American Photographers Set the Pace

“I once heard a well-known photographic worker say, ‘If you have any doubt as to the pictorial quality of a photograph, send it to the London Salon and their judgment will decide for you.’ Is this still true?”

“I still feel that the American photographers set the pace, and in this connection I would like to read you this letter from the Secretary of the Royal Photographic Society of Great Britain as indicating the appreciation in England of American pictorial work:

The Soft Focus Lens

“What changes in the past twenty years, Mr. White, would you say have been most noticeable in photographic work?”

“Well, I would say the most noticeable is what we call the use of the soft focus lens. Secondly, I would say another noticeable change is the better general quality [pg 7] of photographic work. I feel that the photographers of today have a better idea of picture construction.”

“Would you say that one of the changes in the past twenty years is in the spreading of a knowledge of pictorial photography throughout the country?”

“Very definitely so. The interest in pictorial photography twenty years ago was confined to a small group. There are now groups in various centers as large as the national group of the early days.”

No One Lens Is Sufficient

“Getting down to a practical question for a moment, Mr. White, do you recommend a soft focus lens for small cameras, the work to be enlarged with a sharp lens, or do you recommend the reverse process?”

“I still keep to my original statement that I made two or three years ago that I do not believe that any one lens will serve all purposes. I sometimes feel that an anastigmat lens is best and sometimes that a soft focus lens is best for some particular work, and sometimes I feel that if I could get only one I would prefer an anastigmat to a soft focus.”

Softness Desirable, Not Fuzziness

“Is there a tendency, as shown in the work seen in the magazines, the exhibitions, and the photographs selected for the present Annual, to get rid of fuzziness and substitute a rational degree of softness and atmospheric effect?”

“I would say that the reproductions that we see in the magazines do not in all cases represent lens work but, I fear, bad printing sometimes. There is often a good definite quality in soft focus lens work that looks very definite indeed, even more definite than a sharp lens will give. Fuzziness is bad, but not softness. The soft focus lens seems to be more popular than ever and it apparently has come to stay.”

Professional Photography Influenced by that of the Pictorialist

“Has the professional photography of today been influenced, in your judgment, by the work of the pictorialists?”

“Yes, very decidedly, and the professionals confess it. The best professional photographers freely admit that they have drawn much inspiration from the pictorial workers' ideas.”

The Popular Mediums

“What medium—gum, multiple gum, bromoil, platinum, bromide, chloride—is most popular today?”

“Bromide and chloride are the most popular. That this is so is probably because they are easier to use; but there are very earnest workers—some of the best—who insist on using the processes which give a greater range and greater possibilities of [pg 8] quality, such as bromoil, gum, and gum platinum. I would say that these processes are more popular than they used to be.”

Color Photography

“Has color photography made any advance during the year? Are autochromes still popular? Has any progress been made in the direction of producing color photography on paper?”

“I do not know of any special progress in this branch of the art. Color photography on paper has been worked out successfully by Mr. Ives, and I think the difficulty in obtaining materials has temporarily affected the popularity of color photography in this country.”

“Is the color process used to any extent for portraiture in the United States?”

“I do not think it is used to any great extent, but I believe that it has great possibilities and that it can be used if workers will take the necessary care and pains. I think the difficulty of getting material recently has set things back along this line.”

The “Secret” Is the Artist

“Have the so-called pictorial photographers any ‘secrets?’ People often ask, ‘How are these effects produced?’ What is the best method of producing soft, atmospheric pictures? Can a skilled worker take an ordinary hard negative and, by suitable manipulation or the use of soft paper, produce an atmospheric print? Is the medium the secret? Will one paper or developer produce soot and whitewash effects and another a picture? Are soft effects generally produced by manipulation in developing negatives or prints?”

“I believe the quality of a picture is not due to the medium by which it was made. It depends entirely on the man who made it. I think one man can make a good print on soft paper and another a good print on hard paper. I do not think the medium makes the picture. I think the medium produces the picture to some extent, but it does not make the picture.”

Hand Work vs. Straight Prints

“What are the limits of hand work that are legitimate in photography? I don't like to use the word faking, but most people would so describe it. I mean, for instance, putting in skies, blocking out obtrusive backgrounds, sunning down high lights, retouching negatives, printing through prepared masks that entirely alter the negative, and pencil or air brush work on prints?”

“I do not have any objection to anybody using any methods that he pleases providing that the result is convincing; and I believe that practically every one of these means has been used successfully, in making pictures. On the other hand, some of the best and probably more good pictures have been produced by not using any of them—that is, by making the picture straight.”

Commercial Possibilities for Pictorial Work

“Are there commercial possibilities at present for pictorial photographers? Has the public shown an increasing desire to buy soft focus pictures? Is there a demand on the part of magazines and newspapers for pictorial work?”

“There is a very definite demand on the part of both magazines and newspapers for soft focus pictures. In fact, sometimes the art editors, in their eagerness to get soft focus work, will buy a photograph because it is fuzzy, without regard to its quality. But the outlook for the pictorial worker in its financial possibilities is steadily improving.”

Airplane Photography

“Has any pictorial work been done in connection with airplane photography? Is the apparatus for this sort of work too expensive for anything besides military or movie use?”

“At present I do not know personally of any pictorial work being done in this direction, but I have seen reproductions in newspapers of pictures from airplanes that show most interesting results. Airplane photographers as a rule do not as yet put into their work a marked pictorial quality.”

Elaborate Apparatus Not Always Necessary

“Have any notable inventions marked the year? Is the photostat coming into use and has it any value other than commercial? Do you recommend one of the new high-priced enlarging cameras, which focus the lens automatically on any size of paper, as suitable for clubs to purchase?”

“Well, I must confess that I have only heard of it, and the price seems to be such as to discourage almost all the pictorial workers that I know. In my observation of the work that has been done by pictorialists, the very fact that in many instances they use makeshift apparatus has resulted in some of the most beautiful effects in their work. Good apparatus is of course desirable, but there are happy accidents with the other sort. It is the workman, not his tools, that counts. Get the best tools if you can afford them, but remember that you can make just as bad pictures with an expensive outfit as you can with the cheapest.”

How Mr. White Judges a Photograph

“Many persons would like to know, Mr. White, what are the criteria used by advanced workers like yourself in judging a photograph. Do you allow so many points for composition, for technique, for originality of conception, or for success in a difficult medium? Or do you say, ‘That picture pleases me, and I vote for it,’ without attempting to state in mathematical form the qualities of its success as a picture?”

“I would say that the first thing a man should do in judging pictures is to answer the appeal of the picture. I think a picture should have a message—that is, it should [pg 10] convey, not necessarily a story, but something of the feeling of the man who produced it. This is really a difficult question to answer. I would say, ‘That picture pleases me and I vote for it.’ That is to say, so many points for technique and so many points for pictorial quality would mean nothing to me. I would insist that a picture have an appeal, and then that it have good construction, and it should have quality. The printing medium, as I have said, doesn't make the picture, but the man who uses it.”

Motion Pictures and the Soft Focus Lens

“Probably photography's greatest activity at present is in the motion picture field. Have soft focus lenses been used for producing screen plays and with what result?”

“Soft focus lenses are being used in motion picture photography, but I am doubtful as to their success in the way they are being used at present—a somewhat haphazard way. You are too conscious of the soft focus lens and of the anastigmatic lens. That is, one part of the picture is made with a soft focus lens and one with an anastigmatic. I believe that the soft focus lens can be used, and will be used, in such a way as to give beautiful results on the screen.”

Is Photography to Remain a Black and White Art?

“What forecast, Mr.White, do you make of future developments in photography? Is it to remain a black and white art, or are photographs in natural colors to supersede the familiar photograph of the present day in our exhibitions and in our homes?”

“I think that the fundamental expression of photography is in black and white, and as we develop what I would call the definite photographic quality, black and white will maintain its present ascendency.”

“But don't you expect the art to develop in different directions from what it is today and what it has been in the past?”

“I think it will develop especially in a more marked sense of picture construction.”

Dr. Chaffee Tells How He Makes Bromoils—With Reservations

See Weissthurm

Rothenburg o. Tauber, today a mediaeval town surrounded by its ancient walls and towers, possesses relics of yet earlier fortifications within the present ones. One of these relics is the so-called Weissthurm, still dominating the narrow streets that lead to it and the old houses that have attached themselves to its base.

The print is a bromoil transfer upon English crayon paper from Wellington smooth ordinary (pre-war variety). The negative was made with a Goerz Dagor lens in a Lancaster reflex upon a Seed Ortho L plate. The further data which all careful workers are supposed to keep were not made and can there fore unfortunately not be furnished.

Evaded the Statute, but Made a Picture

See Cables

“Cables” is the pictorial result of several months' study of the Brooklyn Bridge towers. When I found the composition I wanted, the rest was easy. Except for the police. To a Bridge policeman anything on a tripod is a movie camera, and that means: “Some guy's gonna jump! Where's he at?” I evaded, not the law, but the majesty thereof—and with an 8×10 view camera.

The light was bad. (My lens would give an optical savant brain fever; I designed it myself.) I used the rising front to the limit, and stopped down to F:11 to cover the plate. Result, under-exposure, at one-sixtieth. I developed first in Rodinal, 1:120; then finished in Rodinal 1:30. Stanley plates can endure much cruelty. The print for reproduction is made on matte Azo, soft, using strong M.-Q. developer.

A Few Beliefs of a Negative Tendency

See The Bugle Call

I believe that the data of camera, plate, lens, exposure, paper, etc., have no essential value as aids in pictorial photography.

That pictures are made with the camera by feeling alone. The selection of the subject, the lighting, the composition, the exposure and development, and the after-treatment and selection of the printing medium, are all a matter of feeling.

That the rules of technique once learned are all practically violated in the making of the plate and in the production of a print, according as the artist feels his subject and as he wishes to reproduce that feeling.

In that way only can the individuality be attained which is the keynote of picture-making.

Photographing on a Rainy Day

See Maids o' the Mist

This picture was made with a vest pocket kodak fitted with a Goerz Dagor F 6.3. It was a rainy day and the camera user made his exposure under an umbrella. The film was enlarged to 6½×8½ on Illingworth De Luxe paper, cream-colored stock, imported from England—took about three months to get it.

How a “Rembrandt” Was Made

See My Father

The original negative of my father was made with 5×7 Graphic camera and a Standard Orthonon plate, using a Busch Omnar F 4.5 of ten-inch focal length, at full opening. A hazy day in the country, the ground covered with snow, a south window shaded by a veranda and my father seated in front of the window about four or five feet from it, explain the lighting. No reflector was used. Camera was moved to get the desired light. Knowing him, I caught him in a favorite chair and in a characteristic position. To subdue the detail of the door and wall behind, but to suggest the depth and atmosphere of the room and to give all the lines and modeling of the face, an enlargement was made on an 11×14 sheet of P. M. C. No. 8 Bromide paper, and this was carefully inked, using the copper sulphate, salt, bichromate bleach. The aim throughout was to get a print which should be a sympathetic record of a good strong face and one which should tell of the cheerful evening of a busy life.

All my portraits are made in ordinary living-rooms or school-rooms. I rarely use any reflector, merely shifting my camera or my subject, preferably the former. For younger subjects and especially children I prefer a lighter key. Sometimes I use a soft focus lens for a very moderate degree of diffusion.

He Thought She Was Crazy

See Arches of the Municipal Building

“Arches of the Municipal Building of New York” was taken on a Standard Orthonon plate, about 9:30 A.M., with a twenty minute exposure. Instead of a lens, the photographer used a piece of black [pg 12] paper pierced with a pin. A wise passer-by who knew a thing or two about photography noticed the absence of the lens. “How do you think you are going to take a picture without a lens?” he asked. “With a pin-hole,” she replied. He watched her with pitying interest. “She thinks she is taking a picture,” he said to another expert, tapping his head significantly.

The Last of the Square Riggers

See The Last of the Square Riggers

How to suggest something of the stately vigor and the triumph over the mysteries of the seas of the old whaler, “Greyhound,” home from her last voyage after seventy-four years of service—her yards squared and bravely dressed for the inspection which will condemn her to be broken up—was the problem of the photographer.

The time was near noonday in early August, the air clear and the sun bright. A Graflex camera was used with Seed L Ortho plates and a three-times screen, and one-fortieth of a second exposure sufficed at F 8. The plate was developed with Kalogen in tank rather softly and a contact positive made of the negative. This positive was then used to make an 11×14 negative by enlargement. P. M. C. No. 8 paper, buff stock, was selected, and in printing a piece of thin, even-grained paper was placed between the negative and the print paper to gain a certain softness of quality in the finished print. Finally when dry the print was waxed and rubbed down several times to give extra life and richness, particularly in the shadows. The camera carried a nine-inch Struss lens.

As to Certain Soft Focus Lenses

See Still Life

Answering your question, Do you like to work with the Graflex with a Smith doublet, visual quality lens? I really believe it would be difficult to find a more satisfactory outfit. It is a companion always ready and willing to do everything that either comes your way or you go after. Working at F 4.5, the lens gives you the opportunity of getting the broadest effects in landscapes or the softest in portraits. As a rule these are not pleasing to most people when enlarged. I therefore usually work with the lens at F 6 or F 8, which gives a delightful image with distinct contours and a definite softness to the outlines, making beautiful enlargements which are sharp enough for bromoil or gum. And the Graflex is not so very heavy when a film pack or cut films are used. The image is always right side up and you see it in the full size. No one can question the efficiency of the shutter, and with practice you can hold the camera for a one-fifth second exposure. The only drawback to the outfit is in seeing things from the waist level, which makes the foreground difficult. Thinking of your picture as a pattern, however, it is better to be looking down from an elevation and with a nine-inch lens on a 4×5 box the immediate foreground is negligible. Everything considered, I believe there is no more satisfactory outfit than this combination.

“Still Life” was the result of a problem of construction in pastel with three colors, the vase green, the small box red, with the white string. It was later photographed as a study of colored objects, using a Standard Orthonon plate with a Cramer Isos III filter and a Struss lens at F 8. The lens was of fifteen-inch focal length on a 6½×8½ plate. The exposure was made in an ordinarily lighted room, but not strong light, and I think about four minutes was given. The print is on ivory black platinum. There was no retouching of any kind, and I think the print shows the value of using a color filter with an orthochromatic plate where colors are contrasted in the subject.

Mr. Latimer Expresses His Views Somewhat at Length

See In an Italian Village

In the olden days I used to lug around big cameras. I even went so far as to have 14×17 hand camera, made to take to sea with me to make large direct marines. In the days of the old Boston Camera Club it was called “the dog-house.” But I soon found out that it was “too much pork for a shilling.” Now I use small cameras and enlarge. My small cameras are mostly of the stereo-panoram variety, and [pg 13] a pocket Ansco, all fitted with fast lenses and with direct vision finders, which I consider much more practicable than the old style finders. For instance, I was on a steamer a few months ago, waiting to leave the dock, and a lot of gulls were flying around. I said to myself, “Here's a good opportunity to test my shutter and finder, and see if I can stop them,” so I used up one roll of film on them. I made direct hits and stops on every one.

My picture “In an Italian Village” was made with my Voigtlander 45×107 mm. stereo camera. I was on an auto trip in Italy; had nearly used up my three months allowed by the Italian Government, and had three days to get out or lose my deposit for duty on my car. I was on my way to the French frontier, and ran through this Italian village—Todi I think the name was. When I saw this picturesque old wall with some of the villagers, I said, “I've got to get this whether I lose my deposit or not.” So I stopped the car, got out my stereo, stood up in the car, leaned on the windshield, and shot before they woke up to what I was doing. Then what happened? The whole village seemed to want to get into the plate, and I had a mob instead of a picture. I made several more shots, but the first one was the best. In nine cases out of ten in like conditions I find the first shot the best. Shoot quick and don't give 'em time to pose. I suppose if I had trained movie models, though, it might be different. I've tried studio work, but I prefer the small camera and the quick snapshot. Luck counts, I admit, but when it is good, the snapshot seems to me more spontaneous than anything I can do in the studio.

My usual method of enlarging from small camera shots is this. I enlarge a transparency (positive) up to 6½×8½ or 8×10. “In an Italian Village” was an 8×10 positive, sharp lens. Then, either with a soft focus or a sharp focus lens, I enlarge to whatever size I want and whatever effect I'm after. The advantage of enlarging the positive is that you can do any faking you want to better advantage, and when your enlarged negative is done you can print in any medium you wish, so I always make enlarged negatives. I don't think I've made a bromide enlargement in twenty years. “In an Italian Village” was enlarged from a part of a 45×107 mm. stereo, a little larger than my thumb-nail. The enlarged negative is 11×14. It was printed in multiple gum, four printings, pigment 50-50 lampblack and indigo.

Night Pictures in the Streets

See Crow's Nest Restaurant, also The Arch of Jewels, New York City—Mr. Alcock's picture was made under similar conditions.

Picturing New York with a camera after dark is perhaps one of the most interesting phases of pictorial photography. After spending several evenings prowling about for subjects that will lend themselves for night pictures you start out one evening to transfer these mental images to the plate. A little patience, endurance, and a great deal of enthusiasm will do wonders. It is not the easiest thing in the world to start out with an 8×10 view camera, a good substantial tripod, and several plate-holders. A strong tripod is absolutely necessary on account of winds, jars, vibrations, etc. To avoid halation use portrait film, take the view where there are no glaring lights, and develop with Azol. Judge your time according to the amount of light (two to ten minutes). Capping the lens each time a lighted moving vehicle comes along helps the picture. For night pictures probably the best medium is gum palladium, because it lends itself to the mellow evening lights.

How to “Work Up” a Negative

See Along the Canal

“Along the Canal” was taken about mid-day in July in bright sunlight, Graflex 4×5, Cooke lens working at one-twentieth of a second, F 11, on Seed 26x plate, Pyro (Kodak powders) developer. In working up, first make Solio print and enlarge by photographing up to 6×8. On this negative sky and some trees were painted out, using glass side to work on. From this negative print was made on American platinum paper, first the foreground, then the sky printed from negative which will suit subject. Retouching can be done on this print with carbon pencil. You then have a print which can be enlarged to any size, using Smith lens. This print is on Spanish hand-made paper, hand-coated with platinum.

An Experience with a Railway Detective

See The Railway Station

I wandered into the Grand Central Station in New York City with a new camera—a Speedex 2¼×3¼. It had been given me as a present by my partner in photographic and other joys, who was tired of seeing me lug around an 8×10 view camera and plates. I thought the light looked interesting in the big station and opened my little box. Appeared on the scene the station detective. “Not allowed to make photographs without a permit.” “Where do I apply for it?” “At the stationmaster's room.” I walked half a mile and interviewed a pretty stenographer. She said, when I showed her the tiny camera, “Certainly you can make snapshots with that little thing. What we don't like is putting up a big camera on a tripod.” I went back in triumph, showed my permit, and shot. F4.8 Zeiss lens, wide open, one second exposure. Enlarged on P. M. C. No. 5, to 11×14 with Smith lens.

From a “Bathroom” Expert

See The Hour of Twilight

I never at any time have had a regular dark room, practically always changing my plates and reloading holders at night in total darkness. When developing plates or enlargements, I take possession of the bathroom, place a wide board across the tub on which are placed the necessary trays, see that the room is absolutely dark, and go ahead. I usually tank my plates and films and use Azol for developing, sometimes Pyro.

Most of my exposures are made with an Adams Minex Reflex camera, quarter plate size. This camera cost about three hundred dollars before the war, and I have found it well worth the expenditure. It has a Ross Zeiss Tessar lens, which I seldom use, being quite content with the work of my Smith single F 4.5 lens, which I carry in the camera all the time with a three-times light filter attached. My only other camera, which I use a great deal, is a Newman & Guardia “Baby Sybil” with Carl Zeiss Tessar F 4.5 lens, taking a picture 4.5 x 6 cm. This does wonderful work, the negatives easily enlarging to 11×14 and over. I use the Standard Orthonon plate and Premo speed film pack, always giving a full exposure. My favorite printing processes are multiple gum and bromoil, three or four printings in the former, nearly always from enlarged paper negatives up to 11×14 from either camera.

“The Hour of Twilight” is a triple printing in gum, and was made with the Adams Minex on a Standard Orthonon plate, using a Smith single lens.

Mr. White's Method with Children

See Sisters

When I went out of town to make a photograph of these children I wasn't feeling just fit and I asked my friend to excuse me from making any negatives that day. I took the opportunity to look around and get an impression of the place. I noted the big rooms and the characteristics of the lighting and the faces of the children. I found that they kept their toys in a big sort of a highboy. So the next time I went out I photographed them there. The lens? Oh, yes; a Taylor-Hobson single. Exposure? Always with a cap, indoors. Paper? Always platinum or palladium—sometimes with a gum coating to help out.

Dragging a View Camera Through the Sands

See Sand Dunes

For want of a smaller one, I had the courage to drag a 6½×8½ Eastman view camera through the sand one late afternoon in September, to make my picture of the “Sand Dune.” I used a Struss lens stopped to F 11, a Standard Orthonon plate, an Iso three-times ray filter, and gave it as short an exposure as I could with a cap. I use a cap because I tell myself it is less mechanical and because I do not happen to possess a shutter.

I developed the plate with Activol and printed it on sepia Palladiotype to try to give it that quality of sunlight which I saw falling upon the sand, the waving dune grass, and the sea beyond.