Title: The Alberta Public School Speller
Author: Anonymous
Release date: May 4, 2015 [eBook #48877]
Most recently updated: October 24, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by Charlene Taylor, K.D. Thornton, Bruce Albrecht,
John Campbell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
at http://www.pgdp.net
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ and ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical), and shown as ą and ų on handheld devices. ą and ų on handheld devices.
Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
The cover image was created by the transcriber
and is placed in the public domain.
More detail can be found at the end of the book.
Authorized by the Minister of Education for Alberta.
TORONTO
THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED
Copyright, Canada, 1910, by The Copp, Clark Company, Limited,
Toronto, Ontario.
Pages | |
Standard I, Grades 1 and 2 | 1–25 |
Review of Hard Words | 26–30 |
Standard II, Grade 3 | 31–54 |
Review of Hard Words | 55–58 |
Standard III, Junior, Grade 4 | 59–82 |
Rules for Spelling | 83 |
Review of Hard Words | 84–87 |
Words Often Mispronounced | 88 |
Standard III, Senior, Grade 5 | 89–112 |
Review of Hard Words | 113–116 |
Standard IV, Junior, Grade 6 | 117–139 |
Review of Hard Words | 140–143 |
Words Often Mispronounced | 144 |
Standard IV, Senior, Grade 7 | 145–164 |
Review of Hard Words | 165–167 |
Small Words | 168 |
Standard V, Junior, Grade 8 | 169–188 |
Review of Hard Words | 189–191 |
Pages | |
Rules for Syllabication and Spelling | 192 |
Public School Leaving | 193–197 |
Small Words | 198 |
The Building of English Words | 199–200 |
Prefixes | 200–203 |
Suffixes | 203–210 |
English Root Words and Derivatives | 210–212 |
Latin Words and Derivatives | 213–226 |
Greek Root Words and Derivatives | 227–230 |
Words, Phrases and Noteworthy Sayings | 231–236 |
Abbreviations and Contractions in common use | 237–242 |
CHIEF FEATURES.
1. Choice of Words. There has been a careful selection of those words best suited for the various grades or years in school.
2. Grouping of Words. These words have been so grouped as to favor their being taught economically, and to impress upon the pupil that spelling rests largely upon a basis of law and order. In the earlier grades the sequence of lessons gives an orderly development of phonic forms; by this arrangement spelling and phonic reading can be made mutually helpful.
3. Dictation Exercises. These are so constructed as to give in the briefest space an adequate test of the words taught. They should be supplemented by sentences constructed by the pupil, embodying the new and difficult words he is learning.
4. Reviews. There are regular reviews at short intervals. Many of the hardest words appear several times, but with some change of context. At the end of each year's work there is given in alphabetical order a list of the most difficult words used therein.
5. Seat Exercises. These exercises are intended to lead the pupil to make lists of words having a phonic element in common, to show how words are built up, and, later, to give practice in derivation.
6. Homonyms. There has been a systematic use of these throughout the book, but in the junior grades they are not given together, in order to prevent the confusion that often results from such a practice.
7. Spelling Rules. There are numerous and varied exercises to lead, inductively, to a knowledge of the most useful rules for spelling.
8. Authority. The authority usually followed for spelling and pronunciation is The Concise Imperial Dictionary. The pupil should be taught the system of diacritical marks employed therein.
THE ALBERTA
PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER.
1
Seat Work.—Put h, l, s, t, r, sm, st, sl, wh, qu, with —ack
Dictation.—See Jack on a black hack. Crack the whip, Jack, and give the horse a whack. Bring back a sack of bran. Ducks cry quack. A pack of dogs ran to the hay stack. They were on the track of a black fox. Give me a tack to fix the rack. Bring back the ducks. See Jack whip the black horse. The dogs track the fox.
2
Seat Work.—With —eck put b, p, d, fl, sp; and with —ick put l, p, s, t, w, br, sl, st, th, tr.
Dictation.—The wick is very thick. Pick two pecks of peas. Be quick. Where is the brick house? There is a speck of red on the chick. Is Jack sick? Yes, Dick hit him with a stick. Play no bad tricks. The ship was a wreck. See the horse kick. The hen has two chicks. There are two black dogs. Give me a thick stick.
3
Seat Work.—Put l, d, m, s, bl, fl, sh, st, fr, with —ock; and l, b, s, t, pl, tr, str, with —uck.
Dictation.—Hens cluck but ducks quack. That boy has much pluck. The clock struck two. The key stuck in the lock. That little girl has a new frock. Tuck baby up warm. I got a toy ship in my sock. A crock of peas. See the flock of ducks by the rock. There is the little baby. Bring me a black frock.
Note.—Pupils should use the words in the lists and exercises in sentences of their own.
4
With —and put b, h, l, s; and with —ang put r, b, g, cl, sl. Copy,—I see her. She sees us. We see you.
Hear the band play. One man bangs the drum. The two boys are in the grand stand. Hang the key near the clock. That girl sang in church. Has Jack done one sum? No, he has none yet. Write clang and slang in ink. Were you near the new church? Dick sprang upon a black horse. I hear baby cry.
5
Write r, fl, cl, spr, sl, st, str, sw, with —ing; put u for i in the words in —ing. Copy,—Is that you? Is that he?
Can you spring over that fence? The wasp may sting you. Were your sums wrong? Yes, all but one. There is a crack in the crock. Bring a strong string to tie it. Fling me the keys. The swing is long and strong. Wet mitts cling to your hands. Ring the door bell. She flung the peas over the door.
6 (Review)
Tom lives in a red brick house. Once there was a little black boy. He sang six songs for the king. Pick up your toys. Fix the fence near the church. It gives such joy to hear you sing. Do not mix sand and bran. Where were your mitts? It is wrong to whack your horse so. I see six stacks of hay. Can Jack write? Give me the ink. I have none.
7
Put l, s, h, m, r, cl, tr, thr, spl, with —ash.
See the fish splash in the water. The dish fell with a crash. How much cash have you? Do you wish a little more hash? Snap the new whip lash. My horse ran like a flash. It is wrong to thrash your pony so. The jack-knife cut a gash in my finger. Write two more words. Where is your new knife?
8
Write words like hog with d, l, f, b, j, fl, fr; as, dog. Put g, m, fl, sl, br, with —ush. Copy,—It is I. It is she. It is we.
Pork is the flesh of hogs. We thresh rye and peas. Hear the sweet song of the thrush. Is there much slush on the road? See the blood gush from his nose. See Mary blush! Stop, you may crush the worm. Brush the plush sofa. Frogs live in fresh water. Do not flog your pony. See Dick write.
9
Put p, gr, br, cl, with —ass; and t, fl, cr, acr, with —oss.
Give the horses less grass. There is a brass lock. Jack got six black bass. Pack the moss in a glass box. Do not muss your new dress. You may kiss baby once. Floss has much gloss. Is Miss Bess very cross? Toss the sack across your back. Less fuss in class! Is there much glass in that door?
10
With —est put r, l, j, p, t, v, w; and with —rap put t, st, w, sc. Add —s to whip, duck, horse, boy, word.
Two blue birds had a nest there last year. Brush your best coat and vest. Lock fast the chest. John said that in jest. Mice are a great pest. The church is west from your house. I got two mice in a trap. Run fast, it is half-past six. He said you were at church. My new coat is blue. One is the half of two.
11
Write c, l, t, fr, with —ost; and m, j, b, g, r, thr, with —ust. Copy,—Is it they? That was I. Is it she?
A gust of wind makes much dust fly. Copy a list of your best books. That apple pie has a thick crust. Mamma, see the frost on the grass. Twist a string about your wrist. I must have just one more apple. Papa trusts me with our pony. How much did your coat cost? They lost two little dogs near the church.
12 (Review)
Put y, ag, at, ax, ing, ash, ock, eck, op, og, with fl—. With n, h, r, sh, sp, tr, bl, pl, make words in —ot.
Give Mary more sweet peas. Where was your knife? He said much about the apples. Water my pony.
13
Put c, h, l, y, with —ard; and b, d, m, h, p, l, sp, sh with —ark. Copy and fill in,—My name is — —. I am — years old.
The storm bent the plant. It slants very much. In church we chant the praise of God. John sent for four socks. The dogs bark in your yard. What is the rent of your shop? We sent you some apples. Buy a pair of pants. He spent a week in a tent. John got much praise.
14
Write words in —ift with g, l, s, sh, sw, dr. Put a letter with —lip, —pit, —ring, —wing, —rock. Copy,—Yes, sir, I saw you.
Some men hunt a wolf. Hear the pig grunt. This axe is very blunt. Will you print our next story? Jack says that apple is hard as flint. Give him a hint to make less noise. I got a gift of candy and plums. Can we cross that swift river in a punt? Yes, but you may drift upon a rock. She says the wolf got over the river.
15
Change one letter in flesh, check, give, pick, crush, gloss. With —ip put l, sl, sh, sk, ch, dr, tr, str, h, wh.
Lazy tramps will not work. A camel has one or two humps. Pump some water. Make your pony jump over that stump. Buy a two-cent stamp. Henry is an idle scamp. Camp beside the river. Last week I had the mumps. We have five lamps. Baby thumps upon the table. Give me one cent for candy.
16 (Doubled Letters)
Put h, j, sh, cl, sl, cr, sw, with —am. Change the marked letter in worm, went, done, block, neck, fling, gash, crush.
Ann is very ill. Add two and four. Hear the bee buzz. Shoo off any ducks. Many boys play odd or even. See me jump off the pony. Cats purr if they are happy. The busy bee works all the day. Buy some eggs and four black bass. The three fish swam off. Is three odd or even? How many apples in the sack? There are none. Was Henry busy last week? Were there many plums on the tree?
17
Put dr, w, p, m, l, bl, th, s, r, br, shr, with —ink; and t, bl, pl, sp, dr, cr, Fr, with —ank. Copy,—Was it she?
Frank writes in ink on a copy book. Wink your eye again. The iron trunk sank in the water. Sailors often sleep in bunks. I think that plank is strong. Thank mamma for the orange and pear. Do not drink much tea. Give Dick a chunk of coal. I trust he is busy with his sums. He says he often sees the sailor.
18 (Review)
Papa gives me four cents to buy two pears. He says your eyes are blue. That idle tramp is not crazy. Write the new words often. Soften the crust in your tea. Iron my collar again. It was wrong to cut the table with your jack-knife. Bees are not lazy. How many oranges can one buy for five cents? Some camels are swift. Jack said he once had a little black pony. How many eyes have two camels?
19
Put c, d, f, p, t, with —ry; add —ing to each, as cry, crying. Make new words in —atch with b, h, l, m, sn, th.
Some hens hatch eight eggs. Please sew a patch on my silk skirt. The Scotch boy uses a crutch. Use an iron latch. That Dutch lady wears a gold watch. Scratch the match again. Rabbits live in a hutch. Catch the ball, Helen. Baby may clutch your toys.
20
Make new words with —itch and h, p, st. Add —s to lock, key, neck, king, worm, song, wrist, flag, crock, toy.
Fetch me a strong switch. Please stitch my silk scarf. Stretch your mouth wide open. Is there such a thing as a witch? I am not afraid of any. The ditch was half full of dirty water. Can you sketch that herd of oxen? Who are you? Are you afraid?
21
Add —y to dirt, dust, sleep, luck, hand, puss, wind.
22
For b in bench or bunch put Fr, h, l, w, p, st, tr. Make words in —ig with b, f, g, j, p, r, w, tw.
March along quickly to church. Chop off a branch of birch or larch. Does the robin perch on your porch? Ask for a small pinch of starch. Write again in French for a torch. Which do you like best, bass or perch? Does Helen drink water at lunch? That worm is an inch or two long. Three and five are eight.
23
Add —es to box, fox, watch, church, dish, wish, glass, brush, class, ditch, patch. Copy,—Mr. John Smith; Mrs. Ellen Jones.
Write on the board with chalk. Baby crept on hands and knees. Next year she will walk and talk. Aunt Lucy wept when you were hurt. How many flowers on that stalk? I slept till half-past eight. I kept the candy uncle sent me. She swept the floor. A gully is a ditch made by water. Buy some collars.
24
Write all the words that you can make from 'carpet,' 'blacken,' 'holiday.' With —ask put c, m, t, fl.
Iron my cuffs and collars stiff. Uncle uses snuff. Puff out your cheeks. She lost her fur muff. Papa has a good skiff. See the whiff of smoke. Stuff paper or soft cloth into the hole. The calf fell from a high cliff. John makes eight or nine dollars a week.
25 (Review)
Add —ing to buy, work, pull, fall, wink, sleep, bring, ask.
Please, uncle, buy me a pair of rabbits. Which is your knife? Does John write quickly? Watch the robin fetch four worms. Aunt Helen is happy. Next week I shall be eight. Please catch the calf. He crept on his knees to the high table. He said much in praise of flowers. Put chalk on the board.
26
Put with —ung s, b, r, cl, fl, sl, spr, str; with —elt, put f, kn, p, sp. Write a or i for u in the words in —ung.
Some bees stung a great lion. Papa swung me high on the gate. They dwelt near a swamp. John hung his belt in the front hall. He knelt to lace his shoe. He slung his skates upon the shelf. Can you melt silver? Have you strung the glass balls on that string? Ring the bell at the front door, please.
27
With —ind put f, h, k, m, r, w, bl; with —ond f, b, p. Add —ed to walk, fix, play, rock, melt, puff, wish, pelt.
Little Boy Blue, come blow your horn. A sharp thorn stuck in my wrist. Is he blind in both eyes? The grist mill grinds corn and oats. Is he fond of melon rind? Were you born in Canada? Wind a cord about your waist. Mind what papa says. Can you find my copy book? The waist of my new dress is black. Canada gets much praise for her apples.
28
Make words in —aw with l, c, h, p, r, s, t, cl, sh, dr, cr, th; and in —ow with b, c, h, m, n, r, s, sc, br.
Lucy buys a brown shawl. Worms crawl across the lawn. Dogs howl and growl. Down town I saw a new gown. Use an awl to sew my shoe. The clown may drown there. Puss has four paws with strong claws. The scow was drawn to the mill and sawn. Do not frown or look cross. I hear the fowl at dawn.
29
Put d, h, J, m, n, p, ch, sl, st, with —ew; and b, st, c, th, with —rew. Add —er to work, talk, farm, bank, fish, thresh.
He threw the screws under the cabin. The Jew slew a tiger. The storm blew and the good boat flew. Yet few of her crew were lost. The calf chews straw. I have a father and mother, two brothers and three sisters. Tie your shoe before you lie down. Brew the tea. Is your father a farmer? Henry is a great talker.
30
With —ee put b, f, s, w, th, kn. Add —ing to feed, seed, buy, try, work, hear, talk, see, add.
Hitch the steed to the buggy. Buy a tweed coat. He hurt his knee against a tree. It began to bleed. Feed the horse half a peck of oats. Make sure there are no weeds among the seeds. Fetch some beef broth or soup. The blue-bird has a nest with four wee eggs. Are you sure you write and spell well?
31 (Review)
The lion sprang upon the tiger and quickly slew him. The cabin of the boat was full of melons. Lucy wears a tweed belt about her waist. Dogs growl in the swamp. There comes our buggy. I knelt upon the shawl. He dwelt in Canada. Fetch some soup. I scratch my wrist against a tree. Chew the beef well.
32
Make new words in —eel with f, p, st, kn; in —ool with f, p, t, st. With —eek put m, s, w, ch, sl, cr. Cows cry moo.
See the eel swim after the perch. Our school is kept too cool in summer. Kneel on the thick carpet. Does Henry use a swift wheel? There are seven days in one week. The lump on my heel feels soft. Jerk away the stool. Mamma sent me to buy lemon peel. Our best tools are made of steel. A spool of silk sells for nine cents. Do not try to fool your chums. How sleek our pony looks. It is too cold to swim in the creek.
33
With —eep put d, p, sh, sl, st, sw. Put —oop with c, l, sc, sl, sw. Add —ing to such of these as you can.
Some boys keep watch over the sheep. I did not sleep till twelve o'clock. Pussy creeps softly to catch the mice. Stoop down and scoop up the pool of water. Please tie a loop in this yarn. Farmers often keep fowl in a coop. Then the hawk cannot swoop down upon them. The roof is too steep. Why do the flowers droop? Scrub the front stoop. Were you weeping just now? Roll your hoop along the road.
34
With —eet put f, m, fl, gr, sh, sl; with —oot put h, t, sc. Put another o in drop, stop, hot, shot, hop; as, —drop, droop.
In some beets there is much sugar. Shoot at a target, not at birds. How much are those boots worth? We sleep under a cool sheet. Meet your aunt at the train and greet her kindly. How many feet have four horses? Snow and sleet come in winter. Owls hoot. John toots on his new horn. The boys scoot down the street. Will you visit us again? The fleet will meet next week. Some roots are sweet.
35
Put ch, qu, sn, with —eer; and b, d, l, gl, gr, with —oom. Make new words in —oon with c, l, m, n, s, sp.
A new broom sweeps clean. Sun and water make the lily bloom. Tea is better than beer. Many deer live in Canada. Steers are young oxen. Three cheers for our school. Booms keep logs from being lost. He has gone to groom the pony. Tweed cloth is made in a loom. Is the moon bigger than the sun? What a queer bird the loon is. Uncle gave me a silver spoon on my birthday. Some deer feed on lily roots. Too large or too small.
36
Make words in —een with k, s, gr, qu; in —oof with h, r, pr. Put ee for oo in tooth, pool, goose, soon, sloop, boot.
The moose scoops away the snow in search of food. Feel how plump that goose is. If the soup freeze it will burst the bottle. Her apron is too loose. Brush your teeth often. Have you seen the queen? Green plants need much water. We feed beets to a calf. The moose has a big hoof. The keen north breeze makes me sneeze. Wrap up the shawl. What proof can you give that he was wrong?
37 (Review)
Is your wheel worth much? Hawks fly in search of young chickens. My brother will be twelve on his next birthday. How softly pussy creeps along. Wrap the lemons in your apron. The queen often visits schools. Where did you buy that queer bottle? That lily is in full bloom. Scoop up the sugar. He threw the trunk and it burst open. What makes you sneeze? Tack down the loose carpet. Plump cheeks. Give proof of being good.
38
To cr— add ept, ied, ops, oss, ock, awl, ack, ib. Write all the words you can from the letters in 'catching,' 'dreamed.'
Elm and beech trees grew about our school. The sleeve of my coat is torn. Francis burnt his heel; then he began to screech. Do not touch the cheese. The swarm of bees flew into an apple tree. He made a speech about cheese. Let us search for beech nuts. Sew a patch on your sleeve. Where is the needle? We need the fleeces of many sheep. John seems such a smart boy. The gray cat mews.
39
Make new words in —ook with c, h, l, n, r, t, cr. To cl— add am, ap, ock, uck, ub, ing, ip, ean, ear.
John sawed and split the wood. Throw the soot into a barrel. What a cosy nook this is. Can you climb a high beech tree? See the crook in the stick uncle uses. Cook a lamb chop. Men comb wool and flax. I lost two fish hooks in the brook. The lamb cannot climb over that rock. My new hood is made from Scotch wool. Mamma cooks dinner on Friday. She took a look at my story book. He uses a black comb.
40
With —ain put C, l, m, r, v, ch, pl, sl, st, br, dr, tr, spr, str. Add —teen to four, six, seven, eight, nine. (Note eighteen.)
I paid eleven cents for braid. If sold for thirteen cents find the gain. Did you sprain your wrist? Yes, and it gives great pain. Abel was slain by his brother Cain. The maid has lain down. Wait till I raise the chest. The grain needs much rain. Strain the soup into a basin. Honest work is not done in vain. Always tell the plain truth. The iron chain has fifteen links. The main thing is not to be afraid of work.
41
Make new words in —ail with b, h, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, fl, fr, tr. Add —y to sh, sk, th, fl, sl, sp, st, dr, cr, fr, tr, spr.
A steel rail was loose. The mail train ran off, nobody was hurt. Bail out your sail boat. The snail crawls under the pail. Were you afraid of a fairy? Flails were used to thresh grain. The maid with fair hair fell down stairs. The clerk was sent to jail for twenty days. Uncle is paid forty dollars a month. Fix that frail chair with a strong nail. April has thirty days, July thirty-one. It was cruel to cut off the tail of that dog.
42
To ch— add in, ill, aff, ew, ain, est, oose, eese, eck, ick, ore, air, arm, urch. With —ied put t, sh, sp, tr, fr, dr, pr.
The hoe struck his toe and he cried. She tied her apron strings. The colt shied and tried to jump over the fence. The flowers soon died. A chunk of beech wood burns well. Spill the whey from the churn. David killed his foe with a sling. Which do you choose? I spied you first. She fried two lamb chops. We tried to move the buggy. The sun dried my hair. Robins chirp. They pried the boxes open.
43 (Review)
He hoes beets. Lambs always look cosy in fleeces of wool. Eleven and eight are nineteen. Baby will screech if you touch his toes. Cheese is made in the warm months. Choose two combs. Pussy tried to climb into the churn. Throw the basin of whey into the barrel. First tell me a fairy story. He goes to jail for being cruel. Pork chops were fried. Hear the little birds chirp.
44
Make words in —oan with m, l, gr; in —oak with s, cl, cr. To sc— add ar, arf, ow, owl, at, ud, um, alp, amp, otch, orch.
Percy scrawls with a pencil. The horse drags a great load on a snow road. Do you think a toad ugly? We roast beef in an oven. She scorched her shoes. He likes to coast down steep hills. Toads croak in the spring. Lucy boasts about her satin scarf and cloak. There is a deep scar on his scalp. The hot tea will scald you. He gave me the loan of his knife. The Scotch boy moans and groans. Soak the scraps of toast in water.
45
Put c, g, bl, with —oat; and b, c, f, g, h, t, with —old. Add —ty to six, seven, nine; eight + (t)y.
Tie the scarf about your throat. The boat may not float with such a crowd. We sold our organ for ninety-four dollars. Goats often climb very high. Papa will scold you for not studying. I paid sixty cents for a dozen pencils. Fetch the jelly from the pantry. His uncle died at eighty-two. The iron tongs cost seventy-five cents. Be not bold or false. Lucy wears such a pretty gown. There was too great a crowd.
46
Put h, m, n, s, ch, bl, pl, tr, with —eat; and s, t, st, gl, dr, str, with —eam. To gr— add ace, ass, and, ab, ew, ain, asp.
Lions eat raw meat. The beams of the sun make wheat grow. Hear the lambs bleat. Heat turns water into steam. Two horses make a team. What a neat seam you sew. Treat the dumb boy to some cream. Henry screams, for he hurt his thumb. Sweep the crumbs from the seat of the chair. A rich man lost his purse. Never cheat any one. Hurl the flask into the stream. Be brisk at your work. Which team beat?
47
With —ear put f, h, n, r, t, y, sh, cl, sm. Make new words with —eap and h, l, r, ch. Add y, in, ip, im, iff, ate, to sk—.
The tears rolled clear down his cheeks. We will reap much wheat this year. The nurse shuns foolish folk. He spilt the beans near the door. Were the towels cheap or dear? The army had sharp spears. Does he mean to shear the sheep? My mother is very dear to me. His coat is much worn but clean. Do not smear your chin with candy. Do you fear to leap across that clear stream? It is easy to hurt the ear.
48
Put l, p, sn, bl, str with —eak. Copy high, nigh, sigh, thigh. To str— add ap, ip, ing, uck, ong, eet, etch, eam.
Coax mamma, do not tease her. Aunt is too weak to speak. Glass beads are of many colors. Hear Helen sigh. The barrel leaks. Who leads the party? There are streaks of gray in his beard. Some birds have blunt beaks. A thorn scratched my thigh. The fox sneaks among the hazel bushes. The hungry man pleads for meat. Can you climb that high peak? A bleak road. Please lead us home. Push a chair nigh.
49
Write words in —each with b, p, r, bl. With —eal put d, h, m, p, s, v, st. Add atch, ub, ew, eam, een, to scr—.
Each loaf is made with yeast. Teach us to weave carpets. We leave on Thursday for the east. A feast of peaches and cream. Good men preach that it is wrong to steal or curse. Each beast was given a meal of raw veal. They stroll along the sea beach. Reach down the taffy. Cover your thumb, it will soon heal. The bells peal for joy. Split open the beans. Copy a clover leaf. He has too much sense to sulk.
1
With —ate put d, f, g, h, K, l, m, r, sk, gr, cr, pr, st. Write l, p, pl, Gr, tr, sp, with —ace. Add —ing to see, be, free, flee.
Does Grace skate? Place the wood in the grate. Brace up for a race. Keep a space for my school mate. Buy a pair of shoe laces. Little Jack Frog once spied a huge ox in a field. He told what a strange beast he had seen, larger than any frog in the stream. His mother became quite angry. She tried to puff herself out to as great a size. But she only burst and died.
2
Put c, f, l, m, r, s, t, w, fl, sn, sp, st with —ake. Write c, d, f, l, n, s, t, bl with —ame. Add —ful to spoon, hand, care, arm.
Shake the grate and see the flame shoot up. Nellie grows flowers in her garden. Her mother's birthday was on Saturday. Then Nellie picked a basket of bright tulips. These she fixed in a dainty bowl, placed near her mother's seat at table. How pleased her mamma was, and how proud Nellie felt.
3
With —ade put m, w, bl, gr, tr; with —ane write c, D, l, m, s, cr. Put c, p, r, s with —age. Add —ly to last, great, swift, apt.
He broke a pane of glass. My knife has four blades. Plane off the stage. What wages does Jane get? Two pretty gold fish were happy in a bowl of water. A young kitten spied them, and jumped upon the table. At first she was quiet, and watched them swim about. She was eager to touch one with her paw. She climbed up the smooth side of the bowl. But it rolled off and broke into many pieces.
4
Put c, p, r, s, w, br, cr, sl, st, with —ave. Write b, g, h, m, s, t, sc, st with —ale. Put c, f, g, with —able.
Has a whale scales like fish? There are oak staves in the barrel. The male lion has a mane. Read a fairy tale or fable. A pale face. Pave the stable yard. Buy a stale loaf. Topsy is a jolly negro girl. Her father was once a slave. Now he owns a house and garden. He is able to grow many melons and lemons. Besides he raises some fine fowl. He is hale and merry. Topsy hoes the sugar cane. She learns quickly also.
5
With —are put b, c, d, f, h, p, r, fl, sc, sn, sp, st. Write d, h, m, cr, gl with —aze. Put t, dr, gr, esc, with —ape.
The mare grazes in the square. As crazy as a March hare. The fare is a dollar. Pare the apples. Scrape the walk bare. See the blaze flare up. Once there lived a huge giant eight feet high. His home was in a strong castle, often hidden by haze. He used to steal lambs, sheep and oxen. The thief spared no person. The farmers he robbed were very angry. But they were scared and tried to escape his coming.
6 (Review)
They tried to escape from the giant's castle on Saturday. The angry negro was quite crazy. There were pieces of smooth cloth. The stable is of great size. The thief spied a dainty, square basket. The quiet pony grazes in a huge meadow. Who is that proud person coming along? Eager for some bright tulips.
7
To tw— add ice, ine, ig, irl, ist, elve, enty. Add —ed to visit, melt, start, hand, scold, load, drift, play, hoot, risk.
Bears prance and dance. They waste little in France. I chanced to glance about. He should make haste. His mother begged Jack not to climb the bean stalk. She said the giant would be sure to know him, and he could never return alive. Jack kept quiet for he would not tell a lie. He put on his old clothes, and stained his face and hands a dark brown color. Rising early one summer day, he said he would try his luck again.
8
With —ire put h, m, s, t, w, squ. Write b, c, f, m, t, w, y, sc, sh, sn, st with —ore. Add —er to clear, dark, soon, neat.
A sore throat. A quire of note paper. The fore wheels and hind wheels. An apple core. He does chores after school. He snores very often. He swore on the Bible. The wagon tire broke. Squire Jones wore a velvet jacket. He climbs the church spire. Do you know the base-ball score? He bore a heavy burden. Hire the silent mason. His sore thumb is healing. Twist the wires in the cable. I tore my shoe there.
9
Put m, n, r, v, sl, sp, spl, with —ice; and m, p, t, v, w, with —ile.
Sailors splice ropes. The slice of ice-cream was nice. You may fail twice or thrice, try again. It is worth while to smile or laugh. Lying is a mean vice. The price of a steel file. Put plenty of spice in mince pies.
Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever;
Do lovely things, not dream them, all day long;
And so make Life, and Death, and that Forever,
One grand, sweet song.
10
Write c, d, w, cl, dr, str, with —ove; and h, r, pr, th, with —ose.
She chose a calico gown. Please close the stove door. A drove of sheep. They roved in a shady grove. They wove tweed from wool. He strove to cross the river. A pair of robins built their nest in a poplar tree near my window. There were four blue eggs after two weeks. From those were hatched four lively birds. They opened their mouths very wide, always greedy for food. The two parent birds were kept busy bringing them worms and flies. Young robins have downy coats.
11
Write d, h, s, cl, fl, with —ue. Add —e to tub, cub, hug, plum, cur, us. Add —ly to love, false, wise, live, nice, sure, cool.
She wears a blue plume. There is no clue to the cute robber. He sued for wages due. Smoke goes up the flue. Glue the cube. A lively milkmaid was walking to market to sell a pail of cream. This she bore on her head. She would buy eggs with the money, and raise chickens. These would bring high prices at the village. She could buy a new gown. She felt so proud she tossed her head. The pail tumbled down and all was lost.
12 (Review)
A village mason built a score of stables. A lovely calico frock. The Bible is lying on the window. His clothes are always too heavy. He was hired to clean the wagon and do chores. He offered twice or thrice the money. The cute ducks were hatched early. Buy a quire of paper. Could you tell a poplar tree? A jug of cream. By chance he tumbled down stairs.
13
A barrel of flour. Scour the dipper. Half an hour. Thou shalt not steal. Clouds in the south shroud the sun. Proud of his friends. The yeast was sour. The toad is dark brown, with a fatter body and shorter legs than the frog. Little warts cover its body. It eats insects, spiders and worms. From its eggs come little black tadpoles. Soon the hind legs appear, then the front ones. The long, narrow tail slowly becomes shorter. So, after some weeks, the tadpoles have turned into toads.
14
With —out put ab, g, r, sh, sc, sn, st, tr. To qu— add ack, ail, een, eer, ill, iet. With —ouse put h, d, l, m, s, gr.
Fetch the quilt to the couch. Timid quails crouch down and keep quiet. Walk quickly, do not slouch. Plants sprout in the spring. Not quite a quart of cream. "Be careful," said a mother trout to her son, "some school boys shout; they come here to fish." "They can't catch me," cried the foolish fellow, "I know their tricks." He swam off in search of supper. Seeing a plump worm twisting about, he snatched it. There was a loud splash, but one trout swam in the brook never again.
15
Write h, m, p, r, s, w with —ound.
Sixteen ounces make a pound. A tiger pounced upon the hound. She wears flounces. Bounce your ball. He wound the clock. The French were the first white settlers in Canada. They found here many Indians. These lived by fishing and the chase. They dressed in the skins of animals which they had killed. Their wigwams were easily moved, and often this was done each season. The squaws tilled the crops. They ground the ripened corn between two stones.
16
With —ight put m, n, kn, r, s, t, br, fl, sl.
The Indians were friendly at first, but later they thought it right to fight the French. But these settlers fought bravely. The guns they had brought frightened the natives, who sought safety in flight. The settlers built rude log houses, now a strange sight. Often oiled paper was used for glass. Tallow candles gave light at night. Instead of an iron stove a huge fireplace might be found. Over the bright blazing fire hung iron kettles for cooking.
17
Write h, l, pl, dr with —edge. Put f, n, sm, dr, tr with —udge.
Trudge to the edge of the bridge. Nudge John. He grudges a badge for the judge. We could not budge the wedge. He dodged the sledge. The Indian baby was strapped into a wooden cradle. The children played many games, and had simple toys, dolls and rattles. They had many lessons not found in books. They knew where to find the birds and animals. They could tell their colors and habits. When twelve the boy could build a boat, and paddle swiftly and silently.
18 (Review)
The Indian crouched down and sought to dodge the animal. My friend paddled in safety to the blazing dredge. He grudges even an ounce of sugar. The judge bought a pound of tallow candles. Simple folk are easily frightened. I tumbled the quilts in the cradle. Are there many native insects? Bounce baby on your knee. A quiet season. Between you and me.
19
With —ead put d, l, r, dr, st, tr, thr, r—-y, st—-y.
Health is better than wealth. Horses sweat. He read tales by stealth. A steady breath. As heavy as lead. Ready to spread the news. Thread the needle. Does he dread such threats? For many years there were no horses in Canada. Travel was mostly by boat in summer. The solid log houses were built along the rivers. There were no post-offices; letters were sent by friends. Newspapers were not known, books were few. A few schools were kept for white or Indian children.
20
I caught the naughty boy and taught him a lesson. His daughter is haughty. Can I do aught to assist you?
To all the world I give my hand;
My heart I give my native land,
I seek her good, her glory;
I honor every nation's name,
Respect their fortune and their fame,
But love the land that bore me.
21
Add —en to dark, black, fright, sweet, smooth, moist, weak.
Should you pause at every comma? Read the clause again, Laura. A team hauls a load of pianos. He caused Paul to close the vault. The giant was a fraud. Wipe off that daub of paint. Was it Maud's fault? The young daughter washed the dirty dishes and scrubbed the floors. She swept the carpet in my lady's chamber. Her two elder sisters slept in cosy feather beds, while she had some bundles of straw in the garret; yet she bore all without finding fault.
22
Join —ing to daub, mount, plough, hurry, count, scoop, hitch.
Do not lounge at the plough. Count the boughs on the oak. Mount the ladder. A fount or spring of water. Cinderella hurried to the field and brought back a huge pumpkin. She could not fancy what use it was meant for. But the fairy scooped it out, then touched it with her magic wand. At once it became a stately coach, beaming with gold and bright colors. She found four mice caught in the trap. These were changed into stout horses and hitched to the coach.
23
Write un— with able, safe, just, true, load, fair, learn, tried.
I had as lief have a banjo as a fiddle. Do riddles amuse you? He ate gruel and griddle cakes. Shinny is our chief game. Silent grief is often deep. Always be polite to callers in your home. Should your parents be absent or unable to see the visitors at once, offer them chairs. Stand until they are seated. Try your best to entertain them until some older person relieves you. Then leave the room quietly, closing the door without noise. Be sure to pass behind, not in front of persons.
24 (Review)
The count's coach hurried to the office. I know what the visitor sought in the bundle. A fiddle was lying on the garret lounge. Good men are the nation's chief wealth. Plough the pumpkin field. Shinny is healthy sport. It was that naughty boy's fault. His daughter's banjo. I fancy a bowl of gruel. Fetch the thread from my lady's chamber. I ought always to relieve my friends.
25
Add —es to sash, bush, porch, march, gas, press; as sash, sashes. Won't means will not; don't, do not; doesn't, does not.
Can't I exchange the blue shawl fringe for a lighter hue? Arrange to have some ginger tea. Read the account of the orphan's sudden rise. She sings like an angel. I suffer from twinges of pain. Won't the hot iron singe the clothes? Yes, there is danger. How the thunder echoes! Don't the cowards cringe with fear? Doesn't Ralph plough the new orchard? By some blunder the fringe is tinged with red.
26
Add —es to hatch, pass, hero, motto, tax, fix, negro. I've means I have; we've, we have; you'll, you will.
Take a picture of the dog as he squats on the floor. The bright sunlight causes us to squint. You'll soon hear the baby's squalls. The larger squashes grow near the turnips. We've tender lettuce and rhubarb in the garden ready to use. I've sown parsley, radish, and parsnip seed in the pumpkin field. Charles sprays the bushes. He squirts the green mixture over the leaves. We've a rhubarb pie for lunch. Eels squirm like snakes.
27
Add —es to echo, lash, six, crutch, church, match; as echo, echoes. It's or 'tis means it is; 'twas, it was; they'll, they will.
'Tis the captain of the schooner. 'Twas the crew's fault. My gold locket. It's certain the scheme will cause some fun. A sailor clenched his fist. The scholars hurry home. The rain pours down and they'll be drenched. Quench the burning curtain with a bucket of water. Post the packet of letters. Tie my ribbon. The angry monkey tore the lady's bonnet.
28
Copy,—man, men; woman, women; gentleman, gentlemen; ox, oxen. E'er means ever; o'er, over; ne'er, never.
Bertha lies on the sofa. The baking soda is in a jar in the china closet. A mud puddle. The chubby quail huddle close to each other, facing outward. Western farmers burn their stubble before ploughing. We won both goals. Louisa's coat is real seal. Try the puzzle. Make two trials. Julia is dizzy; there is buzzing in her ears. My eyes are dazzled. The muzzled bear is dancing. E'er be true; ne'er be false to anyone. O'er the hill the sun is setting.
29
Copy,—foot, feet; tooth, teeth; goose, geese; mouse, mice; louse, lice; this foot; these feet; that mouse; those mice.
Noah was saved from the flood and stormy billows. Urge on the team. George, the blacksmith, is shoeing the mare. Will he charge much? He lights the forge with charcoal. Hear the bellows roar. Isn't the iron glowing red? Yes, he hammers and shapes the shoes on the anvil. See his tongs and big heavy sledge. We won't grudge the money. Porridge is made from oatmeal. Sarah signed the pledge.
30 (Review)
The orphan's bonnet has pretty ribbon. I've grown radishes, lettuce, and parsley. A monkey's face. Half a bowl of porridge. Shoeing the ponies. Why doesn't a scholar quench the blaze? 'Twas a coward's scheme. Hear the echoes. The captain told queer tales. Of course I won't. You'll work out the puzzle. So huge a squash on vine ne'er grew. Sudden squalls of wind.
31
Write un— with clean, kind, seen, hook, tie, loose, furl. I'd means I would; e'en, even; shan't, shall not.
I'd rouse William. He's sleepy. He calls his wife 'spouse.' He deserves praise. I shan't wear a blue silk blouse. Quinces are somewhat like pears. My niece answers these questions. In the smoke from the coal fire were many cinders. The cistern is eight feet deep. The walls and floor are made of stone and cement. In the centre of the circle are a few quaint but decent folk. Of course, I hear. We told tales.
32
Write —ful and —less after pain, harm, joy, cheer, help, waste. Copy,—Mr. Hugh Lee lives on New Street. His house is No. 8.
Notice the scum on the surface of the pond. Wait at the creek. It is useless to scold that scamp. There is scarcely a hair on his scalp. The window screens. The furnace room. The coal scuttle. After recess he ate some raisins. Will the teacher excuse a wrong answer? We dismiss at four o'clock. The clear view was a great surprise. What is the doctor's surname?
33
12 m. means noon; a.m., before mid-day; p.m., after mid-day, as 9 a.m., 4 p.m. Sen., Senior; Jun., Junior.
I poured sauce over the pudding. Hugh's daughter is as high as my shoulder. We've a coop for poultry. Birds and fowl moult. By the court-house is a huge boulder. Mould two clay figures. A piece of wood smoulders in the furnace. The senior scholars recite in an hour. They arrive at 9 a.m. The juniors leave at 4 p.m. They dismiss us at 12 m. Make a cipher or naught. Cider is made by crushing apples.
34
Write —er after play, mow, preach, print, paint, bank, mill, fish, sell. Add —en to short, tight, cheap, slack, thick.
Notice the veins in Peter's wrist. The heavy coat will almost smother baby. Weigh the skein of tangled yarn. Iron is a useful metal. Rev. Daniel Robb will preach on Sunday, 9th inst., at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Samuel Johnson, Jun., was ill of fever. Dr. Brown uses cocoa and coffee. The chisel and the strong lever are made of steel. I spoilt my muslin dress and linen coat.
35
N. stands for North; S., for South; E., for East; W., for West; N.E., North-East; S.W., South-West; St., Street.
A wreath of flowers. The drunken wretch had sunken eyes and a wrinkled brow. I wring clothes. Sleigh bells tinkle. Boys wrestle. Eels wriggle. Learn the object of the busy black ants. Study four subjects. Aren't they in earnest? An Indian, his squaw, and his aged mother crossed the river in a canoe. He tenderly lifted ashore the old woman, wrapped in a blanket. Then he kindled a fire and cooked some food for her.
36 (Review)
Dr. Jolly is visiting an unhappy wretch. A cinder lodged in his eye. Her blouse is wrinkled. Will you wrestle Daniel? He ciphers with the juniors. Answer my question. Weigh the cocoa, John. The centre of the cistern is a circle. A lever is made of metal. Let us view the poultry. Pare the quinces. A skein of yarn. For a short period we almost smothered.
37
In berry, fly, baby, pony, story, city, change y to i and add —es. Use each word; as, One berry. Two berries.
Spring! The berry bushes are clothed in green. The fruit-trees, cherry, apple, pear, and peach, have lovely white and pink suits. They are full of perfume and beauty. Hear the humming sound made by numbers of insects. See the honey-bees, bumble-bees, flies, and wasps. They are feeding on nectar, the sweet juice within the blossoms. Do bees often quarrel?
38
In busy, easy, lazy, happy, pretty, merry, change y to i and add —ly. Use each word; as, The busy bee. John works busily.
We owe each tidy, busy worker a great debt. A bee tumbles down to the bottom of a flower. Here it reaches with tiny, shining tongue, the clear, sweet nectar. It is busily storing up for its own family, and no doubt earning money for its owner. But it is also doing another and a greater work for us. Without the bee's help we should have few juicy berries, apples, or pears. A sower sows the seed. The pail leaks. A girl's waist.
39
In easy, lazy, greedy, happy, merry, change y to i and add —er, —est; as, An easy chair. An easier chair. The easiest chair.
In the bee-hive is the comb of six-sided cells, made of wax. Bees gather pollen, the yellow dust on the tiny, slender spines inside the bloom. From this the workers make combs and bee-bread. The queen and the lazy drones have no wax pockets. A bee pushes its head and hairy body into a flower. Pollen clings to it and is carried into another blossom. There it is rubbed off and the setting of fruit is sure. Fleas bite dogs. Bells peal.
40
In sky, candy, lily, copy, dolly, kitty, change y to i and add —es; as, The sky is blue. The skies are blue.
Arthur is an honest player. He is tired and drowsy. Emma's maid has curly hair. Her eyebrows curve downward. The mail bag. Lilies are fair to see. The maid sighs. Butter will ruin the maid's gown. Bruin has a bruise on his nose and a cruel wound on his body. A group of children watch the wounded bear. A cripple is choking with croup. The sun's warm rays and summer showers will crown the fields with grain.
41
In spy, party, poppy, pussy, change y to i and add —es; as, Is this a spy? Are these spies? Copy,—A steel pen.
I heard rain patter. A load of earth. Dew-drops glisten like pearls. Aid cousin Anna. Her wrist is bruised. Aim to please. What ails the children? The country air will cure the croup. Scotch thistles have sharp points. Bristles are stiff hairs. Arthur is able to whistle a tune. Have courage; be brave. The humble cottage nestles beside the stately castle. Listen, I heard my cousin whistle.
42 (Review)
Will the moist air ruin Lucy's suit? Does Thomas owe debts for coal? Groups of drowsy children. These young bees work busily making honey-cells. The pears are juicy. Arthur, no doubt, earns money easily. We heard of cousin John's painful bruise. The thistle blossom is light. Wear your necklace of pearls. The owner of the cottage lives at the curve in the road. Courage! my boys, dare to do right. The dew glistens.
43
In carry, fry, try, cry, dry, copy, change y to i and add —es, —ed; I carry wood. He carries wood. He has carried wood.
Like an arrow from a bow the swallow skimmed the grassy hollow. The larks had flown before the mower had mown the field. Stephen, my nephew, has shown us cotton, grown in the fields. See the chalk or crayon marks on yonder cupboard beyond the staircase. I found some cold beefsteak. After breakfast I slept an hour.
44
In sheaf, shelf, half, wolf, calf, loaf, thief, change f to v and add —es; as, One leaf, Two leaves. Copy,—Weigh the bee-bread.
Ruth cleans the beans. Luke eats prunes. Mice squeak; pigs squeal. Look at Susan's cabbage plants! A number of leaves have been eaten off. Others have pieces bitten out. I believe this worm lying along the middle of the leaf has done it. Others are climbing the stalk, just the color of the cabbage. These worms, when fully grown, will wander away. In some suitable place they will cover themselves with little cocoons.
45
In beauty, pity, mercy, fancy, change y to i and add —ful. In lazy, greedy, happy, pretty, change y to i and add —ness.
All the long, dreary winter the green worm sleeps in its silken cocoon. This robe or girdle is made from its own spinning and weaving. Later on, a beautiful white butterfly will appear. This lovely creature with black-spotted wings is quite unlike the worm. Soon it will be flitting about among the blossoms. It is almost always sipping nectar and basking in the sunshine. It does not make higher flights.
46
In make, shine, have, tumble, store, close, curve, pile, drop e and add —ing; as, Make bread. Are you making bread?
Joseph is taking the trouble to pick us a couple of pecks of nice pears. Double as many, or four pecks, is a whole bushel. Philip weighs parcels of sugar. Cancel my order for raisins. I'm giving full weight. Ralph is busy driving the sleigh. Wrap up some celery for our neighbor's son. He studies music in the public school. Our house has a higher attic. Horses neigh.
47
In take, drive, choke, weave, cure, please, bruise, clothe, drop e and add —ing; as, He is taking a walk. Copy,—The sun's rays.
This student's writing is a mere scribble. Have the scholars written their spelling? The pupils yawn. They feel sleepy and stupid. Shield the little, spotted fawn. The fawn's mother is called a doe. Ella, my niece, gave a piercing shriek. A fierce dog sprang at the doe. Don't pawn your watch. The Indian chiefs believed the priest's words.
48 (Review)
My nephew ate no breakfast. Stephen swallows the cabbage too hastily. See the beautiful sheaves of wheat. Notice chiefly their hue and weight. Thieves often lack courage. Shrieks pierce the air. Send some celery and a couple of parcels of raisins and currants. The doe and spotted fawn are not stupid creatures. Philip has written to our nephew. New shoes squeak.
1
Add —er to fat, red, in, rob, up, hot, wet; as, fatter. Notice the single vowel and the single consonant at the end of each word.
Guide the ragged beggar up the garret stair. He staggers. Whose bundle of clothes is here? I cannot guess. Fierce dogs guard the fruit. Fasten the bosom of your blouse. Did you lose any money? Don't worry. The trouble might have proved worse. Dr. Lee wears a suit of worsted. We worship the one living and true God. He is worthy of all praise.
2
Add —ed, —ing to shop, grin, stir, skip, chat, strap, sun, grip, mop; as, shopped, shopping.
The deep cellar has a cedar floor. Don't smoke cigars; the custom is too common. The crocus is in bloom. A circus with a wild beast show is coming here. The mayor governs the city. He has a dozen beautiful doves. They hover round our cottage. The mirror in the parlor is of plate glass. Shovel out the earth. Wear no gloves. Cleanse your hands with a sponge.
3
Write in full: Sun., Mon., Th., Fri., Sat.; as, Sunday. Aug., August; Sept., September; Oct., October; Nov., November.
August and harvest have passed. October and autumn are here. The leaves are scarlet, crimson, and yellow. Soon they will carpet the ground, leaving the limbs and branches bare. The birds have flown south. The fields now yield them no food. Who is the author of the book? My linen is in the laundry. I bored holes with the auger. Cover the fried sausage with a saucer. Buy with caution at the auction sale.
4
With —low put fel, mel, yel, wil, pil, fol, hol, tal, mal; as, fellow. Write other words in —low, —row, —dow; as widow.
The sparrow, woodpecker, and chickadee remain. But few others of the feathered people can obtain enough to eat. The squirrels are busy hiding away food in their narrow houses for the rough winter weather. They pick to pieces the tough pine cones to obtain the seeds between the scales. Borrow a neighbor's wheelbarrow. Plough deeper furrows to-morrow. Our leather shoes. The widow's sorrow. I'll not detain you long.
5
Dec. means December; Jan., January; Feb., February; Mar., March; Apr., April. Spring begins Mar. 21; Autumn, Sept. 21.
Winter! It is cloudy but pleasant weather. Snowflakes are quietly falling. Observe the curious patterns. The wind often breaks their frail points. Snow forms a perfect covering for the herbs and ferns. The furious storm did serious damage. The servants were filled with wonder. Merchants buy and sell. January and February are cold months. Recite your verses on New Year's Day.
6 (Review)
Boughs are strong limbs. Don't yield to worry. Govern your temper. I guessed whose circus he saw. Sponge off the cigar ashes from the mirror. He ploughs an almost perfect furrow. Great swamps lie between us. The beggar looks serious. The saucy squirrel eats from a saucer. Autumn weather is pleasant enough. Our people will auction worsted goods in February.
7
Add —ing to ask, add, farm, sell, print, chirp, shirk, whirl; as, asking. Notice the two consonants at the end.
The "Daily News" praised Daisy's courage. In the dairy we make butter mainly. Hail the sailboat. See the arched rainbow toward the south. The railroad fences are wired. Explain why mustard seed is ground. I've a pailful of bait and two custard pies. The tired oxen were nearly mired. The surface of a leaf contains small pores for breathing. In the stalk are tough fibres or threads.
8
Add —ing to oil, bowl, seal, suit, cloud, aim, cook, boat; as, oil, oiling. Notice the two vowels before the last consonant.
Healing balm will cure the sores in the palm of your hand. We'll bathe in the calm lake. My boat floats. Are we allowed to paddle canoes? We might capsize and be drowned. The air is full of gnats and flies. Beavers gnaw down trees and build storehouses. Trees have boughs with leaves borne on the twigs. Hidden in the earth are the roots, which divide into rootlets. Their main purpose is to obtain food from the soil.
9
To set, skim, spot, hum, sip, snap, plug, add —ing; as, setting. To pat, dip, spin, blot, chop, skip, drum, add —er; as, patter.
Coasting down icy hills alarms me. Icicles hang from the eaves. Spread icing over the cake. Oak is of great value. We wheel on the avenue. We argued for and against it. Trunks of trees never grow higher except through cutting off some lower boughs. New growth is added just beneath the inner bark. Woodcutters observe these annual rings and reckon the tree's age. Timber and lumber are scarce and dear.
10
Add —ed, —ing to camp, dress, scald, lunch, track, clinch, thank, plough; as, camped, camping. Tues., Tuesday; Wed., Wednesday.
Don't meddle with pony's saddle and bridle. Peddle ice. The beetle has curious wings. He prizes the flowers. The church steeple is ninety feet high. The maple, beech, birch, alder, poplar, and walnut lose their purple leaves every autumn. The pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and balsam remain green. The sap of the sugar maple, when boiled, yields syrup or molasses. Tuesday and Wednesday, the third and fourth of February.
11
Add —ed and —ing to groan, cheer, fear, aim, spoil, thread, seat, pout, fool; as, groaned, groaning.
The knave has the knack of knitting quickly. The old knight kneels. Cut the knot with a knife. He knocked the door knob with his knuckle. Be prompt to do your duty. Tempt no one. We caught a glimpse of a vessel afloat. The captain had coarse clothes and a hoarse voice. Indians whittle. Hear the uproar. Babies prattle. We blew soap bubbles on Wednesday.
12 (Review)
I knit mitts. A walnut tree. Calm music quiets us. He argues in a hoarse voice. We purpose using boughs of spruce and balsam for fires. The dog gnaws the bone. He ate fibres of lean beef. Peddle maple syrup. A purple ribbon tempts me to buy. We had a glimpse through a glass of the pores of the skin. The long icicle was borne away. The boys skinned their knuckles wiring stove pipes. Bathe my sore heel.
13
Add —ing to hug, split, clap, flap, flag, wed, span, slam, jar, whir, whet; as, hugging, splitting.
Arrange the asters in vases. They differ in color. I prefer a berth in the stern of the vessel. Icebergs float on the sea. Support the tired mason. Does he suffer pain? I suppose he dropped his trowel. Offer him a lantern. Uncle is a lawyer. The puppy tears the towel. Name five vowels. Potters mould clay. Canada is the largest country in America. In size it is one-third of the whole British Empire.
14
Add —ed to stun, scrub, trip, brag, trim, tar, rip, club, fan, crop, spur, knit; as, stunned. Copy,—Scotland, Scotch.
The first of July is Canada's birthday. The flirt shirks duty. Mirth is fun. I stirred a pailful of iced lemonade. I twirled about. The pigeons bathe. Spangles glitter. Silver coins jingle. Stars twinkle. Sprinkle roses. Luncheon is ready. We're hungry and thirsty. An ugly dungeon. I sprained my ankle. An angle of the road. Great Britain is the greatest empire in the world. 'Britons never shall be slaves.'
15
Add —ed, —ing to cheat, chat; root, rot; stoop, stop; chain, hem; as, cheated, chatted; cheating, chatting.
Turks are often cruel and savage. The creek murmurs under the grassy turf. The boat lurched. Don't disturb the woman wearing the turban. Boys scuffle. Take off your wool muffler. He stutters. Play a game of authors. Shuffle the cards. The bridge totters. "Load the musket," he muttered. A fierce dog wears a muzzle. One-fourth of the land surface of the globe flies the Union Jack.
16
Add —ing, —ed to lock, blot; twist, fit; risk, dip; drift, ship; as, locking, blotting; locked, blotted. Copy,—England, English.
Madam's album contains several fine pictures. Do you enjoy eating oysters? Enemies annoy me. Begin each sentence with a capital. Satan is the enemy of the human race. He tempted Adam and Eve. 'Alfred the Great' is a royal name. He was King of England many hundred years ago; he taught his loyal people to read and write. The Danes destroyed the English villages. The king offered battle and won a great victory.
17
Add —ed, —ing to sup, sob, wag, bag, wet, step, hum, spur.
A plain is a level stretch or tract of land. Braid your hair into a plait. A Scotch plaid is a shawl or scarf woven in different colors. The twelfth month. Skilful doctors differ. Muffle your throat with flannel. At the hotel we bought a sandwich and coffee for a nickel. Welcome the handsome shepherd. Look after his welfare. Fulfil my wishes. I have fever and ague.
18 (Review)
The skilful shepherd suffers from ague. He wears flannel and a plaid. The lawyer's ankles ached. We are loyal to the Union Jack. Several thirsty boys. A sharp angle. Oyster soup. Wait until luncheon for sandwiches. Twirl your thumbs. Sleigh bells jingle. A mason's trowel. Pigeons coo. Fulfil your promise. Satan disturbs human beings. He destroys the welfare of families. The king's enemy suffered in a dungeon.
19
Join all— to so, most, ways, though, ready, one, mighty; as, also. Notice that 'all' drops one l. Copy,—Ireland, Irish.
The dwarf roams through the country for pleasure. He measures forty inches high. He dealt in teas. The boats are by the wharf. The ponies gallop. Shout, Whoa! The roan's mouth is foaming. The hawk is soaring higher. I dreamt of hoarding up treasures. A soil of sandy loam. I meant one gallon or four quarts. London in England is the greatest city in the world.
20
Add —ish to blue, white, purple, self, girl, boy; as, bluish.
The butcher's gloves are greasy. His clothes are creased. My knitting unravels. What a clean gravel road! Correct this sentence. Collect their debts. Connect the two pieces. Elect a chairman. She offers her jewels at a bargain. The fountain has ceased flowing. Inquire the reason. In the Rocky Mountains there are giant cedars. In my travels there I saw grizzly bears. At the Mayor's request, we sang the National Anthem.
21
Add —y to gust, glass, cream, frost, curl, show; as, gusty. Add —ery to shrub, pot, slip, rob, pig, tan; as, tannery.
Canada is at peace with all nations. Our creamery butter won the gold medal. The final match to-day. A horse's rein. The bride wears a bridal veil. Edward, Prince of Wales, is heir to the throne. Nursery tales may be bought for a quarter of a dollar. A loamy soil suits potatoes. The tomatoes are smooth. The buffaloes are dying of thirst. Leather is made in a tannery.
22
Add —y to ease, breeze, slime, bone, rose, stone, smoke, shine, haste, mire, wire; as, breezy. Notice the final e is dropped.
A leaf quivers. Old Gray's mane. I rapped loudly. Find my quill pen. Esther kneads the flour and yeast into dough for bread. The soldier's sword and shield attract us. We expect the Captain to invite us. Our factory is on the island. Play a waltz. He struck me on the temple. I knew his ill-temper. There is quartz in granite rocks. The male bird led the geese.
23
Add —y to mud, fur, slop; and —ish to red, hog, thin; as, muddy; reddish. Notice the final consonant is doubled.
Pardon my firing off the pistol. Gluttons eat too much. The pedlar sells buttons. An ill-bred rascal. Is it veal or mutton? He offended me. His nostrils bleed. Punish wrongdoers. Defend your country. Accept these red peppers. The razor is steel. Geese gabble. Chub nibble at the bait. Don't babble so much. Ontario stretches farther south than France. The king's throne.
24 (Review)
"Peace on earth" the angel said. Cease waltzing. Soldiers wear pistols and swords. Knead the dough. A gallon of syrup. A tied veil. The fountain is near the creamery. I accept the buffalo robe with pleasure. A hare's nostrils. A rascal attracts notice. A bargain in jewels. Morsels of bread. A dying lawyer's request. The dwarf is heir to the island. Poplar leaves quiver.
25
Add —en to lead, wax, flax, birch, wood, earth, wheat, oat, ash; as, leaden. Copy,—A pale maid kneads dough for bread.
Prisons and jails have few comforts. The bottle contains poison. Brutal deeds. Equal in size. The preacher's forehead was high. He spoke of heaven. As usual, the sermon was brief. Is your company coming? Fetch my leather valise. I value my sewing-machine. The needle of the compass points to the North Pole. December's skies threaten hail. The mounted police. A dreary season. The polar seas. A box of sardines.
26
Place un— before do, lock, dress, veil, seat, fold, hinge, twine, clasp; as undo. Copy,—On the road are boughs and knotty wood.
The rogue is tricky but good-humored. He requests a favor, a loan of a hickory stick. Thieves plague us. The rope passes through the pulley. The pastor of the church is fatigued. His pulpit is of carved walnut. The mules were balky. Rifle bullets are of lead. A ghost story. Eat the yolks of eggs. Birds warble. An Eskimo dresses in furs of the seal, walrus, or white bear.
27
Put dis— before like, please, grace, place, cover, agree, lodge, obey, appear; as dislike. Copy,—The sewing girl sews a seam.
Millions of onions are grown in light soil. Olive seldom offers an opinion on any question. She makes few errors. I go on errands. Touch lightly the white ivory keys. Your parasol is quite in fashion. The cushion is lying on the lounge. Several steamboats made the harbor. Do you read history? That horrid wretch. The Eskimo dwell in the frozen regions. Their reindeer live on moss.
28
Add —s to day, play, key, turkey, jay, monkey, boy, joy, alley, toy, way; as, days. Notice the vowel before y.
Two jockeys rode the prize donkeys. Fire two volleys up the valley. I lent four dozen alleys. Chimneys are built of brick and mortar. Turkeys are dear. He sees a turtle caught. The current of the river is rapid. The milk curdles. The crowd hustled the thief along. A freckled face. Nettles scratched his palms. A hostler stayed at our hotel. Don't tattle. Hickory is not brittle wood. Goats graze in the lane.
29
Add —ful (full) to fear, harm, trust, shame, truth, fright, grace; as, fearful. Copy,—A well-bred youth won the medal.
Boiled carrots nourish calves. Reckon the cost of your journey. Palm trees flourish in the south. Buckle my straps. Our friends beckon to us. The baggage is checked. I build steam-engines. I can't endure liars. This soldier prays every day. He is civil and polite to the citizens. Do no mischief. It is my belief that the thief carried off the citron in his handkerchief.
30 (Review)
She carries a parasol. Poisons usually kill. The heavens are the higher regions. A muddy stream seldom has a strong current. Our guest's valise. An ivory-handled knife. Sermons on our belief. A narrow alley. Long journeys fatigue me. A knitting machine. A sailor's compass. The hostler plagues me. His good-humor and mischief amuse the citizens. A toy engine. My friend grows onions and citrons. Be civil children.
31
Add —less to law, sleep, cease, leaf, shoe, smoke, dust, cloud.
The parrot says "Pretty Polly." Vote by ballot. We ascend in a balloon. The guide directs us. We intend to descend in half an hour. Stand erect. He expects to lecture. My cushions have tassels. The saddle has stirrups. Hounds pursue the hare. A team of balky ponies on our avenue drew a crowd of people. Continue to improve. Rescue us from being drowned. Jacob and Esau were the sons of Isaac. Rachel was Joseph's mother.
32
Add —en to wide, white, like, straight, bright, broad, light; as, widen. Copy,—I need a whole bundle of tracts here.
An awful example. We sought refuge in a narrow passage, under an awning. The package is awkward to carry. Oblige me by taking this message. The student rambles about the college grounds. Esther grumbles over her sewing. Her thimble is too large. I'll sing the low bass notes. Join in the chorus. The ship's anchor is heavy. The value of Canada's wheat, cheese, and cattle increases rapidly each year.
33
Add —er to bake, bathe, bite, write, smoke, vote, poke; as, baker. Copy,—Ring the bells. The church bell tolled slowly.
Myths are strange stories. The lynx is a cousin of the tiger. Sing hymns, not comic songs. The parrot mimics my voice. The black-eyed gypsy tells fortunes cleverly. Play the violin gently not violently. Smell the odor of violets. What system of writing are you taught? Watch the antics of the young bears as they frolic in their den. A cambric handkerchief was tied in knots at the picnic.
34
Put —'s after turkey, donkey, company, army, fly; as, The fly's wing. Copy,—A steel knife. The brakes creak.
Purchase the nursery rhymes printed in large type. Either style will suit. Gossips tattle idly. The ceiling is high. I received neither the ribbon nor the ostrich feather. Doesn't he deceive you? Add the column of figures. A gosling is a young goose. 'Gospel' means good news. Richard, the Lion Heart, was a brave knight. He fought the Turks in the Holy Land to rescue from them the sacred tomb of our Lord.
35
Add —er to cut, dig, chop, chat; as, cutter. Add —y to knot, fat, sun, star, spot, wit; as, knotty. Copy,—Hurrah for Santa Claus and Christmas! The doe's fawn. New Year's Eve.
Eagles are birds of prey. I have an idea that the children have measles. The beaver is a Canadian emblem. Kittens have whiskers. The truant whispers a secret to his guardian. Many merchants prosper. Their total profits increase. Our forefathers came from Christian countries. Their ocean voyage required several weeks.
36 (Review)
A gypsy's idea. We need faith and courage. The hymns, rhymes, and choruses are in small type. Lambs frolic. Rescue the bitten parrot. The descent was awful. The ocean steamer is a total wreck. Oblige me by singing a college song at the picnic. The truant watches the eagle. Our secret thoughts. The columns ascend to the ceiling of the tomb. My parasol has a violet tassel. We received a message to weigh anchor.
37
Add —ish to snap, style; fat, rogue; pet, slave; red, ape; hog, blue; as, snappish, stylish. Copy,—Don't stare at the nun's veil.
The pupils wrestle and jostle each other. Try the lettuce salad. He bustles off to close the shutters. There is gristle in the beefsteak. Will the price of bananas increase or decrease? Monkeys chatter. Their fingers are active and nimble. Heavy wagons rumble along the road. Does thunder shatter window-panes? Release the prisoner. He moans and groans. He loses money by gambling. The honest youth wears stylish clothes. His salary is paid weekly.
38
Add —ing, —es, —ed, to pity, copy, deny, reply, study, supply; as, pitying, pities, pitied. Copy,—A baby's shoe.
A burly butcher supplies our bacon. Can you subtract? I'll explain the process. The sturdy boy denies throwing chestnut burs. It often occurs. I'm chuckling over my success at chequers. Please reply by next mail. Beef teas are fluid. The chipmunk has stripes on its back and pouches in its cheeks. He unfurled the Union Jack. Busy until recess.
39
Add —ing, —es, —ed, to spy, pry, bury, marry, hurry, worry; as, spying, spies, spied. Copy,—Our family's name.
Don't linger any longer. My fingers tingle with cold. Wait for the wee toddler. The maid's proud gait. Men jangle and wrangle over such trifles. Value this bungled piece of work. Two foul creeks mingle. Shingle the roof. The copper kettle. The cobbler sews shoes. He should scorn to beg. Don't scoff, or scowl at beggars. Doesn't he possess great wealth? Send the parcel by express to my address.
40
Add —ing, —s, —d, to die, tie, lie, hie, as dying, dies, died. Copy,—The enemy's camp. A lady's veil.
In these hovels the women are almost always reading novels. Paint a perfect panel. The rockets ascend and burst. An oaken bucket or pail. Fasten the bracket with a nail. A pair of leather slippers. Blisters may cause much distress. Permit me to repeat the tale. Perform gracefully. Their army suffered defeat. Many soldiers perished in the retreat.
41
Add —ing, —s, —ed to pay, say, lay; as, paying, pays, paid; and —ly, to gay, day, as gaily. Copy,—He sees leeks in the lane.
Alter the figures. What is the result? What reward does Thomas Johns, Esquire, offer? See the squads of soldiers drilling. Don't insult our friends. Make a squib of this firecracker. A sultry Tuesday. Tie this rope to the horse's halter. Tether him to the stake. Imitate Paul's groan. Dictate loudly. I don't know whether they board together or in separate cottages.
42 (Review)
My teeth chatter. A dog chews tough gristly meat. Have some bacon or salad. It won't occur again. A train rumbled past. Try a banana. Fluids flow easily. Choose a novel. Subtract ninety. Squire Hughes lingers a moment. The cobblers separate. The miners jangle and wrangle as they gamble. One chuckles, the other scowls. Increase the learning you now possess. Sometimes defeat has led to success.
43
Copy,—due, duly; true, truly; whole, wholly.
The trustees have engaged a teacher. The carriage has a brake to check its speed. Don't crowd in the aisle of the church to see the marriage. May they prosper. Boys whoop. Girls giggle. Read the words in script. Make screens of thin gauze. Use a coarse sieve. Your serge suit smells of tobacco. Eels squirm and wiggle. Yours truly. Duly paid. Wholly evil.
44
Never abuse dumb animals. We accused him of stealing. He refused to talk further about the murder. Bury the dead. A plain coffin. The black hearse. Tying his shoe. The edging is torn. A stingy quart. The cotton is bleached. The elephant's figure is not elegant or graceful. Repeat the whole alphabet.
Dare to do right! Dare to be true!
The failings of others can never save you;
Stand by your duty, your honour, your faith,
Stand like a hero and battle till death.—Wilson.
45
My clerk is cheerful but pious. A cough makes me nervous. Famous doctors. Promise to prepare. Under the eaves is a zinc trough. Don't injure your health. Compare answers. The judge will declare the result in a minute. The length and breadth are equal.
All hail to the broad-leaved Maple!
With her fair and changeful dress,
A type of our youthful country,
In its pride and loveliness.
46
Collect old coins. King George reigns. The noisy freight train. A distant station. The busy agent sells crates of choice wares. He doesn't loiter an instant. Half an acre. Appoint the hour. The choir sang a hymn. I rejoice to hear that the ointment will heal your wound. The clothes were washed, wrung out, then dried on the smooth beach. Tow the boat. Choose an awl. There is constant pain in my eyes.
47
Add —ing, —d, to dye, singe, eye, toe, hoe, shoe, canoe; as, dyeing, dyed; toeing, toed. Dyeing the cloth red.
The pitcher is excited. The catcher desires to retire. The team is anxious. Give the rowdy some good advice. His memory fails him. The plumber advises me. I decided to buy a hatchet. Repair my umbrella.
48 (Review)
An acre of land for a burying ground. The soul never dies. A sieve to sift flour. A cloak of blue serge. The choir march up the aisle. Indians whoop. Apply the brakes. Don't touch poison-ivy. A thin gauze covers the glass hearse. We accuse the plumber of using bogus coin. Tobacco injures the health. Drive the calves from the trough. We rode the elephant. For some minutes we were nervous. The breadth of the field. I loitered to view the marriage.
49
Write in a short sentence each word in these columns. Use properly in sentences each of the following: too, knows, here, their, new, write, wring, pair, fore, buy, blew, road, aunt, cent.
Canada, Canada, land of the Maple,
Queen of the forest, and river, and lake;
Open thy soul to the voice of thy people,
Close not thine heart to the music they make.—Reade.
1. The letters f, l, or s at the end of words of one syllable and after a single vowel are usually double; as, muff, ball, grass.
2. Words ending in e usually drop it on adding ing or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.
3. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant on adding ing, ed, or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, rob, robbed; mad, madden; admit, admitting; begin, beginner.
4. Words in y with a consonant before it usually change the y into i when a suffix not beginning with i is added; as, cry, cries, crying.
5. The apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of one or more letters; as, didn't for did not; can't for cannot; let's, let us; I'm, I am; you're, you are; isn't, is not.
Thy choicest gifts in store
On him be pleased to pour,
Long may he reign!
May he defend our laws,
And ever give us cause
To sing with heart and voice,
God save the King.
Note.—See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced.
Fāte, fa̤llfąll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin, nōte, not, möve; tübe, tub, bṳllbųll; TH, then, th, thin; oil, chain.
1
Add —ing to lose, line, lace, pare, idle, leave, ache; as, losing.
Apply salve to the gallant soldier's sore eyes. He halved the citron in an instant. Divide the almonds. Don't squander your substance or earnings. Our tenants paid the balance due. The cottage is some distance off. Squabbling, for instance, hinders quiet work. The remnant of the serge is of choice quality. Great quantities of salmon are caught in the Fraser.
2
Add mis— to step, state, spell, spend, sent, shaped; as, misstep.
A primary pupil's guidance was welcome. The burglary at the grocer's puzzles me. A narrow, misshapen entrance to the library will prove a serious hindrance. Contrary to orders, the officer misspent the money. He gulped a dose of acid medicine. Don't misspell common words. She imagines herself a heroine. The India famine. The knight's grievance. Cancers and ulcers are diseased growths.
3
Add —ing, —es, and —ed to empty, reply, marry, bury, study, supply, defy, satisfy; as, emptying, empties, emptied.
The warrior knelt at the altar. The tedious warfare had wearied him. The almanac foretells the moon's various phases. What ails the studious scholar on the balcony? Merely a bilious headache. I bade him total the column. I'm satisfied with the supplies. Phrases are not sentences. Isles in the ocean. An Indian's war-whoop. Elect an alderman. Asking alms is begging.
4
Join —ing to upset, begin, forget, omit, prefer; as, upsetting.
Poultice your sore throat. Liquorice relieves a cough. I ate oyster patties. Huge ants crept through the crevice. Alter the lattice porch. His enemies, trudging along with heavy cudgels, looked very hostile. He brews ale or beer from malt. The soil is not fertile, but sterile, fit merely for a burial ground. I relieved a lawyer's anxiety about his collie. Are lizards reptiles? We made a riddance of the badgers. Their burrows were a nuisance.
5
Put dis— before honest, loyal, proved, agreed, lodge, quiet, honor, credit, figure, own; as, dishonest.
The Monarch of Great Britain and Ireland. Italy has many vineyards. The mail-carrier exhorts us to be honest. I'm exhausted by climbing the barrier. Farmers know the advantage of tile drainage. The furrier exhibits an Irish terrier. Vinegar disagrees with my stomach. Parrots of gayest plumage flew through the dense foliage.
6 (Review)
Grocers sell teas, coffees, spices, almonds, but not salves or medicines. The furrier exhibits a lynx. Thieves are dishonest. In the library the owner of the vineyard aired his grievance. The thorny brambles and thick foliage were hindrances. The Scotch terrier knows the mail-carrier's knock. A weak stomach causes anxiety. Poultice my thumb. Buried in a sacred isle.
7
Copy,—A baby's brooch. I bought two ladies' brooches. A lady's blouse. Ladies' blouses for sale. Enemies' camps.
The rogue used Irish brogue. Slippery stairs led to the gallery. I'm captain of the lacrosse team in the junior league. The starry skies. Ladies' millinery is often expensive. The Scottish chieftain was a stubborn fighter. He had a vague idea of escaping the scaffold. The giraffe is scarred with wounds. A plague of gnats and flies. The machinery was sold at a bargain.
8
Copy,—A jockey's horse. Two jockeys' horses. A donkey's travels. Monkeys' tricks. Donkeys' ears.
Moderate supplies will not satisfy the eaglets on the rocky summit. A porcupine's quill pierced the unfortunate culprit's thigh. Persevere in boring the hole; but don't interfere with my gimlet. The severe weather will benefit my niece. Notice the nicety of their speech and the piety of their intimate friends. High ceilings. A hart is a male deer. A fierce boar chased Ernest.
9
Copy,—Men's and boys' overcoats. Women's parasols. Girls' waists. Infants' wraps. A turkey's feather. Turkeys' wings.
The exterior and the interior of the engine are polished. Most babies' eyes look cunning. A sweet lullaby. I prefer a bicycle to a tricycle. An elastic band disappeared in the frolic. The electric light is a mystery. Employ cleanly and superior servants. Freight traffic is heavier. Dye the arrows red. Ewes graze in the meadows. Heather is purple. Water, clear as crystal.
10
Add —d, —ing to glide, disable, glance, grudge, provoke, tremble, trickle, trifle, trudge; as, glided, gliding.
He agreed to proceed slyly. Shackle the prisoner. The torch is crackling. Use the syringe. He chuckles as he buckles the harness. His eyes seem familiar but his walk or gait is peculiar. The horizon seems ablaze. Negroes are sometimes lynched in the Southern States. Horizontal beams. Be patient, the quotient is correct.
11
Join —ness to slow, fast, rough, smooth, weak, numb, coarse, prompt, calm, deaf, mean, even, plain, keen; as, keenness.
The brief preface shows sense. The whole surface seemed knolls, rough boulders, and stagnant pools. The knavish pedlar carries biscuits and ketchup. The vagrant twirls his moustache. A quaint bureau fragrant with roses. Ignorant of Canadian customs. Pause for each clause. Misers' hoards increase; their comforts decrease. Retrace your footsteps. A mother's embrace.
12 (Review)
Our maid was ignorant of the mysteries of dyeing. By persevering she succeeded in kneading dough for biscuit. She has a peculiar stare, but is certainly a superior servant. The chieftain waxes his reddish moustache. They may lynch the culprit who knavishly interfered with the machinery. On the bureau is a model of a bicycle near a picture of a giraffe. The patient is in delicate health.
13
Add —ness to saucy, heavy, weighty, cleanly, lazy, lively, easy, chilly, hasty, musty; as, sauciness.
The musician meditates on a new hymn. The heir's birthday. Nowhere would physicians or medical men withhold medicine from a pauper. The obstinate knave's laziness and sauciness made them hesitate. The great heaviness or weightiness of lead. I innocently caused an accident. The door-hinges creaked. He threw the gauntlet on the threshold of the haunted chamber.
14
Add —y to humble, noble, single, double, forcible, ease, able, ample, simple, wheeze; as, humbly.
"Rye-bread" requires a hyphen. Before the tempest it was calm in the ravine. Use cayenne pepper sparingly on victuals. Benzine removes stains. Vaseline is advertised in the weekly magazine. The savage hyena was conquered. We see lovely hyacinths when cycling. Lye comes through leaching ashes. Dye-stuff injured his eyesight, therefore he wears glasses.
15
Join —d, —ing to meddle, tattle, haggle, prattle, crinkle, cackle, kindle, stifle, puddle; as, meddled, meddling.
The eagle's cruel talons. St. George slew the dragon. A blazing chimney baffled the brigade. After a severe tussle he seized the smuggler's dagger. Avoid mumbling words. Random efforts are usually vain. Ransom the captive from the tower. Choose a roan mare. In infancy he resembled my nephew whose legacy he enjoys. Crowds assembled. Fill the vacancy. A good policy.
16
Write —ing after piece, pierce, grieve, dangle, jingle, arise, deserve, drizzle, resemble, assemble; as, piercing.
My ulster resists moisture. Weigh the feather bolster. Erase their names from the register. Flying kites is a boy's pastime. A triangle has three corners. Moisten the clothes. A mangled limb. Bury the decayed herbage and other garbage. See the cord dangling. Upholster the lounge at the furniture factory. Encourage the scholar. He seems discouraged.
17
To worthy, hungry, speedy, crusty, cheery, airy, weary, angry, sturdy, dreary, add —er, —est; as, worthier, worthiest.
The prospect of bathing at twilight delights us. Satchel in hand, he inspected our quiet village. Even the sight-seers were affected by the children's greeting. A thatched roof often leaks. See the hoar-frost glisten. A sorry plight, a clumsier gait. Protect the herdsman's bantams. Baby clutches a red banner. The fleeting hour.
18 (Review)
Hewing wood exercises the muscles. Cycling for pastime causes slight fatigue. A whole horde of smugglers. My victuals were withheld. A sorry plight. He threw the magazine on the threshold, and seized his satchel. He was fined for using foul oaths. My heart was, therefore, sore with grief. Nowhere in the ravine have I seen moisture or hoar-frost. Physicians wrap up in furs.
19
Put en— before able, noble, large, rage, circle, dear, camp, wrap, feeble, slave, title; as, enable.
The hale and hearty sexton is threatened with deafness. The matron of the hospital dealt with the rogue. The thief in tweed trousers was severely trounced. Endeavor to learn grammar. The calendars are similar. We received a summons to haul down our colors. The sun's rays. Steer for the pier. Vulgar talk arouses the wrath of the officers and guests. A sly, stealthy step.
20
Add —ful to mourn, power, respect, hope, delight, youth, trust.
The injured oarsmen moan and groan with pain but utter no oaths. A gaunt Spaniard sought a boarding-house. He reproached his spaniel for approaching the gray mare and foal. Near the tunnel entrance is a lime-kiln. The rebels swore on the Holy Book. Through a clever ruse we won a goal. A pewter spoon. The steward's muscles and sinews are strong. A skewer fastens the roast. The Pacific and Antarctic oceans.
21
Copy,—Negro, negress; emperor, empress; duke, duchess; prince, princess; actor, actress; hunter, huntress.
Their profane oaths, baneful and vicious language filled us with horror. A fire commenced in our absence. The servants were almost insane with terror. Portraits and precious keepsakes of our gracious empress were seized by the traitors. Many rare jewels were buried on the ocean beach. There is a difference between the juice and the essence of lemon. A furious hurricane.
22
Join —ful to will, skill, peace, grace; as, wilful, graceful.
Swine wallow in the mire. The soldier on guard was drenched with rain. He sheathed his sword. He wrenched the pistol from the villain's grasp, and walloped him. In exploring the Arctic seas, we heard awful tales of shipwreck. Select pieces for encores. I admire the four-leaved shamrock. Panthers and hyenas are savage. Avoid nicknames. Plaid neckties. The holy Sabbath. Worship and adore Him. Restore all borrowed supplies.
23
Add —ess to lion, poet, heir, count, baron, govern; and to mister, tiger, hunter, songster, waiter; as, mistress.
Write a zero or naught. A practical builder hews stone from the vertical walls of the quarry. The cargo of bankrupt stock has arrived. The harvest festivals are announced in autumn. The chief returned in triumph. The New Testament Scriptures. I smell camphor. Great musical revivals commenced in Wales. The mosquitoes annoy the actress. Sulphur is hurled from the volcano.
24 (Review)
A vicious beggar approached the lime-kiln. His profane oaths aroused the portrait painter's anger. The hale old sailor hauls loads of sulphur to the piers. A hearty encore. The deer has lain down among the fir trees. The giraffe was led to a high stake and tied there. A quarrel commenced near the quarry. The Arctic Circle. The prophet Daniel. Read the Scriptures through.
25
Put im— before pure, proper, perfect, polite, patient, prudent.
The victim of the wreck was an innocent pianist, skilled in the elements of science. The victor was a decent but impatient lawyer with a Scottish accent. What delightful, rugged scenery! An imperfect skeleton of a buffalo. The verdict was in our favor. The storm destroyed a huge elevator. The twentieth century celebrates Queen Victoria's birthday. A scented cambric handkerchief. He peddles scissors and skeins of yarn.
26
Place dis— before mount, lodge, courage, grace, unite, continue.
The crippled peasant dreaded the assistant's threat to poison his pheasants. Be truthful in business. Swallows twitch and twitter. The steeds whinny when unhitched from the whipple-trees. The hounds whimper. The Chief Justice solemnly condemned the officer. The Saviour of the world awed their wicked behavior. The chimney-flue has a great draught. Roars of hearty laughter.
27
Put fore— with tell, see, run, warn, show, stall; as, foretell.
After dessert, a professor read a droll essay on our continent. The celebrated sculptor is apparently a bachelor. He moulds the figure of a goddess. The excellent actress in neat apparel is absorbed in headdresses. The heiress foresees fraud but feigns assent. The conductor jostled the people in the aisle. Assort a portion of the colors. Use minnows as bait for bass.
28
Put in— before correct, complete, direct, human, exact, active.
The barren trees are consumed. Virgin soil has never grown grain. Horrible crimes possibly owe their origin to disputes. The intruder withdrew, seeming quite confused. Whirled round by machinery. Terrible bruises were visible. The dead bugler's bier. Salute the duchess. I concluded the accused would duly execute the dredging. A partridge whirred past.
29
Join mis— to chance, use, lay, lead, led, call, deal, hap, quote.
The curate suffers acute grief. Consult a physician or a druggist. A teaspoonful of this draught is probably enough for an adult. Cultivate wholesome vegetables or cucumbers. Silk caterpillars are valuable. Polar bears devour seals. An inhuman butcher slashed the dun-colored deer. Regular attendance. Singular behaviour. The dyer seems popular.
30 (Review)
The bachelor's scissors are valuable. An essay on the origin of sulphur. For decency's sake. The actress wears a movable wreath as a headdress. Two terrible dragons were visible. Of course the lynx steals bait. The prophets were accused and executed. A sign of meanness and baseness. The curate's speech at dessert was too solemn. Regular meals improve one's health.
31
Add —ed, —ing to admit, remit, permit, submit; as, admitted.
Legions of British soldiers and fiery hordes of savages fought during the rebellion in Egypt. All debtors must settle their accounts with the editor. The janitor of the school paid the operator. "Good-day," cried the mower, whetting his scythe. Briers have grown among the lilies and furze bushes. Permit no wrong. The gambler's companions submitted. Our country is a dominion. We have a variety of opinions in our society.
32
Put —ly after cool, cruel, royal, central, jovial, natural, exact.
At the banquet I ate a cutlet and an omelet. Our guardians seized the ruffians. He coolly knelt. I guessed the quantity exactly. Do you recollect my collection of problems on fractions? The genial historian has written a pamphlet. The librarian bought tracts. He pried into the secret of our large profits. The actor is jovial and plays billiards. A burdock is a coarse weed. Bulrushes or cat-tails grow in swamps.
33
Put —er, —est, —ly with icy, haughty, guilty, shabby, steady, sleepy, pretty, gloomy, noisy, mighty; as, icier, iciest, icily.
Petals are oval-shaped. What admirable vocal music! I made an oral confession. Act reasonably. Coral beads. Bicycle pedals are made of steel. Dredge opposite the pier. Florists deal in floral wreaths. The prophets taught the people to value their immortal souls. Mention a definite sum for freight. The heavens seem infinite.
34
Add —able to love, move, tame, blame, value; as, lovable.
A valiant cavalry charge won the fight. Bleak, level plains. The syrup dribbles. The profits dwindle away. Conceal the precious minerals. The brilliant light revealed several new features. Lambs bleat. Sun-bleached linen. The vestibule floor creaks. You resemble our estimable principal. Ice is water congealed. He ridicules the miner's bare pate. The choir chants a psalm or hymn. Observe the pauses. A political speech. Appeal to the judge.
35
Write over— with rate, run, ride, reach, joyed; as, overrate.
The generals alight. Their arrival at the barracks was the signal for freeing negroes from slavery. Internal or external injury. A gradual growth. Almighty God is eternal. The pale widow's mite. Two mettlesome steeds. The drapery blazed up. Forgery is a serious offence. Drudgery is continual labor; drollery, odd humor.
36 (Review)
Conceal the gilt sword. Ruffians tease the bear. At the banquet the guardian seemed bored by debtors. Gamblers admitted their profits. The mason's plumb-line. I recollect the Indian rebellion. The debtor's temper was fiery and unreasonable. The vocal solo was ridiculed. The conquest of several islands. Nuns' veiling. This floral wreath seems actually bleached. An eternal scourge.
37
Put —ing after urge, charge, rage, dodge, pledge, judge, manage, oblige, race, measure, praise; as, urging.
An immense statue of bronze metal was visible. Goblins were hideous. I wear a specimen medal on my mantle. "A lion's mane!" exclaimed he. A faithful dairy maid. Peel the oranges in tissue paper. No apology is needed. The claimant for damages suffers an agony of despair. An amusing anecdote. A keen appetite. A juvenile carpenter built a dove-cot.
38
Add —ed, —ing to model, level, travel, equal, quarrel, cancel, ravel, shovel; as, modelled, modelling.
The cashiers were obedient and rarely quarrelled. Meddle less with minor affairs. I heard a clothier's experience. A brand-new plate glass. Ewers or jugs of water. Maize is Indian corn. He hazards his safety by travelling in blizzards. Fowls have gizzards. Our mettle won the main battle. The wizard's charms. Try some experiments. Tea canisters. Boiled lobsters.
39
Join —ed, —ing to tunnel, pencil, label, gravel, tassel, barrel, carol, gambol; as, tunnelled, tunnelling.
Captors of negroes used blood-hounds. The captive women sold their ear-rings. Canvass the mechanics. Obscure sounds of a startling character accompanied the earthquake. Memorize the chorus. They meddle with our windlass and trespass on our premises. They're labelling the parcels. Speak with candor. Avoid noise or clamor. Bury that carcass. Cholera is unknown here.
40
Add —ing to inquire, increase, suppose, accuse; as, inquiring.
Were you conveying allspice or cinnamon from the freight train? Survey the wreaths entwined with smilax. Borax is used in soldering metals. Squeeze the raspberries through a colander. What effect has chilly weather on dandelions? The architect's scheme is difficult to grasp. He knows the catechism by rote. The Yukon is many leagues from Montreal.
41
Put —s, —ed after obey, annoy, survey, employ, display, array. Add —es to grocery, dairy, ally, folly, quarry; as, groceries.
I recommend that we command the officer to commit the comical rascal to jail, and expel his comrades. The district will compel the Mayor to aid the villagers. We've commenced to discuss business. He excels in a knowledge of the cardinal points of the compass. Caress the child with hiccoughs. A wheelwright makes naves and spokes.
42 (Review)
The patient clothier wears a bronze medal. The trails seem a maze of cross-roads. Pare the juicy pears. The sweet-scented, new-mown hay. Hawks soar o'er the strait. My thick-soled shoes creak. A chord in music. A wizard's tricks. In obedience to the architect. I fear a blizzard. Hiccoughs annoy me. I despair of ever committing the catechism to memory.
43
Join —able to admire, desire, excuse, dispute; as, admirable.
Delivery wagons haul flour to the bakery. A brewery at the city boundary is wrecked. The clerk's knavery. A lone warehouse near the freight yard. Elect eight aldermen to the city council. The iron roller is a hollow cylinder. I cut my bare wrist on a piece of pottery or tinware. The clergyman is distinctly heard. Idol worship exists in India. She wears rare finery and embroidery. He made a discovery in the surgery.
44
Add —y to paste, grease, pebble, sponge, possible; as, pasty.
Attack them with vigor. Attach pieces of rope if necessary. Detached rocks made the descent dangerous. Mucilage is a necessity in an office. Champlain explored several rivers in the interior of Canada. The mail-pouch was rifled. My waistcoat pocket. Her pencilled eyebrows. The lynx's lair. Complain to the City Council. The procession took possession of the street.
45
Put —some after glad, delight, bother, trouble, blithe, frolic.
Vessels need ballast to cross the channel. Wrest the reed or cane from that liar. The wreck is wrapped in mist. My niece is combing her auburn hair and tying it with dyed ribbons. She sang several ballads, winning laurels. An ordinary gingham apron. Tender asparagus for dessert. Manual training is of great benefit to oneself. The gradual descent of the road. An apple dumpling. The pilot made no assault. The captain's bayonet.
46
Join —ness to clumsy, flimsy, gaudy, haughty; as, clumsiness.
The monitor's haughtiness was maintained. A torrent's roar. I rowed near the sea-beach with sculls. An enemy's revenge. A bishop's white robes. Decorated with scalloped lace. The villain's prison cell. A drier atmosphere. Cooing pigeons. The cuckoo clock is an old heirloom. Buffalo and raccoon robes for sleighs are made without seams. Castor oil is prepared from seeds.
47
Add —ness to weary, steady, muddy, woolly; as, weariness.
The cooper makes barrels of hoops and staves. The saloon-keeper wrung his hands in sheer despair and swooned. I'm aware that courage and courtesy are national traits of the French. The council adjourned. The foundry moulds iron patterns. Erase all false entries. A daily journal. A receipt from the laundry. His leisure and gallantry deceived the gentry.
48 (Review)
He leant against the lime-kiln. The lynx has lain down in his lair. I need a key for the mail-pouch. Idols are deaf and dumb. A great herd of deer. Raccoon overcoats. Torrents make their descent through the rugged channels. Warehouses are not necessary in ordinary business. Cylinders are not spheres.
1
Add —ful to care, spoon, pail, mouth, tear, sorrow, wonder, mirth.
The whale survived the harpoon's injurious effects. The city will surrender ere the troops surround it or surmount the towers. Their melodious voices seem in perfect harmony. The squaw's papoose slept in the caboose. The industrious carpenter's adze. Wear a ruff. Our yacht is a swift sailer. Baboons are apes.
2
Put —less after speech, flaw, fault, shame, tear, thought, doubt.
Falcons are trained hawks. Partridge are called grouse. The hedgehog's weapons are quills. The zealous preacher's diary contained an account of a previous wreck. Be not jealous or envious of people wearing diamonds. Colonial means belonging to a colony. The dial of a clock. Alter our dialogue. The fidgety maiden dreaded all weapons. We load pistols with cartridges.
3
Add —ing to lodge, trudge, grudge, pickle, crumble, curdle, gurgle, cripple, pierce, rescue, partake; as, lodging.
After some pressure the surgeon sent a defiant denial. Put no reliance in irregular scholars. Angling with bait for sturgeon is strictly forbidden. You are liable to be fined. In this particular case a surgeon dressed the wound. In vain he forbade their teasing the lynx. I gratefully accepted the red peony. Play the melodeon. Make angular blocks.
4
Join —able to note, love, tame, cure, endure, adore, advise, remove, dispute; as, notable.
Notify the buyers that we'll modify our terms. Twopence per ounce is the wholesale price. The diligent are esteemed. Redeem your sundial. The division is correct but the divisor is wrong. Only a blackguard would steal a child's halfpenny. Place circular rows tier above tier. Our discreet physician has a peevish patient. Are you qualified for the position?
5
Place un— before envied, noticed, settled, erring, foreseen, christian, known, married, merciful; as, unenvied.
At the inquest I was frequently requested to furnish a description of the stolen cruet. The steak has the flavor and savor of suet. Accept half-yearly subscriptions from the subscribers. Burnish the brass funnel. Rumors of a wreck in the tunnel. The eloquent doctor cures tumors.
6 (Review)
At the Colonial Exhibit I bought funnels for twopence. Jealous of a friend. A brooch of real diamonds. Liable for damages. "To forgive is divine." Written in a diary. The fidgety student was diligent and frequently eloquent, but could not qualify for a surgeon. Surround the circular table. The intense heat may prove injurious. During the previous day the pressure of business demanded every minute.
7
Join —ity to scarce, pure, cave, false, secure, chaste; as, purity.
The miner has sufficient gold for a guinea. The women's guild has dispersed. Its members plead for purity and chastity. The guilty officer often shows traits of nobility. This efficient player on the guitar converses with brevity. Be not deficient in humility. Ancient chinaware is very expensive. The staid donkey brayed. Reverse the engine. Immerse the beef in brine.
8
Write dis— with abuse, allow, approve, claim, arrange, color, favor, credit, satisfy, respect, qualify, possess; as, disabuse.
The Japanese were encroaching on Chinese territory. The poacher is under suspicion. The luscious peaches and the delicious ice-cream vanished like vapor. Despise flattery. I ate poached eggs. We chastise people for sorcery. The brood of pigeons soared above the stile. Warriors wear steel armor when repairing breaches in the walls. Bowmen boast of their archery.
9
Place un— before aided, aware, bearable, buried, ceasing.
Hearken to the parable of the sower. Soldiers were on parade during the election. The heartiness of their welcome. The doughnut dropped on the hearth unnoticed. We can imagine scenes in paradise. The lightning blighted the beech-tree. The officer gave directions. A wry face. A thorough examination of the skull. Choose a paragraph for dictation. The pansy is called heart's-ease. Consult your dictionary.
10
Place dis— with taste, honor, honest, united, pleased, loyal.
Seamstress is feminine gender, while teamster is masculine. The sheared goat chased the wheelwright across a rood of pasture to butt him. Hallo! What dangerous coasting! They show a genuine interest in the heathen. Diamonds possess wondrous lustre. These monstrous beasts browse wherever there is no grazing. The captain wrung my hand. Buy four bottles of glycerine.
11
Join —ing to hem, refer, regret, expel, wrap, begin, forget, compel, occur; as, hemming.
Her pinafore was daubed with marmalade. The engineer made a final attempt to rescue the drunkard. Ants are neither sluggards nor braggarts. The volunteer will broach the subject. The auctioneer had spinal trouble. The mountaineer wrapped his plaid around him. He was niggardly on his bridal tour. The Indian sought to fight with the tomahawk.
12 (Review)
Make a thorough search in the dictionary. Is the weapon a genuine pistol? The fuel on the hearth is sufficient. Glycerine is sold by druggists. Buy a new medal. What a lustrous bronze color! Seeing the lightning, the timid women dispersed. I'm referring to colonial acts and scenes. Breaches of the law occurred daily. The auctioneer offered silk, deficient in lustre.
13
Write in— before curable, elegant, different, human, sufficient.
Their chief seized the felon's leather knapsack. I ransacked auction rooms for knick-knacks. The clerk carried some accounts in his knickerbockers. Otters are not domestic animals. We knew the pilot's signals of distress. An address on our romantic scenery. He expressed sorrow for his fault. A gigantic fraud. Never oppress the weak. The colonel's majestic bearing. The crane resembles the heron.
14
Add —ed to shrivel, parcel, gambol, control; as, shrivelled.
A competition in rapid addition. A solar day and a lunar month. Lambs with woolly fleeces gambol in the vale. Squally weather. Don't give camomile flowers to our friends. Dissolve the powder in vinegar. Persuade the guests to sign a petition. The choir sang shrilly. The patient suffered a relapse. He coolly bored through the partition with an auger. The walls collapsed instantly.
15
Join —er, —est to simple, nimble, obscure, secure; as, simpler.
The shrewd lawyer sought a clew. The huge mastiff slouched off the veranda. Recite the fourth stanza. I leaned against a massive sewer pipe. He strolled along, playing a jews'-harp. The manacles on his wrists were serious obstacles. I dropped a pair of spectacles at the toll-gate. A lewd, base fellow. Miracles startle the wisest or the simplest.
16
Add —ing to engage, examine, kindle, bundle, behave, provoke, relieve, grieve; as, engaging.
The roaring, foaming surge caused the passengers to make gestures. Suggest a cheaper passage. Purge the filthy lanes. A quick messenger took my message. The dancing daffodils. Gossips spoke base falsehoods. The rocks had jagged edges. A Canadian atlas for sale. Asphalt pavement. Paltry excuses. The lawn is verdant. Showers and sunbeams cause verdure. A russet apple.
17
Join —er, —est to fleecy, bulky, foggy, cleanly; as, fleecier.
The council may postpone their cruise. Promote the expansion of wholesale trade. I need a cleanlier maid. I tied a coarse cord in knots. Their submission led to the omission of salads from our usual fare. A mansion with a princely salary. A dreadful malady. The falcon's beak and cruel talons. The bison's horns.
18 (Review)
Do gossips discuss wholesome subjects? Persuade the city to build a gigantic asphalt sewer. See the felon on the domestic's finger. The omission of gestures and disguise would improve the actress. A shrewd rogue signed a cheque for gold quartz. The colonel left his spectacles in the barracks. Verdure is greenness. The total collapse of the building. The butcher's cleaver is dull. Hunt the bison. The pilot fears the surging sea.
19
Write be— before wail, witch, grudge, moan, numb, smear.
Though hoarse I was relieved by a morsel of horehound. A demure damsel assured us that we were heartily welcome. A caterpillar's cocoon. Procure a whet-stone. As was foreseen, the homestead was abandoned by the settler. Tinsel is of slight value. I assure you he will counsel insuring the industrial school. Rubbing abates the aching in my knee-joint.
20
Join —ness to clumsy, dreary, gaudy, silly, ruddy, haughty, manly, womanly; as, clumsiness.
That witness, wearing the ruff or collar, declined to commit perjury. A refined physician reported verbally. Evidently the judge confides in the jurymen. The counsel is confident that the penitent prisoner will be released on bail. The club comprises a president, the necessary officers, and nineteen members. Revise the old proverb.
21
Add —d, —ing to ridge, bridge, wedge, lodge, hedge; as, ridged.
Print in italics. The Catholic church is a beautiful, sanitary cathedral. Give that obstinate invalid a tonic before vaccinating him. Captains and pilots navigate ships. The tropics are imaginary lines. The topic discussed was military weapons. A frolicsome youth played a mandolin. I wore a brooch fashioned like a marigold. The draught made the solitary lamp flare.
22
Write in— before come, close, dwell, trench, dent, lay, grain.
The hotel omnibus meets us. A nutmeg grater. Hares and lambs leap and gambol by instinct. The design is uniform but made of distinct patterns or units. Rude pallets of straw. The isthmus of Panama. Put the surplus money in the wallet. Extinguish the flames. Flavor the custard with vanilla. Does the mayor deign to bow? The universe is the world. I can distinguish gorillas from bears. The lion and the unicorn. A census of the village.
23
Add —es to belfry, diary, nursery, grocery, daisy, charity, misery, dairy, century, lobby; as, belfries.
The destitute hermit dwelt in solitude. The sign or symbol of addition. In a postscript he showed a system of finding our latitude. I'm too hoarse to utter a syllable of sympathy. Clad in bearskin cap and heavy footwear. Substitute zinc for lead. A multiple of four. A multitude of chipmunks scampered off. I interrupted their review. The analysis of the sentence.
24 (Review)
A new system of analysis. The census reveals a surplus of officers in one military district. A heavy omnibus. The overseer of these individuals is perspiring. The isthmus is guarded. Imaginary fires are difficult to extinguish. Vaccinate the Italian as a sanitary measure. Despise not his counsel in tropic seas. The symbol of peace. Flavor with vanilla.
25
Write up— before heave, raise, rear, roar, lift, stroke, risen.
An Indian uprising caused intense excitement, much inconvenience, and great expense. Captains mustered their volunteers. Faint from suspense we awaited further news of our sore affliction. Select mattresses of convenient size with no defects. A touching, musical selection greatly affected the large audience. The peer showed affection for children. What nonsense to set a rat-trap there! A heifer grazed among the mulleins.
26
Join —s to delay, essay, employ, pulley, parley, kidney, volley.
Produce the cutlery which was concealed in the culvert. An electric battery may cause accidents. Vultures attacked the wounded creature with great violence, and tortured it with their beaks and talons. They exhibit prudence, culture, and knowledge in erecting convenient structures. The yeast is in a jar on the hearth. A legend or romance. The English bow was made of yew.
27
Place under— with bid, drain, brush, value, mine, rate, score.
The blithe mower's machine cuts a narrow swath. Menial labor is no trivial affair. This genial sovereign knows several foreign languages. Reject all material a particle decayed. One's religion affects others' lives. The injured engineers attended their bazaar. He endeavors to thwart every religious scheme. Buy a pickerel or some mackerel.
28
Write —ed, —ing after deny, glory, envy, tarry, reply, study, steady; as, denied, denying.
A prominent village officer envies my agate ring. The delicate pilot on the frigate has an irritated palate. He assumes charge. I presume the captain neither denies nor disputes his ability. Compute the interest. A fugitive from the regiment asked a citizen for liniment. Dr. Sunshine is a most eminent physician. Use fewer semicolons. A semicircle is a half-circle. A rebate for cash.
29
Add —er —est to silly, naughty, ruddy, stalky, puny, tardy, wiry, noisy, icy, greedy; as, sillier, silliest.
A partial design lies on the easel. A supreme court official says it is essential to resign. Strictly confidential. Refrain from sardines and abstain from ale or beer. The late colonel was interred in the new cemetery with martial honors. Acquire more territory. A terrified weasel fled. Whose initials are written here?
30 (Review)
Mow the mulleins on the terrace with scythes. Be lenient with a prominent citizen. Listening in suspense. A foreigner attempted violence on our sovereign. Buy steel cutlery of the best material. A terrified fugitive. I assumed you were acquainted. The initials should be capitals. He referred to trivial faults in their language.
31
Write —s after halo, solo, folio, piano, banjo, lasso, canto, memento; as, halos.
The greyhound caught a gopher. Our curlers won the trophy. Denounce the scoundrel. The senior judge pronounced sentence. A tactful phrase. Erect the steeple according to the contract. The coroner at the inquest. The dolphin often changes color when dying. Ebony is dear. Practise economy. The sewing-machine cover is mahogany. He cried in agony. A lassoed ox gored him. A toboggan slide.
32
Place inter— with line, lock, mingle, meddle, marry, lard, leave, twine, view, weave, space; as, interline.
Gild the frame. A porpoise pursued the herring. The envelopes in the corridor are of velvety material. Tortoises are turtles. Creeks, teeming with salmon. A pioneer's career seldom led to divorce. In subduing a nation we use forcible means. The roly-poly is surely cooked. The peelings of the potatoes. Eat some haddock. The young recruit started in pursuit of an antelope.
33
Join —ly to guilty, hearty, heavy, happy, saucy; as, guiltily.
The disease proved fatal. The details of deceased's career were meagre. Pumice floats in liquid. I feel fatigued. A brutal slaughter. The features seem calm. Release the prisoner afflicted with jaundice. Avarice and greediness are undesirable qualities. Their sacrifice was only feigned. Select a psalm. The smudged moulder can pitch quoits. Pshaw! the file was too brittle.
34
Add —er, —est, —ly to speedy, plucky, hasty, weary, knotty.
Reuben bade adieu to Europe. The victor challenged us to a game of euchre. The aggregate is forty-four, the average eleven. They congregate to seek revenge. The sunbeams glare on the snow in frigid lands. I can gauge a barrel of ale. The apple parings are frozen and rigid. Paint the fence palings with yellow ochre. He held the nozzle of the hose in a drizzling rain. Calculate the cost.
35
Copy,—Gov. means Governor; Gen., General; Col., Colonel; Prof., Professor; B.C., Before Christ; A.D., In the year of our Lord.
The sentinel challenged with great energy a mischievous tourist. The colonel cut an artery. The sorrel horse followed by a different route. The clayey soil was gluey, too stiff for spinach. An exhibition of sleight-of-hand tricks. A mixture of chicory and coffee. He marvels at our grievous affliction. Preach the gospel.
36 (Review)
The pioneer practised economy in his whole career. Paint the door-jambs with yellow ochre. A crowd congregated. I was grateful for my release. He laments over his brethren's grievous attacks of typhoid fever. A mischievous recruit turned the nozzle on the tourists. The supply of mahogany wood is meagre. A blue envelope.
37
Add —d, —ing to guide, grieve, cease, receive, plague, erase, scare, relieve; as, guided, guiding.
A quaint carriage conveyed the bereaved waifs to an orphanage. The maimed woman is dressed in delaine. Specify a chance to economize. Apologize to the mayor for the pasturage. Colonize the islands and patronize their people. If he prevailed, some would glorify, others crucify him. Endeavor to pacify the rebels. It is of no avail to reveal the secret.
38
Put in— before direct, distinct, constant, decent, capable, corrupt.
The squeamish dragoon has a vein of humor. He obstinately refuses to emigrate. Our intimate friends applaud the supple kangaroo's tricks. We shall suffocate unless you ventilate this chamber. The fractured limb was cut off. What fraction of eight is four? Write a summary of the scene. Advocate honesty. The bamboo was grooved. He was defrauded at a rummage sale.
39
Add —ous to fury, study, melody, envy, vary; as, furious.
The simpleton read the placard. He gives negative or interrogative answers. He is positively furious at the scandal. Soup was supplied to the squadron from a generous caldron. Draw forth the sword from the scabbard. The inquisitive dwarf, wrapped in numerous robes, occupies his customary seat. We grate nutmegs on the grater. Numerals as four. Briton and Saxon are one. The detective's sight is not defective.
40
Write —es after mulatto, mosquito, motto, calico, domino.
Could the pyramids of Egypt be demolished by cannon? I've read of Scottish patriots and warriors. Speak reverently to aged women. Is their son an idiot? We'll abolish crowded tenements. A delegates' meeting. In a chariot rode a wizard clad in myrtle green. I ate tapioca pudding. A desperate rogue tried to blarney us. The champion Jersey cow. Merino wool.
41
Write —es, —ed after copy, glory, envy, pity, fancy, modify.
Hallow-e'en is the eve of All-Saints' Day. Buy a porcelain bowl, and a quart of turpentine. A scalawag emptied treacle upon the turnstile. We upbraided her for acquiring a craving for the theatre. St. Valentine's Day. His stirrup broke on the prairie. Photograph the maid studying geography.
42 (Review)
Wear a jersey. He speaks plain Anglo-Saxon. A generous patriot is bereaved. The woollen cloak is merino. Thieves were crucified. Here is a summary of the squadrons of Europe. The theatre has fine prairie scenes. A desperate character vowed vengeance. I am positive he was accustomed to economize. May peace prevail. Placard the house. A suffocating chamber.
43
Join —ed to pad, fulfil, blur, strip, excel, mob; as, padded.
The indolent volunteer will probably do penance for insolence. Use chocolates moderately. Be temperate. The elephant is docile. An agile squirrel. A mania for stealing. Petunias have fragile stalks. They flourish betwixt the baron's castle and our domicile. I saw crocodiles lying on a sandy peninsula.
44
Put en— before camp, chain, circle, close, courage, girdle, graft.
His disciples had too much assurance. Abrupt words caused a rupture in the discipline. Leonard's life was in jeopardy from a leopard. You seemed perplexed. There is phlegm in my throat. A phonic primer. These flexible stalks are tough. The cheque is genuine. I prophesy a famine. The phlox has purple flowers. A phial of medicine. Illustrate this occasion.
45
Write —able after cure, imagine, note, laugh, reason, fashion.
A swollen limb. Alcohol contains poison. The landscape gardener made their residence attractive with honeysuckle. The hailstorm ruined their huckleberries. The wolf's cowardice. His wary attendant is yellow as saffron but is very observant. He built an edifice near a steep precipice. See their pennon float. He has a prejudice against curbstones in the suburbs.
46 (Review)
Photograph the spotted leopard near the precipice. We prejudiced him against alcohol. Betwixt the saffron leaves were slight stalks. Fragile glass in a pasteboard box. His docile, observant disciples had assurance of success. I prophesy a failure in geography. He has a mania for sketching ancient edifices. A few moments of leisure.
Note.—See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced.
Fāte, fa̤llfąll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin; nōte, not, möve; tūbe, tub, bṳllbųll; TH, then; th, thin.
1
Join —al to comic, logic, cubic, sign, brute, recite, remove, arrive.
The applicant made indignant denial of his alleged scheming. The occupants of the secluded domicile gambled incessantly. A valiant civilian shielded a mulatto from a brutal assailant. Our fertile prairies yield a luxuriant growth of cereals. Chemical changes appear almost magical. The rector abominates the use of whisky or like stimulants. The city's hydrants need renewal. With breech-loading rifles we defended breaches in the rampart.
2
Add —ant to account, assist, claim, defend, attend, repent, depend.
His descendants were prodigal, not economical. Finally they became mere mendicants. Immigrants are intolerant of even occasional censures. The lieutenant was critical of his recruit's physical courage. A stalwart miscreant accused of cannibal practices secured acquittal. Another tragical scene occurred at that identical spot. Pontiac readily incited the fanatical Indians to revolt. An adept in botanical lore went on a canoeing trip. Lye for cleansing woollen shawls has lain here for eight weeks. A mere mite of a bugler moaned beseechingly for a draught of water.
3
Write —ent with differ, insist, confide, reside, provide, compete.
His wily opponent was reticent, divulging few secrets. A gibbet was erected adjacent to the citadel. His antiquated raiment is consistent with his provident custom. Is he competent to revise any permanent obligations? Though hesitating and diffident he stubbornly maintained his stand. The sequel showed how indulgent the protector was to penitent rebels. Do not trammel the posse of police in pursuit of the kidnapper. Broken treaties led to conflict. Consult a treatise on ague. The lawyer gave good counsel to the mayor and village council.
4
Catarrh and pleurisy are prevalent. Satan is the arch fiend. The court received urgent requests to reprieve the bigamist. Success is achieved by intelligent effort. It is expedient to use metal ceilings. The benevolent machinist is believed to be conceited. The villain shrieked when his deceit was manifest. Customs officers conceived it necessary to make stringent rules against smugglers. Pistils are seed-bearing organs. Rewarded according to his deserts. A stream with cascades and cataracts.
Note: When sounded like long e, i comes before e, except after c.
5
Note: When not sounded like long e, the order of the letters is ei.
Use an ambulance for his conveyance to a hospital. A surfeit of wealth leads to arrogance. The use of dynamite and other explosives was an excessive annoyance. With reluctance a counterfeiter produced his skilful appliances. The elegance of his address diverted suspicion from his heinous crimes. As the allies are at variance, the alliance may terminate. By their defiance of justice they forfeited our assurance of relief. His soul was teeming with projects of deceit. A Hindu fakir inveigled me by his cleverness. A wretch reeled over but, seizing the reins, he reseated himself.
6 (Review)
Improvident mendicants made incessant appeals for relief. A reticent lieutenant achieved mastery over his assailant. Is it expedient to reprieve the miscreant who incited to such heinous crimes? Pleurisy and catarrh are physical ailments. Was it fiendish to use dynamite in besieging a citadel? An arrogant but benevolent machinist deemed it consistent with honor to inveigle counterfeiters. Wheat is a typical cereal. A renewal of the civilians' league led to many variances with the soldiers.
7
Form words in —ence from prefer, infer, confer, reside, revere. Give verb forms corresponding to advice, device, practice, prophecy.
For a recurrence of the despicable offence he was promptly indicted before a magistrate. The eloquence of the lawyer sufficed for his defence. In deference to the commodore's request he spliced ropes with diligence. His indolence was truly a pretence to cloak knavery. A bulwark is perched on the lofty eminence. Savory fruits enticed the saucy ruffian. The excellence of his device for maintaining warmth is acknowledged. The document was indited and sealed. It is a wise practice not to prophesy about elections.
8
Add —ary to beg, note, vision, infirm, imagine, mission, custom.
The malice of his adversary was incredible. Though a mere novice in business, he is made temporary secretary of the grocers' guild. The obituary notice was deceiving. The brigands fled on dromedaries beyond the Nile estuary. The cornice meets the sanctuary ceiling. Is the sun stationary at the solstice? The arbitrary tyrant was won over by a clever artifice. Enumerate the auxiliary verbs. From a circle around the moon many augur foul weather. A tainted wether of the flock. An ermine mantle occupied the mantel-piece. The adze and auger are carpenters' tools. A handsome bureau adorned the ladies' waiting-room.
9
Join —ery to brave, scene, pot, mock, slave, brew, distil, bake.
Can you distinguish between quackery, cajolery, and roguery? A corps of artillery quelled the feud at the colliery. A cemetery near the monastery is concealed by profuse shrubbery and vines climbing on trellises. The treachery of the guards occasioned an alarming crisis. An oasis in the desert is delectable. The earth's revolution on its axis is shown by an ingenious mechanism. His services are given gratis. Purchase the periodicals at a stationery store. A stationary engine is one not movable. A stationer sells stationery, as a confectioner sells confectionery.
10
Put —ory or —tory with direct, deposit, prepare, purge, explain.
The college lavatory adjoins the dormitory, not the vestibule. A dilatory customer was embarrassed by the cashier's refusal to discount a promissory note. A cursory glance revealed a malignant abscess. Desultory attacks in the merciless warfare harassed our adversaries. Trespassers were frightened off by guards equipped with cutlasses. Oratory is made obligatory by the new curriculum. I certified to the completeness of the revised directory. Freight charges on the cargo of merchandise are not satisfactory. Alter the exclamatory sentence to an interrogative one.
11
Form words by adding —e to bath, cloth, loath, wreath, breath.
Condensed aniline dyes seem destined to supersede other varieties. He advocates the doctrine of recompensing owners of revoked licenses. The projectiles hurled from a modern Dreadnought's batteries are most destructive missiles. The apothecary does not dispense gelatine or incense. The imbecile is obstinate. Gold is ductile. His countenance as seen in profile indicates a sanguine temperament. The marshal mustered the troops levied in populous centres. A circus troupe delighted the populace.
12 (Review)
A stationer was indicted for roguery. The artifice of his counsel sufficed in that crisis. The novice was dilatory in inditing the secretary's obituary notice. The apothecary was embarrassed by despicable treachery. Offensive warfare harassed our auxiliaries. The Dreadnought's eminence is due to projectiles of incredible force. The apparatus for aniline dyeing is ingenious. Sanguine of business success. A recurrence of the solstice. A new curriculum of studies supersedes the old. Ancient missiles are found in a cemetery facing the sanctuary. I purchased two bureaus.
13
Form words in —able from agree, excite, prove, deplore, conceal.
The emperor's sceptre is of inestimable value. Few mountain barriers are now impassable. The tax on rateable property is for controllable expenditures. Filthy lucre is a term applied to money got by deplorable practices. The battalion were equipped with acceptable sabres. The spectre in the theatrical scene wore a sombre mien. His laudable attempts to relieve pitiable distress. Phosphorus is highly inflammable. Castor-oil is usually unpalatable. Commiseration lessens grief, yet the lesson of affliction is invaluable. After dessert he usually dozes on a lounge.
14
Add —ible to force, resist, divide, digest, sense, corrupt, produce.
A credible witness made affidavit that the plausible professor was an impostor. The laughter was inaudible. The competitor was ineligible, nor was his testimony deemed admissible. Beavers possess forcible incisors. The executor of the plaintiff's estate is incorruptible. God is our creator. The signature is illegible—a contemptible scrawl. Though perplexing, the project is feasible. Is cauliflower fairly digestible? They were admitted to the queen's presence and their beautiful presents accepted. Undue severity towards criminals is rarely permissible. I gain nought by climbing a knoll. The belle wore a pearl brooch at the bridal party.
15
Note that the e is retained to preserve the soft sound of c or g.
An alien idolater was in the guise of a native conjurer. The czar is a peaceable ruler. A serviceable rule for finding the diameter of a circle. The Chinaman's queue is noticeable. Coroners' fees are chargeable to public funds. He has two marriageable daughters. Wrestling is my forte. Use goblets in lieu of tumblers. An unmanageable team of ponies. His ideas are changeable. Malleable iron is made into wagon tires. France ceded Canada to England. The celery was unsaleable. Wrap the damageable goods in linen. Two-thirds is not an integer.
16
Note the hyphen in well-bred, ox-eyed, air-tight, text-book, able-bodied, well-meant, high-flier, lion-hearted, fire-escape.
Canada has wonderful commercial advantages. The barrister aspires to a judicial appointment from the provincial government. Glacial action is largely responsible for our Great Lakes. The scavenger's duties are beneficial to the whole community. The facial expression of the gamester is especially severe. A bouquet of artificial lilies was recently presented to the chorister by the choir officials. Gossamer has an interesting derivation. Europeans were here later than the Indians; the latter are dying out. His lax behavior proves that he lacks self-control.
17
Note: k is used in these words to keep the c hard.
Zincked or galvanized iron is serviceable. Trafficking in negroes is not wholly extinct. The frolicsome urchins mimicked the simpleton. Bivouacking is usually wearisome. Some rollicking picnickers suffered later from colicky pains. He shellacked the corridor floors. A prominent doctor believes in physicking his patients. He has aspirations to be a pianist. We have spiritual as well as bodily comforts. It was dispiriting to find the conspiracy so widespread. The address on science was most inspiring.
18 (Review)
The coroner's signature is noticeable in the affidavit. It was pitiable to see the scavenger wasted to a mere spectre. The bivouac of the battalion was highly beneficial. Cauliflower is palatable. The plaintiff charged his competitors with conspiracy. The government favors a feasible scheme of artificial drainage. The plausible impostor is not eligible for office. A bouquet of daisies was acceptable. Integers are not fractions. Gnawing animals have sharp incisors. Is he a trafficker in liquor licenses?
19
Write words in —tion from create, defect, rotate, quote, dispose.
I await the sanction or the rejection of my proposition. Even keen competition need not induce deception. The author received compliments on his recent fiction. We had the option of joining the expedition but deemed it too hazardous. There is an eager absorption of nutriment by a healthy system. He has an impediment in speech, but his diction is choice. Their merriment implies no deception. He tries an examination on the rudiments of physiology. Obey your conscience despite temptations. Send a petition to the city council against flimsy partitions in buildings.
20
Add —ic to angel, hero, tone, algebra, botany, drama, mason.
Pugilistic exhibitions were excluded from the athletic programme. The regiment had a full complement of heroic privates. In the newer settlements agricultural implements are necessary. Our government is democratic, not despotic or aristocratic. We viewed with amazement their use of alcoholic beverages and the pathetic scenes that ensued. The naval conflict was vehement, even terrific. The walrus is aquatic in habits. Our prairies give a prolific yield of wheat, whose intrinsic or inherent worth is great. The United States is a republic. A frantic struggle with a lunatic.
21
Join —ity to intense, absurd, plural, noble, fatal, sincere, docile.
An optician prescribed for my eyes. The politician dwelt on the iniquity of his opponents and his own sincerity. A magician displayed agility and dexterity. Ancient Grecian deities were publicly worshipped by sacrifices. An electrician negotiated for a residence in our vicinity. Civility and sincerity are certificates of refinement. Accepting the challenge with alacrity, he showed his facility in handling weapons. Don't meddle with the gas-meter. Juicy pears are extremely agreeable to the palates of fever patients.
22
Note: Chastise, comprise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, exercise, merchandise, revise, surprise, surmise, also end in ise.
There is no surety that the enterprise will not collapse. He criticised the propriety of using gestures. The deceased was paralysed for years before his demise. To analyse means to resolve into simpler elements. The disputants compromised by agreeing to accept my definition. I apprised the foreigners that they could not vote, as they were not enfranchised. Their disloyalty was a matter of public notoriety. Habitual temperance in using intoxicating liquors is laudable sobriety. Mention the provinces comprised in Canada. Explain the meaning of numerator and denominator.
23
Join —ize to equal, brutal, real, central, signal, pauper.
He realizes that the verdict is justifiable. Emphasize the predicate. I am authorized to contradict his assertions. Refrain from tantalizing dumb creatures. Patronize home products. The church was dedicated to divine worship. The heathens were baptized in the presence of many spectators. Previously they were addicted to licentious practices. Missionaries aid in civilizing savage peoples. I sincerely sympathize with you in your bereavement. Familiarize yourself with the means of utilizing waste products.
24 (Review)
The worshippers criticised the spectators for lack of civility. The magician's dexterity was advertised on the programme. The optician vehemently condemns beverages that intoxicate. Recognize the sanction of a sincere conscience. He analyses sentences with facility. The mayor's decision recognized the aquatic exhibition. He negotiated a loan to organize an implement factory. His bereavement has paralysed all gaiety. Elephants are remarkable for their docility. There is keen competition in our physiology class. The missionary emphasized the iniquity of perjury.
25
Use no hyphen in barefaced, greyhound, breastplate, breadstuffs.
The Bible contains a graphic account of the exodus from Egypt. The narcissus and gladiolus are favourite flowers. Describe the difference between a phaeton and a carriage. The epitaph on the solicitor's tomb was composed by a genius, not an ignoramus. The radius of a circle can readily be computed without special apparatus. Encouragement is a great stimulus to exertion. The terminus of the steamboat route is an important site for manufacturing. The weight of the atmosphere causes liquids to flow in a siphon. A phantom is a fancied, not a real, vision. Abundant harvests give an extraordinary impetus to trade.
26
Add —ous to fibre, nerve, pomp, resin, riot, venom, wonder, zeal.
The acreage under cultivation is exaggerated. He disparages the importance of our felicitous relations with the republic. A gluttonous person is too covetous of dainty victuals. Senators have an ample mileage allowance. To the timorous the adventure appeared perilous. His recovery after swallowing the poisonous draught was miraculous. The automobile is our latest equipage. It may be disastrous to mortgage the residence. Avoid being frivolous or boisterous. Beware the bite of a venomous reptile.
27
Form words in —sion from confuse, infuse, possess, depress, omit, revise. Add —ths to forty, sixty, eighty, hundred, thousand.
There was an omission of two-eighths from the total. The utterance of a penniless passenger gives a new version of the collision. Dissensions in parliament prolonged the session. How many ninetieths equal eleven-thirtieths? His address contained serious digressions from the main issue. Calculate the dimensions of the rectangle to the twelfth of an inch. The decision to modify pronunciation was greeted with cries of derision. There should be no evasion of duty. How much is two-thirds of one-ninth?
28
Write words in —tion from exert, digest, donate, incline, reject.
The conjunction has no inflection. His collection of antique vases is renowned. The chameleon is unique in some respects. What is the function of the hyphen? The worshippers in the mosque are not Christians. I congratulated the general upon the triumphant completion of his campaign. Explain the difference between vertical and oblique lines. Ground glass is somewhat opaque. A foreign institution secured exemption from taxation. Consumption is often fatal. I cited quotations from English authors. The redemption of the notes was a costly transaction.
29
Note: Words ending in one l double it on adding a vowel suffix.
The comedian is a noted duellist, excelling in the use of the sword. The traveller was apparelled in the native barbarian costume. The councillor advocated artesian wells to give an inexhaustible supply of excellent water. The jeweller chiselled a gentian on the medallist's watch. The licensed victuallers scrutinized the quality of the towelling. A Presbyterian clergyman imperilled his life to extricate the decrepit vagrant. He shovelled the snow away to steer the sleigh easily. People who affect too much politeness rarely effect much real good.
30 (Review)
There was an omission of the phaeton, automobile, and other equipages from the mortgage. The frivolous solicitor was covetous of being made king's counsellor. The epitaph of the Presbyterian minister is very felicitous. A decrepit victualler was oddly apparelled. The acreage under cereals is a great encouragement. Parliament congratulated the army upon the completion of the campaign. Our prairies appear inexhaustible in fertility. How much is eight-twelfths of seven-ninetieths? A miraculous rescue.
31
Note: Instead of the final or in many noun forms our is recognized as a variant. The u in the latter form is invariably dropped when the suffix ous is added.
The mien of the humorist when off the stage is dolorous. The corporal's valorous demeanor was highly commended. He was elected honorary president of the federated labor union. The villain's malice and rancor were severely censured. Her beauty and splendor cast a glamor over all. Deeds of valor are accomplished in the joyous fervor of youth. When in danger of drowning he was very clamorous for succor. In my garden is an arbor sheltered by cypress and sycamore trees. Filled with dolor at the prospect of death. I appreciate Arbor Day.
32
Add —ify to class, pure, false, glory, ample, intense, just, diverse.
Steam is aqueous vapor. He was very courteous when requested to rectify the erroneous statement. Castor-oil typifies a nauseous draught. Bounteous almsgiving and righteous behavior beautified his life. Gaseous products from coal illuminate our houses. A plenteous peach yield. The circumstantial evidence merely mystified the jurors. Her piteous appeal fell on compassionate ears. A duteous daughter sanctifies a home. He was accused of falsifying the manuscript. A pair of moccasins. He related an anecdote of a penniless acquaintance of ours.
33
Join —ous to injury, envy, mystery, vary, victory, study.
When delirious his temperature was so high as to cause anxiety. He seemed dubious of victory. When he won there was hilarious rejoicing. Heat liquefies metals. Using tobacco tends to stupefy a youth. He is not luxurious, but rather penurious, in his tastes. Obnoxious weeds should be ruthlessly destroyed. Instances of long life are chiefly among the abstemious. Putrefied meat is poisonous. The vagabond was notorious for his rascality. Edison is a type of the laborious and ingenious inventor. To him we owe the phonograph. The telephone was invented by a Canadian, Dr. Bell. The air is rarefied as one ascends. Corduroy trousers.
34
Note: No capital is needed in such phrases as, morocco leather, plaster of paris, french polish, prussian blue, turkey red, etc.
Originally soldiers were described by the particular weapon used; as, grenadier, fusilier, bombardier. The chandelier is the most ancient, next the gaselier, and now the electrolier. The financier encouraged the establishment of a gymnasium. Place a bouquet of geraniums and nasturtiums on the chiffonier. The brigadier was resolute in exacting obedience. Our school aquarium is inadequate. The church harmonium is woefully discordant. Cavaliers or chevaliers were armed horsemen.
35
Note: Agreed, exceed, indeed, proceed, succeed.
The mutineers seized the ship and started as buccaneers. He proceeded to complete the cupola. The athlete conceded the advantage to his rival. He graciously acceded to my request. Some dissatisfied members seceded from the orchestra. A wooden pavement preceded the concrete one. The scrutineer succeeded in preventing our secreting the ballots. The militia domineered over the citizens. Purchase a naphtha launch. Fire caused the tethered horses to stampede. We did not compete for publishing the gazetteer. Asthma is frequently fatal.
36 (Review)
The militia proceeded to succor the cavalry. The financier's demeanor was obnoxious to the orchestra. Sycamore trees are plenteous, but cypresses are scarce. The orchestra played humorous pieces at the aquarium. Concrete the cellar. It was piteous to witness the asthma patients. Telephone for an adequate supply of naphtha. A piece of ingenious rascality. In the preceding year the queen acceded to the request of her subjects. Putrefying vegetables are dangerous. A manuscript shows a gaselier.
37
Change ferocity, vivacity, capacity, sagacity, veracity to forms in —ous. Make nouns in —ity from atrocious, capacious, sagacious.
The sagacious collie exhibits no ferocity. The audacious renegade adhered to his malicious fiction. Though austere in features he has great vivacity in manner. A sincere, judicious adherence to right principles characterized the governor. I am conscious of the scarcity of men with eminent business capacity. Veracity signifies strict regard for truth. Genuine cashmere shawls come from Asia. There are few archipelagos in our hemisphere. A foreign guide carried a bowie knife in a capacious reticule.
38
Make noun forms of words in —ious, and adj. forms of those in —ity.
The university possesses a magnificent museum. Infectious diseases are readily spread. Hire an expeditious conveyance. Be cautious to abstain from opium. The patients at the asylum gave fictitious names. Gypsum frequently contains the fossil remains of extinct animals. Owing to the lack of a quorum the committee transacted no business. Inordinate curiosity is often vexatious to others. Though almost overwhelmed by adversity they manifested princely generosity. The immensity of the British empire is now fully acknowledged. He is ambitious to control the woollen industry.
39
Write sec. person sing. of pray, prayed, bless, hate, ruled; e.g., burnest.
The delicacy of the matron's complexion is very noticeable. The city's environs have asphalt avenues. The emperor is renowned for clemency. The centennial ceremonies rescued many quaint customs from oblivion. The rector maintained secrecy as to his parochial revenues. Congenial companions beguiled a tedious voyage. Obstinacy merely heightened the culprit's guilt. The princess is most cordial towards friends in the privacy of her home. Beacon lights are essential to the safety of sailors. I won a testimonial for good behavior. Savory venison is digestible.
40
Write verb forms like prayeth, from love, mourn, fear, see, reign.
I ascertained that the principal of the Collegiate Institute anticipates a big attendance. The crescent moon is the Turkish symbol. His scheme is too elaborate and intricate. I sent a receipt in duplicate. He distinguishes accurately between the indicative and the subjunctive mood. The empress condescended to occupy a comparatively mean cottage. Serpents are said to fascinate and stupefy their prey. England emancipated negro slaves about 1808. Refrain from obscene language. A skilful doctor relieved my sciatica. Avoid coughing and expectorating phlegm on the street.
Note.—In this grade exercises in derivation should be given for seat-work.
1
By indefatigable perseverance the rector won the loyal attachment of his parishioners. A skilful artificer executed this emblem. The fishmonger's stall adjoins the poulterer's. The interpreter converses fluently in several languages. In 1812, the Canadians offered valiant resistance to the Americans. On a pedestrian tour baggage is a nuisance. The Boers recounted their alleged grievances. In accordance with the judge's decision, the sheriff secured inheritance of the estate. Their allegiance to the sovereign is of great significance. In pursuance of treaty agreements they relinquished all maritime possessions. Ready compliance with requests.
2
The complainant and the defendant are cousins-german. He asks exorbitant prices for his handiwork. His predominant characteristic is affability. The auditor says the outlay for police is extravagant. Our ancestors scarcely comprehended Canada's wonderful wealth. Cancer is a malignant disease. The haughty aggressor gave his confederate a significant look. The boatswain's testimony was deemed irrelevant by the chancellor. The incessant entreaties of a wretched supplicant were answered by a generous benefactor. I am conversant with all the circumstances.
3
Samson's one lamentable failing wrought his irrevocable ruin. A buoyant spirit sustained the adjutant when combating formidable foes. The historic character of the Quebec pageant is accountable for its success. The disaster to the relief corps is irremediable. The premier's uniform suavity is most commendable. His disreputable behavior changed stanch friends into irreconcilable enemies. The distance to the fixed stars is inconceivable. Make few confidants. The high-tariff party was in the ascendant. Bring only indispensable necessaries. Sumac leaves are used in tanning. The Protestant divine wore a surplice.
4
Their armament, vaunted as invincible, was readily conquered. The starry firmament proclaims the omnipotent Creator. The belligerent tribes offered a stout resistance to the marauders. Be not susceptible to flattery. He inherits his ancestors' malevolent disposition. Paraffin candles were antecedent to kerosene oil. The delinquent debtor had made fraudulent statements of his resources. The fortunate recipient of the prize is a proficient musician. He was a munificent benefactor to the hospital. He evinced inexhaustible energy. Were the city's officials wholly incorruptible? The ibex browses at almost inaccessible heights.
5
"Conscience doth make cowards of us all." During the earthquake we trembled for our very existence. Prolonged abstinence from a meat diet impaired his strength. Such gross negligence is indefensible. The tornado was irresistible. His penitence was more ostensible than genuine. Clear enunciation aids in making reading intelligible. In deference to his seniority he was accorded precedence. I feel abhorrence for interference in politics by women. The eclipse was discernible through a telescope. A slight, even imperceptible difference. A gratifying occurrence.
6 (Review)
The parishioners made their generous benefactor the recipient of a salver. Our ancestors' fanciful costumes were seen in the pageant. A recent edition of the book has the addition of an appendix. The episode of their rescue was a gratifying occurrence. A fierce grizzly bear mauled his prey. Though in attendance, the hospital assistants and attendants were of little assistance to the surgeon. The artificer was susceptible to cajolery. He acknowledged the existence of fraudulent receipts. In vacation I go to the maritime provinces. The mangled corpses were a grisly sight.
7
The apprentice is addicted to debauchery. The dentifrice was a gratuitous gift. A respite from buffoonery. The Commander-in-Chief signed an armistice after an argument. Lichens found lodgment and grew in the interstices of the cliff. Well-bred people rarely descend to raillery. The judgment of the court inflicted a severe penalty upon the counterfeiter's accomplices. Dysentery resulted from eating unripe cantaloupe. He censured the miscreant's shameless effrontery. An acknowledgment of his offence resulted in a lenient sentence. An abridgment is the whole in little.
8
Correct emphasis gives pleasing variety to speech. The incendiary was sentenced to the penitentiary. Culinary utensils made of aluminum are preferred in hotel kitchens. Our national anniversary is celebrated on July 1st. He is distinguished for exemplary deportment. There was a sanguinary encounter preliminary to the main battle. Formerly many sovereigns employed mercenary troops. Verdigris is poisonous. A tendency to certain diseases appears to be hereditary. Enclose the subordinate clause in parentheses. Paralysis of the alimentary canal interferes with digestion. The inspector requested a synopsis of Queen Victoria's reign.
9
The valedictory address was enlivened by ejaculatory remarks from the audience. During the offertory the soprano rendered a fine solo. I made a peremptory demand for salary due. The appeal was inflammatory, not conciliatory. This treatise is explanatory of the elaborate sacrificial rites of the Jews. All controversial points were eliminated from the report. He is accused of uttering statements derogatory to the teetotaler's sincerity, and prejudicial to the state. An analyst made a crucial test of the purity of chloroform. Scrutinize the financial report.
10
Excise officials confiscated an illicit whisky still. The politician alienated influential adherents. With reverential mien the vicar invoked a celestial benediction. Many foreigners gesticulate freely in talking. The detective's confidential report corroborated my statement. Several capitalists were incorporated as a syndicate. They negotiated for an asbestos mine. Accuracy and despatch facilitate business. Equinoctial gales accelerated the yacht speed. Thorough mastication aids the assimilation of food. His emaciated appearance excites compassion. The frigate's crew mutinied. He is repairing the dilapidated edifices. There was much cordiality in his greeting. A suit of linen pyjamas.
11
The mistletoe is a parasite on the oak. His jugular vein was nearly severed in two. Anthracite is accorded preference over bituminous coal. A lone anchorite aims to live in tranquillity. I am in perplexity as to linear and cubic measures. He requited my hospitality by bequeathing a generous legacy. Such degradation and depravity are attributed to savage barbarity. Extreme susceptibility to weather conditions materially weakens the patient's vitality. Punctuality expedites mercantile affairs. Secular interests differ from spiritual. Many recent balloons are not globular in shape. A muscular-looking sawyer interspersed jocular remarks.
12 (Review)
The teetotaler's emphasis and gestures evoked the apprentice's raillery. Detectives were despatched to seize the miscreant's accomplices. Amity and enmity are diametrically opposed. The navvy interspersed jocose remarks about the use of a dentifrice. Nothing can exceed my desire to accede to your request for mistletoe. My sire bequeathed me his benediction. His conciliatory attitude towards the anthracite miners facilitated negotiations. A difference of a few instants menaced the success of our stratagem. I related an instance of the bailiff's deference.
13
The fallacy of the critic's argument was evident. The principles of democracy rarely find advocacy among members of the aristocracy. Within his realms the king holds supremacy. The ductile nature of platinum permits nice intricacy of design. None ever surpassed Aristotle in versatile genius. Cheviot cloth is a textile fabric. Celibacy of the clergy is a trait distinctive of the Catholic Church. The majority of the loyalists embraced Episcopacy. He vouched for the efficacy of the liniment. Shakespeare's facile pen has delighted many generations. The tyrant's obstinacy rendered futile our most persuasive appeals.
14
A stranger's courtesy often exceeds a friend's. Revere sincerity, shun hypocrisy. Even transient visitors were unwearied in lauding the grandeur of the scene. Judas's apostasy consigned him to the reprobate class. "Waked to ecstasy the living lyre." The tutor succumbed to epilepsy. She made a graceful curtsy or obeisance to the duchess. I dissuaded him from employing a bumptious amateur in lieu of an experienced chauffeur. The procession swept majestically along. His bigoted, fanatical views were resolutely suppressed. Subsequently he was sceptical of the claims of palmistry. The curate was tried for heresy before an ecclesiastical tribunal. The ruffian met a tragical fate.
15
"Want of decency is want of sense." Evidently there is some radical defect when young men descend to vagrancy. None doubted the efficiency of the veterinary surgeon. The auditor found no discrepancy in the schedules. The Kaiser's occupancy of the castle was brief. The impostor has a tendency to use spurious currency. In case of emergency the militia will defend the redoubt. The brilliancy of the meteor was obscured by vapor. The catalogue of the technical school gives an alphabetical list of apparatus. That is the identical excuse you proffered previously. Our evil inclinations are our most tyrannical foes. I feel no repugnancy towards vaccination.
16
In children simplicity is usually preferred to loquacity. All men appreciate the heritage of a noble lineage. I endeavored to assuage his grief for his niece's death, due to a hemorrhage. Accused of complicity in the plot, the malefactor was served with a subpœna. The elasticity of rubber is familiar to all. The stevedore displayed great audacity in the scrimmage. The initial velocity of a cannon ball is tremendous. The artist's eccentricity of manner is woeful. He accused me of duplicity in advocating a policy of reciprocity with the United States. He is noted for the sagacity of his judgments. Get a snaffle and surcingle for the pony.
17
A sanctimonious hypocrite evinced great propensity to deceit. Part beast, part bird, the creature was a monstrosity. The pomposity of the speaker aroused the animosity of his audience. The immensity of the amphitheatre was revealed by the intensity of the light. Conciseness of style is preferable to verbosity. A diversity of opinion exists as to the utility of disinfectants. A suite of exquisitely fitted rooms is a perquisite of the viceroy's. Explain the requisite qualifications for a voter in the plebiscite on local option. A stubborn perversity of will may accompany impetuosity of action.
18 (Review)
Has he the remedies requisite to assuage the stevedore's hemorrhage? A subpœna cut short the amateur's ecstasy. These concise schedules are not identical. A mirage is a transient optical illusion. No allusion was made to the veterinary's apostasy, but his eccentricity is plain. The mace is a symbol of authority. His offer to play the cymbals was merely a pretext for soliciting alms. An eminent physician was most humane in prescribing for the wretch, who was in imminent danger. Sea-sickness induced violent retching. The secretary has a record of the ayes and noes.
19
Granite is an igneous rock. Sailing in the gorgeous sunset, the galleon was a beauteous sight. The editor found the use of miscellaneous items very advantageous. The suzerain was in high dudgeon at the outrageous conduct of subordinates. Cutaneous eruptions are cured by balms. The two courageous firemen emerged from the ruins almost simultaneously. The assassin used a heavy bludgeon. The chameleon was drowned in a puncheon. The metal box has a ligneous appearance. In accordions the tones are generated by means of metallic reeds. What are the ingredients in the mixture?
20
People so fastidious about appearances are most vexatious. An ingenious physician proved the disease to be contagious. The illustrious tragedian died at the meridian of his glory. Many amphibious animals live in salubrious climates. The grammarian preserved a mysterious silence. The oppressive laws enacted by the nobles made the plebeians rebellious. The equestrian performance in the circus was an ignominious failure. The cyclamen and jonquil bloom profusely. Hygiene was substituted for anatomy. A frenzy of grief induced hysterics. Nicotine from tobacco is highly poisonous.
21
A free use of spirituous liquors was once believed to prevent contagion. Contemptuous treatment often gives rise to tempestuous scenes. Contiguous to the infirmary is a barricade. A promiscuous crowd danced a cotillion. Conspicuous among these by his vermilion necktie, was the postillion. Later, a sumptuous banquet was served in the pavilion with scrupulous care. The use of superfluous phrases renders his meaning ambiguous. Is he apt to be crotchety when playing croquet? The ensign's furlough was curtailed. Laudanum should not be used for insomnia.
22
Fishwives are noted for scurrilous language. Viewed merely as a literary work, the Bible is a marvellous volume. The attorney was tremulous when interceding with the jury. The restaurant waiter is garrulous. A courier received an anonymous missive. Mucous expectorations contribute to spread disease. The guillotine is so named from its introducer. A swarthy gypsy maiden played a tambourine dexterously. Stylish ladies may resume the wearing of crinoline. The bugler has an aquiline nose and a ludicrous squint. I found solace in the routine of daily duties. Swine are omnivorous feeders. The vote for the aqueduct was unanimous.
23
He guarantees seats for the matinee at the theatre. The chimpanzee's appearance is uncouth. A forlorn refugee evinces symptoms of chronic rheumatism. Judgment and witticism are often at strife. Cæsar issued a decree to his subjects to be enrolled. The chicken fricassee was insipid. Several instances of lunacy have developed from fanaticism. Four weeks' notice of foreclosure was issued by the mortgagee. I enquire into no man's pedigree. Hypnotism is fraught with danger. The marchioness is bountiful towards her employees.
24 (Review)
The attorney interceded to save the tragedian's assassin from the guillotine. The observance of hygiene alleviated all symptoms of hysterics or rheumatism. The prophets of old were persecuted. A sergeant prosecuted his search for recruits for his regiment. The athlete observes a strict abstinence as to fricassees and spirituous liquors. The beauteous and dexterous equestrienne is marvellously fastidious. I have studied about the auricles of the heart, the œsophagus, and the diaphragm. "The oracles are dumb." Though of plebeian origin his witticisms guaranteed him a place at court.
25
Oiling a machine lessens friction. Moulds are a species of fungus growth. "Discretion is the better part of valor." Repetition induces a habit. Exaggeration is frequently due to a too lively imagination. I dislocated my humerus; there was also a laceration of the epidermis. The abolition of slavery led to the American Civil War. The ultimate extinction of the hippopotamus is probable. Typhus fever is accompanied by great exhaustion. The Board of Conciliation effected a cessation of hostilities. The octopus has attained notoriety from tales of its ferocity. Bunions and chilblains are annoying.
26
Saltpetre is used in curing bacon. Scouts were detailed to reconnoitre. Is the inscription on the pendant decipherable? Every manœuvre of the battalion was exact. There were frequent massacres of the pioneers by the Indians. A stricture of the intestines made an operation necessary. Christ's sepulchre was rock-hewn. The militia are accoutred with carbines of small calibre. The sexton gave a minute description of the conflagration. Orchids grew in the fissures of the cliff. The niche is occupied by a handsome statue. He sells dentists' forceps. Stupefaction was due to his inhaling gas. The apostles made annunciation of the gospel. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." The sutures of the skull are not tied by ligaments.
27
In surgery precision is essential in making incisions. The oppression of Christians began after Christ's ascension. The author has pretensions to elegance of diction. Suppression of feeling strengthens character. The portico is of Roman style. The Queen's intercession secured a reprieve. The sirocco poisons the atmosphere. Condescension is a noble quality. Indigo is a permanent dye. The assassin was proficient in wielding a stiletto. Our geography has an allusion to the armadillo. There were lively dissensions among the Israelites regarding the expected Messiah.
28
Her trousseau was conveyed in a portmanteau. A recent issue of the gazette describes the count's chateau. The coquette is an adept in dancing the minuet. The graceful minaret was readily discerned from the height of the plateau. A series of tableaux was a complete hoax. The best instruments in the quartette were the clarionet and the flageolet. Does etiquette permit ladies to promenade on the parapet? The florist makes a specialty of mignonette. Take quinine in capsules. I descended in a parachute, swinging on a trapeze. The accounts of the diocese show a deficit. His post at the union depot is a sinecure. Buy sachet powder.
29
He could neither malign nor cozen the judge. His benign countenance indicates benevolence. Ski-ing is exhilarating. A deacon bore the Archbishop's crosier. Censure arraigns both private motives and public actions. The sky was vested in azure. The price of baize and chintz fluctuates. The vizier concentrated his troops, and the besieged garrison capitulated. The ringleaders were castigated, but the sufferings of the troops were alleviated. Accumulate knowledge rather than wealth. The epicure disdains macaroni. Give an approximate estimate of the cost. Simplicity should not be imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated.
30 (Review)
The manœuvres of the army corps were to prevent a repetition of the massacres. The hippopotamus is a species of quadruped not yet annihilated. Explain the uses of the calyx, the cotyledon, and the tendril. Acquire an extensive vocabulary and correct orthography. My adherence to the king resulted in forfeiture of my patrimony. Very exhilarating is the climb to plateaux perfumed by mignonette. His presumptuous adherents aggravated the quarrel. The loss of her trousseau in the conflagration stupefied the coquette. He exaggerates his mediocre abilities.
31
Linoleum and petroleum are got wholesale at an emporium. The pendulum is of nickel. Distinguish between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. A public abattoir replaced the slaughter houses. The patient's delirium is attributed to doses of laudanum. The superintendent was the recipient of a meerschaum pipe. The delinquent auctioneer was accused of fraudulent dealings. The mausoleum is adjacent to the reservoir. His query was to elicit the antecedent of the relative pronoun. Calumny was utterly repellent to him. The amethyst and sapphire are precious stones.
32
The decalogue is kept in every synagogue. The precocious child was very capricious. He prescribed an efficacious elixir. The pedagogue taught syntax and etymology. The poet is avaricious of fame. The larceny of the diaper towelling and dimity was a malicious act. The demagogue incited a political intrigue. Cats are tenacious of life. Is the chamois pugnacious? Pernicious literature should be suppressed. Though handsome, she is too loquacious to fascinate her auditors. The cumbrous avoirdupois system is still used for weighing coarser commodities. He wreaked dire vengeance for the atrocious homicide. At the approaching session of Parliament the cession of territory will be broached. I throttled the dastard who vilified you, my liege.
33
Rice is highly nutritious. Licentious and superstitious, the Roman Empire fell. Though facetious in speech he is not ostentatious in manner. A pretentious subaltern solicited leave to head a sortie. The weather was not propitious for a nocturnal expedition. Listening to the canticles in the synagogue, I fell into a reverie. The ancient chronicles relate many trivial episodes. While contentious in harangue he is not seditious in act. The conscientious physician prescribed for my carbuncle. Exercise develops muscle. The cuticle envelops the body. He robbed the eagle's aerie. The Puritans proscribed theatres. At the menagerie, wages are paid in gold specie. The blood corpuscles readily coagulate.
34
The sentinel's warning averted a catastrophe. An influential friend of ours contemplates building a substantial residence. Consequential people often aim to take the initiative. He wrote an epitome of the extempore speech. A diminutive hussar dealt a decisive stroke with his scimitar. The seductive path bordered by anemones proved deceptive. On receiving a souvenir of the nuptial ceremony he expressed his gratitude. Omit the recipe for anchovy sauce. Lightning struck a boat that was lightening its load. Bologna sausage satiated his appetite. The escapades of the dissolute servitor were scandalous. Dahlias, fuchsias, and zinnias.
35
Our lacrosse team won the trophy in two consecutive years. Is scarlatina infectious? Is he appreciative of the stimulus afforded by competitive examinations? Influenza and pneumonia are very prevalent. The insignia of office were conferred after the regatta. Every library requires a cyclopædia. Dyspepsia and neuralgia are not conducive to vivacity. The gauger was in a sad dilemma when the faucet and spigot were lost. The skirmish is suggestive of guerilla tactics. The closing of a business letter may be, "Yours respectfully." Knight or vassal, let each respectively do his duty. Near the cañon is a geyser, beside a hazel copse.
36 (Review)
Malicious or facetious remarks were utterly abhorrent to the superintendent. The suicide's remains were borne on a bier to the morgue and embalmed. The capricious coquette contemned her suitor's offer. A guerilla war ensued from a seditious intrigue of avaricious vassals. That scimitar is a souvenir of a disastrous exploit therein. He condemned the recipe as not efficacious for erysipelas or pneumonia. An epitome of some chronicles about our antecedents is given in an encyclopædia. I prefer dahlias or fuchsias to chrysanthemums. A diminutive meerschaum pipe.
37
The major's autograph on the frontispiece of his biography was in strange calligraphy. The beaver is amphibious. At the pharmacy I got a panacea for diphtheria, hydrophobia, and other diseases. The lackey's grotesque physique is humorously portrayed in a burlesque play. All admonitions forbade blasphemy. The miners were asphyxiated by inhaling coal gas. An eclipse of the sun is a striking phenomenon. The avalanche was a picturesque sight. The clique of conspirators failed ignominiously. The sculptor has well represented his clear-cut lineaments.
38
Authentic reports state that the ambassador, though eccentric, is yet diplomatic. Thraldom or martyrdom was once the penalty for professing Christianity. Pneumatic tires were not used on velocipedes. On Dominion Day the pyrotechnic display was superb. Calisthenic exercises, if not spasmodic, may eradicate certain ailments. The recent statutes give privileges to aliens. In rifling the church they were guilty of sacrilege. He obtained an authentic report on the use of arsenic in cosmetics for the complexion. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic. Describe the lymphatic gland. Hieroglyphics antedated the alphabet. My predecessor obtained a lucrative but monotonous post. An epidemic of diarrhœa raged with virulence in the army.
39
Electricity deodorizes sewage. The patriarchs were remarkable for longevity. He displayed ingenuity in his stage delineations of the beau's eccentricities. During the requiem service and funeral obsequies the solemnity of the scene was impressive. The aborigines of Australia rank low in the scale of humanity. What people are our antipodes? The mal-contents were finally tranquillized. Acids and alkalies neutralize one another. Anticipation is often more pleasurable than realization. Learn how to resuscitate one apparently drowned. Specifications for the water conduits were drawn up with exactitude. Sugar crystallizes readily.
40
Seidlitz powders effervesce. He lopped excrescent growths from his oleanders. Millions of incandescent lights made the scene almost ethereal. Funereal rites await all that is corporeal in man. All mammals are nourished by lacteal fluid. From the cochineal insect a beautiful dye is obtained. Both the larynx and pharynx are concerned in sound production. A baritone voice is intermediate between bass and tenor. Strychnine may be a nerve tonic. The intricate passages of the ear are called the labyrinth. Soft music is quiescent. During convalescence he was prohibited from severe exertion. I enquired for an antidote for vitriol.
A syllable is a sound uttered with one impulse of the breath. The group of letters representing such a sound should never be separated in dividing words; e.g., re-bel´ (verb), reb´-el (noun), pres´-ent (noun), pre-sent´-ed. To divide a word into syllables, pronounce it slowly and correctly, and note the natural division into sounds. In writing, it is preferable to put the whole word on one line. When this cannot well be done, that part of the word left at the end of one line should suggest the part beginning the next line; e.g., happiness should be divided—happi-ness, not hap-piness.
Rules for Spelling.
1. At the end of monosyllables with a short vowel sound, the letters f, l, or s are usually double; e.g., muff, ball, pass.
2. Words ending in silent e usually drop it on adding any suffix beginning with a vowel; e.g., come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.
Exceptions:—(i) Words ending in ce or ge retain the e before the suffixes able and ous, in order to keep the soft sound of c or g; e.g., traceable, outrageous.
(ii) Words ending in ee, oe, or ye retain the final e when ing is added; e.g., freeing, shoeing, eyeing.
3. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant before a vowel-suffix, e.g., clap, clapper; clan, clannish; nod, nodded; prefer, preferring.
Exception:—When the derivative has the place of the accent changed, the final consonant is not doubled; e.g., prefer´, pref´erence. Note also, gases, gaseous, transferable, woolly.
4. Words ending in a single l double it before a vowel-suffix; e.g., chisel, chiselled; revel, reveller; cancel, cancelling. But, paralleled.
5. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant usually change the y into i when a suffix not beginning with i is added; e.g., cry, cries, crying.
Exceptions:—Dryly, dryness; shyly, shyness; slyly, slyness.
Note also daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid.
6. ei or ie. When sounded like long e, i comes before e except after c; e.g., piece, deceit. But, either, neither, plebeian, seize, leisure, weird.
When not sounded like long e, the order of the letters is always ei; e.g., skein, height.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
The root of a word is the shortest form in which it appears. Thus tal, meaning number, speech, is the root of tale, a number counted; tale, a story; tell, narrate; toll, something counted out; talk, discourse.
The root of a word may undergo modification and become a stem. Thus love is the stem of the root lov-, and to this stem are added such inflections as -est, -s, -d, as loves, lovest, loved.
Again, to the root of a word may be added a prefix or suffix, thereby forming a new word called a derivative.
If to the root dar-, dear, the prefix en- be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix -ling gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions.
Word-making is often effected by compounding. A compound word is one made by uniting two words together, as sea-lion.
Compound Nouns are formed in various ways:—(a) by uniting a noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's spell or story; (b) noun with adjective: redbird, midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (c) noun with verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (d) noun with adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (e) noun with preposition: afterthought, byword, onset; (f) verb with adverb: drawback, farewell, income, welcome.
Compound Adjectives are numerous:—(a) Noun with adjective: barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (b) noun with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid, worm-eaten; (c) adverb with participle: bygone, everlasting, far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (d) noun with noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (e) nouns with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, + ed: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted, under-handed.
Compound Verbs are few:—(a) Verb with noun: backbite, browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (b) verb with adjectives: dumbfound, fulfil, whitewash; (c) verb with adverb: don = do on, doff = do off, outdo.
Compound Adverbs are made by uniting (a) noun with noun: endways, sideways; (b) noun with adjective: always, breast-high, meanwhile, sometimes; (c) preposition with noun: outside, overboard; (d) adverb with preposition: hereafter, therein, whereupon.
A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin—it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin.
English Prefixes.
Inseparable prefixes have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:—
A-, on: away, alive; at: ahead: of: akin.
And-, against (Greek anti-): answer (sweri-an, to declare).
Be-, old form of by: betimes, bypath; in verbs: bedaub (daub all over), bewail (wail for), benumb (make numb).
For-, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego.
Fore-, first, before: foresight, forejudge.
Mis-, wrong, wrongly: misdeed, miscall, mislead.
Un-, not: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it indicates the reverse of the simple verb: unbind, unfold, unmask.
With-, against, (from): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold.
Separable Prefixes.
After, after: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought.
All (old Eng. al), all: almost, alone.
Forth, forth: forthcoming.
In (French en), in: inborn, illusion, import, irruption; encase, enclose; entwine, embody, employ; enable = to make able, embitter.
Off or of, off, from: offal = what falls off, offspring.
On, against, towards: onset, onslaught, onward.
Out has a sense of direction or surpassing, (beyond): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (i.e., outer, outmost).
Over, over, above: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-bold.
Through = thorough: throughout, thoroughfare, thoroughbred, through-ticket.
Twi, two, double: twice, twilight = double or doubtful light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted.
Under, below, lower: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone.
Up, up: upland, upshot, upbraid, uphold, uprise, upward.
Latin (and French) Prefixes.
A-, ab-, (ab-s-), away from: avert, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt.
Ad-, (Fr. a-) (-d is often changed because of the influence of the following consonant), to: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount.
Amb- or am-, around, round about, (both): ambition (lit. going about, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around).
Ante-, before: antedate, ante-room, anticipate; Fr., an- in ancestor = antecessor.
Bis- and bi-, twice, two: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked).
Circum-, around: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent.
Cum-, with, takes the forms com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, under the influence of the letter following: compound, concord, collect, coöperate, correct, counsel.
Contra-, against: contradict; Fr., controvert, counterfeit.
De-, down, from: decline, deduct, decamp. It is negative in derange, deform, destroy; intensive in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate.
Dis-, di-, asunder, separation: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., des-, de- in defer, defy, delay, descant.
Ex-, e-, out, out of, proceeding from: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade.
Extra-, beyond: extraneous, extraordinary, extravagant.
In-, in, into, on: infer, invade, invent. It also becomes il-, im-, ir-, before certain consonants, as illusion, improve, irrigate.
In-, not: incapable, illiberal, impious, irrelevant, ignoble.
Inter-, intro-, among, between, within: interfere, intervene, introspection.
Male-, bad, ill, wrong: malcontent, malpractice, maltreat.
Mis-, ill, wrong: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief.
Non-, not: nonage, nonentity, nonsense.
Ob-, toward, facing, against: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose.
Pene-, almost: peninsula, penult.
Per-, through, often intensive, throughout, thoroughly—and so wrongly: perspire, pervade; persist, perturb, pervert; pellucid, pilgrim (see ager). Fr. par-: pardon.
Post-, after: postdate, posthumous, post-mortem, postscript.
Pre-, before: precede, precursor, preëmpt, premature, premise, prevent.
Preter-, beyond, more than: preterite (of past time), preternatural.
Pro-, before, for, forward: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; por-tend. Fr., pur: purchase, pursue.
Re-, red-, back, again: rebel, recede, recover, redeem.
Retro-, backwards: retroactive, retrograde, retrospect.
Se-, sed-, apart: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate.
Sub-, under, from under: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (i.e., lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious.
Super-, above, beyond: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., sur-, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all).
Trans-, across: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., tres-, trespass.
Ultra-, beyond: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical.
Vice-, in place of: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar.
Greek Prefixes.
A-, an- (before vowels), not: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain.
Amphi-, on both sides, double: amphibious, amphitheatre.
Ana-, up, back, anew: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema.
Anti-, against: antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax.
Apo-, from, away from, off: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy.
Arch-, chief: archangel, archbishop, archfiend, archi-tect.
Auto-, self: autocrat, autograph, automobile, autonomy, automatic, aut-opsy.
Cata-, down, (thoroughly): cataract, catastrophe, catechise, catalogue, (a complete numbering).
Dia-, through, (between): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm.
Dis-, di-, twice, doubly: dissyllable, di-phthong, dilemma.
Dys-, ill, bad: dysentery, dyspepsia.
Ec-, ex-, out, out of: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise.
En-, in: energy, emblem, emphasis, empiric, encomium, encyclic, endo-gen.
Epi-, upon, to: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ep-hemeral, ep-och.
Eu-, well: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news.
Exo-, outside, without: exo-gen, exoteric, exotic.
Hemi-, half: hemicycle, hemisphere, hemi-stich.
Hyper-, over, beyond measure: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy.
Hypo-, under: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one).
Meta-, after, between, (changed for): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos).
Para-, beside, near by, contrary to: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion.
Peri-, around, near: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion.
Pro-, before, for: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter.
Syn-, with, together: synagogue, syntax, syl-lable, sym-pathy, sy-stem.
Suffixes, sometimes called affixes or postfixes, are even more numerously employed in English than are prefixes, and, indeed, have a greater modifying power over the words to which they are attached. They consist of a letter or letters, syllable or syllables appended to the end of words or roots, and, like prefixes, are borrowed mainly from old English, Latin (French) and Greek.
English Suffixes.
Nouns.—The most important are:—
-ard, -art, denoting habit, or possession of a quality in an excessive degree: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard.
-craft, strength, skill, cunning: woodcraft, priestcraft, witchcraft.
-d, -t, -th, suffixed to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal).
-dom, authority, dominion, quality, condition: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom.
-en, gives a diminutive meaning: chicken (little cock), kitten, maiden.
-er, denotes agent: instrument; belonging to (of places): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, saw(y)er, writer; grater, heater; Londoner.
-hood, (-head), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead.
-ing, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping.
-kin, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin.
-le or -l, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= little seat), satchel, sickle.
-ling, diminutive, sometimes contemptuous: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling.
-lock, state: wedlock.
-ness, forms abstract nouns from adjectives, quality, state: goodness, holiness, weakness.
-ock, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a little park), Pollock (= little Paul).
-m, or -om, forms nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (glow), seam (sew), team (tow).
-red, state, sometimes collective, quality: hatred, kindred; Mildred (mild in counsel), Ethelred (noble in counsel).
-ric, office, dominion: bishopric.
-ship, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship).
-stead, place: bedstead, homestead, instead.
-ster denotes an agent, (originally a woman), a person who does something with skill or as an occupation: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It is depreciative in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster.
-th, -t, state, quality, act, number in order: dearth, filth, mirth, wealth, worth, theft, tenth.
-ther, -der, or -ter denotes an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind).
-wright, work or workman: millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright.
-ward, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward.
-y, -ie, diminutive: baby, lassie, Tommy, Willie.
Adjectives.—Some of the more important are:—
-ed, -d, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (possessing lands), talented.
-en, participial ending, also denotes material: drunken, given, hewn (= hewen), molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silvern, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country).
-erly, -ern, direction, section: southerly, eastern.
-fast, firm: rootfast, shamefaced (= shamefast), steadfast.
-fold, times: fourfold, manifold.
-ful, full: artful, hopeful, needful, sinful.
-ish, similarity, pertaining or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish.
-le, weakens the root: brittle, fickle, little.
-less, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless.
-like, -ly, like: childlike, Godlike, ghastly (= ghostly), womanly.
-ow, modern form of old Eng. -u: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow.
-right, straight (= direct): downright, forthright, upright.
-some, like, full: blithesome (showing gladness), burdensome, gamesome, gladsome, irksome, winsome (wyn = joy).
-teen, ten: thirteen, etc.
-ty, tens: thirty, etc.
-ward, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward.
-wise, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, nowise. The word ways is often substituted: endways, sideways.
-y, -ey, like, of the nature of, covered with: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky.
Verb and Adverb Suffixes are much fewer and less important than those used to form nouns and adjectives. The following may be noted:—
Verbs.—
-en, is causative, make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken.
-er, denotes frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine).
-le, also denotes frequency, sometimes energy: handle, jingle (chink), joggle, shuffle (shove), sparkle, startle, tickle, tipple, whittle.
Adverbs.—Certain suffixes occur which have already been given, as:—
-ly, manner: awkwardly, falsely, nobly.
-wise, manner: crosswise, otherwise.
-ward, direction: hitherward.
Latin (and French) Suffixes.
Latin Suffixes, alike numerous and important, have in perhaps the majority of cases taken on a French form. For although, prior to the Norman Conquest, English had been but slightly influenced from foreign sources, yet Norman French, the language of the Conquerors, survived long enough to produce an impression on the language of England.
Noun Suffixes.—The most important of these are:—
-acy, -cy, rank, office, state: abbacy, bankruptcy, captaincy, magistracy, papacy, tenancy.
-ade, state, place of or for: blockade, collonade, promenade, serenade.
-age, makes an abstract or collective noun, act, state: beverage, bondage, courage, homage, marriage, tonnage, vintage, cordage, hermitage, plumage, village.
-al, pertaining to, possessing, act of: animal (anima = breath of life), canal, cardinal, hospital, withdrawal.
-an, belonging to: American, artisan, Christian, librarian, pagan, publican, chaplain, captain.
-ance, -ence, | } | form abstract nouns, the act of: abundance, diligence, repentance, consistence, pliancy, clemency. |
-ancy, -ency, | } |
-and, -end, that which is to be: memorand-um, -a, agend-a, multiplicand; dividend, legend, minuend, subtrahend.
-ant, -ent (participle), one who (does): assistant, combatant, lieutenant, litigant, agent, client, patient, regent.
-ar, one who (is or does): scholar, vicar.
-ary, place for: apiary, granary, library, seminary. It also designates a trade, profession, business: actuary, commissary, lapidary, notary, secretary; incendiary, voluptuary.
-ate, agent, state, office: advocate, consulate, curate, legate, postulate, protectorate, pontificate.
-ce, -ice, form abstract nouns: benefice, device, justice, palace, service.
-cle, -cel, diminutive: corpuscle, parcel.
-ee, (Fr. form of -ate), person to whom: assignee, employee, grantee, legatee, trustee, vendee.
-el, -le, form diminutives: chapel, libel, buckle, castle.
-er, -eer, -ier, one who (does): mariner, auctioneer, pioneer, brigadier.
-er, place: larder, saucer.
-ern, place: cavern, cistern, tavern.
-ery, -ry, place: cemetery, foundry, laundry, nunnery, surgery.
-ery, -ry, condition, quality, collection, production: slavery, bravery, treachery, finery, peasantry, carpentry, poetry.
-ess, feminine agent: empress, governess, sorceress.
-et, -let, diminutive: coronet, floweret, lancet, puppet, ticket, bracelet, chaplet, eaglet; etiquette (= a little ticket).
-icle, diminutive: article, icicle, particle.
-ion, -sion, -tion, action, process, state, result: action, legislation, mansion, opinion, position, rebellion.
-ive, who or that which (does or is): fugitive, native, representative.
-men, -me, -ment, denoting result accomplished, instrument, state; regimen, regime, amendment, document, ornament, banishment.
-mony, quality, state, act: acrimony, matrimony, sanctimony, testimony, ceremony.
-on, -one, denotes greatness: clarion, flagon, million, trombone. It appears as -oon in balloon, dragoon, saloon.
-or, agent, quality, act: emperor, governor, ardour, behaviour, savor, clamour.
-sel, diminutive: damsel (= little dame), morsel.
-t, -ot, agent, having passion for: prophet, patriot, zealot.
-ter, person who: master, minister.
-tor, -trix, agent: actor, competitor, pastor, executrix, testatrix.
-tude, condition, quality: altitude, fortitude, servitude, multitude.
-ty, quality, state of: charity, docility, frailty, poverty, vanity.
-ule, -cule, diminutive: globule, spherule, animalcule, molecule.
-ure, -ture, act of, thing done: capture, departure, architecture, manufacture, creature.
-y, condition, collection: victory, company, family, society.
Adjective Suffixes.—The Latin (and French) suffixes are used extensively to form adjectives. The following may be noted:—
-able, able, capable of: amiable, arable, capable, considerable, friable (= easily crumbled), lovable, portable.
-aceous, containing, like: argillaceous (clayey), crustaceous (with crust-like shell), farinaceous (far, corn), herbaceous.
-al, pertaining to: ancestral, bestial, communal, final, legal, tidal, vernal.
-an, pertaining to, belonging to: Arabian, civilian, human, partisan, sylvan.
-ant, -ent, (be)-ing, (do)-ing: abundant, cognizant, defiant, errant, observant, mordant, verdant, adjacent, consistent, convalescent, crescent, diffident, effervescent.
-ar, like, belonging to: angular, circular, lunar, secular.
-ary, pertaining to: binary (double), capillary, honorary, military, sanitary, tributary, visionary.
-ate, having the quality expressed by the root: delicate, deliberate, fortunate, intricate, obdurate.
-atic, pertaining to: aquatic, fanatic (fānum, temple), lunatic.
-esque, like, partaking of: arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, picturesque.
-ible, able: credible, divisible, edible, flexible, frangible, tangible, visible.
-ic, pertaining to, like: domestic, gigantic, hectic, lyric, metallic, poetic.
-ical (-ic + al), pertaining to: angelical, chemical, nautical, theatrical.
-id, quality: acid, candid, limpid, morbid, sordid.
-il, pertaining to: civil.
-ile, like -able, -ible: docile, ductile, fragile, mobile, prehensile, versatile.
-ile, like -il: hostile, infantile, juvenile, mercantile, senile.
-ine, pertaining to, partaking of: adamantine, alkaline, aquiline, canine, clandestine, divine, feline, saline.
-ive, inclined to, tending to: abusive, cohesive, corrective, determinative, fugitive, plaintive, relative, seductive.
-ite, like -ate: definite, exquisite, favourite.
-lent, full of, having (to excess): corpulent, fraudulent, opulent, truculent, violent (vi-s = force).
-ory, inclined to, pertaining to: amatory, accessory, advisory, illusory, prohibitory, sensory, valedictory.
-ose, containing, abounding in (often to excess): bellicose, comatose, globose, grandiose, jocose, verbose.
-ous, like -ose: ambitious, arduous, assiduous, bulbous, furious, piteous, poisonous, omnivorous, riotous.
-und, inclined to, possessing: jocund, moribund, rotund, rubicund.
Verb Suffixes.—These are few:—
-ate, originally past participle suffix, as am-āt-us, loved: celebrate, donate, eradicate, perforate, vaccinate.
-fy, make: beautify, fructify, modify, notify, revivify.
-ish, make, do: admonish, cherish, establish, finish, relish.
Greek Suffixes.
Although not numerous, Greek suffixes are important in English word-making. They are used principally in making nouns.
Nouns:—
-asm, quality, that which: enthusiasm, sarcasm (= flesh-tearing).
-ast, one who (does): elegiast, enthusiast, gymnast, symposiast.
-ic (-ics), an art, science: logic, music, phthisic (asthma), physic (science of medicine), ethics, physics, politics, statics, tactics.
-isk, diminutive: asterisk (= little star), obelisk (little spit or pillar).
-ism, act of, result, state, doctrine: atheism, baptism, criticism, euphemism, socialism, schism, syllogism, Anglicanism, stoicism.
-ist, denotes practice, occupation: apologist, chemist, copyist, elegist, eulogist, Hebraist, organist.
-ma, -m, result produced: asthma, diorama, dogma, drama, apothegm, theorem.
-sis, act of, result: analysis, emphasis, genesis, periphrasis, synthesis.
-sy, like -sis: apostasy, epilepsy, hypocrisy, idiosyncrasy, palsy (= paraly-sis), poesy.
-t, -te, one who (does or is): apostate, comet (= long-haired), planet (= wanderer), poet (= maker).
-ter, (-tre), place of, instrument: center, meter, philter (love-potion), theatre (theā-, see).
-y, denotes quality, state, science: autonomy, botany, geography, geometry, logomachy, melancholy, monarchy, philosophy, theology, theory.
Adjectives:—
-ac, pertaining to: cardiac, elegiac, hypochondriac, Syriac.
-ic, belonging to, like; aromatic, athletic, authentic, despotic, frantic, Hebraic, hypnotic, idiotic, monarchic, polytechnic, theoretic.
Verbs:—
-ize (-ise), do, make or cause to be: baptize, criticise, dogmatize, Hellenize, ostracize, proselytize, theorize. It is often attached to stems not derived from Greek: anglicize, authorize, Judaize, botanize, fertilize, naturalize, pulverize, scrutinize, terrorize.
The native force of English was such that it came to be a highly developed language, possessing a copious vocabulary and a rich literature in prose and verse. Indeed, the English quite surpassed their Norman conquerors in learning and literary culture. It is this English that lies at the foundation of the English of to-day, and some attention may well be given to old English root-words.
Āc, an oak, gives us oak, acorn, Acton.
Bac-an, to bake: baker, baxter (female baker), batch.
Ban-a, a slayer: bane, baneful, henbane.
Bēat-an, to stroke: beat, bat, battle, beetle, batter.
Beorg-an, to shelter: bury, burrow, burgh, harbour, harbinger.
Bēr-an, to bear: bear, birth, bairn, breed, brood, bier, barrow, brother, bird.
Bēt-an, to make good: better, best, boot (to boot).
Bind-an, to bind: band, bond, bondage, bundle.
Bit, to bite: bit, beetle, bait, bitter.
Blāw-an, to puff: bladder, blain, blast, blister, blot, bloat.
Blōw-an, to blossom: blow, bloom, blossom, blade.
Brec-an, to break: break, breakers, brake, bracken, breach.
Brēow-an, brew, brewer, broth, bread.
Būg-an, to bend: bow, elbow, bough, bight.
Byrn-an, to burn: burn, brown, brimstone, brand, brandy, brindled.
Catt, a cat: catkin, kitten, caterpillar, caterwaul.
Cēapi-an, to buy: cheap, cheapen, chap, chaffer, Chapman.
Cen-an, to produce: kin, kindred, kind, kindle.
Cēow-an, to chew: chew, cheek, cud.
Clēow-an, to split: cleave, cleaver, cleft, clover (split grass).
Clifi-an, to stick to: clip, cleave (together).
Cnāw-an, to know: ken, know, knowledge.
Cnot-ta, a knot: knot, knit, net.
Cunn-an, to know, be able: can, con, cunning, uncouth.
Cweth-an, to say: quoth, bequeath, bequest.
Cwic, alive: quick, quicken, quickset, quicksilver.
Dæ-an, to divide: deal, dole, dale, dell.
Dēm-an, to judge: deem, doom, doomsday, king-dom.
Dēor, dear, dearth, darling, endear.
Dōn, to act: do, don, doff, deed.
Drag-an, to draw: drag, draw, dray, draft, drain, dredge, draggle, drawl.
Drīf-an, to push: drive, drove, drift, adrift.
Drinc-an, to soak: drink, drench.
Drīp-an, to drip: drip, drop, droop, dribble, driblet.
Dryge, dry: dry, drought, drugs (dried plants).
Far-an, to go: far, fare, welfare, ferry, ford.
Fēower, four: farthing, firkin, fourteen, fortnight, forty.
Flēog-an, to flee: fly, flight, flea, fledged.
Flēot-an, to float: float, fleet, afloat, flotsam.
Fōd-a, food, feed: food, fodder, foster, father, forage.
Fōn, [P.P. gefangen], to catch: fang, finger, new fangled.
Frēon, to love: friend, friendship.
Gal-an, to sing: gale, yell, nightingale.
Gang-an, to go: gang, gangway, ago.
Gnag-an, to bite: gnaw, gnat, nag (to tease).
Graf-an, to dig, cut: grave, engrave, graft, groove, carve.
Grīp-an, to seize: grip, gripe, grasp, grab, grope.
Gyrd-an, to surround: gird, girdle, garden, yard, vineyard.
Hæl-an, to heal: hale, holy, hallow, health, hail, whole, wholesome, wassail.
Hebb-an, to raise: heave, heaven, heavy, (heave-offering).
Hlāf, bread, loaf: loaf, lord (hlāford, loaf-keeper), lady (hlœfdīge = loaf-kneader).
Licg-an, to lie: lie, lay, layer, lair, outlay.
Loda, guide: lead, lodestar, lodestone.
Māg-an, to be able: may, main, might, mighty.
Māw-an, to cut: mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow (mown spot).
Mōn-a, moon: month, moon, (moonshiner).
Nasu, nose: nose, nasal, nostril, nozzle.
Penn-an, to shut up: pen, pin, pound, impound.
Pīc, point: pike, peak, picket, pike (a fish), peck, pecker.
Rēaf, clothing, spoil: rob, robber, reave, bereave, reever, robe.
Scēap-an, to form: shape, ship, scape (landscape).
Scēot-an, to throw: shoot, shot, shut, sheet, shutter, shuttle, scud.
Scer-an, to cut: shear, share, shire, scar, scare, score, sharp, short, shirt, skirt, shred, scrip, scrap.
Scuf-an, to push: shove, shovel, shuffle, scruffle, sheaf, scoop.
Sitt-an, to sit: sit, set, seat, settle.
Slē-an, to strike: slay, slaughter, slog, sledge.
Slīp-an, to slip: slop, slipper, sleeve.
Snīc-an, to crawl: sneak, snake, snail.
Stede, place: stead, instead, homestead, steady, steadfast.
Stici-an, to stick: stick, stitch, stake, stock, stockade, stock-still.
Stīg-an, to climb: stair, stile, stirrup, sty.
Styr-an, to direct: steer, stern, steerage.
Sweri-an, to declare: swear, answer (and-, against), forswear.
Tæc-an, to teach: teach, teacher, token, taught.
Tell-an, to account: tell, tale, talk, toll, teller.
Tēon, to draw: tow, tug.
Thæc, roof: thatch, deck.
Tred-an, to walk: tread, treadle, trade, tradesman.
Trūwa, good faith: true, truth, troth, betroth.
Twā, two: twain, twelve, twenty, twig, twine, twist.
Wana, lacking: wan, wane, want, wanton.
Wef-an, to weave: weaver, web, woof.
Warū, defense: war, wary, aware, ward, guard, guardian.
Wit-an, to know: wit, wise, wisdom, wistful, witness.
Wraest-an, to wrest: wrest, wrestle, wrist.
English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words began, and during the next two hundred years the majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over into English.
Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity. This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.
The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, acrid; audīt-, auditor. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French into the English language.
Ac-, sharp—āc-er (acr-) sharp; ăc-us, needle, ac-uo, I sharpen: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager (Fr. aigre, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. vin, wine, + aigre), acetic.
aed-es, a building; aedi-fic-āre (see facio), to build (up): edi-fice, edi-fy.
aes, money—aes-tim-are to value: estim-ate, in-estim-able, esteem, aim (Fr.).
ăger (agr-), field, country; per-agr-are, to travel through: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agri-culture (see colo).
ăg-o (ag-ito), I drive, perform; act-us, performed: ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act, transact, amb-ig-uous.
ali-us, other; al-ter, the other: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n.
ăl-tus, high: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.).
ăm-o (amāt-), I love; amī-cus, friend: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.).
anim-a, air, breath of life; anim-us, mind: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see verto), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (aequus), animalcule.
ann-us, year: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (verto), annual, per-enn-ial.
antiqu-us (anticus), ancient: antique, antiquary, antiquity, antic.
apt-us, fitted, suitable; in-ept-us, senseless: apt, aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept.
aqua, water: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (duco).
arbiter, (arbitr-), umpire: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary.
ar-, join—ar-ma, fittings, arms; ar-tus, joint: arm, armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Span.), armi-stice (sto).
ar-s (same root as above), skill: art, artisan, artist, artifice (fac-), in-ert.
audi-o (audīt-), hear; aur-is, ear; ob-oedi-o, (hearken to), obey: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium, audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist.
Bell-um, old form duellum, war: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel, revel (Fr.).
bĕnĕ, well, bŏnus, good: bene-dic-tion, beni-son; bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (facio); bene-vol-ent (vŏlo); beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.).
bis, bi, twice; bini, two by two: bi-cycle, bi-ennial, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (twice baked), bin-ary, combine.
brev-is, short: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate.
Caballus, a nag: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry.
căd-o (cĭd-), I fall; căs-us, a fall: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.
caed-o (caes-), I cut; in-cīd-o, (in-cīs-) I cut in: de-cide, incisive, precise.
camp-us, plain, field: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign (Fr.).
cand-, be white, glow—cand-idus, white; in-cend-o (cens-), kindle: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent, incend-iary, incense.
can-o (cant-), cant-o (cantāt-), I sing: can-orous, cant-icle, canto, cant.
căp-io, (capt-), ac-cip-io (cept-), take, receive: capacity, capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt (Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape.
căpŭt (căpĭt-), head: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. chapitre), catt-le and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.
căro (carn-) flesh: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr. and Ital.
car-us, dear; cāritas, dearness, love: charity, cherish (Fr. cher = cār-).
cast-us, pure; castīgo (castigāt-), punish: castigate, chaste.
caus-a, cause; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation.
cav-us, hollow: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery (Fr.).
ced-o (cess-), go, yield, leave off: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed.
cens-eo, I assess, judge: census, censor, censure.
cent-um hundred: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.
cern-o (crēt-), I distinguish, decide; cert-us, fixed: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.
circ-um, around; circ-us, circle: circle, circular, circuit (ĭ-), circum-spect.
cīvi-s, citizen; cīvi-tas, state, city: civic, civilize, civilian, city and citadel.
clam-o, (clamāt-), I cry out: claim, exclaim, declamation.
claud-o, (claus-), I shut; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude.
clīv-us, slope; in-clīno (clīnāt-), bend: de-clivity, in-clination, declension.
colo, (cult-), I till, revere; colon-us, farmer: colony, cult, culture.
cōmmodus, convenient: commodity, incommode, accommodate.
cōpia, plenty: copious, copy, cornucopia.
cŏr (cord-), heart: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core, cour-age (Fr.).
cŏrōn-a, garland, crown; corolla (lit. little crown) chaplet: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary.
corpus (corpŏr-), body: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle.
crēd-o (crēdit-), I trust, believe: credential, credit, ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).
crĕ-o (creāt-), produce, crēsc-o (crēt-), grow, creator, cresc-ent.
crĕm-o (crĕmāt-), I burn: cremate, cremationist, crematory.
crux (crŭc-), cross: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Span.), cross, cruise.
cŭp-id-us, desiring: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness.
cūra, care; cūr-o (cūrāt-) care for: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = without).
curr-o (curs-), I run: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course.
Damnum, loss; damn-o (damnāt-), condemn: damn, condemnation, indemnity, dam-age (Fr.).
dēbe-o (dēbit-), I owe: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.
decem, ten: December (orig. the tenth month), decim-al, decennial.
dĕc-et, it is becoming; dĕc-us (dĕcŏr-), ornament: dec-ent, decor-um.
dens (dent-), tooth: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent.
dĕ-us, God: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform.
dīc-o (dĭct-), say; dĭc-o (dĭcāt-), proclaim: dictum, diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (vērus), ab-dicate, predicate.
dĭ-es, day: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.), meri-dian.
dign-us, worthy; dign-itas, worth: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.).
disc-o, I learn; dŏce-o (doct-) I teach: disciple, docile, doctor, doct-rine.
do (dăt-), dōn-o (dōnāt-), I give, present: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= ad + do), render (Fr.; re-, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.
dŏl-eo, I grieve; dŏl-or, grief, pain: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent.
dŏm-o (dŏmĭt-) I subdue; dŏmin-us, lord, master: in-domitable, dominant.
dŏm-us, house: domestic, domicile.
dormi-o (dormīt-), I sleep: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.).
duc- lead—duc-o (dŭct-); ēdŭc-o (educāt-), I rear; dux (dŭc-), leader: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education.
duo, two: dual, duel (see bellum), double (Fr.; duplus), doublet, duplex.
Ĕm-o (empt-), I buy; ex-emp-lum, example: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; red-imo).
ĕs-se, to be; ab-s-ens (absent-), being away; fŭtūrus about to be: ess-ence (lit., being, existence), present, ent-ity, futurity, inter-est.
Făber (făbr-), workman; fabric-a, workshop: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.).
făci-es, form, face: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face (Fr.), façade (Fr.).
făci-o, (fact-), I make; ef-fĭci-o (effect-); făcil-is, easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer.
fall-o, (fals-), I deceive: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.).
fānum, temple; fēstus, festal: fane, fanatic, pro-fane, festive.
fā-, speak—fāri (fāt-, fān-), to speak; fā-bula, tale; fā-ma, a report: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.
fē-, produce—fēmina, a woman; fēlix, happy: feminine, female, felicity.
fend-, strike, fend—occurs in compound verbs, e.g., de-fend-o, (-fens-), ward off: defend, offend, offence, fence, in-fes-t.
fĕr-o, (lāt-), I bear; fertilis, productive: fertile, in-fer, differ, elated.
fĭd-es, faith; fĭdēlis, fid-us, trusty; foed-us (foeder-), treaty: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy, af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty.
fīlius, son, (fīlia daughter): filial, affiliate, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.).
fing-o, (fĭct-, fĭg-), I fashion, make up: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.
fīnis, end; fīni-o (fīnīt-), I end: fine, con-fine, final, finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish, finesse.
firm-us, steadfast; firm-o (firmat-), I strengthen, strength: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit. support), farm (through Ang. Sax.).
flagr-o (flagrāt), I burn; flam-ma, flame: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.).
flect-o (flex-), I bend: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor, flexion, flexure.
flōs (flōr-), flower; floresc-ĕre, to blossom: flora, florid, florist, florescent.
flu-o (flux-), flow; fluct-us a wave: flu-ent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate.
fŏli-um, leaf; fŏliāt-us leaved: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio.
fōns (font-), a spring: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.
fōrm-a, shape; form-o (formāt-), I shape: form, formal, formula, perform.
forti-s, steadfast, brave: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr., comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress.
frag-, frang-o (fract-), I break: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe.
frāter, brother: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (caedo), friar (Fr.).
frīgidus, be cold; frīger-are, make cold: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant.
frons (front-), forehead: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and frontier.
frūg-, fru-i (fruct-), to enjoy; frūg-es, fructus, fruit; frugi, useful: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal.
fŭgi-o (fŭgit-), I flee: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (febris, fever).
fulge-o (fuls-), shine; fulmen, lightning: refulgent, fulminate.
fŭnd-o (fūs-), I pour; fū-tilis, vain: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile.
fund-us, bottom; fund-āre (fundāt-), to found: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund.
fung-i (funct-), perform: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.
Gĕl-, gelid-us, icy cold; gĕl-āre (gelāt-), to congeal, glacies, ice: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).
gĕn- (birth)—gĕn-us (gĕnĕr-), (birth), race; gen-s (gent-), nation; gigno (genit-), give birth: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous.
gĕr-o (gĕst-), bear: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.).
grăd-i (gressus), to walk, go; grăd-us, a step: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).
grandis, great: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose.
gran-um, a grain: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and grange.
grātus, acceptable; grātia, favour; grātiae, thanks; gratul-āri, to congratulate: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = ăgĕre grātiās), gracious, gratis, gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.).
grăvis, heavy: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.
grĕx (grĕg-), a flock: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.
Hăbe-o (hăbit-), I have; in compounds -hibeo, prohibeo, prevent; habilis, suitable: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.).
haere-o (haes-), I stick: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate.
hēres (hērēd-), heir: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it (Fr.), heir-loom.
hŏmo (hŏmĭn-), man; humān-us, human; humus, ground; humil-is, lowly: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.).
hŏspes (hŏspĭt-), host, also guest; hŏspĭti-um, inn; hŏstis, enemy: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry, hostler; host (army), hostile.
Idem, same; item, likewise; ĭ-terum, a second time; iterāre, to repeat: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration.
impero (imperāt-), I command; imperium, rule: imperative, empire (Fr.).
insŭla, island: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.).
in-teg-er, whole (= in-tac-t; from tag-, see tango): integer, entire (Fr.).
intellego (intellect-), I understand: intelligent, intellect, intellectualism.
īra, anger, irāsc-i, to be angry: irate, iracund, irascible, ire (Fr.)
ĭ-, go—This root is found in ĕo (ĭt-), I go; ī-tio, ĭ-tus, a going; iter (ĭtĭner-), a going, march; ĭn-ĭ-tium, a beginning: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = apart), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.
Jac-, throw—jăcĭo (ject- in compounds), I throw; jăct-ūra, jăculātio, casting; jac-ēre, to lie (down): jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from jacēre).
jŏcus, jest; jŭcundus, pleasant: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (jeu parti = even chance) (Fr.).
jūdex (jūdic-), a judge; jūs (jūr-), right; jūrāre, to swear; justus, just; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust.
jŭg-um, yoke; jung-o (junct-), I join; juxta, near to: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.
jŭvĕnis, young: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.
jūv-o (jūt-), I aid: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.).
Lāb-, glide down—lapsus, a gliding, fall: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse.
laed-o (laes-), strike, hurt; col-līdo (-līs-), dash together: collide, elide.
lătu-s (lătĕr-), side: lateral, collateral, multilateral, equilateral (aequus).
laud-o (laudāt-), I praise; laus, praise: laud, laudable, laudatory, laudation.
lăv-o (lăvāt) I wash; lăvanda (things) to be washed; lŭ-ĕre, wash: lavatory, al-luv-ial, pollution, dilute, lave, lavender, laund-ry, de-luge.
lag-, langue-o, to be languid-us, faint, dull; lax-us, open, loose: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through Fr. lease, leash, release.
lēx (lēg-), law; lēg-o (lēgāt-), I send, depute; collēga, colleague: legal, leal, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee, legacy, allegation, college.
lĕg-o (lĕct-), I choose, read; lĕg-i legion: legible, legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and cull (colligo).
lĕvis, light, lĕv-o (lĕvāt-), I raise, lighten: levity, levant, elevator, alleviate.
lĭber (lĭbr-), book; lĭbēll-us, pamphlet: library, libel, libellous.
līber, free; līber-o (līberāt-), set free: liberal, liberty, libertine, liberate.
lībra (dimin. libella), a balance; libr-o (lībrāt-), I balance: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate.
lĭg-o (lĭgāt-), I tie: ligature, ligament; through Fr., league, liable, lien.
līnquo, (rĕ-lĭct-), I leave: de-linquent, derelict, relinquish, relic.
līn-um, flax; līnea, a thread: line, lineal, lineament, delineate, linen.
lĭqu-ere, be moist; lĭquid-us, flowing: liquid, liquidation.
littera, a letter: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate, letter (Fr.).
lŏc-us, a place; lŏc-o (lŏcāt-), I place: local, allocate = allow (Fr.).
long-us, long: longitude, elongated, prolong = purloin (Fr.), lunge (Fr.).
lŏqui (lŏcut-), to speak; lŏqu-ax, talkative: loquacious, eloquent, colloquial.
luc-: this root is seen in lūx (lūc-), lumen (lūmin-), light; lūna, moon: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration.
Mag-: this root appears in magn-us, great, maior, greater, maxim-us, greatest, and magister, master: magnitude, magnify, magn-animous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor and master (Fr.).
male, badly; malus, bad: mali-gn (see gĕn-), malignant, male-volent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc.
măne-o (mans-), I remain: per-manent, im-manent, remnant, mansion (staying (-place)), manse, manor and menial (Fr.).
măn-us, hand; mand-o (mandāt-), entrust: manual, manacle, mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (mitto); through Fr., amend, command, maintain (teneo), manœuvre (Fr. œuvre = opera, work).
măre, sea: marine, mariner, maritime.
māter, mother; materia, stuff, matter: maternal, material, matron.
mĕd-eri, to heal; medic-us, physician: medical, re-medy.
medi-us, middle: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.).
mĕmor, mindful; mĕmŏro (mĕmŏrāt-), I recount: memory, memorandum.
mens (mĕnt-), mind; re-min-isci, I remember: mental, reminiscent, comment.
mĕre-o (mĕrit-), I deserve: merit, meritorious.
merx (merc-), wares; mercor (mercāt-), I purchase; merces (mercēd-), hire: merchant, mercantile, market = mart, mercenary.
mēt-iri (mens-), to measure: mensuration, dimension, measure (Fr.).
miles (mīlĭt-), soldier: military, militant, militia.
mille, thousand: mile, millesimal, million and millimetre (Fr.), etc.
mōns (mŏn-), mountain: mount and mountain (Fr.), promontory.
mĭnu-o (mĭnut-), lessen; minor, less; minister, servant: minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry, ministration, minstrel (Fr.).
mīr-āri (mīrāt-), to wonder at: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror, marvel.
misce-o (mixt-), I mix: mixture, promiscuous, miscellaneous.
mitto (mĭss-), I send: com-mit, missile, mission, dismissal, manu-mit.
mŏd-us and modul-us, a measure; verb stems mŏderāt-, mŏdul-āt-: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.), model, mode = mood.
mōles, mass: mole (i.e., dam), molecule, demolish, demolition.
mŏne-o, (mŏnĭt-), I warn; monstr-um, warning, prodigy: monu-ment, monition, remonstrate, admonish and monster (Fr.).
morbus, disease; mors (mort-), death: morbid, mortal, mortify.
morde-o (mors-), I bite: mordant, mordacious, morsel (Fr.), remorse.
mōs, custom, pl. mōres, manners: moral, moralize, morose, demure (Fr.).
mŏve-o (mōt-), I move; mobilis, movable: movement, motion, remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. mobĭlĕ), move (Fr.).
mūni-o (munīt-), I fortify; mūr-us, a wall: muniment, munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition.
mūnis, obliging; mūnus (mūner-), service, gift; municeps, citizen: munificent (facio), immunity, remuneration, municipal.
mūt-o (mūtāt-); mūtu-us, borrowed: mutable, per-mutation, commute.
Nāsc-i (nāt-), to be born: nasc-ent, natal, nativity, nation, nature, cognate.
nāvis, ship; nauta, sailor: naval, navy, nautical.
nect-o (nex-), I bind: con-nect, nexus, an-nex, annexation.
nĕg-o (nĕgāt-), I deny: negation; deny, re-negade (Span.).
neuter (neutr-), neither: neuter, neutrality, neutralize.
nō-, older; gnō-, know; nobilis, noble; nōtus, well known; nō-men (nōmĭn-), name; ignōr-āre, not to know; nobility, i-gnoble (i = in, not), en-noble, notice and notify, notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate, nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant.
nŏce-o, I harm; nox-ius, hurtful: in-noc-ent, innocuous, noxious, nuisance.
norma, a rule; root nō- as in nōtus: normal, abnormal, enormous.
nota, a mark; nŏt-o, (nŏtāt-), I mark: note and notable (Fr.), notary.
nŏvus, new; nuntius, news: novel and novice (Fr.), in-nov-ation, denunciate, an-nunciation = announcement (Fr.), pronounce (Fr.).
nox (noct-), night: noct-urnal, equi-nox, equinoctial.
nūbĕre (nupt-), to marry: con-nubial, nuptial.
nutri-o (nutrīt-), I nourish; nutrix (nutrīc-), a nurse: nutri-ent, nutri-ment, nutritious; through Fr., nurse, nursling, nourish, nurture.
Ŏculus, eye: ocular, oculist, ocellus.
omnis, all: omnibus, omni-scient, omnipotent.
ŏnus (ŏnĕr-), burden: onerous, ex-onerate.
ops, means; ōptimus, best: opulent, optimist, optimates.
ŏpus (ŏpĕr-), work; ŏpĕra, service: operate, operative, co-operation, opera.
opt-o (optāt-), I desire: option, adopt, adoptive, optative.
ordo (ordĭn-), order, row; ordĭn-o (ordĭnāt-), I set in order; orno (ornāt-), I deck: ordinal, extra-ordinary, ordination, co-ordinate, in-subordination, orna-ment, ad-orn, ornate; through Fr., order, ordain.
oriens, rising (sōl oriens, the east); orīgo (orīgĭn-), source: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality.
ōs (ōr-), mouth; ōr-o (ōrāt-), I speak, pray; ōmen (omin-), token: oral, or-acle, o-rotund, ori-fice (facio), os-cul-ation, adore, oration = orison.
ōvum, egg; ōvātio, an ovation: oval, ovary, ovi-form, ovi-parous (pario).
Paenīt-ēre, to be sorry: through Fr., penitent, repentance, penance.
pāgus, country district: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.).
par, equal: parity; through Fr., pair, peer, compeer, dis-parage, um-pire.
păro (părāt-), make ready: com-par-able, ap-paratus, pre-paration; through Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry, parade, para-sol (Port.).
pār-ēre, be visible: ap-parent; through Fr., appear, peer (= to peep).
pars (part-), part; partīt-us, divided: partitive, partition, participate (căpio); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse.
pătēre, to be open; pandĕre (pans-, pass-), to extend: patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass, passage, pace, pan.
pater (patr-), father; patria, fatherland; patricius, patrician: paternal, patron, patrimony, patrician, ex-patriate.
păt-i (pass-), to suffer: patient, com-pat-ible, passion, compassion, passive.
paucus, few, little; pauper, poor: paucity, pauperism; through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish.
pectus (pectŏr-), breast: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital. petto, breast).
pecunia, money; peculium, personal property: pecuniary, im-pecunious, peculiar, peculation.
pell-o (puls-), beat, drive; pulso (pulsāt-), push, strike: com-pel, re-pellent, ex-pulsion, pulse, pulsation.
pend-ēre (pens-), to hang (1); pĕnd-ĕre (pens-), to weigh, pay (2); pŏndus (pŏnder-), weight: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.), im-pending, pendulous, pendulum, de-pend; (2) ex-pend, spend, dis-pense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension, pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.).
pēs (pĕd-), foot; ex-pedi-o (expĕdīt-), I set free: pedal, ped-estrian, pedestal (Span.), expedite, impediment.
ping-o (pĭct-), I paint: pig-ment, picture, pictorial, depict, paint (F.).
pĭus, dutiful: pious, piety = pity (Fr.).
plăc-ēre, to be pleasing; plāc-āre (plācāt-), to quiet: placid, com-placent, complaisance (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.), placable, placate.
planta, a plant, sole: sup-plant, plantation, plantain (Fr.).
planus, level: plane; through Fr., plain, plan, explain; piano (soft; Ital.).
plaud-o (plaus-), I clap (ex-plōdo): plaudit, ap-plause, plausible, explode.
ple-o (plēt-), I fill; plēnus, full: de-plete, complement; expletive.
plĭc-āre (plĭcĭt-), to fold; plect-ĕre (plex-), I weave: du-plicate, implicit, complex; through Fr., ply, reply, display, triplet; replica (Ital.).
plumbum, lead: plumbago; through Fr., plumb, plummet, plunge.
plūs (plūr-), more: plus, plural, plu-perfect, surplus (Fr.).
poena, punishment; pūni-o (pūnīt-), I punish: through Fr., penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish.
pōno (pŏsit-), I place: post-pone, deponent, posit, opposite, expositor, depositary; through Fr., posture, position, post, compost, compound.
pŏpulus, people; pūblicus, of the people: popular; public, publish.
porta, gate; portus, harbour; portāre, to carry: through Fr., port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment, port-cullis, op-portune.
posse, to be able; potens (able): potent, potential, possible.
praeda, booty; prehendo (prehens-), I seize: predatory, depredation, prehensile, apprehend, apprentice, prey and prison (Fr.).
prĕc-āri (prĕcāt-), to pray: precarious, deprecate, pray and prayer (Fr.).
prem-o (prĕss-), I press: through Fr., re-prim-and, compress, print.
prĕtium, price: through Fr., precious, depreciate, appraise, price = prize.
pri-, before—prior, former; prīmus, first; prin-ceps (prīncĭp-), chief: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal, pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince, principle.
prŏbus, good; prŏb-o (prŏbāt-), I test: probity, probable, approve.
prŏpĕ, near; proximus, nearest: propinquity, approximate, approach (Fr.).
pung-o (punct-), I prick, pierce: pungent, puncture, expunge, compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant.
purus, clean, pure; purg-o (purgāt-), cleanse; put-o (putāt-), trim, reckon: purify, puritan, purge, am-putate (am- = about), compute, deputy (Fr.).
Quaer-o (quaesīt-), I seek [-quīro (-quīsīt-) in compounds]: query, acquire, inquisition, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.), question.
qualis, of what kind; quantus, how great: quality, quantity.
quăti-o, I shake; -cŭtio (-cuss-) in compounds: dis-cuss, quash (Fr.).
quŏtus, what number?: quota, quotidian (dies), quote and quotient (Fr.).
Rādix (rādīc-), root: radicle, eradicate, radish and radical (Fr.).
răpi-o (răpt-), carry off; răp-ax (răpāc-), grasping: rapac-ious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid, ravishing, ravenous.
rĕg-o (rect-), regn-o, I rule, direct; rex, king; rēgula, a rule; rĕg-io, district: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men, cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia, regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress (Lat. di-rect-), rule (Lat. rēgula).
rēs, thing: through Fr., real, realty, realize, republic; rebus.
rīd-ere (rīs-), to laugh: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and ris-ible (Fr.).
rīpa, river bank: riparian, river (Fr. rivière), ar-rive (Fr.).
rīvus, a brook: rivulet; through Fr., rival, de-rive, derivation. (For river and arrive see ripa).
rog-o (rŏgāt-), I ask: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation, de-rogatory, (Fr.).
rŏta, a wheel; rŏt-ula, dimin.; rŏt-undus, round: rot-ary, rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from rotula), roué, round.
rumpĕre, to break; ruptus, broken: rupture (Fr.), ab-rupt, e-rupt-ive, dis-ruption, bank-rupt (bank = bench, table of money changer); through Fr., rout (lit. a division), route and rut (= a path).
Săcer (săcr-), sacred; sacr-āre, sanc-īre, consecrate: sacrifice, sacrilege, sacerdotal, sacrament, de-secration, sanctity, sanctuary, saint (Fr.).
sal, salt: salary (i.e., salt-money), saliferous; through Fr., saline, salad, sauce (= salsus, salted).
săli-o (sălt-), I leap (-silio, -sult-, in compounds): sali-ent, re-sili-ent, ex-ultant, saltation, in-sult, de-sultory; through Fr., sally, assail, assault.
salv-us, safe; sălus (sălūt-), health, greeting: salubrious, salute; through Fr., salvation, salvage, save, salutary, saviour (Lat. salvator).
sānus, sound; sān-āre (sānāt-), to heal: sane, sanitary, sanatorium.
săpor, taste; săpi-o, săp-ĕre, have taste, be wise: sapi-ent, sapor-ific, in-sip-idity, savour and sage (Fr.).
satis, enough; satur, full: satisfy (Fr.), satiate, asset (Fr.).
scando (scans-), I climb; scāla, stairs: a-scend, scale; scan, e-scalade.
sci-o, I know; scĭentia, knowledge; conscius, privy to: science (Fr.), nescient, scientific, conscious, prescience (Fr.), sciolist.
scrīb-o (script-), I write: scribe (Fr.), scripture, manu-script, conscription.
sĕc-o (sĕct-), I cut: secant, sectile, section (Fr.), segment, bisect.
sĕde-o (sĕss-), I sit; as-sĭdeo, sit by: sedentary, sediment, sedate, sedative, as-siduous, as-sessor, pos-session, subside, re-sidue (Fr.), supersede.
sĕnĕx, old man: senile, senior, senate, seignorial (Fr.).
senti-o (sēns-), I feel: sentient, sentiment; through Fr., sentence, sense.
sĕquor (sĕcut-), I follow; secundus, following; secta, a party, school; socius, companion: con-sequent, sequence, sequel; through F., obsequies, obsequious, execute, suit, suite, second, social.
sĕr-o (sert-), I join, compose: series, assert, desert, exert, insert, concert.
servo (servāt-), I save: con-serve, conservator, preservation, conservatory.
servus, a slave; serv-īre, to serve: servile, servant, sergeant, serf, service.
signum, mark, sign; sign-o (signāt-), I mark, seal: signal, signet, signature, signatory, significant, assign-ment, re-signation (a signing back).
similis, like; simul, together; simul-o (simulāt-), I pretend: similar and similitude (Fr.), as-similate, simul-taneous, simulate, assembly (Fr.).
sōl, sun: solar, sol-stice (= sol-stit-ium; stare) (Fr.), para-sol (par-, ward off).
sŏlidus (and soldus), firm; also a gold coin (military pay): solidify and solder (Fr.), solidarity (Fr.), consolidate, con-sols, soldier (Fr.).
sōlus, alone: through Fr., sole, solitude, solitary, solitaire, de-solate, solo.
solv-o (sŏlūt-), I loose, pay: solvent, ab-solve, soluble (Fr.), dis-solute.
somnus, sopor, sleep: in-somnia, somnolence, somn-ambulist, sopori-fic.
sŏn-āre, to sound: consonant, sound, sonor-ous, sonnet, per-son, unison (unus).
sparg-o (spars-), I scatter, sprinkle: sparse, di-sperse, a-spersion.
spĕci-o (spect-), I look; su-spici-o (suspect-), look up, mistrust; species, appearance: speci-men, specious and specify (Fr.), spectacle and spectre (Fr.), aspect, spectator, despise and spite (= de-spite) (Fr.).
spēr-o (sperāt-), I hope: desperate, despair and prosper (Fr.).
spīr-o (spirāt-), I breathe; spīrĭtus, breath: a-spirant, inspire, conspiracy.
stāre (stăt-), sĭst-ĕre, stand; stătu-o, I set: di-stant, extant, substance (Fr.), station, stable, insist, obstacle and e-stablish (Fr.); state and statue (Fr.), statute, rest (= remainder), armi-stice and sol-stice (Fr.).
stern-ĕre (strāt-), to spread, extend, cover; consternation, prostrate, stratum, stratify, street (through Ang. Sax.).
string-o (strĭct-), I draw together: stringent, strain and strait (Fr.), strict, stricture, district, stress (Fr.).
strŭ-ĕre (struct-), to build: con-struct, structure, construe, destroy (Fr.).
sūm-o (sumps-), I take, use; sumptus, expense: as-sume, sumptuous.
super, above; super-āre, to overcome; supremus, summus, topmost: superb (Fr.), superior, supernal, insuperable, supremacy, sum and summit.
surg-o (surrect-), I rise (see rĕgo): through Fr., in-surgent, surge = source, resource, resurrect.
Tag- (touch)—tang-o (tact-), I touch, in-tĕger, whole: tangent, con-tingent, tangible, con-tag-ion, intact, disintegration, contiguous, tact (Fr.).
tĕg-o (tect-), I cover: tegmen, tegument, protective.
tempt-o (temptāt-), I try, test: at-tempt (Fr.), temptation, tentative (Fr.).
tempus (tempor-), time; temper-o (temperāt-), I regulate; tempes-tas, season: temporal, temporize (Fr.), tense (n; Fr.), temper (Fr.), tempest (Fr.).
tend-o (tent-, tens-), stretch; tenuis, thin: tendency, extent, intend, tense (adj.), tension, attend, pretence, ostentation, tenuity, extenuate.
tĕne-o (tent-), I hold: per-tinent, tenable (Fr.), tenet, tenant (Fr.), sus-tenance, tenor, abs-tain (Fr.), detention, continue and retinue (Fr.).
ter-o (trīt-), rub, wear away; tribul-āre, to afflict: trite, attrition, detriment, contrite, tribulation.
terra, land: terrestrial; through F., terrace, in-ter, tureen, territory.
testis, a witness; testor (testāt-), I bear witness: testify (Fr.), testimony, attest, detest, testament, testator.
tex-o (text-), I weave: text (Fr.), texture, textile, pretext and tissue (Fr.).
tōrque-o (tŏrt-), I twist: torment and torture (Fr.), tortuous, contort, extortionate, torch and tortoise (Fr.).
trăh-o (tract-), I draw; tract-o (tractāt-), I handle: sub-trahend, tract, tractable, abs-tract; through Fr., trait, por-tray, re-treat, train, trail.
trēs, tria, three: trinity (Fr.), ternary, ter-centenary, triangle, tri-dent.
trĭbu-ĕre, to give, pay; trĭbūtum, payment: at-tribute, re-tributive, tribute.
tueri (tuit-), to see, watch: tuition, in-tuitive, tutor, tutelage, tutelary.
tŭm-ēre, to swell; tuber, swelling: tumid, tubercle, protuberant.
Ultra, beyond: ultimus, farthest: outrage (Fr.), ulterior, ultimate.
und-o (undāt-), overflow: ab-undant, abound (Fr.), inundate.
ungu-o (unct-), I anoint: unguent = ointment (Fr.), unction, unctuous.
ūnus, one: unit, union (Fr.), unite, unique (Fr.), uni-son (sonus, sound).
ūt-ī, to use; usus, use; utilis, useful: utensil (Fr.), usury (Fr.), utility.
Vād-o (vās-), I go: invade, evasion, pervasive, vade mēcum (lit. go with me).
văle-o, am strong; valid, valour, value, convalesce, prevail.
vānus, empty: through Fr., vain, vanish, vaunt.
vĕh-o (vĕct-), I carry: vehicle, vehement, in-veigh and invective (Fr.).
vĕll-o (vuls-), I pluck, tear: con-vulse, convulsive, divulsion, revulsion.
vēlum, cover, veil; vēl-o (vēlāt-), I cover: (Fr.), re-veal, revelation, unveil.
vĕni-o (vĕnt-), I come: con-vene, convenient, intervention; through Fr., con-vent, covenant, venture, re-venue.
verbum, word: verbal, verb (Fr.), verbose, verbiage (Fr.), proverb.
vert-o (vers-), I turn: version, adverse, versatile.
vērus, true; vērax, truthful: veracious; very, verify, aver, verdict.
vĭa, way: de-vious, deviate, trivial (Fr.), impervious; through Fr., convey.
vĭcis, alternation: vicarious, vicar (Fr.), vicissitude, vice-regal.
vĭde-o (vīs-), I see; vīs-o (visit-), go to see: e-vident, provident, prudent, visage and vision (Fr.), invidious = envious (Fr.), visual (Fr.), visitation.
vĭge-o, am vigorous; vigour, vigil (Fr.), vegetate.
vĭnc-o (vĭct-), I conquer: convince, invincible and vanquish (Fr.), victor.
vir, man; virtus, worth, valour: virile and virtue (Fr.), virago, trium-vir.
vita, life; vīvus, living: vital, vivid, vivacity, vivify (Fr.).
vŏco (vŏcāt-), I call; vox (vōc-), voice: ad-vocate, vocation, revoke (Fr.).
vŏl-o, am willing: bene-volent, voluntary, volunteer (Fr.), volition.
volv-o (vŏlūt-), I roll; vōlumen, a roll: de-volve, voluble (Fr.), evolution.
vŏr-o, I swallow up: de-vour (Fr.), voracious, carni-vorous.
vŏve-o (vōt-), I vow: vote (Fr.), votive, votary, devotion, devout (Fr.).
vulgus, the people: vulgar, divulge, vulgate.
To Greek, also, English is indebted for a considerable number of words, especially in the language of science and medicine; for the ancient physicians were commonly Greeks. Since the great revival of Greek studies in England in the 16th Century, Greek literature and art have exerted an enormous influence upon English thought and literature.
Agō, I lead: strat-egy.
a-dam-as (= in-dom-itable), steel: adamant, diamond (= Fr. diamant).
aēr, air: air (Fr.), aerial, aerate.
athlos, a contest: athlete.
aesthēsis, perception, feeling: aesthetic, an-aesthesia.
akouō, I hear: acoustics.
akros, top: acro-bat, acropolis.
allos, other: allo-path, par-allel.
anemos, wind: anemometer.
angelos, messenger: angel, ev-angel.
anthropos, man: anthropoid, anthropology, mis-anthrope.
arktos, a bear: arctic, antarctic.
archē, beginning, rule; arch-, (prefix), chief: archetype, an-archy, archangel.
aster, astron, a star: asterisk, astrology, dis-aster (Fr.), astral (Lat.).
autos, self: auto-crat, auto-graph, auto-matic, auto-nomy.
Ball-o, I throw; bolē, throwing: dia-bol-ical, hyper-bole.
bapto, dip: baptise.
barus, heavy; baros, weight: barytone, barograph, barometer.
basis, a going, foundation: base (Fr.), basis, basement.
biblion (dimin. of biblos), book; bible, biblio-graphy, biblio-mania.
bios, life: amphi-bious, bio-logy.
botane, herbage, a plant: botany.
bronchos, windpipe: bronchial.
Character, a mark: character.
cheir, hand: chiro-graphy, chiro-mancy, chiro-pod-ist, chir-urgeon.
chīlio- (e.g. chilio-pous), thousand: kilo-gramme and kilo-metre (Fr.).
chlōros, green: chlorate, chlorine.
cholē, bile: choler, melancholy.
choros, a dance in a ring, chorus: chorus, choral, choir (Fr.).
chriō, anoint: Christ, chrism (holy oil).
chronos, time: chronic, chronicle, chronometer, ana-chronism.
Daimōn, divinity, spirit: demoniac.
deka, ten: decade, deca-logue.
demos, the people: demo-crat, dem-agogue, epi-demic.
derma (dermat-), skin: epi-dermis, hypo-dermic, pachy-dermatous.
despotēs, lord: despotic, despotism.
diaita, mode of living: diet (Fr.).
diskos, quoit: disc, dish and desk.
dogma, doxa, opinion: dogma, dogmatic, heterodox.
dosis, a giving; dotos, given: dose, anti-dote, an-ec-dot-al.
draō, I do: dra-ma, drastic.
dromos, running: dromedary, hippo-drome, aero-drome.
dunamis, power, force: dynamic.
Eidos, form; eidōlon, image; idea, form, look (all from id-, see): ideograph, idol, kal-eido-scope.
eikōn, image: icon, iconoclast.
electron, amber: electric, electrify.
ergon, work; en-ergeia, energy: organ-ize, en-ergetic, metall-urgy.
ethnos, nation: ethnic, ethnology.
eu, well; as a prefix: eucharist, euphony, euphemism, ev-angel.
Gamos, marriage: mono-gamous.
gaster (gastr-), stomach: gastric.
gen-, beget—genos, race; genesis, origin: genea-logy, genesis, genetic.
gē, the earth: ge-o-graphy, ge-o-logy, ge-o-metric.
glōssa (glōtta), tongue: glossary, glottis, epiglottis, poly-glot.
gnō-sis, knowledge: gnome, gnostic.
gōnia, angle: diagonal, pentagon.
grapho, write; gramma, writing: graphic, epi-graphy, grammar.
gumnos, naked; gumnazo, I exercise: gymnasium, gymnastic.
gunē (gunaiko-), a woman: gyn-archy, gynaeco-logy, miso-gynist.
Haima (haimato-), blood: hemal, hematite, hemorrhage, an-aemia.
hairesis, a taking: heresy (Fr.).
heteros, other: hetero-dox, hetero-geneous.
hex, six: hex-agon, hexameter.
hēlios, sun: heliacal, peri-helion.
hēmera, day: ep-hemeral.
hieros, sacred; hiereus, priest: hierarchy, hieratic, hiero-glyph.
hippos, horse: hippo-drome.
historeō, I enquire: history (shortened in) story.
(h)odos, way: ex-odus, epis-ode, met-hod, peri-od.
homos, same; homoi-os, like: homo-centric, homo-geneous, hom-ily (ilē, throng), homoeo-pathic.
(h)orizo, define, bound: horizon.
hudōr, water; hydrant, hydr-aulic, hydro-gen.
Idios, private, peculiar; idiōtēs, private person: idiom, idiot.
ion, violet; iōdēs, dark-colored: iodide, iodine.
isos, equal: iso-sceles, iso-thermal.
Kakos, bad: cacography, cacophony.
kalos, beautiful: calligraphy, callis-thenics (sthenos, strength).
kaluptō, kruptō, I conceal: apo-calypse, eu-calyptus, crypt.
kaustos, burnt; kautērion, a branding: caustic, cautery, cauterize.
kīneō, I move; kīnētikos, for moving: kinetics, kinematics.
kosmos, order, ornament, universe: cosmetic, cosmic, cosmo-gony.
krateō, am strong, rule: auto-crat, demo-cracy, aristo-crat.
kri-, to separate; krisis, a separating, deciding: crisis, critic.
kuklos, wheel: cycle, cyclic, cyclone.
Lab-, take; lēpsis, a taking: syl-lable, epi-lepsy, cataleptic.
legō, I pick out, say; lexis, speech; logos, discourse, reason: ec-lectic (ek, out of), lexi-con, dialect, logic.
leipō (lĭp-), I leave: el-lipsis, ec-lipse.
lithos, stone: lithia, lithograph.
luō, I loose; lusis, a loosing: ana-lyze, dia-lysis, paralytic, (palsy is a contraction of paralysis).
Mania, madness: mania, maniac, Anglo-mania.
math-, learn; mathēma, learning: mathematics, philo-math, poly-math.
martus (martur-), a witness: martyr.
mega (megal-), large; as a prefix: mega-cephalous (kephalē, head), megalithic, megaphone.
melas (melan-), black: melancholy.
melos, song: mel-ody (ōdē).
metron, a measure: metre, symmetry, diameter, geometric.
mēchanē, Lat. māchina: mechanic, mechanism.
mikros, small: microbe (bios), micro-cosm, micro-scope.
mīseo, I hate: misanthrope.
mnē-mon-euō, I remember: mnē-monics, a-mnē-sty (a = not).
monos, alone, one: monad, mon-arch, monk (Ang. Sax.), monastery, monopoly.
morphē, shape: a-morphous, morph-ology, meta-morphose.
mousa, muse: music, museum.
mūthos, a tale, legend: myth.
Naus, a ship: nausea, nautilus, aëro-naut (nautēs, sailor.)
nekros, dead: necro-polis.
neuron, cord, nerve: neural, neur-algia (algos, pain), neuritis.
nomos, a law: eco-nomy (oikos), astro-nomy, anti-nomian.
Ōdē, a song: ode, hymnody, parody.
oikos, oikia, house; oikēsis, inhabiting, dwelling: eco-nomy (Lat. oeconomia), di-ocese (= di-oikesis), parish (paroikia, Fr. par-oisse).
onoma (onuma), name: syn-onym.
op-, see; optika, pertaining to sight; oph-thalmos, eye: op-tics, optician, syn-opsis, synoptic, my-opia.
organon, an instrument: organic.
orthos, right, straight: ortho-doxy, ortho-graphy.
osteon, a bone: oste-itis, osteo-pathy.
oxus, sharp: oxy-gen, oxy-tone, par-oxysm.
Pais (paid-), a child; paideia, training, learning: ped-agogue, pedant.
pan (pant-, pas-), all: pan-acea (akos, remedy), pan-oply, (hopla, arms), pan-orama ((h)oraō, see).
păthos, suffering, feeling: pathology, pathetic, sympathy.
pauo, I stop; pausis, cessation (Lat. pausa): pause and pose.
pente, five: pent-agon, pentameter, penta-teuch (teuchos, book), Pente-cost [pentecostē = fiftieth (day)].
petra, a rock; petros, a stone: petrify and pier (Fr.), Peter, petrology, petroleum, petrescent.
plassō, I mould, fashion: plastic, plasm, proto-plasm (prōtos, first).
pleura, a rib: pleurisy, pleuritic.
plēgē, plēxis, a blow, stroke: plague (Lat. plāga), apoplexy, pleximeter.
pneuma, air; pneumon, lungs: pneumatic, pneumonia, pneumatomer.
poieō, I make: poet (Lat. poēta).
polis, a city; polītēs, citizen; politeia, government: metro-polis, polity, politic, police.
polus, many, poly-gon.
pous (pod-), a foot: poly-pus, polyp, antipodes.
praktos, done: practice.
prōtōs, first: prot-agonist, protomartyr, prototype, protoplasm.
pur, fire: pyre, pyrites, pyro-latry (= worship), pyrotechnics.
pōleō, I sell: biblio-pole, mono-poly.
phagein, to eat: sarcophagus (sarx, flesh).
phainō (phan-, phēn-, phas-), I show: phan-tom, phan-tasm, phant-asy = fancy (Fr.), phen-omenon, phase.
pherō, I bear; phora, a carrying: peri-pher-y, meta-phor, phos-phorus (phōs), sema-phore, (sēma, sign).
phēmi, I say: eu-phem-ism, blas-pheme (blapsis, injury), pro-phet.
philos, dear, friend: phil-tre, philo-sophy.
phōnē, a sound: phonic, phonetic, phono-graph, eu-phony, caco-phony, sym-phony.
phōs (phōt-), light: phos-phor, photo-graph, photometer.
phrasis, speech: phrase, peri-phrasis, para-phrase, phraseology.
phrēn, the midriff, mind: frenzy and frantic (Fr.), phrenology.
phusis, nature; phuton, a plant: physi-cal, physics, physi-o-logy, meta-physics, neo-phyte.
Rheō, flow; rheuma, a flow; rhuthmos, regular motion: cata-rrh, rheumatic, rhythm.
rhētor, orator: rhetoric, rhetorician.
Sarx (sark-), flesh: sarcasm.
sitos, food: para-site.
skopeo, skept-omai, look at, consider; skop-os, watcher, mark, aim: scep-tical, scope, hor-o-scope (hōrā, season), epi-scop-al, bishop [epi-scop-os].
sophos, wise: sophist, philosophy.
stă-, stand; sta-sis, a placing; statos, placed: ec-sta-sy, sy-ste-m (sun, together), static, hydro-statics, apo-state.
stellō (stol-), I send: apo-stle (= apostolos; apo, away), epi-stle.
stichos, a line: di-stich, hemi-stich.
stratos, army: stratagem, strategy.
strophē, a turning: strophic, anti-strophe, apo-strophe, catastrophe.
sphaira, a ball: sphere, atmo-sphere.
schizō, split: schism, schist.
schole, leisure, school: scholastic.
Tax-is, arrangement; tak-tos, ordered: syn-tax, taxi-dermist.
taphos, a tomb: epi-taph (epi, upon).
temno, I cut; tomē-, tom-os, a cutting: ana-tomy, tome (Fr.), a-tom.
technē, art: tech-nic, technology.
tele, afar: tele-phone.
theos, God: theism, theo-cracy.
thermos, hot: thermal, isothermal, thermo-meter, thermo-dynamics.
the-, place; thesis, a placing; thema, proposition; thē-kē, case, chest: thesis, theme, hypo-thesis, epi-thet, ana-thema.
topos, a place: topic, topography, u-topia, (u = ou, not—i.e., land of No-place).
toxicon, poison: toxin, anti-toxin, intoxicate.
Zēlos, emulation: through Fr., zeal.
zōon, animal: zo-diac (zōdion, dimin.), zo-ology.
From the Greek, Latin and Modern Languages.
A bas (Fr.). Down, down with.
ab initio (L.). From the beginning.
ab ovo (L.). From the egg, from the beginning.
ad captandum vulgus (L.). To attract or please the rabble.
ad infinitum (L.). To infinity.
ad libitum (L.). At pleasure.
ad nauseam (L.). To disgust or satiety.
ad rem (L.). To the purpose, or point.
ad valorem (L). According to the value.
aequo animo (L.). With an equable mind, with equanimity.
affaire d' amour (F.). A love affair.
affaire d'honneur (F.). An affair of honor; a duel.
affaire du coeur (Fr.). An affair of the heart.
a fortiori (L.). With stronger reason.
à la mode (Fr.). According to the custom or fashion.
alter ego (L.). My other self.
alma mater (L.). Gracious mother; the college of which one is a graduate.
amende honorable (Fr.). Satisfactory apology; reparation.
amor patriae (L.). Love of country.
amour propre (Fr.). Self-love; vanity.
anno domini (L.). In the year of our Lord.
ante meridiem (L.). Before noon.
a posteriori (L.). Reasoning from effect to cause.
a priori (L.). Reasoning from cause to effect.
apropos (Fr.). Suited to the occasion.
argumentum ad hominem (L.). An argument to the individual man, i.e., to his interests and prejudices.
ars est celare artem (L.). It is true art to conceal art.
ars longa, vita brevis (L.). Art is long, life is short.
artium magister (L.). Master of Arts.
au contraire (Fr.). On the contrary.
au courant (Fr.). Fully acquainted with matters.
au fait (Fr.). Well acquainted with; expert.
aurea mediocritas (L.). The golden or happy mean.
au revoir (Fr.). Adieu until we meet again.
autant d'hommes, autant d'avis (Fr.). So many men, so many minds.
aut Cæsar aut nullus (L.). Either Cæsar or nobody.
aut vincere aut mori (L.). Either to conquer or to die; death or victory.
Baccalaureus in artibus (L). Bachelor of Arts (B.A.).
beau ideal (Fr.). An ideal beauty.
beau monde (Fr.). The fashionable world.
bel esprit (Fr.). A person of wit or genius; a brilliant mind.
bête noire (Fr.). A black beast; a bugbear.
bis dat qui cito dat (L.). He gives twice who gives quickly.
bon ami (Fr.). Good friend.
bon jour (Fr.). Good day; good morning.
bon soir (Fr.). Good evening.
Cacoethes loquendi, scribendi (L.). An itch for speaking, writing.
carpe diem (L.). Enjoy the present day; improve the time.
carte blanche (Fr.). A white card; full power.
casus belli (L.). The occasion or cause of war.
cela va sans dire (Fr.). That goes without saying.
c'est à dire (Fr.). That is to say.
ceteris paribus (L.). Other things being equal.
chacun à son goût (Fr.). Every one to his taste.
chère amie (Fr.). A dear (woman) friend.
chef d'œuvre (Fr.). A masterpiece.
ci devant (Fr.). Formerly; heretofore.
comme il faut (Fr.). As it should be.
compagnon de voyage (Fr.). A travelling companion.
con amore (It.). With love; very earnestly.
corrigenda (L.). Corrections to be made.
coup d'état (Fr.). A sudden decisive blow in politics; a stroke of policy.
coup de grace (Fr.). A finishing stroke.
cui bono? (L.). For whose advantage? to what end?
cuisine (Fr.). A kitchen; cookery.
cul de sac (Fr.). The bottom of a bag; a place closed at one end.
cum grano salis (L.). With a grain of salt; with some allowance.
Debut (Fr.). First appearance.
de gustibus non est disputandum (L.). There is no disputing about tastes.
dei gratiâ (L.). By the grace of God.
de jure (L.). From the law; by right.
de mortuis nil nisi bonum (L.). (Say nothing but good of the dead.)
de novo (L.). Anew.
deo adjuvante (L.). God assisting.
deo gratias (L.). Thanks to God.
Deo volente (L.). God willing.
de profundis (L.). Out of the depths.
dernier ressort (Fr.). A last resource.
desipere in loco (L.). To jest or be jolly at the proper time.
de trop (Fr.). Too much or too many; not wanted.
Dieu et mon droit (Fr.). God and my right.
Dieu vous garde (Fr.) God protect you.
docendo discimus (L.). We learn by teaching.
dolce far niente (It.). Sweet doing-nothing; sweet idleness.
dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori (L.). It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country.
dum spiro, spero (L.). While I breathe I hope.
Ecce homo (L.). Behold the man!
édition de luxe (Fr.). A splendid and expensive edition of a book.
élite (Fr.). A select body of persons.
emeritus (L.). Retired after long service.
en avant (Fr.). Forward.
en déshabillé (Fr.). In undress.
en masse (Fr.). In a body.
en rapport (Fr.). In harmony; in agreement.
en route (Fr.). On the way.
en suite (Fr.). In company; in a set.
entente cordiale (Fr.). Cordial understanding.
entreé (Fr.). Entry; a side dish.
entre nous (Fr.). Between ourselves.
e pluribus unum (L.). One out of many; one composed of many.
esprit de corps (Fr.). The animating spirit of a collective body, as a regiment.
et cetera (L.). And the rest.
et tu, Brute! (L.). And thou also, Brutus!
eureka (Gr.). I have found it.
exceptio probat regulam (L.). The exception proves (or tests) the rule.
exceptis excipiendis (L). The due exceptions being made.
exempli gratiâ (L.). By way of example.
ex pede Herculem (L.). From the foot we recognize him as a Hercules; we judge of the whole from the specimen.
experientia docet stultos (L.). Experience instructs fools.
extra muros (L.). Beyond the walls.
ex uno disce omnes (L.). From one judge of all the rest.
Facile princeps (L.). Easily pre-eminent; indisputably the first.
facilis est descensus averni (or averno) (L.). The descent to avernus (or hell) is easy.
fait accompli (Fr.). A thing already done.
faux pas (Fr.). A false step.
festina lente (L.). Hasten slowly.
fiat justitia, ruat cælum (L.). Let justice be done though the heavens should fall.
fiat lux (L.). Let there be light!
fidei defensor (L.). Defender of the faith.
fide non armis (L.). By faith, not by arms.
fides Punica (L.). Punic or Carthaginian faith; treachery.
fidus Achates (L.). Faithful Achates; a true friend.
finem respice (L.). Look to the end.
finis coronat opus (L.). The end crowns the work.
flagrante delicto (L.). In the commission of the crime.
fortiter in re (L.). With firmness in acting.
fortuna favet fortibus (L.). Fortune favors the bold.
Garçon (Fr.). A boy; a waiter.
gardez bien (Fr.). Take good care.
gaudeamus igitur (L.). So let us be joyful.
Gloria in Excelsis (L.). Glory to God in the highest.
Gloria Patri (L.). Glory be to the Father.
gnothi seauton (Gr.). Know thyself.
grace à Dieu! (Fr.). Thanks to God!
grand merci (Fr.). Many thanks.
Hoi polloi (Gr.). The many; the vulgar; the rabble.
homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto (L.). I am a man; I count nothing human indifferent to me.
honi soit qui mal y pense (O. Fr.). Evil be to him who evil thinks.
hors de combat (Fr.). Out of the struggle; disabled.
humanum est errare (L.). To err is human.
Ibidem (L.). At the same place (in a book).
ich dien (Ger.). I serve.
id est (L.). That is; contracted to i.e.
impedimenta (L.). Baggage.
imperium in imperio (L.). A government or rule within another.
index expurgatorius (L.). A list of prohibited books.
in esse (L.). In being; in actuality.
in extenso (L.). At full length.
in extremis (L.). At the point of death.
infra dignitatem (L.). Below one's dignity.
in loco parentis (L.). In the place of a parent.
in medias res (L.). Into the midst of things.
in memoriam (L.). To the memory of; in memory.
in perpetuum (L.). For ever.
in posse (L.). In possible existence; in possibility.
in præsenti (L.). At the present moment.
in propria persona (L.). In one's own person.
in re (L.). In the matter of.
in situ (L.). In its original situation.
in statu quo (L.). In the former state.
inter alia (L.). Among other things.
inter nos (L.). Between ourselves.
in toto (L.). In the whole; entirely.
intra muros (L.). Within the walls.
in vino veritas (L.). There is truth in wine; wine discloses the secrets of the breast.
ipse dixit (L.). He himself said it; a dogmatic assertion.
ipsissima verba (L.). The very words.
ipso facto (L.). In the fact itself.
Jacta est alea (L.). The die is cast.
jeu de mots (Fr.). A play on words.
jeu d'esprit (Fr.). A display of wit; a witticism.
jure divino (L.). By divine law.
juste milieu (Fr.). The golden mean.
Labor omnia vincit (L.). Labor conquers everything.
laissez faire (Fr.). Let alone; suffer to have its own way.
lapsus calami, — linguae, — memoriae (L.) A slip of the pen, tongue, memory.
lares et penates (L.). Household gods.
laudator temporis acti (L.). One who praises the past.
le beau monde (Fr.). The fashionable world.
le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle (Fr.). The game is not worth the candle; the object is not worth the trouble.
lése majesté (Fr.). High treason.
l'homme propose, et Dieu dispose (Fr.). Man proposes and God disposes.
limæ labor et mora (L.). The labour and delay of the file; the slow and laborious polishing of a literary composition.
loco citato (L.). In the place cited.
lusus naturæ (L.). A sport or freak of nature.
Ma chère (Fr.). My dear (fem.).
ma foi (Fr.). Upon my faith.
magnum bonum (L.). A great good.
magnum opus (L.) A great work.
mal à propos (Fr.). Ill timed.
mal de mer (Fr.). Sea-sickness.
mal de tête (Fr.). Headache.
mauvaise honte (Fr.). False modesty.
mauvais goût (Fr.). Bad taste.
medio tutissimus ibis (L.). In a medium course you will be safest.
mega biblion, mega kakon (Gr.). A great book is a great evil.
me judice (L.). I being judge; in my opinion.
memento mori (L.). Remember death.
mens sana in corpore sano (L.). A sound mind in a sound body.
menu (Fr.). A bill of fare.
meum et tuum (L.). Mine and thine.
mirabile dictu, (visu) (L.). Wonderful to relate, (to see).
modus operandi (L.). Manner of working.
mon ami (Fr.). My friend (masc.).
mon cher (Fr.). My dear (masc.).
more suo (L.). In his own way.
multum in parvo (L.). Much in little.
mutatis mutandis (L.). The necessary changes being made.
Necessitas non habet legem (L.). Necessity has no law.
née (Fr.). Born; maiden name.
nemine dissentiente (L.). No one dissenting; without a dissenting voice.
nemo me impune lacessit (L.). No one assails me with impunity.
ne plus ultra (L.). Nothing further; perfection.
nihil ad rem (L.). Nothing to the point.
nihil quod tetigit non ornavit (L.). He touched nothing without embellishing it.
nil admirari (L.). To be astonished at nothing; not to lose mental balance.
nil desperandum (L.). There is no reason for despair.
n'importe (Fr.). It matters not.
noblesse oblige (Fr.). Rank imposes obligations.
nolens volens (L.). Willing or unwilling.
nolle prosequi (L.). To abandon prosecution.
nom de guerre (Fr.). A war name; a pseudonym; a pen name.
nom de plume (Fr.). A pen name. (Incorrect for nom de guerre.)
non compos mentis (L.). Not of sound mind.
non omnia possumus omnes (L.). We cannot, all of us, do everything.
non sequitur (L.). It does not follow.
nota bene (L.). Mark well.
Obiit (L.). He, or she, died.
œuvres (Fr.). Works.
omnia vincit amor (L.). Love conquers all things.
on dit (Fr.). They say; people say.
onus probandi (L.). The burden of proof.
ora et labora (L.). Pray and work.
o tempora! o mores! (L.). Alas for the times! Alas for the manners!
otium cum dignitate (L.). Ease with dignity.
Pace (L.). Not to give offence to. — pace tua, with your consent.
palmam qui meruit ferat (L.). Let him who has won the palm wear it.
par excellence (Fr.). By way of eminence; preëminently.
pari passu (L.). With equal pace; step for step.
particeps criminis (L.). Accomplice in a crime.
parvenu (Fr.). An upstart.
passim (L.). Everywhere.
pax vobiscum (L.). Peace be with you.
per capita (L.). By the head; on each person.
per se (L.). By itself considered; of itself.
poeta nascitur, non fit (L.). A poet is born, not made.
pour prendre congé (Fr.). To take leave.
prima facie (L.). On the first face; at first sight.
pro aris et focis (L.). For our altars and hearths.
pro bono publico (L.). For the good of the public.
pro patria (L.). For native land.
protégé (Fr.). One protected by another.
Quantum mutatus ab illo (L.). How changed from what he once was.
quantum sufficit (L.). As much as suffices; a sufficient quantity.
quelque chose (Fr.). Something; a trifle.
quid pro quo (L.). Something in return; an equivalent.
quod erat demonstrandum (L.). Which was to be proved.
quot homines, tot sententiae (L.). Many men, many minds.
Raison d'être (Fr.). The reason for a thing's existence.
rara avis (L.). A rare bird.
recherché (Fr.). Choice, elegant.
reductio ad absurdum (L.). Reduction to an absurdity.
requiescat in pace (L.). May he, she, rest in peace.
resurgam (L.). I shall rise again.
revenons à nos moutons (Fr.). Let us return to our sheep; let us return to our subject.
ruat cælum (L.). Let the heavens fall.
Sang froid (Fr.). Cold blood.
sans peur et sans reproche (Fr.). Without fear and without reproach.
sans souci (Fr.). Without care.
sartor resartus (L.). The tailor patched or mended.
sauve qui peut (Fr.). Let him save himself who can.
savoir faire (Fr.). The knowing how to act; tact.
séance (Fr.). A sitting.
semper idem;—paratus (L.). Always the same, always ready.
sic semper tyrannis (L.). Ever so to tyrants.
sic transit gloria mundi (L.). Thus passes away the glory of this world.
similia similibus curantur (L.). Like things are cured by like.
si monumentum quæris, circumspice (L.). If you seek his monument, look around you.
sine die (L.). Without a day being appointed.
sine qua non (L.). An indispensable condition.
sola nobilitas virtus (L.). Virtue the only nobility.
spero meliora (L.). I hope for better things.
splendide mendax (L.). Nobly untruthful; untrue for a good object.
sponte suâ (L.). Of one's own accord.
suaviter in modo, fortiter in re (L.). Gentle in manner, resolute in deed.
sub judice (L.). Under consideration (by the court).
sub rosa (L.). Under the rose, privately.
sub voce (L.). Under such or such a word.
sui generis (L.). Of its own peculiar kind.
summum bonum (L.). The chief good.
suum cuique (L.). Let everyone have his own; honor to whom honor is due.
Tant mieux; tant pis (Fr.). So much the better; so much the worse.
tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (L.). Times change, and we with them.
tempus fugit (L.). Time flies.
tenax propositi (L.). Tenacious of purpose.
terra firma (L.). Solid earth.
terra incognita (L.). An unknown country.
tête-à-tête (Fr.). Face to face; in close conversation.
to kalon (Gr.). The beautiful.
toujours prêt (Fr.). Always ready.
tour de force (Fr.). A feat of strength or skill.
tout-à-fait (Fr.). Wholly; entirely.
tout ensemble (Fr.). The whole taken together.
Ubi bene, ibi patria (L.). Where it is well, there is one's country.
Ultima Thule (L.). The utmost boundary or limit.
un fait accompli (Fr.). An accomplished fact.
ut infra; ut supra (L.). As below; as above.
Vade mecum (L.). Go with me; a constant companion.
vae victis (L.). Woe to the vanquished.
veni, vidi, vici (L.). I came, I saw, I conquered (Caesar's laconic message to the senate when he overcame Pharnaces, king of Pontus.)
verbatim et literatim (L.). Word for word and letter for letter.
verbum sat sapienti (L.) A word is enough for a wise man.
vérité sans peur (Fr.). Truth without fear.
via media (L.). A middle course.
vĭcĕ (L.). In the place of.
vice versa (L.). The terms being exchanged.
videlicet (L.). To wit, namely (viz.).
vi et armis (L.). By force of arms.
vincit omnia veritas (L.). Truth conquers all things.
vis à vis (Fr.). Facing.
viva voce (L). By the living voice; orally.
vive le roi (Fr.). Long live the king.
voila (Fr.). Behold; there is; there are.
vox et præterea nihil (L.). A voice, and nothing more; sound but no sense.
vox populi, vox Dei (L.). The voice of the people is the voice of God.
vulgo (L.). Commonly.
Zeitgeist (Ger.). The spirit of the times.
a or @.—At.
A.B.—Bachelor of Arts.
Abp.—Archbishop.
a/c. or acct.—Account.
A.D. (L. Anno Domini).—In the year of our Lord.
A.D.C.—Aide-de-camp.
Adj.—Adjective.
Adjt.—Adjutant.
Ad lib., or Ad libit. (L. Ad libitum.)—At pleasure.
Adm.—Admiral.
Adv.—Adverb; Advocate.
Advp. or avoir.—Avoirdupois.
Advt.—Advertisement.
Ae. or Aet. (L. aetatis).—Of age; aged.
A.F. & A.M.—Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.
Ala.—Alabama.
Ald.—Alderman.
Alg.—Algebra.
Alta.—Alberta.
A.M.—(L. ante meridiem), before Noon. Master of Arts.
Amt.—Amount.
Anon.—Anonymous.
Ans.—Answer.
A.O.U.W.— Ancient Order of United Workmen.
Ap. or Apr.— April.
A.R.A.—Associate of the Royal Academy.
Arith.—Arithmetic.
Ariz.—Arizona.
Ark.—Arkansas.
A.S. or Ang. Sax.—Anglo-Saxon.
Asst.—Assistant.
Astron.—Astronomy.
Atty., Atty. Gen.—Attorney; Attorney General.
Aug.—August.
Ave.—Avenue.
b.—born.
B.A.—Bachelor of Arts.
Bal.—Balance.
Balt.—Baltimore.
Bart. or Bt.—Baronet.
B.A.Sc.—Bachelor of Applied Science.
Bbl. or bbl.—Barrel.
B.C.—Before Christ. British Columbia.
B.C.L.—Bachelor of Civil Law.
B.D.—Bachelor of Divinity.
Bk., Bkk.—Book; Books.
B.LL.—Bachelor of Laws.
B.M.—Bachelor of Medicine.
B. Mus.—Bachelor of Music.
Bot.—Botany.
Bp.—Bishop.
B. Paed.—Bachelor of Pedagogy.
Brig. Gen.—Brigadier General.
Brit.—Britain; British.
Bro(s).—Brother(s).
B.Sc.—Bachelor of Science.
Bt.—Bought.
Bu. or bu.—Bushel.
C. Cap. (L. Caput.).— Ch., chap., chapter.
C.A.—Chartered accountant.
Cal.—California.
Can.—Canada.
Capt.—Captain.
C.B.—Cape Breton. Commander of the Bath.
C.C.—County Clerk. County Commissioner. Church Clerk.
C.E.—Civil Engineer.
C. or Cent.—Hundred.
Cf. or cf. (L. confer).—Compare.
Chem.—Chemistry.
Cin.—Cincinnati.
C.J.—Chief Justice.
C.M.—Common meter.
C.M.G.—Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.
C.N.R.(O.)—Canadian Northern Railway (of Ontario).
Co.—Company. County.
c/o.—In care of.
C.O.D.—Cash (or collect) on delivery.
Col.—Colonel.
Coll.—College.
Colo.—Colorado.
Comp.—Compound.
Conn. or Ct.—Connecticut.
Conj.—Conjunction.
Con. (L. contra).—Against; in opposition.
Cor.—Corner. Corinthians.
Corp.—Corporal.
Cor. Sec.—Corresponding Secretary.
C.P.R.—Canadian Pacific Railway.
Cr.—Credit. Creditor.
Ct(s). Cent(s). Connecticut.
Cur. or Curt.—Current; this month.
Cwt.—Hundredweight.
d.—Penny or pence. Died.
D.—Five hundred.
D.A.G.—Deputy Adjutant General.
Dak.—Dakota.
D.C.—District of Columbia.
D.C.L.—Doctor of Civil Law.
D.D.—Doctor of Divinity.
D.D.S.—Doctor of Dental Surgery. Doctor of Dental Science.
Dec.—December.
Deg.—Degree.
Del.—Delaware.
Dep.—Deputy.
Dept.—Department.
Dis. or Disct.—Discount.
Dist.—District.
D.Mus.—Doctor of Music.
Do. (Ital. ditto).—The same.
Dol., Dols., $.—Dollar(s).
Doz.—Dozen.
Dr.—Debtor. Doctor. Drachm.
D.Paed.—Doctor of Pedagogy.
D.R.A.—Dominion Rifle Association.
D.Sc.—Doctor of Science.
D.V. (L. Deo volente).—God willing.
D.V.S.—Doctor of Veterinary Science.
12 mo.—Duodecimo (folded in 12).
Dwt.—Pennyweight.
E.—East, eastern.
ea.—each.
Ed.—Editor; edition.
Edin.—Edinburgh.
Edwardus Rex (King Edward).
E.E.—Electrical Engineer.
e.g. (L. exempli gratia).—For example.
E.I.—East Indies.
Emp.—Emperor; Empress.
Eng.—England; English.
Esq. or Esqr.—Esquire.
et al. (L. et alii)—And others.
etc. or &c. (L. et cetera).—And the rest; and so forth.
Ex(x).—Example(s).
Exec. Com.—Executive Committee.
E. and O.E.—Errors and omissions excepted.
F., Fahr.—Fahrenheit.
Feb.—February.
Fig.—Figure. Figurative.
Fla.—Florida.
F.O.B.—Free on board.
Fr.—Franc. France. French.
F.R.A.S.—Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
F.R.C.P.—Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.
F.R.C.S.—Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.
F.R.G.S.—Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.
F.R.S.—Fellow of the Royal Society.
F.R.S.C.—Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
Fri.—Friday.
Ft.—Foot.
Fut.—Future.
Ga.—Georgia.
Gal.—Gallon.
G.B.—Great Britain.
G.C.M.—Greatest common measure.
Gen(l).—General.
Geog.—Geography.
Geol.—Geology.
Geom.—Geometry.
G.R. (L. Georgius Rex).—King George V.
G.R. et I.—George, King and Emperor.
Ger.—German, Germany.
Gov.—Governor.
G.M.—Grand Master.
G.P.O.—General Post Office.
Gr.—Greek, Gross. Grain.
gr.—Gramme.
H.B.C.—Hudson's Bay Company.
H.B.M.—His (Her) Britannic Majesty.
Hdkf.—Handkerchief.
Hf. bd.—Half-bound.
Hhd.—Hogshead.
H.I.H.—His (Her) Imperial Highness.
Hist.—History.
H.M.S.—His majesty's service, or ship.
Hon.—Honorable.
H.P. or h.p.—Horse power.
H.R.H.—His (Her) Royal Highness.
I.—Island.
Ia.—Iowa.
Ib. or Ibid. (L. ibidem).—In the same place.
Id.—the same.
i.e. (L. id est).—That is.
I.H.S. (originally Gr. Iēs(ous); usually looked upon as standing for Jesus, hominum Salvator). Jesus, Saviour of men.
Ill.—Illinois.
In.—Inch(es).
Incog. (Ital. Incognito).—Unknown.
Ind.—Indiana.
Inst.—Instant; the present month.
Int.—Interest.
Introd.—Introduction.
I.O.F.—Independent Order of Foresters.
I.O.G.T.—Independent Order of Good Templars.
I.O.O.F.—Independent Order of Oddfellows.
I.O.U.—I owe you; an acknowledgement for money.
Isl.—Island.
Ital.—Italic; Italian.
J.—Judge, Justice. JJ.—Justices.
Jam.—Jamaica.
Jan.—January.
J.C.—Jesus Christ.
J.H.S.—See I.H.S.
J.P.—Justice of the Peace.
Jr., Jun.—Junior.
Kan.—Kansas.
K.C.—King's Counsel.
K.C.B.—Knight Commander of the Bath.
K.C.M.G.—Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George.
Ken. or Ky.—Kentucky.
K.G.—Knight of the Garter.
Kilog.—Kilogramme.
Kilom.—Kilometre.
K.L.H.—Knight of the Legion of Honour.
K.M.—Knight of Malta.
Knt. or Kt.—Knight.
K.P.—Knight of St. Patrick.
K.T.—Knight of the Thistle. Knight Templar.
L.—Fifty. Lake.
L., l. or £ (L. libra).—Pound or pounds (sterling).
La.—Louisiana.
Lat.—Latin. Latitude.
L., lb.—Pound (weight).
l.c. (L. loco citato).—In the place quoted. Lower case.
L.D.S.—Licentiate of Dental Surgery.
Lex.—Lexicon.
L.I.—Long Island.
Lib. (L. liber).—Book. Liberal.
Lieut.—Lieutenant.
Lieut. Col.—Lieutenant Colonel.
LL.B.—Bachelor of Laws. (LL. is written because the word is plural.)
LL.D.—Doctor of Laws.
L.M.—Long Metre.
loc cit.—see l.c.
Lon(g).—Longitude.
L.S.—Place of the seal.
L.S.D. (L. Libræ, Solidi, Denarii).—Pounds, shillings, pence.
Lt.—see Lieut.
Ltd.—Limited.
M.—(L. mille), thousand. (L. meridies), noon. Mile.
M. (Fr. Monsieur).—Sir.
m.—metre, minute.
M.A.—Master of Arts.
Ma. or Minn.—Minnesota.
Maj.—Major.
Man.—Manitoba.
Mar.—March.
Mass.—Massachusetts.
Math.—Mathematics.
Max.—Maximum.
M.B.—Bachelor of Medicine.
Mch.—March.
M.D.—Doctor of Medicine.
Md.—Maryland.
Mdlle. or Mlle.—Mademoiselle.
Mdse.—Merchandise.
M.E.—Mining, Military, Mechanical Engineer. Methodist Episcopal.
Me.—Maine.
Mem(o).—Memorandum or memoranda.
Messrs. or MM.—Messieurs, Gentlemen.
Mex.—Mexico.
Mfg.—Manufacturing.
Mfr.—Manufacturer.
Mgr.—Monsignor. Manager.
Mich.—Michigan.
Mil. Acad.—Military Academy.
Min.—Minute.
Minn.—See Ma.
Miss.—Mississippi.
M.L.A.—Member of the Legislative Assembly.
mm.—Millimetres.
Mme.—Madame.
Mo(s).—Month(s). Missouri.
Mon.—Monday. Montana.
M.P.—Member of Parliament.
M.P.P.—Member of Provincial Parliament.
Mr.—Master (pronounced Mister).
M.R.C.P.—Member of the Royal College of Physicians.
M.R.C.S.—Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.
Mrs.—Mistress.
MS(S).—Manuscript(s).
Mt.—Mount; Mountain.
Mus. B(ach).—Bachelor of Music.
Mus. D(oc).—Doctor of Music.
N.—Noon. North. Number, Noun, Neuter.
N.A.—North America.
N.B.—New Brunswick; (L. Nota Bene), note well, take notice.
N.C.—North Carolina.
N.D(ak).—North Dakota.
N.E.—New England. North-east.
Neb.—Nebraska.
Nem. con. (L. nemine contradicente)—No one contradicting; unanimously.
Nem. Dis. (L. nemine dissentiente)—No one dissenting.
Net., Nett.—Free from all deductions.
Neut.—Neuter.
Nev.—Nevada.
New Test., N.T.—New Testament.
N.F., Nfd.—Newfoundland.
N.H.—New Hampshire.
N.J.—New Jersey.
N. Lat.—North Latitude.
N. M(ex).—New Mexico.
N.N.E.—North North-East.
No. (L. numero).—Number.
Nom.—Nominative.
Nov.—November.
N.P.—Notary Public.
N.S.—Nova Scotia. New style.
N.S.W.—New South Wales.
N.W.M.P.—North-West Mounted Police.
N.Y.—New York.
O.—Ohio.
Ob. (L. obiit).—He (she) died.
Obt.—obedient.
Oct.—October.
O.H.M.S.—On His Majesty's Service.
O.K.—"All correct."
Old Test., O.T.—Old Testament.
O.T.—Oklahoma Territory.
Ont.—Ontario.
Ore.—Oregon.
Oz.—ounce.
P., p., pp.—Page; pages; participle.
Pa.—Pennsylvania.
Par.—Paragraph.
Parl.—Parliament.
Pay't.—Payment.
P.C.—Police Constable. Privy Council.
Pd.—Paid.
P.E.I.—Prince Edward Island.
Penn.—See Pa.
Per an. (L. Per annum).—By the year.
Per ct. or cent.—By the hundred.
Phar.—Pharmacy.
Ph.D.—Doctor of Philosophy.
Phm. B.—Bachelor of Pharmacy.
Pk.—Peck.
Pkg(s).—Package(s).
Pl., Plur.—Place. Plural.
P.M. (L. Post Meridiem).—afternoon. Post Master. Past Master. Police Magistrate.
P.M.G.—Postmaster-general.
P.O.—Post office.
P.O.O.—Post office order.
Pop.—Population.
P.P.—Parish Priest.
P.P.C. (Fr. Pour prendre congé).—To take leave.
P.Q.—Province of Quebec.
Pres.—President.
Prin.—Principal.
Prof.—Professor.
pr(s).—Pair(s).
Pro tem. (L. Pro tempore).—For the time being.
Prox. (L. proximo).—Next, or of the next month.
P.S. (L. post scriptum).—Postscript.
Pt.—Part. Pint. Point. Port.
Pte.—Private.
P.T.O.—Please turn over.
Pub.—Publisher.
Pwt.—See Dwt.
Q.—Query; question.
Q.E.D. (L. Quod erat demonstrandum).—Which was to be proved.
Q.E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum).—Which was to be done.
Q.M.—Quarter-master.
Q.M.G.—Quarter-master-general.
Qr.—Quarter. Quire.
Qt.—Quart.
Qto.—Quarto; folded in four.
Qu.—See Q.
Que.—Quebec.
Q.V. (L. quod vide).—Which see.
R. (L. recipe)—Take.
R. (L. Rex; regina).—King; Queen.
R.—River. Rod. Rood.
R.A.—Royal Academy or Academician. Royal Artillery. Rear Admiral.
R.C.—Roman Catholic.
R.C.P.—Royal College of Physicians.
R.D.—Rural Dean.
R.E.—Royal Engineers.
Rec'd.—Received.
Rec. Sec.—Recording Secretary.
Rem.—Remarks.
Rev(d).—Reverend.
R.G.S.—Royal Geographical Society.
R.I.—Rhode Island.
R.I.P. (L. requiescat in pace).—May he (she) rest in peace.
R.M.—Royal Mail.
R.N.—Royal Navy.
R.S.V.P. (Fr. Répondez s'il vous plait).—Answer, if you please.
Rt. Hon.—Right Honorable.
R.W.—Right Worthy.
R.W.G.M.—Right Worshipful Grand Master.
Ry.—Railway.
S.—Saint. South. Sunday. Sun.
s.—Second or seconds. Shilling.
S.A.—South America. South Australia. South Africa.
Sask.—Saskatchewan.
Sat.—Saturday.
S.C.—South Carolina.
Sc. (L. scilicet).—To wit; namely.
Scot.—Scotland.
S.D(ak).—South Dakota.
S.E.—South-east.
Sec., Secy.—Secretary.
Sen., Senr., Sr.—Senior.
Sept.—September.
Serg., Sergt.—Sergeant.
S.G.—Solicitor General.
Shak.—Shakespeare.
S.J.—Society of Jesus.
Soc., Socy.—Society.
Sig. (L. Sigillum).—Seal.
S. Lat.—South latitude.
S.M.—Short meter.
Sol. Gen.—See S.G.
Sov(s).—Sovereign(s).
S.P.C.A.—Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Sp. gr.—Specific gravity.
Sq., Square.—Sq. ft., in., m., yd(s) = square foot (feet), inch(es), mile(s), yard(s).
Sr.—Senior.
SS.—Saints.
S.S.—Sunday (Sabbath) School.
S.S.—Steamship.
S.S.E.—South-south-east.
St.—Saint. Street. Strait.
Ste. Sainte.—A woman saint.
S.T.D.—Doctor of Sacred Theology.
Ster., stg.—Sterling.
Str.—Steamer. Street.
Sun.—Sunday.
Supt.—Superintendent.
Surg.—Surgeon.
Surv. Gen.—Surveyor General.
s.v. (L. sub voce)—Under the word.
S.W.—South-west.
Syn.—Synonym.
T., Ter.—Territory.
Tel.—Telegram. Telephone.
Tenn.—Tennessee.
Tex.—Texas.
Th., Thurs.—Thursday.
T.O.—Turn Over.
Tp.—Township.
Tr.—Transpose.
Treas.—Treasurer.
T.T.L.—To take leave.
Tu., Tues.—Tuesday.
U.K.—United Kingdom.
Ult. (L. ultimo)—Last, of the last month.
Unit.—Unitarian.
Univ.—University.
U.S.A.—United States of America. United States Army.
U.S.N.—United States Navy.
V. (L. vide).—See.
Vs. (L. versus).—Against.
V.A.—Vice-Admiral.
Va.—Virginia.
Vb.—Verb.
V.C.—Vice-Chancellor. Vice-Consul. Victoria Cross.
Ven.—Venerable.
Vet.—Veterinary.
V.G.—Vicar-General.
v.g. (L. verbi gratia).—For example.
Vice-Pres., V.P.—Vice-President.
vid. (vide).—See.
Vis(c).—Viscount.
viz. (L. videlicet).—To wit; namely.
Vol.—Volume.
vs.—See V.
V.S.—Veterinary Surgeon.
Vt.—Vermont.
Vul(g).—Vulgate (Latin version of the Bible).
W.—West.
W.A.—West Australia.
Wash.—Washington.
Wed.—Wednesday.
w.f.—Wrong font (of type).
Wis.—Wisconsin.
W.I.—West Indies.
Whf.—Wharf.
W. Long.—West longitude.
W.S.W.—West-south-west.
Wt.—Weight.
W. Va.—West Virginia.
Wyo.—Wyoming.
X. Xt.—Christ.
Xmas.—Christmas.
yd.—Yard.
Ye.—The.
Y.M.C.A.—Young Men's Christian Association.
Y.W.C.A.—Young Women's Christian Association.
Yrs.—Years. Yours.
Zool.—Zoology.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ and ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical), and shown as ą and ų on handheld devices. ą and ų on handheld devices.
Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspelling in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 42. '—un' replaced by 'un—'.
Pg 53. 'an add' replaced by 'and add'.
Pg 55. 'easier' is out of order, but has not been moved.
Pg 71. 'un ' replaced by 'un— '.
Pg 88. 'always, ' inserted before 'a̤l´wāysąl´wāys'.
Pg 88. 'length, ' inserted before 'leng´th'.
Pg 88. 'orphan, ' inserted before 'or´-phan'.
Pg 88. 'several, ' inserted before 'sev´ėr-al'.
Pg 144. 'brethren, ' inserted before 'breTH´-ren'.
Pg 144. 'cemetery, ' inserted before 'cem´-ē-ter-y'.
Pg 144. 'February, ' inserted before 'Feb´rṳ-a-ryFeb´rų-a-ry'.
Pg 144. 'history, ' inserted before 'his´-to-ry'.
Pg 144. 'pumpkin, ' inserted before 'pump´-kin'.
Pg 150. ' e' replaced by ' —e'.
Pg 169. 'suppliant' replaced by 'supplicant'.
Pg 181. 'carabine' replaced by 'carbine'.
Pg 213. 'innalienable' replaced by 'inalienable'.
Pg 237. 'Cincinatti' replaced by 'Cincinnati'.
Pg 240. 'Oklohama' replaced by 'Oklahoma'.
Pg 241. 'Pa.' replaced by 'See Pa.'.