The Project Gutenberg eBook of Adolescence
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: Adolescence

Author: Stephen Paget

Release date: February 26, 2022 [eBook #67501]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: Constable & Company Limited

Credits: Charlene Taylor, Donald Cummings and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADOLESCENCE ***





                              ADOLESCENCE




                              ADOLESCENCE


                                  BY
                             STEPHEN PAGET


                          CONSTABLE & COMPANY
                          LIMITED      LONDON




                         _First printed 1917._




This lecture was read to Oxford University Extension Students, in
the Sheldonian Theatre, in August, 1917. The general subject of the
lectures and classes was “The Near Future: problems of construction and
reconstruction.”

The Master of University College, who presided over the meeting,
pointed out that I had said nothing of the help which is given to young
men by their sisters. He spoke of the legions of young men who “keep
straight” because they keep in mind what their sisters are to them. I
ought to have said something of this influence of home-life.

And I ought, perhaps, to have defined with more exactness the very
words which I would use, if it were my duty to attempt a boy’s
“sex-education”――we could hardly find an uglier title for it. But I was
afraid to say more than I did say. The great thing is, that the parent,
or it may be the teacher, should be able to tell the child, “Do come
to me, right away, whenever you are puzzled or shocked at anything
that you read, or hear, or notice: and I will tell you, as well as I
can, all that you need to know about it.” And the greatest thing of all
is careful self-preparation. To answer a child with evasive or lying
nonsense is to offend the child: and we have it on good authority that
we deserve for that offence the millstone round our necks, and the
depth of the sea.




                              ADOLESCENCE


The honour of coming here was embittered by the difficulty of deciding
what to say and how to say it. One of the hardest of all subjects,
adolescence, was given to me: with this added hardship, that I was
to consider it as something which may be reconstructed in the near
future; or as a problem which we may somehow solve. It needs more than
a man to understand adolescence: it needs, at the very least, a Royal
Commission. I do not understand, really understand, anybody except
myself; indeed, I do not thoroughly understand even me. One thing, to
begin with, I did know about adolescence. I knew that it was a Latin
word. So I looked it up in the Latin dictionary. And there I found
to my surprise that the ancients were not agreed as to the term of
adolescence. Varro reckons it from the 15th to the 30th year of life.
Cicero speaks of Crassus, at 34, as adolescent: he even uses the word
of Brutus and Cassius, when they were 40; and, what is most unexpected
of all, he uses it of himself, in the year of his Consulship, when he
was 44. Nothing could be more incorrigibly middle-aged than Cicero
at 44; nothing could be more finally settled beyond all possibility
of unsettlement. We cannot discuss adolescence, if it is to include
persons of that standing.

Shall we therefore put this word back in the Latin dictionary, and
speak not of adolescence but of youth? But the word youth hardly takes
into account the bodily changes which occur between childhood and adult
life. We are concerned here with the schoolroom years, the threshold
years, say, from 14 to 18. All of us, when we think seriously about
boys and girls from 14 to 18 years old, have at the back of our minds
the thought of sex. And you must forgive me, if I use very plain words
this evening: for I hope and believe that you will prefer, from a man
of my profession, plain speaking to roundabout phrases.

My theme is adolescence: I have no right to talk about small children.
But how can I help myself? Boys and girls begin to be vaguely conscious
of sex, long before they are 14; some of them get into unclean habits,
or say unclean things, when they are nearer to 4 than they are to 14;
indeed, they may get into unclean habits before they are 4. If we are
to understand the schoolroom, we must first understand the nursery.
Children, by the time that they are 14, are what those 14 years have
made them, with our assistance, or with our neglect.

But, as all of us are well aware, no two children are exactly alike
in this matter. The differences between them are finely graduated;
but the extremes of difference are miles apart. Some children are
wholly incurious about sex; some are slightly inquisitive, some are
very inquisitive, and some, but very few, not one in a thousand, are
downright vicious and obsessed.

We are too ready, it may be, to give all our praise to those who are
wholly incurious; we call them healthy-minded, pure-minded, and so
forth. We admire them because they take no interest in this part
of their natural life, just as we admire them because they take no
interest in the working of their brains and their digestive organs. But
there is nothing very admirable in this blank indifference toward the
affairs of the body; it is good common sense, but we ought to think
twice before we regard it as a virtue: it is altogether negative, and
virtues are something positive. We can safely afford to keep some of
our admiration for the children who are inquisitive. Besides, we have
no business to put the possession of sex on a level with the possession
of digestive organs. The facts of digestion are merely physiological:
you can take them or leave them. The facts of sex are not merely
physiological: and it is perilous, either to take them or to leave them.

Of course, the incurious child is more easy to talk to, more easy
to get on with, than the inquisitive child; but we can hardly
wish all boys and girls from 14 to 18 to remain thus childish in
their knowledge of themselves. I do not believe that what we call
“innocence” is any sure protection to boys or to girls against impure
or perverted ways in adolescence. Indeed, I am inclined to believe that
innocence, or ignorance, may even betray them instead of protecting
them.

Besides, it is the accepted way of intelligent children to be
inquisitive: it is their birthright to ask us any amount of questions.
A child who never asks a question about sex is indeed, so far as that
goes, a backward child: what we call unobservant. In some ways, this
non-questioning mind is good for young children; but surely it is
unnatural that the children should attain to adolescence and still be
ignorant of what they are.

Whether these incurious children tend to be passionless in early adult
life, I do not know; nor can I make any guess as to the proportion, in
adolescence, of temperaments devoid of passion. Only, if they who are
incurious during childhood do tend to be passionless in later years,
that is no reason why we should admire them as children. For, in the
design of our nature, and in the fabric of our nature, there is a
place, and a very honourable place, for passion held under control. And
they who have nothing to control are to be congratulated, because they
are out of the way of temptation; but we admire, even more, those who
are in the way of temptation and withstand it.

If this be true, or anywhere near true, that a measure of inquisitiveness
in childhood, and a measure of passion in early adult life, are welcome
signs of a sane mind in a sane body, such as Juvenal bids us pray for,
then it follows that we ought to give careful regard to these
inquisitive children, and wise and honest answers to their embarrassing
questions.

But we grown-up folk are not agreed, nor ever shall be, what to tell
them, and when to tell it. We have no set method of talking to children
about sex, nor of warning older boys and girls against the miseries
into which it may, if they let it, bring them. Of course, this want of
agreement is not altogether our fault; we are so divided, because the
children are so diverse. Their differences of temperament are reflected
in our different ways of dealing with them. The fact remains, that we
have no common plan, no authorised programme: and, if ever we do invent
one, which we never shall, it will not suit all the children. Each of
us, in this perplexity, judges for himself or herself; there is nothing
else to be done.

Still, we can be agreed over some points; we can make one or two rules,
and keep them before us. It is a good rule, surely, that we should
prepare ourselves and arm ourselves against the shock of a sudden
question. We must have our answers ready. We must rehearse, we must
learn almost word for word, as it were by heart, what we will say, when
the inevitable demand for facts is sprung on us. That is our bounden
duty, to make up our phrases beforehand, so that we shall not be caught
unawares. It is not fair to the children that we should give them
stupid floundering answers, or snub them, or shut them up. They have
a perfect right to a well thought out answer. That is the meaning of
what Horace says, that the utmost reverence is due to them. We cannot
better reverence them than by deciding, long before the question comes,
how we will handle it. Think for a moment what silly things are said to
children, all for want of careful self-preparation.

To this good rule we might add another――that we must never tell them a
lie. We ought not to be liars, not even to small children. Take, for
instance, one of the best of all opportunities for telling the truth;
take the arrival of a baby brother or sister. Where did it come from?
I have no patience with people who say that the angels, or the doctor,
brought it. There is enough nonsense already talked about my profession
without that. What business have they to lie to an honest child? Or
take a more heart-searching instance. Imagine a child at Christmas-time
playing with that most beautiful of all Christmas toys, a little
_crêche_, with little figures of Mary and Joseph and the Babe lying in
a manger; and the child turns round and asks you where Baby Jesus came
from. What answer will you give? What harm can it do to a child, to
know that children are born of their mothers? What does harm the minds
of children is not our plain speaking; it is their own secret reading,
gossiping, and imagining.

Now let me venture a bit further. In the kingdom of a child’s mind, it
is not one set of thoughts, but two, which gradually rise to power,
as the child grows to adult life. Right away from the nursery age,
these two ideas are important above all others; important alike to
the child and to us. One is the child’s notions about sex; the other
is the child’s notions about God. Everything else wavers and shifts;
we see the children change every scrap of their minds over and over
again: their likes and their dislikes, their plans and their decisions,
flourish and perish, and are no more than stages or phases. But these
two purposes of their curiosity――the desire to know what sex is, and
the desire to know what God is――these endure, and are more imperative
with every added year of life.

As the children ask very absurd questions about sex, so they ask very
absurd questions about God. As we are taken aback, and say foolish
things to them over the one subject, so we do over the other. As we
ought to prepare ourselves for the one opportunity, so we ought for the
other. As we must answer properly about sex, so we must answer properly
about God. It is bad enough to shut them up over sex; it is worse to
shut them up over God. They are trying to get at something. They, at
their end of life, are like Sir John Falstaff at his end of life――you
remember the account of his death, by the hostess of the Boar’s Head
Tavern:

    So ’a cried out――God, God, God!――three or four times. Now I,
    to comfort him, bid him ’a should not think of God; I hoped
    there was no need to trouble himself with any such thoughts
    yet.

Whatever we say to the children we must never say that. But who will
teach us what we ought to say? Perhaps we might make a rule that we
will try not to play down to their childish notions. On the contrary,
we will try to tell them that our grown-up notions are hardly less
childish than theirs. We cannot worship their little graven image,
but we can confess to them that our own image is a very poor thing.
They will be glad to hear of the feebleness of our thoughts. We want
to lead them out of their first position: we want to get them a little
further on the interminable quest. We shall not do that by accepting
and adopting their idea of God, using it as an argument or weapon
against them. But we may perhaps be of use to them, if we explain to
them that we, even we, are nothing better than babies, when it comes
to attempting to think of what we really mean by the Divine Name.
Let us inform them plainly, that the best that we can do for them is
to conduct them out of the poverty of their minds into the poverty of
ours. It is possible, also, that we might find it a good rule with
children, to make less use of the word “God,” and more use of the
word “the Spirit,” or “the Holy Spirit.” This word “Spirit” is not
associated in their minds with any bodily shape; it may thus help them,
as time goes on, to forsake their little graven image.

I do believe that these two ideas――the idea of sex, and the idea
of God――are of the utmost importance to us in our dealings with
children and with adolescents. If we are to think of constructing and
reconstructing human lives as if they were houses, let us have the
proper materials for it, and let us handle them wisely. These two ideas
are good materials; they will take any amount of construction and of
reconstruction, and, if we build as we ought, they will stand the very
heavy strain which will be put on them. Please forgive me, that I am
treating my subject on these old-fashioned lines; I did not choose it:
the authorities chose it for me. They ought to have given it not to
a mere grandpapa, but to somebody worthy of the unmusical name of an
educationalist.

In adolescence, in early adult life, there comes a heavy strain on
these two ideas, and unless we have built as we ought, some portion of
the edifice will be in danger of falling. The point is, that we must
somehow manage to build these two ideas together; we must adjust and
fit them together, giving to each of them its due place in the house
of life, not opposing but conjoining them to each other, as a builder
conjoins bricks and mortar. It is a true saying, “The reasonable soul
and flesh is one man.” Please observe that they not _are_, but _is_,
one man; they are so closely united that they _is_ one man. It follows,
that what we call temptation addresses itself not to the flesh alone,
but also to the reasonable soul. Consider the predicament of a young
man who up to now has, as we call it, “kept straight.” All round him,
day after day, newspapers and books and shop windows and theatres,
and other men’s talk, and the look of the crowd in the streets, are
alluding to it. His pride is wounded, and the more he tries not to
think of it, the more it hurts. All young men covet and pursue the
experiences of life; he is vexed and resentful that he should be thus
incomplete. He has given up what a young man most hates to give up: he
has given up something which would make him just like other young men.
Not only his body, but his reasonable soul, is restless and impatient.
That which impels him to the edge of temptation is not his animal
nature but his whole human nature.

Other motives, alike in boys and in girls, are vanity, sentimentality,
and intolerance, especially in these tremendous days, of the monotonous
narrowness of their work and the fretful discipline of their homes. And
there are some boys and girls――happily it is a small minority――who are
so passionate and so wilful that they hardly stop to reckon what they
are doing.

Of course, we have some antidotes against temptation. One of them
is the right employment of mind and body; but the mind must not
be employed at haphazard, and the body must not be over-fatigued.
The employment of the mind must have a touch of refinement or
fastidiousness: things which are lurid and vulgar must be recognised
for what they are: the boys and girls must be fond of “good form”;
they must be picksome over books and theatres and picture-palaces and
friendships. The employment of the body must have a touch of discipline
or training: outdoor exercise, athletics in moderation, fresh air,
plain food, cold water. If I could be a little boy again, I would join
the Boy Scouts; if I could be a young man again, I would get on without
alcohol and cigarettes.

To these approved antidotes, let me, as a doctor, add a good tonic,
to steady the nerves of adolescence. I prescribe a full dose of the
natural sciences. Some people believe in what are called “hobbies” for
boys and girls. I do not think much of hobbies, if it comes to nothing
more than photographing or stamp-collecting or carpentering at odd
moments; but I love to see boys and girls working hard at physics and
chemistry. It is a grand thing for them: it really does tranquillise
and strengthen them; I like to believe that it even tends, as it were,
to reduce their high temperature and their rapid pulse. All other
employments of the adolescent mind――as Mrs. Tulliver, in _The Mill
on the Floss_, says of the crowns of bonnets――they are “so chancy:
never two summers alike.” Books, art, politics, amusements, outward
observances of religion――all of them are so chancy: all of them are
open to the criticism of the young people. I remember, ages ago, a
German professor dining at my father’s house; and in the course of
the talk some reference was made to St. Paul. “Ah! Paulus,” said the
Professor, “I have read his works; but I do not agree with Paulus.”
Science is not like that: there is no chanciness in her: we inevitably
agree with her. If a chemical test goes wrong, we know that we have
done it wrong. This eternal certainty gives to physics and chemistry,
somehow, authority over the vagrant minds of boys and girls; and this
authority, surely, must help to keep them able to resist temptation.

These antidotes and this tonic are all very well; but the best thing of
all would be, for all boys and girls, unfailing belief in what we call
the Spirit of God, or the Presence of God, in their daily affairs. I
feel sure that there are many of them who are more likely to be kept
straight by that than by anything else.

And, of course, it is our business to prepare them, with all the
wisdom and forethought that we can manage to find in ourselves, for
these dangerous years of early adult life. But we must begin while
they are children; we must begin with careful answers to their
ridiculous questions about sex and about God. These two ideas are
our building-materials: we must work them together, not keep them
apart, nor oppose them to each other; we must go on, constructing and
reconstructing them in the growing fabric of the mind, adapting and
adjusting them to each other: so that the children, when they come to
adolescence, shall come to it neither ignorant nor helpless.

So many of us hang about the child’s mind, in a timid sort of way,
hesitating to go in. We look up at the windows, we peep through the
letter-box, we try the back door, we ring the bell very gently――the
left-hand bell, which is marked Servants; we dare not ring the
visitors’ bell, nor ply the knocker. And the child, all the while, is
expecting us. We wait for opportunities. It is probable, with some
children, that we ought to make them, not wait for them. I do not
altogether like the word “initiate”; yet I have in my imagination some
special day set and appointed for a grave little home-ceremony; the
whole thing well thought out, the exhortation written down beforehand,
every word of it. The occasion of telling boys and girls the truth
about their bodily nature would thus be made solemn and memorable, as
an act of their lives. I have been reading again that scene in _Tom
Brown’s Schooldays_, where the Squire gives his parting advice to Tom,
on the way to Rugby. It is one of the hundred best things in one of the
hundred best books. Only, all boys and girls are not alike: there is
need, with some of them, of saying more than the Squire said. Perhaps a
birthday would afford a good opportunity. And, of course, it ought to
be done at home: it ought to be done by the child’s parents. Most of
us here, when we were 14 or 15 years old, were confirmed, and received
the Holy Communion. It was a little time of quiet self-judgment and
good resolutions; it really did help us. If I could have my life back,
I should like to be told about my bodily nature in that devout and
premeditated way. It ought to be done at home, and my father ought to
do it, probably on my birthday. Instead of that, it was done by another
boy, at a preparatory school. I still remember the exact words that we
used, and I could still find almost the very paving-stone on which I
was standing.

There are things to be said to children; and there are things to be
said to older boys and girls going out into the world. I cannot fix
the right ages for it: no two children are alike. I feel, also, that
first-rate school teachers are more likely than second-rate parents to
say the right thing to children. There is a place, doubtless, in school
teaching, for lessons in botany and in natural history. The trouble is,
that some of the children may fail to see what you are driving at. You
can lead them to the very edge of the stream of analogy, but you cannot
make them drink. They may remain, at the last moment, recalcitrant;
and you may never get quite so far as to tell them what you were
intending to tell them.

If it were my duty to inform a boy, between 12 and 14 years old――and
it certainly is not the business of any man to speak to girls about
their bodily nature――I would not begin with botany. I would begin with
mankind. I would tell him that all of us come out of the bodies of our
mothers: and in that way come all creatures. I would argue from us to
animals, not from animals to us. Then I would say something about
the anatomical differences between male and female children: and I
would tell him that this difference runs through all creation, all the
distance from us down to plants and flowers. And I would say to him,
“All creatures are formed in this way, in the bodies of their mothers,
before they are born: but they cannot begin to be formed, till the male
and the female have actually come together: and that is all that you
need to know.” If it were my duty to talk to a young man 18 or 19 years
old, I would talk to him as to any other man, freely and explicitly; I
would also warn him of the disastrous bodily results which may follow
even one act of wrong-doing, and how these results might be visited,
years hence, on his children. And, of course, whatever the age, I would
not only lecture, I would also preach. If I am to help a boy to “keep
straight,” I must appeal from that which is natural in him to that
which is spiritual in him.

And――so far as adolescence is concerned――if ever there was a time when
we ought to speak plainly, it is now. Whether we like it or not, the
old habit of silence has for some years been falling away from us.
Even before the War, we had begun to talk more freely, and to be less
offended by plain speaking. The War has made it still harder for us
to remain silent. We have seen, everywhere, boys and girls, all of a
sudden, as it were transfigured: the boys turned into men, the girls
turned into women; courage, obedience, endurance, flaming up in them,
so that we marvel at them. But we have seen, also, the dark side
of their life. They have gone ahead so fast, and their eyes are so
dazzled, that some of them will not stop to read our danger-signals.
Most of us have some influence over them, some of us have great
influence. Things already are bad enough, and, in all probability, will
be worse in the near future. Our influence was not given to us for
nothing: and if we do not exercise it now, we shall be sorry, too late.

There is one more bit of advice, in these days, which we might give
to young men. The War seems to make it somehow wrong, that a young
man, of decent character, in good health and steady work, should
remain unmarried. He ought to marry, that sons of his may serve their
country, filling the empty places of the young men who have died for
their country. Before the War, it was nobody’s business but his own,
whether a young man were married or single. We observe him now from
another point of view, with every added month of the War, and every
casualty-list; we say that he is not doing his duty, if he prefers
the comfort and the freedom of bachelor-life to the cares of marriage
and parentage. Let him so live now, in these terrible days, that his
children shall be born healthy, a blessing alike to him and to his
country.

Now, to finish with, let me dot the _i_’s and cross the _t_’s of
this paper. It is likely enough that I have been talking more of
things as they were in my boyhood than of things as they are now. The
Victorian Age was in many ways magnificent; but it neither approved
of inquisitive children, nor enlightened them. For example――one
of my contemporaries tells me that she was taught botany out of a
book called _Lindley’s Ladies’ Botany_. In this book, the fact that
flowers are male and female was carefully left out. She learned this
fact when she was 18; she gathered it from a sermon in church, and it
vexed and offended her. We have got past all that sort of nonsense.
But we are still at sixes and sevens how to tell children about their
bodily nature. We let them alone, they let us alone; we wait, they
wait; neither we nor they like to begin. We do not know what they
are thinking of. But we know this much, that there are two sets of
thoughts which must, simply must, be growing up together in their
minds――the idea of sex, and the idea of God. We cannot help them
without self-preparation; we muddle them, not educate them, on these
two subjects, unless we have made up our own minds how we will answer
their questions.

Further, I do believe that some parents might well make a solemn little
home-ceremony of telling a child about his or her bodily nature; not
leave it to chance, nor to the unclean talk of schoolfellows; no, nor
even leave it to the child’s teachers. Father or mother ought to do it.
And, when the children are grown up, it ought to be done again, with
clear warning against the dangers which they are going into.

Finally, what they need is not physiology alone, but physiology and
faith together. There has been a great deal too much science talked
about adolescence. Too much physiology, pathology, psychology――not
that psychology really is a science――too much analysis, too many
statistics. If any of you, as parents or as teachers, do require a
short science-book, there is Dr. Starr’s _The Adolescent Period_. It
has its faults. It is unduly apprehensive of some things which are not
important. It makes too much of those boys and girls who are abnormal.
Some children are abnormal; and some, but very few, are as it were
demoniac, to their own misery and the misery of others. These most
unhappy children have been put under the microscope for us by our kind
friends the psychologists. But the vast majority of boys and girls are
normal.

Dr. Starr’s book is not for general reading. Still, for the right sort
of readers, it is a good and useful book. But what, after all, do we
want with books? It is the children that we have got to read; not books
about them, but them. I doubt whether psychologists understand ordinary
children better than a wise old family nurse understands them. Boys
and girls are human beings: they were not discovered by science: they
refuse to be elucidated by science. The way for us to help them is
not by psychology, but by faith, self-preparation, courage, and common
sense.




                        _Printed in England by_
                          Butler and Tanner,
                          _Frome and London_




 Transcriber’s Notes:

 ――Text in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_).

 ――Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.

 ――Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.



*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADOLESCENCE ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.