall attend to the giving or serving of all" — had 'th'
"and shall whenever directed by the board" — had 'whenevr'
"No. 16. Amendments.—These rules and regulations may be amended" — had 'Thes'
"by two-thirds vote of the members present" — had 'preent'
"There are 108 classes; a committee on each class would be 1,200 jurors." — had 'committtee'
"a rare antique sideboard of semicircular shape," — had 'shap'
"in consequence of which all idea of congresses" — had 'n consepuence'
[the following phrase appears twice in the document; it is the later occurrence, within the report of the Board of Lady Managers, which contained this error.] "The nomination of group jurors and alternates, when approved by the president of the exposition, shall be transmitted to the president" — had 'transmited'
"the studies in figure painting was inferior to the same work done by woman in American schools." — had 'sam'
"in class 20, sewing, embroidery, crocheting," — had 'crohceting'
"the remainder were ideal and symbolic works." — had 'symbollic'
"The work was very fine in detail," — had 'deatil'
"binding together in mutual interest and good will" — had 'god'
"The exhibits of New Jersey by means of photographs" — had 'menas'
"Literature; Somatology; Ethnology; Ethnography." — had 'Somatogloy'
"alternate jurors, that you recommend for appointment," — had 'reccommend'
"Miss Margaret Wade (alternate), 912 Nineteenth street," — had 'steet'
[in INDEX:]
"Harrow, Mrs. A.G., report of, on clothing Industries" — had 'repoort'
"Matthews, Mrs. Elizabeth St. John, report of, on sculpture" — had 'Elizabth'
"Wade, Miss Margaret, report of, on provident institutions" — had 'Margeret'
"Virginia: Commissioners" — had 'Commsssioners'