The Project Gutenberg eBook of Outposts of Asia
    
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online
at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States,
you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located
before using this eBook.

Title: Outposts of Asia

Author: Morilla Maria Norton

Release date: November 22, 2022 [eBook #69407]

Language: English

Original publication: Philippines: The Magnet Publishing Co

Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was produced from images made available by the HathiTrust Digital Library.)


*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUTPOSTS OF ASIA ***





                               OUTPOSTS
                                 _of_
                                 ASIA


                                 _By_

                         MORILLA MARIA NORTON

                              _Author of_

                         Songs of the Pacific
                         A Kingdom of the Sea
                        Verses from the Orient
                             Gloria Victis

                            [Illustration]


                       THE MAGNET PUBLISHING CO.
                      MANILA, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS




                            COPYRIGHT, 1909
                         MORILLA MARIA NORTON
                          MANILA, PHILIPPINES




                              To M. B. N.


  Great Mother, dead but living,
  Living but dead,
  The snow falls fast,
  In this death month of all the year.
  White flakes like messengers
  Sent upon the blast,
  From Heaven to light upon thy bier.

  Like this death month of Nature
  Such thou wert and art;
  Cold with unsullied purity of will,
  White with the soul’s austerity of charity,
  Yet holding all the flames
  Of summer’s glory in thy heart.

                                                               Yokohama
                                                        January 7, 1909




                              _FOREWORD_


In writing this book of a journey through Manchuria, Korea and Japan,
it is partly a tribute to the hospitality of the Imperial Railway
through whose kindness I made the picturesque tour on the track of the
fighting line across countries on which so much attention has been
focused in these last years, partly to fulfill a pledge made to the
Manila Merchants Association, to write in a book of travel through
Russia a chapter on Manila, which chapter is the last in the volume.

Among the few treasures which the traveler feels he must carry away
from that land of art--Japan--the writer chose a kakemono representing
the grim old fighter Ieyasu dressed in his stiff brocade of choice
pattern which the elegance of his life demanded.

He sits not on horse, nor in palanquin, but at ease and in reflective
mood in his home, his queer head-dress arching out from his falcon-like
head, holding in one hand a sword even in this hour of leisure, ready
to spring upon his country’s foes, in the other hand a roll of paper,
for he was like the great Charlemagne, a man of letters, as well as of
battles.

Sensitive, fine and piercing as a blade, is his glance, delicate as
a woman in the finish of his attitude, yet commanding, imperious,
indomitable and over all and through all, a scholar, not in the
infinitesimal detail of the school, but in the magnificent sense
of life, one who learns from all experience and progresses through
everything and acquires in every phase of fortune and misfortune,
leaving to the world the priceless inheritance of such scholarship,
hope, faith--nay, charity! What Ieyasu was, so to me seems his race,
imbued with the large serenity which grasps ages, not minutes; it can
conquer, or be conquered, with equal grace, without self-elation, or
self-abasement, but with the majestic nature of the true theist and the
true altruist advances to its destiny reaching as does all greatness
its maturity slowly, until it becomes the master of itself and of
others.

The ethical beauty of the home life of Japan, the charming routine of
the schools, the fraternal relations in the army and navy, the courtesy
between master and servant, in the factory and the shop, and in the
home is all delightful to see, and the welcome to the stranger, that
finest flower of civilization, as of character, to feel!

The soft grey coloring, the subdued green, the reserve of forest and
field, unlike our own exuberant Philippines, at first seem shy, demure,
not a little austere, but as you pass the days and nights there the
subtle influence of the Northern Italy works its miracle and you yield
as every one has before you, captivated by an influence too complex to
define. Japan has the “charme intime,” as the French say, the charm
which penetrates but holds forever.

Massive, Greek-like Korea and colossal Manchuria, bold, daring as the
fastnesses of Asia are, overwhelm the imagination and leave you stirred
to their heroic level!

But a glimpse, a panorama of these graphic countries is all these pages
can bring.

Each has a magnetism one must experience, and as one New Englander said
of his native town, it needs no pennies in their fountains to call you
back to retread their sublime and lofty pinnacles, or their exquisite
by-paths.

These pages were for the most part published in the daily press of
Japan, and were written “en voyage” or within the hospitable doors of
the Astor House, Seoul and the Bluff Hotel in Yokohama. They form notes
of travel rather than a conventional book.




                              _CONTENTS_


  PORT ARTHUR                                                          9

  MOUKDEN                                                             17

  MANCHURIA                                                           23

  SEOUL                                                               29

  JAPANESE IN KOREA                                                   37

  TOKYO AND ITS MAYOR                                                 43

  JAPANESE RAILWAYS                                                   49

  MADAME SHIMODA                                                      55

  PEERESS’ SCHOOL                                                     61

  KANEKO                                                              67

  EXPOSITION NOTES                                                    75

  BARON TAKAHASHI                                                     81

  TOKYO OBSERVATORY                                                   85

  GOVERNMENT STEEL FOUNDRY                                            91

  JAPAN IN NOVEMBER                                                   95

  MANILA AND THE PHILIPPINES                                         101




                              PORT ARTHUR


Port Arthur is the most dramatic spot away from Europe: nothing that
Nature can do, or history suggest of grandeur is lacking in this
stupendous panorama!

Hills which have been swept bare by shot and shell are still bare and
will be as the palm of the hand, to denote what has passed over them!

A huge fortress-like eminence suggesting Gibraltar, stands out like the
champion of the army before the series of forts which lie behind it.

There are two bays, “Pigeon Bay” and “Kerr Bay,” which have dimpled
waters of sparkling blue and admit ships on both sides of this gigantic
promontory.

As you leave the station, you find yourself facing a long stretch of
unkempt ground, over which the new town is being erected inland.

Further behind lie the cliffs, rising one within another, with a series
of natural fortifications, one of which has begun its immortal fame,
“203 Metres Hill.”

Its sides are covered with huge stones, piled in volcanic confusion,
partly by nature, partly by the concussion of balls.

This point, as all remember, was surrounded by a barbed wire fence and
heaps of sand bags.

On one edge men passed over living flesh and dying flesh, their hands
torn from the sockets, as they mounted up a perpendicular side of some
three hundred feet.

The hills on the land side are well covered with the rough and tumble
of the up-torn rocks, pieces of bone and rusty implements and the torn
sand bags are still there. Seventeen thousand men fell on this hill and
it took five days to capture it.

Once on top after a climb of some twenty minutes of slow scrambling,
like the ascent of the pyramids, you reach the summit. Then you realize
why Russia wanted to keep it and Japan to win it at any cost. It is a
center of billowy hills on the land side and of the whole sweep of bays
and promontories stretching out towards the Yellow Sea and Pechilli Bay.

Port Arthur is the sharp beak of the promontory, which cuts into two
waters and can guard the lands of Japan, Korea and China. As you stand
then on the top of “203 Metres Hill” you have at your back hills,
in the front the towns, the circling mountains about the water, the
advanced cliffs of the defensive works and the bays and the sea. Your
guns can command any point and your view has every detail before it.
You are, as I remember, about one mile and a half from town.

This latter is composed of a small park from which the adorning center
has been removed, whether in disgrace as offensive to non-classical
taste or not I do not know.

The Civil Office building is new or repaired and not specially
attractive as the Japanese do not seem to care to put beauty in their
public buildings. A new and very elaborate hotel soon to be opened, is
being put up.

This is made out of concrete and stone, quarried, I believe, out of the
near-by mountains. The roads leave everything to be desired; they are
full of ruts and must be horrible in the rainy months.

The Czar’s mother built the “Red Cross Hospital” whose gigantic
outlines of red warm the heart during the frozen months of a Manchurian
winter.

Vice Admiral Hashimoto and his lovely family live in a palatial
residence, while set in wide gardens at only a few feet away is the
steep descent to the gate of the navy yard, where you can stroll about
with a guide seeing sunken ships being repaired and the “Amur,” one
of Russia’s relics lying on her side, kept there as a reminder of the
dreadful days gone.

Shops full of busy workmen are alongside and the little men who are
hard at work to the ceaseless blows of the hammer, bob about blithely
at their tasks, getting ready for another conflict.

Far up over one’s head, on the terraced gardens, I saw a marquise and
asked what it had been used for.

It was the Russian bandstand, where every evening the Russians played
their national airs; now only the breeze blows its requiem there, for
“dead souls.”

Nearby is the “Army and Navy Club” at whose inviting door I bade good
bye to the American Consul who had so gallantly chaperoned me for the
day.

The visit to Port Arthur for a lady alone, would not be agreeable. We
had the pleasure of meeting the commanding general, Membo Camio, and he
told us about his two dogs and they were introduced, one of them his
special favorite, “a left over” from Russian occupation!

Dog lovers know no geographical lines and his most interesting face
took on that peculiar “love me, love my dog” look seen on the faces of
those devoted to canine pets.

It was an easy task for me and while they talked diplomatic
compliments, I talked dog.

I told General Camio of a friend in Manila who possessed one from the
Russian fleet, a beautiful collie, given her from off the fugitive
Russian ships. How also on the Fourth of July the sensitive creature
crept away to avoid hearing the firing, which brings to mind that awful
day.

We were provided with a guide, by the kindness of the general, to the
war museum and to General Stossel’s house.

This residence was and is a very plain one, not very large, set on a
single hill commanding a view over the forts and town opposite and is
opposite the new palace of the civil governor.

General Nakamura, who was acting governor of Manchuria, a most affable
and agreeable personality, did us voluntarily a great service, which
he anticipated the moment we came into the room. He gave us our return
pass to Fusan, as Baron Goto of the South Manchurian Railway was away
from his home in Dalny.

The delicate way the Japanese, in their kindness even think for one, is
wonderful.

“’Twas fated I should seek this battle field and here above the
multitudinous dead, be the white victim, growing daily whiter. The
breath of death has rustled thru my hair! The shudder of death has
passed athwart my soul! I am all white, a sacrificial host!”

So felt the Duke of Reichstadt at Wagram, so feels every noble soul at
Port Arthur. It is for humanity, an altar of blood and fire!

The fields have been put under the plow, but labor cannot wait.

The necessities of existence have, perhaps fortunately, no sentiment.
Parts of our road are blasted thru the solid rock. We move towards
the battle field, watching alternately the dismantled homes and the
primitive methods of agriculture. Some buildings are left as wrecks.
The configuration grows every mile more sinister. In a distant low
roofed building we are told that General Stoessel surrendered but it is
all a dream; we are seeking something. There on the horizon! Yes, it
rises! Calm as at creation’s dawn, when its Maker saw this hour. “203
Metres Hill”! Name forever immortal!

Oh, the sublimity of the view over that billowy plain from its summit!
There “Pigeon Bay” and “Kerr Bay.” The monuments of Russia’s generosity
and Japan’s gratitude.

We visited the war museum and the Administration buildings. The blue of
that day’s sky, so blue, with the glory of the sun on the “Golden Hill”
and the “Tiger’s Tail” forts but the hosts were visible to the unseen
eye, the cries of agony and victory were in our ears and in the garden
of General Stoessel we found growing the flowers so thoughtless, or so
healing of it all! The flowers which have no memory!

  “Les fleurs nont pas de memoire,
  Nouvelles dans un monde ancien!”

General Stoessel’s house has still one room, kept as it was with some
startling brocade furniture, but the other rooms are being turned into
offices, I believe, of the war department.

Our minds were filled with an awful pathos as we wandered about and the
light jests of our companions did not seem in place. The garden was
much as it was, doubtless a tangle of marigolds and astors, and we were
told to carry away as much as our arms would hold, which we did. Ah,
nature, how little thou dost care!

The war museum has a fence surrounding it which shows every kind of
defense in the way of crossed spikes and barbed wire and other sorts of
infernal devices used in sieges.

Inside you can see war accoutrements, garments, implements, dynamos,
bombs, machines of every sort to destroy, until the mind sickens.

Plans of now disused forts show how they were taken, where blown up,
where tunneled; earthworks and redoubts we passed on our way over
and all the ingenious ways are still there of how men can protect
themselves from death and deal out death to each other.

I never heard once either in Japan or Manchuria, or Port Arthur, where
pride, military pride, if ever, would be admissible, one word of
boasting and one little Jap said at Port Arthur, “The Russians need
never be ashamed of Port Arthur. To the everlasting disgrace be it of a
nation which will punish men for doing as well as they could.”

To view this remarkable place which will be in time one of the great
tourist points of the East, one need count no fatigue too great.

No trip in Europe offers more grandeur both in natural setting and
historic significance.

 Marathon, salute thy peers. The years have taken much, but left us men,
 Men of thy stature, O, Sophocles, who asked the fairest boon,
 To die like heroes, even if to taste life were still denied,
 Thinking with scorn of late, or soon, the now, or then.
 Empires may lose their monarchs and renown,
 But never to be forgotten is this hill, dyed in the purple of man’s
  supreme nobility,
 For here the Hand which balances each crown,
 Placed forevermore a diadem of heroes, on brothers death mowed down.

 (Written on “203 Metres Hill”)

                            [Illustration]




                                MOUKDEN


The mountain effects as you near Moukden, are every day finer. The
august abysses and the tremendous onward sweep of the track, the
seemingly impossible turns and cavernous leaps are all indescribable!

As you near the city of Moukden you see a saddle-shaped height to which
the contending armies of the last war climbed and fought.

On one height you also see a shaft commemorative of the Japanese dead.
All is prophetic of what is beyond.

Moukden is at the heart of China with Port Arthur and Harbin about
equally distant. A strongly fortified place, a strategic point of China
life and politics and of a value well known to her friends and her
enemies!

Pekin is but two days away and the stone wall of wonderful fame but
twenty hours, and what means more than all to this traveler, we are
but one night’s ride from Port Arthur, over a good road which is being
double tracked and is to be furnished shortly with first class American
cars!

Moukden is built on a vast plain and has a horizon line worthy of the
plains of Dakota. A wall of truly Chinese dimensions encloses the
traffic which goes on with the usual Chinese volubility. A wide and new
boulevard is being made by the Japanese, running from the station to
the ancient city. This has a modern look, but not so what passes along
it! Such a motley array of human clothes and shapes!

It is indeed a Vanity Fair. The huge Manchurians with a “devil may
care” air. The Japanese looking anxious and uneasy at so much to be
done.

The ox carts with strange passengers inside them! The jinrickshas with
their Chinese runners with more “devil may care manners”! The street
hucksters, the few Europeans and the rich natives with their coolies,
the stir of one of the busiest cities of the East and one of the most
original, that all makes Moukden!

The recruits are exercising out in front of the American consulate
and raw they are, but quick, and the military steps are fast becoming
familiar to them.

An ancient pagoda surely contemporary with David is on this street:
this Parisian boulevard of Moukden, and much we wondered at its stone
form of concrete and its top of bronze, a crescent and ball!

Around the unique buildings of the consulate extends the plain, by
turns dusty or muddy, according to the season.

Our delight was the moonlight on the consulate! The court so imposing,
with its grotesque animals and its Chinese queerness! The rare old
Chinese windows and at evening time, the watchman “beating the fish,”
sounding a rattle to warn away all intruders!

The especial beauty of a real oriental house and furnishings; this one,
set in the heart of China, has as delightful a flavor as one may meet.

The tombs of the Emperors of the Manchu dynasty, the men rather, who
founded the reigning house, are of fitting elaborateness. They too,
like the palaces of Seoul, are falling to decay.

The one I went to see on a chilly autumn afternoon, was set in a park
of considerable dimensions guarded by the ever faithful stone dogs.
These faithful animals have kept the palaces intact and the sleepers
in their tombs for centuries!

We watched the old stern-faced tho not unkindly woods-men cutting the
winter fodder in the over-grown grounds. They work while the emperors
sleep and how much more impressive they are!

A huge gate as usual meets us at the entrance to the enclosure; indeed,
two gates.

The tomb itself or rather the shrine before the tomb is approached by
two stately avenues, where the dogs are relieved of their lonely watch
by two horses, two dromedaries and two elephants!

In a pagoda we saw the mammoth sea horse and on his back the memorial
tablet written in characters none but a scholar’s spectacles could
decipher!

The gate with its marvelous locks, certainly antedating Pharoah, opens
and we gaze at its ornaments of dragons’ heads, a sort of mask, as we
enter, to the central court, where we look up at the walls and mount
them to get the view and see the four corner towers of brilliant
workmanship and colors.

Descending, we approach the central shrine by steps of very fine
sculpture and artistic form and are told by our retinue of attendants
that curiosity can go no farther nor veneration for that matter, as the
key is lost!

The grave itself is beyond all this stone and wood arabesque; it is
without the wall, a simple heap, or mound of earth!

“Dust to dust,” after all, poor old Manchurian warrior of long ago!

But as it is autumn in the park, we gathered the red berries and the
men ornamented the jinrickshas with them and we ride home across the
plain in a glory of red that out lasts all. The sun is a perfect disk
magnified by the perspective of the plain into a gigantic size, worthy
of Manchuria, and there is the Japanese flag! May it bring better days
to this land of toil and patience! That is the heart’s wish for this
colossal country of Manchuria!

Over the mountains sky high, over the plains of Moukden, over more
mountains, and you approach the city of Dalny. There seems a stupendous
realization of Nature in it all, the scene is perfect. Dalny, to use a
histrionic term again, is the “curtain raiser” of Port Arthur.

The war cloud seems still hovering over it. If you are accustomed to
the birthplaces of national significance you feel it in the air. The
place has a somber air. Built to be a pillar of Russia’s all conquering
power, it was to pass in a few years in an awful avalanche of
disaster to another!

Across these streets men fought their way and others fled in terror!

There are places where nothing would astonish you. No miracle but would
seem possible, because a miracle has been. Such a place is Dalny. There
are spots of our earth sanctified by the sublimest emotions possible
to our human nature, above this mortal passing of days: such is Dalny!
Such is Port Arthur!

At Waterloo, at the Plains of Marathon, on the battle fields where all
our race rose in an hour to another epoch of its stupendous destiny,
what can be said! What is not felt!

At the entrance of these streets you feel it is other ground, you tread
softly for immortal valor is there before you. You have thoughts of
pride; a pride that wells as a gushing stream, to your heart. Yea, here
men were conquerors, not over a mortal foe, but over Death and Self.
The deadly enemies of men!

When there has been said this word to fate, “you cannot rob me,” then
all the hearts of men leap to that height and we are for a moment
deified. O glory to the heroes of that hour.

Russians or Japanese! All were in that sublime sense conquerors! All
shall be forever victors, enshrined in our memory, where we worship the
undying splendor of the soul!

                            [Illustration]


                        MOONLIGHT OVER MOUKDEN

  Moon of harvests and of toil she slowly mounts the aged Chinese Sky,
  A sky of fairness, alabaster, ivory, like an antique shrine
    Of ancient lineage and proud, her charm mingled of the mellow
      mystery of joy and tears;
    In glory young, though old in years.

  Glories indeed have been, an emperor sleeps within a tomb
  Forgotten with the sigh, men breathed in his domain,
    Nature and life rebuilt from death to radiant dreams,
    Who notes the Past, as tolls the silver chime new hours?
    Night speaks and light still streams;

  Around her future like her rays, is mystery,
    But as days die, new days begin, of history far mightier:
    Great light appears across Time’s pageant, lighting to grander
      victory;
    Victory deathless as moonbeams, and Love builds temples through
      all glooms.




                               MANCHURIA


“In the increased enthusiasm of Japan in her ardent effort to
strengthen her position in the world, by basing her international
conduct upon the fairest and best tried principles of human progress,
the effort is not free from occasional errors, but the large issue
grows clear in Japan’s mind.”

The force of such words as these in Mr. Asakawa’s book “Russo-Japanese
Conflict,” I feel as a traveller over four thousand miles of railroad
controlled by Japan, from Yokohama to Port Arthur. If Japan is the
country of loveliness par excellence, and Korea ranking with Greece and
Montenegro, in the dramatic and picturesque, Manchuria is the majestic
climax to both! Antoken, two days ride from Seoul, is the drop curtain
painted in strokes of impressionism, as wonderful an introduction as
the heart could wish to the farther grandeur of Asia. The Yalu has vast
perspectives in its reaches into the heart of the land and moves one as
do all great rivers, as the Neva, the Thames, commercially stupendous,
as well as wide and deep. It seems a colossal boundary separating Korea
from China, but in this respect it fails of its purpose since Japan has
crossed it! The conflict which began near the gates of Pyongyang grows
here more intense in retrospect and you see, still much as they were
used, the sand bags and the remains of the fortifications. Sitting in
a box car, with about twenty Japanese and Manchurians, we watched the
unfolding of the landscape of China at our leisure. Here for the first
time in our four years of the Orient we saw the horse doing his proper
work as we see him in Europe and America. They were drawing the heavy
vans as at home laden with harvest.

Antoken is a wild, unkempt town sprawling out in many directions, and
is being revolutionized by hard labor, as fast as toil, oriental toil,
can revolutionize it. The gaunt crags, the excavated cliffs, make it
stern in aspect and rather alarm one as to what may lie beyond. The
road seems a toy, but your admiration increases with the square of
the distance, as you wind on into the first “divide” on the edge of
precipices and over chasms for five hours of each day, through scenery
only the passes of the Alps or the Rockies can equal, and although
I have travelled through both, I think in certain aspects this trip
rivals either. The gauge is to be widened in two years and the distance
shortened. I was the guest on my return of the engineer in his private
car, so I had the pleasure of admiring the fruit of his brain with
the man who had conceived it. At the little mountain station where we
passed the night and which is provided with a good Japanese hotel, I
was told that here will be the centre of a health resort, and of course
the game is all any sportsman can desire. At this station we met a
French engineer, on his return to Paris from Tonkin, and his wit and
interest in all he saw did much to enliven the stay. His grey hairs
had not dimmed his delight in the superb panoramas of Nature, and
his enthusiasm was added to our own. These heights covered with the
rich hues of autumn are in fine contrast to the treeless, improvident
mountains of Korea!

I have regretted not being able to accept an invitation to visit
the American mines in Korea, but as it meant a trip in an ox cart I
felt with Manchuria before me I had all I could have the heroism for.
These mountains of Manchuria are supposed to be unfit for mining. The
first farmyards in our home sense begin, soon out of Antoken, with the
picturesque confusion of the autumn fruits. The soft greens of the
intervals remind us of the country outside of Paris in spring. The cows
and pigs are everywhere and in spite of the swineherds, who reminded
us of our Spanish reading and the story of the “Prodigal Son” most
vividly, they do get in the way of the slowly moving train. One little
black fellow had his last race and fell, as so much rustic valor has
before him, before the wheels we call progress, or Juggernaut according
to our mood. One old swineherd in tatters came to the car door. Never
off the stage have I seen a character so like the quaint creations of
Shakespeare’s dramas. We made him happier with a few persimmons and a
few coins, realizing from his extra crimson nose, that he was indeed
in “a far country.” Now we were as the days wore on climbing ridges,
now descending into abysses, every moment full of awe and of pleasure.
Along one of the slopes I saw a letter carrier with just that easy
lope he has on Broadway: so far gone that humanizes the letter! Caves,
caverns, stupendous effects at every turn, on we climb. The mists on
the heights in early morning are most exquisite. We pass military posts
and one where there are rich coal mines. Being the only European on the
train, and a woman, we are the “chief animal of the show.” We afford
great amusement to the sightseers of Manchuria. Huge woods, men cutting
logs, or at their arduous toil, it is all reciprocated and we part the
best of friends, the sturdy mountaineers and the woman, strange indeed.
They are, in their uncouth way, chivalrous, and as chivalry is dying
out in every country we may yet have to seek it alone in Manchuria!

At one stopping place, I was attracted by a shrine, of which you see
so many, and as we had an hour’s wait, went to investigate. I fell in
with the native kindness and was asked in with the greatest show of
hospitality to see the interior. It was of course a farm house! How
bare! There was the raised platform where, as in Russia, the family
slept. All was blackened with smoke and all, including the family,
needed a lot of water to bring them to the original color, but the
children were very bright under their coat of dirt and very graceful,
in a way far more attractive than most civilized mannikins. The advent
of a foreigner made an event in the village annals and we soon had
quite an audience of the neighbors. It took us back again to days
of the One who went about doing good. I did not see a church spire
from Antoken to Dalny; am told that there are Catholic missions and a
cathedral in Moukden. The villages are all inclosed in mud walls and
are compact and occasionally one sees a temple much the worse for the
“tooth of time.”

                            [Illustration]




                                 SEOUL


If you should fall asleep over a volume of the “Arabian Nights” as I
have done many times in childhood and should awaken in Seoul, you would
not find the transition in the least startling.

There is no city which could better fit in its glowing pages. Its
coloring is as fantastic as are the episodes of the “thousand and
one nights,” and to be accurate when therein describing its manifold
glories, as I saw them, is to me impossible.

The editor of one of the very spicy journals which keep the Japanese
busy asked me to give my impressions and when I did, said they were far
and away too poetical and too imaginative for a daily paper, but they
did not approach the reality; not by half!

There are two railway stations in Seoul and they are modern and very
brisk in their air as we whirled into the second one late at night
after a day’s ride in this wonderland of amber and gold mountains. I
was too sleepy to do aught but fall into the comfortable bed of the
“Astor House,” one of the best kept hotels in the Orient if you refer
to the cuisine.

The next morning I awoke to find myself up under the shadow of a huge
Chinese wall and beyond were fascinating towers and spires and distant
flag poles of consulates and not many hours were lost before we took
a Sunday morning stroll uphill and thru gigantic gates flashing with
mural paintings of dragons and wild impressionistic colors and weird
symbolism, and found ourselves in front of a Russian church where the
bells were ringing. We entered to the strains of that Slavic harmony
which allures as no other and there we found blond priests, with long
hair, worn in the same way as in the old Greek paintings and the
profile of the angelic Northern saint type; it was a strange paradox
to be in this chapel which represented a power now a removed obstacle
to Japanese dominion, and see its worshipers calmly allowed to go on
singing as of old. “One day they will come singing back again,” said
a bright young American observer. All Korea has two influences very
marked in its civilization, Arabic and Chinese, and a still more unique
aspect of a Grecian tradition. It is all three and Indian above all
three!

There is something of the wild free stride of all mountain peoples in
their walk as you watch them in their flowing white robes and pot hats
along the highroads and there is a wild glance in the eyes of the men
not fierce, but the glance of some gentle animal untamed. The women, as
all know, are the household drudges and are completely under the thumb
of the male element, having neither name nor station apart from these
very self-important masters.

They are kept in rich houses quite as in Turkey and they wear a silk
mantle over their faces when in the street. You can see their large
wondering furtive eyes looking out as you pass from station to station,
where the dapper Japanese officials keep them in check.

They wear the most delicious shoes in the world, these same shy
sisters; they are Turkish and turned up slightly at the toes and are
silk besides, and very dainty in shade. The upper class wear this
flowing garment and the mantle of white silk in the street and the
middle class the green mantle.

The poorest class, as is so often the case, gives the most picturesque
tone to the city streets and we have had our breath quite taken away by
meeting some woman, whose fancy ran a riot of color which would have
eclipsed Turner himself!

I was invited to an evening entertainment at one of the hospitals,
where the girls were in their house costume, and it consists of a
bolero jacket and baggy trowsers, or divided skirt, it appeared to be.
Many of the girls were pretty and as animated as one could wish. A
debate was held and for diplomatic reasons I will not give the subject,
but it was as full of fire as a Greek patriot’s and carried on amid the
roars of laughter a school girl’s performance usually meets with.

One of the faces of the nurses was so beautiful and so pathetic I could
not help remarking on its sublimity and my chief hostess told me a
little of its tragedy.

The face was minus a nose, which a jealous husband in a moment of
frenzy cut off.

The woman is a christian and the meek glory of her face will remain one
of the memories of a lifetime.

No Madonna I ever saw in Europe equals it for sweetness.

Another inmate of this hospital, so admirably bringing medical aid and
training to Korean women, was a little girl without arms or legs, but
still smiling and happy!

All the world has heard of the great wave of Christianity which swept
over Korea in these last years and the glory of it belongs to the
rare, very rare men and women, who are there; men and women talented in
letters as in religious devotion and their fame is great, such as Dr.
James Gale and others.

But oh, the streets of Seoul! Wander up on the citadel and gaze from
its ramparts down on the palace gardens, the new palace where you can
of a morning see the Emperor ride forth to visit his mother’s tomb or
go to meet a distinguished guest as we saw him the morning the Crown
Prince of Japan came, when the brilliant city was decorated with the
magic talent of those past masters of scenic effect, the Japanese.

By one of the arches we saw the most unique spectacle as the Emperor
and suite and the two young princes side by side swept on in that
silent awe of Oriental homage, so unlike our own.

We saw Togo and Ito and the others who have made the most brilliant
history of modern times, Togo laughing like a school boy, at all the
parade, which without him would never have been. We wondered if thru
his modest head any such thoughts passed!

Flags of Korea and Japan were in every possible nook and corner and
arches of pine so solid in their construction that they did not look
paltry beside the superb wall, which girts the whole city and with
true Chinese irony runs up the hills and towards the sky and where the
wondrous Korean mountains stand bare, bleak and awful.

Koreans have cut all timber from their peaks and left them like their
kingdom exposed from shiftlessness, a prey: now Japan is to make them
again, to wave with Nature’s fairest plumes the giants of the forest.

These gaunt rocks made, however, a truly majestic and fantastic
background to the oriental brilliancy of the streets with their rows on
rows of open shops, full of tempting wares such as we cannot often find.

You can buy in Seoul furniture that is a marvel of luxury and
usefulness and the mother of pearl inlaid ornaments and the wonderful
brass decorated articles are almost an enthrallment. The American
Consulate in Seoul is as rich in its interior beauty of decoration,
as in its hospitality. Its mistress is one of the most lovely women
of our land, or of any land. There we met the forceful Englishwoman
who had tutored the Crown Prince, until he left for Japan; a charming
personality whose reminiscences would fill volumes of delightful
romance, as she has been in the “inner circle” for years and that,
indeed, in a country as full of brilliant scenes and of thrilling
events as a drama of the most Victor Hugan sort.

You can buy amber and silk and the wonder of Eastern fabrication and
you can exhaust your prose and your purse and your vocabulary over it
both, in admiration and exasperation.

Seoul is in part modern, that is, a little modern, and it has a street
car line very much like we used to have in Manila in the good old days
“before de war.”

I always took it with the thrilling sense of not knowing where I was
to land and indeed, altho Seoul looks easy to the traveler, you can
get lost as quickly as in Boston. I was lost several times, but found
myself again just where I started.

After dark the streets are lighted with huge Chinese lanterns and small
Korean lanterns which are carried in the hands and you can follow your
neighbor, as you do very gratefully, home this way.

Seoul has a new boulevard since the Japanese occupation and the streets
are, oh, marvel of marvels, being cleaned!

Koreans would never have thought of that in all their years of
philosophical wandering into the unseen, where they like so much to go!

My trip to Seoul proved to be of more importance than I anticipated,
as I had a hole in one of the principal streets filled up, to my great
astonishment, again proving that “where there is a will there is a
way.” It had threatened for some time to break many hundreds of legs,
which passed that way every hour of the day and Stygian night!

Seoul lies in a cup of gigantic hills and it must be not a little like
Jerusalem, in situation a “joy of the whole earth.” It has superb
moonlight nights and radiant days and it is as majestic and dreamy and
sad and glorious as a Greek tragedy.

If you go into the parks of the two ancient palaces and wander for
hours and hear the birds sing and watch the tall fading on castle walls
and the glory that was Seoul and the grandeur that was Korea and watch
thru the trees, arches and bridges of lovely shape and the pagodas
richly tinted, where rested the lovely forms of long ago and see the
art and the dead, forgotten beauty of an age when beauty was enough,
when an emperor sued within those bowers and the days were long and
careless and the great lotus flowers now on their stems, as then lulled
to sleep all of man’s longings, why you will have to literally tear
yourself away, not to want to drop to sleep never to wake up, as you
did over the book which told it all, how they lived and dreamed and
loved and hated in--Seoul, yes, so long ago when there was a king who
had a son beautiful and good and a daughter as fair as the moon, you
remember!




                           JAPANESE IN KOREA


The question of the relations between the Koreans and the Japanese in
Korea is a delicate one--one which requires an insight into past causes
and present issues somewhat beyond that of a casual observer.

It is a question which finds its parallel in the relations of the
Filipinos to the Americans in the Philippine Islands. Taking into
consideration some of the minor differences, it is strikingly the same.

Unwillingly, by the fortunes of war, both these helpless people, people
loving very little the “strenuous life” and enjoying ease with little,
far more than much without it, are being forced to arouse themselves
to action along new paths into a complex existence to which their
child-like and primitive needs do not call them. They are both more
given to reflection than action, and to theory rather than practice.
The same pride of those who take refuge in dreams is found in both,
but in the case of the Korean it is even harder to obliterate the past
tendencies, as they are not anxious to change even when at slight
cost to themselves. But here we must make a second observation,--that
along the normal and intellectual paths they do desire improvement.
They will sacrifice much to educate their children, and will go to any
privation to get an education. For example, the nurses in training in
the Seoul hospital, the “Po Ku Nyo Koan,” take six years of study and
pay for tuition, and do it gladly and with enthusiasm to obtain their
diplomas. I saw several of these young ladies who would do credit to
Johns Hopkins, so noble and self-poised did they appear. But stubborn
they most surely are, and refractory to those new forms of life which
mean other customs and other laws. The missionaries find them open to
spiritual truth and tractable to the practice of it in their lives.

Both essentially Oriental and gentle when left to themselves, the
Filipino and the Korean become sullen, and even fierce when forced
against their will.

Both Americans and Spaniards, as a Spanish gentleman said to me, become
heady and inflated with their own importance as soon as they “round
Corregidor.” The least desirable traits come into focus when vulgar
people are in the foreground. The Japanese have suffered somewhat by
crossing the Tsushima Straits. Insolence and a swagger of “we are the
people” we fancied we had left behind us in the “Pearl of the Orient,”
and which is slowly passing away, however, is recognizable at a glance
in Korea. A jinrikisha man, who seems to be a “thorn in the flesh” of
Yokohama, becomes a festering sore in Korea; he runs over unwary men
and women without a grimace, and bullies the rider into double fare
with the air of a bandit.

The meddling “in other men’s business,” conspicuous also where
ignorance and lawlessness come into play, as in the Philippines and
Korea, is also characteristic. There is no bound to the impertinence of
those who feel like the bad boy of the nursery that the governess will
never dare tell, for she would get the worst of it if she did. Fair
play is not conspicuous in Korea, nor always in the Philippines. Great
complaint is made by foreigners in Korea as to the wholesale disregard
of property rights, the absolute impossibility of getting justice
before the law. Fortunately the parallel stops here; we have Filipino
judges who enjoy nothing better than sending an American up for a long
term! I hope the time is not far distant when a Korean judge can enjoy
the same ironical pleasure. Of course the greatest difficulty lies in
this adjusting of ignorance to another ignorance in the lower classes,
the ignorance of both being absolutely impenetrable. The educated
Japanese recognize this and acknowledge their inability to cope with it
at times. Occasionally this takes a tragic aspect, as when in working
on the telegraph wires in the streets of Seoul they warned to no
purpose over and over again a poor Korean, to whom electricity and its
deadly power was as unknown a quantity as a Sanskrit root to a London
fishwife, and at last they hit him a blow, and he fell--dead!

But force is always the weapon of men who have power over others and
none over themselves, whether in Bombay, Manila or Seoul. But that the
patience of English and American and Japanese is often tried to the
uttermost is also true, doubtless. “Patience conquers all things”; this
saying of Saint Theresa is needed by them all; and by the Filipino and
Korean, above all. In conversation with foreigners, with Japanese and
with Koreans, you feel this absolutely.

A Korean boy said to me pitifully, “Oh, they do not understand,” and a
very astute and able man of prominence in finance in Seoul, a Japanese,
acknowledged the same difficulty of harmonizing such divergent
elements, meaning exactly what the boy could not express. Some of the
foreigners are strongly influenced by their hearts in favor of the
Koreans, citing incidents of their ill-treatment by the coolies and the
merchants. Others, relying on their heads, say, “No, Japan is doing as
well as under the circumstances is possible with a delicate, obstinate,
inflexible people, who do not wish to develop in the modern sense.” As
to the Japanese soldiers and their behavior, I heard only praise, which
is certainly, considering the opportunity they have to be otherwise,
admirable.

The Korean has by no means the courtesy towards strangers of the
Japanese, but it is said that once you show yourself their friend they
go further in their cordiality and are far more unselfish in their
devotion.

The less attractive qualities of the Koreans have been greatly
overdrawn. They are kindly and attractive, the women especially so,
even winsome, graceful, and possessing that dignity and poise, partly
characteristic of the British Indian and partly of the Mohammedan. They
are sticklers for tradition and punctilious in etiquette, and like
such people usually are rather more anxious for the “letter” than the
“spirit.” Sensitive to the feelings of a stranger as the Japanese are,
they certainly are not. The prosperity of Korea is tempting to the
avaricious Japanese, and they have been guilty of such transactions as
are some of the monopolies of America, crushing to the wall the less
clever. It is an old story; Japan can show England and America nothing
new in greed. We have exhausted the repertoire!

Seoul is one of the most enchanting cities in the world; its situation
is marvelous, its picturesqueness only Constantinople can rival.

Korea is a land of stupendous beauty and attractiveness, the kingdom of
toil, and it is to this they are looking. To the onward marching lines
of men who see the future, Korea and Manchuria are the stepping stones.
The wide fields extend in every direction, the hills “rejoice on every
side.” Japan marches her soldiers at every station, law and order go
with her, and out of chaos, Asiatic chaos, she will bring--who that
sees her at work can doubt--civilization in the modern sense.

                            [Illustration]




                          TOKYO AND ITS MAYOR


One of the most interesting experiences of my stay in Japan was my
visit to the parliament, where I was privileged to have as a guide the
mayor of Tokyo, Mr. Ozaki, a man who has had a seat in that body every
year since it has had its existence.

The buildings are not in the least imposing. They show the same
paradoxical simplicity which we find in so much of this most stately
people’s ways.

Over the president’s desk hang eight portraits in oil and on a raised
platform under them a group of distinguished workingmen, whom I took to
be in part officials and visitors.

Our seat in the diplomatic gallery was directly opposite that of the
president, Mr. Sugita, a most distinguished appearing man who looked
not a little like our late John Hay. The vice president, Mr. Minsura,
sat by the president’s side, a serious man of sedate face.

The chief secretary is Mr. Hayashida.

It was a most curious thing to look about the room and to contrast
the individualities with those scenes we had watched in Congress, the
German reichstag, and in Paris in the senate chamber.

Mayor Ozaki has the distinction of being one of the three best
speakers in the parliament, and his rare penetration, wide travel,
and far-seeing intellect, as well as his wide knowledge of affairs in
a practical sense, furnish him splendid equipment in sustaining the
oratorical eminence he has gained. The speakers on this afternoon were
many and, judging from the rapid firing from the seats and the frequent
laughter, they were both witty and well directed. The members showed
every age from grey hair to the trim dapper young thirty with its
brocade waist coat. Every style of Japanese dress of old feudal days,
which is a most dignified and becoming garment, to the latest work of
the European tailor, was in evidence.

The voices were for the most part the well-bred modulated ones of the
upper class Japanese, but some were impassioned and some were silvery
and persuasive.

In front of the president’s desk stand the different members expressing
their views in as many fashions as there are men. Groups of men stood
about laughing and talking as is usual at such places and in the
lobbies there was the usual passing and doubtless buttonholing. On
every hand might be seen deep eyes of astute glance and the still
deeper eyes of a far-seeing statesmanship.

The sitting lasted till four, and in times of eager debate when much
is at stake, they sometimes do not rise till nine p.m. This making
of laws is a noble profession, but it has its humdrum side as do all
professions, and men seek to escape from this tedious side in different
ways characteristic of themselves.

There is a restaurant on the ground, indeed, two of them, and we dined
at one with his excellency and listened to the brilliant conversation
which he added as a sauce to the food. Very appetizing food, by the way!

In Mr. Ozaki, Tokyo has a very unique mayor, a man with as many sided
an existence as his city! “Self made,” as he proudly said, he has been
a public man all his life and yet likes the quiet of his country life
and the family quite as much as the most humble man of the city. A
great reader of men and of events, he is a democrat to the backbone and
has a manner simple as a child and a mind as keen as one of the damioes
swords. He was once exiled from his city as a dangerous character, “for
I am always in the opposition,” he laughingly said, “always a fighter,”
and then he told us of the first three positions he held, from which
he resigned in one, two and three months respectively. He has a dash
of dare devil still, this excessively quiet, self-contained man, but
years, years how they take the fight out of the bravest! We learned
from him of the great undertakings which he as mayor has in view: the
building of a harbor for Tokyo, the new sewerage, the 10,000,000 yens
to invest for the coming exposition and the other things with figures
of something like one hundred million yens. It reminded us of hearing
President Harper talk of laying out Mr. Rockefeller’s millions. Such a
juggler in figures he seemed.

The Ginza has been widened and one of the finest systems of water works
in the world just terminated. This alone would make the administration
famous. Tokyo elects her mayor every six years, and this mayor has
served five only to begin to learn he claims, the duties of his office.

Mayor Ozaki in his younger days was a journalist and he has an able
pen. The municipality has in its care a very interesting “Alms House,”
of which we may write later. It is, with other of her institutions, a
most creditable one.

Japan has the quick eye that sees and puts the right man in the right
place, and certainly the choice of this man was admirable for the city.

Tokyo is now expecting to buy the electric roads and make out of them
something with which to carry on these gigantic schemes of improvement.

The city of Tokyo is in the hands of fifteen aldermen, a council over
which the mayor is president, in addition to which is a legislative
body of sixty members, elected by the citizens. The right to vote is
the qualification of the tax payer and is in fact universal suffrage.
This makes the city more an independent or free institution than the
country, as the right to sit in parliament is only received from votes
held by property owners.

The mayor is elected by the municipal assembly; there is no ceremony in
the inauguration of mayor, not even a practical oath. All the members
of the assembly must be citizens of Tokyo, but the mayor need not be.
When he is elected mayor, the right of citizenship is conferred upon
him.

All the electric car system which is now in the hands of one company,
is soon to be owned by the city. It is at this present time being
considered by the Diet. The city in this way hopes to meet the enormous
expenses which are confronting it in the way of harbor improvement,
street widening and new sewerage, all of which will cost something like
100,000,000 yen. The new water works are almost completed. The water
comes from the river Fama, about fifty or sixty miles out of the city,
and is a masterly piece of engineering. It will provide Tokyo with a
water system second to none. Of it the present mayor is justly proud.

Tokyo is increasing in population at about the same rate as Chicago,
that is, about 100,000 per year. Labor troubles have not as yet become
a serious thing in Tokyo, but the prescient gaze of the administration
foresees that the day is not far distant when they may become so. The
municipality was only established about ten years ago and was before
that under the rule of a governor. The office of governor is still a
relic of the feudal times and the Governor still has some prerogatives
which remain from the ancient and somewhat archaic institution.

The preparation for the coming Exposition is the most serious thing
before the city now. There has been appropriated about 10,000,000 yen.

“After the Exposition we hope to have the Aoyama Parade ground as a
permanent park, and the construction for this gigantic affair involves
the closest attention from now on,” said His Excellency. A huge
building is projected, which will become permanent and will adorn Shiba
park. The model which we saw is very imposing indeed, and is the work
of the city engineer. It is rather of Roman style of architecture and
is massive and admirably proportioned.

                            [Illustration]




                           JAPANESE RAILWAYS


Dr. Hirai, Director of the Government Railway Bureau, graduated in
the Van Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute just after the exhibition in
Philadelphia in 1878, and on graduating was employed in the Mississippi
River Commission by the United States Government, and did not return to
Japan till 1882.

His pioneer railway service was in the Hokkaido, on the line which was
built by Col. J. U. Crawford, an American, and run on purely American
plans and methods. It has changed since, as after Dr. Hirai left the
engineer introduced English customs, but retained the American cars.

“In my day,” said Dr. Hirai, “the New York Central and the Pennsylvania
were the leading roads in America. I hope to see myself what thirty
years have brought about, on my trip to that country next year. I had
intended visiting Europe and America during the war time, but was
prevented on that account from travelling. On my return I shall have
seen and investigated modern railroading as it actually is in America
and Europe. What I shall see will naturally bring benefit to my system.”

“What do you think of American railroad men, Dr. Hirai?” we asked.

“I think they are the greatest men that you have in any line. We are
working at this moment for the amalgamation of seventeen private
railroads and are reducing them to the same standard of rates, fares,
and working staff. Our railroad system is just a little over 45,000
miles, which does not show very large, but its significance is in
the fact that it includes all the main lines of this Empire and is
therefore important. It includes the lines in the Hokkaido, Kyushiu,
all of the main island, and Shikoku, one third of which belonged before
to the Government, the rest having been acquired since 1906-07. The
method by which these seventeen railroads have been acquired is based
on the calculation that the stockholders will receive Government bonds
bearing interest at the rate of 5 per cent., equal to the average
of the dividend they have been receiving during the three years
previous to the time of nationalization. When the railroad has been
paying less on the capital than that, the amount of the bonds to be
paid for the railroad is to be agreed upon between the Government,
and the representatives of the stockholders. The whole amount of
bonds to be issued for nationalization will be nearly Y450,000,000,
or Y500,000,000, which we calculate will be paid off, interest and
principal, in 60 years. The actual result since acquiring the railways
is better than had been anticipated. Rates for goods and fares for
passengers have been reduced to a single standard. The reduction on
some lines has been more than 30 per cent., but still on the whole
our receipts are about 10 per cent. on fares and 20 per cent. on
freight more than the receipts of the previous year. The results
are, therefore, most gratifying. The total receipts for the fiscal
year ending the 31st of March this year will, I think, approximate
Y70,000,000; the net receipts are about 32 to 35 millions. The actual
net receipts for nine months to the end of last December are a little
over Y28,000,000. This is a showing which speaks for itself.

“The most marked results of nationalization of our railroads is seen
in the Hokkaido, where the best part of the railway was under the
control of the Hokkaido Colliery and Railway Company. Naturally this
company transported their coal in preference to all other freight, and
the development of paper mills and other manufactures was slow. Since
the Government has taken over the railway, no preference is given to
any particular freight, and in consequence the development of other
industries is facilitated.

“The steel works at Wakamatsu are supplying the army and navy, so we
are short of materials from this source, but we obtain the greater
part of our rails from them. We are building our cars in our own shops
and in three private shops, but we import our locomotives from foreign
countries, and you see English, German and American locomotives on our
road. The most economical engines so far in use we find to be English.
We hope to introduce greater ease and luxury in our cars every year. We
are now exporting wood for ties and sleepers to America. Our first aim
is for cheap and quick transportation of goods. Heretofore our receipts
have been mostly from passengers, over 70 per cent., but of late we
are giving more facilities to freight. We expect to build a central
station in Tokyo, beginning the work this year, and Shimbashi will be
like an old horse which in pride has once drawn his master’s carriage,
but is later relegated to a dray, for it will be used for goods alone.
We expect to connect the elevated line we are building now to Uyeno and
Ochanomidzu. The plan of the new central station is already complete.
It will be located in Marunouchi and will be a thoroughly modern
station costing about Y2,000,000. It will be completed in time for
the exposition, and we expect to have a station hotel in connection
with it, after the plan of the Canadian Pacific hotels. But, when
it is all finished, we shall have, like the man in the scripture, to
pull down and build bigger, so fast does the tide and onward sweep of
modern life outreach even the large projects of man’s brain. We have
something like 70,000 employes, a good standing army, and our Society
for the relief of the injured and disabled has on its list 50,000
members; this provides for medical treatment and care for those laid
aside in any way. It is a society in which the railroad and the men
co-operate. The men pay in every month 3 per cent. of their wages,
and the government 2 per cent., so that 5 per cent. of the income of
all wages is appropriated for this relief fund. The officers of the
road get a pension after 15 years’ service amounting to one quarter of
their salary. We have to supply the staff of the Korean, Manchurian and
Formosan times, who are men trained with us.

“During the war we sent 15,000 men to work the military lines in
Manchuria and Korea. A Railway School is situated near Uyeno Station
in Tokyo, where the course is preliminary. After graduation the men
come to us and work up. For high grades we employ university graduates
or those from high commercial schools. The most urgent work we have
on hand in the coming year is the extension of station facilities,
doubling of tracks, extension of repairing shops for the existing
lines, for which we have an estimate of eight millions for the coming
year. In the line of new construction, we have an estimate of about 25
millions yearly extending over twelve years, which will add about two
thousand miles to our railway when completed.”

Dr. Hirai speaks the English of a generation gone, with the clear
cut pronunciation of another age when men and women had time to do
things well, and as he speaks English, so he stands at the head of
one of the great railroads of the world, with the gentle suavity and
calm reflective face of a scholar, not a man of affairs, with a serene
self-possession which is the unmistakable mark of genius combined with
self-mastery. He is more like the great Dr. Charcot than any man I ever
met, and I remembered on coming home that in Dr. Charcot’s Paris house
was placed, in his vast library, a statue of Buddha.

                            [Illustration]




                            MADAME SHIMODA


Madame Shimoda is one of those rare beings, who have the singular
fortune to have not only fame, but what is far more to be coveted, a
place, in the hearts of thousands of her countrymen and women.

Hardly any one in Tokyo, who reads at all, but could guide you to the
little wooden house, on the hill, one of a million homes of her city,
where this virile and delicate woman lives, surrounded by the care of
relatives and friends, who it is easy to see give her, not only care,
but love.

Born in a feudal castle in the picturesque country of the Japan
mountain region, with the country spirit still in her, which the life
for many years in the palace of Tokyo could not destroy, that spirit
you feel in the touch of her diminutive hand, in the glance of her
powerful eyes, where dwells unquenched the freshness of free spaces.

Before she was twenty she was a reader to Her Majesty the Empress and
began the severe training of court etiquette, with its demands, more
than those of a soldier for self-control, yet even after years of such
experience and the still more severe drill as a teacher of young ladies
she has as charming a naturalness as a girl, so great is the gift of
the “kind old Nurse” Nature.

These men and women of Japan, who have crossed the half century line,
are all of them, more or less, the inheritors of the chivalry of
the ages gone by, and of all those ideas which Japan once held as
absolutely necessary to the making of a lady or a gentleman.

They tell us with a soft resigned sigh, that those ideals are passing
away before the inroads of western civilization, and who can not regret
it?

A volume of this little lady’s work with her round, generous
hand-writing, is one of my treasures, as she stands first among the
“singing birds” among the women of her land.

Her tastes are as varied as her life, with always that passionate love
of nature in the foreground.

The heroic, as is natural in a Japanese woman, comes next, and the late
war comes often into the short simple lines, where self-poise is again
so marked.

Her fondness for youth and the sentiments of youth come into play on
every other page.

I had spent a number of hours in the school which is her greatest
monument, the “Peeress school,” where the daughters of the nobility
are educated, and found there a duplicate of a first class European
institution, from the kindergarten to the graduating class.

I had listened to the eloquence of the teachers as they spoke of the
French Revolution, and watched the faces of the English class, as they
went over the ever imperial verses of Tennyson.

In those pretty, demure eyes, there was just the passion for the “good,
the true and beautiful,” which all fine youth has, the same we know so
well, before the Dawn has left them.

We passed a group in the hall and there was the daughter of the
greatest admiral of modern times, Miss Togo!

We saw them in the cooking school and heard their bursts of laughter
as they made the interesting and doubtless indigestible dishes they
were soon to partake of.

From the Auditorium to the garden, where the children play and make
those queer shapes and forms in the sand which latter are enlarged in
the vaster designs of manhood and womanhood, we found everywhere the
mark of this woman, her care and her genius.

On one Sunday, we were invited to her house, and a very bright Yokohama
girl, who spoke Japanese fluently, was our enthusiastic companion to
the home of the first teacher and first poetess of the land.

I was amused as we sat and she talked for an hour in the quiet soft
toned parlor of the higher education of the women of her land, to see
how her glance would wander from my pencil to the face of the young
girl, and of how she would interrupt her most serious remarks of
history, which she has at her finger tips, of philosophy, bred in her
bones, of the highest ethics of life, when she would cast one of those
bewitching smiles on the girl as she pressed her to take more sweets.
Life is ever the master passion of all such souls and they live only
in to-day. Higher education is not new, but like all great movements,
this of Japan began long, long ago, and once women held the place of
almost the equal of their lords, but the strange story of reaction
and retrogression, which marks the advance of the East, came in to
disfigure the wonderful march of the thought life of women.

Madame Shimoda is a pioneer in her work, and to-day thousands of modern
Japanese women rise up to call her blessed.

She was left a widow after a very brief married life and then all her
pent up love and devotion went out to her sex.

She has travelled extensively in Europe and America, and with that
master power that all Japanese seem to have, she has taken much of the
good, and left the bad of the West.

The great need of physical culture for the future mothers of Japan was
what appealed to her most strongly and this has been the first note in
her educational scheme.

We had sought for the motto which gives the keynote to the social life
of a Japanese home, and in the house of Viscount Kaneko we had found it
to be: “Wealth and rank are but a fleeting show, the merit is the man.”
Here it was, as we might have known: “Duty First.”

What would one expect of a woman who had spent her middle life in
educating the upper classes of her people, that she would want to
rest? Oh, no! for the remaining years she is to devote herself just as
earnestly to the educating of middle and lower class Japanese women.

This frail but purposeful woman had fire in her eyes as she spoke of
the future, a future which to such as she must only mean vaster and
vaster horizons and more radiant conquests.

                            [Illustration]




                            PEERESS’ SCHOOL


If you walk from Hibiya Park between two imposing public buildings, up
the broad avenue to the top of the hill, you will come to the high wall
which encloses the Peeress’ School, with the court, a fine entrance
space, with porter’s lodge and a porte cochere of Gothic arches, and
the whole a good bit of English architecture, with wide door and a
lofty hall. Opposite you as you enter is the refectory, with its low
tables and the plain and substantial effect of age and use. Two pretty
portresses will meet you at the door, with their eyes full of fun, as
all boarding-school maids have, as they are the secret ambassadors of
much mischief and are initiates of that occult society of fun. Their
demure manners, assumed for the occasion, do not blind you to their
roguery, for you have been a boarding-school girl long ago.

The instructor in English is as courteous as a guide as he is clever
in the use of your mother tongue, and you begin with a keen relish the
tour of inspection.

The reception room is rather like the meeting room of a committee,
for which purpose it is doubtless often used. Here the wise heads are
doubtless laid together and those plans for the education of Japan’s
future wives and mothers laid. Out of this room leads the Empress’
reception room, with the heavy damask curtains, the high ceilings and
the empty walls where, on the two yearly visits, the gracious and
“first woman of the land” receives the homage of the director and his
staff and gives in return the interest of all true women, be they high
or low, in the education and welfare of their sex.

The school has three terms,--one week’s vacation in April, and more
than two months in summer, and a short vacation at the New Year. About
the end of October is the exhibition in physical exercises, and about
the end of March that awe-inspiring epoch of graduation, when the high
functionaries of State and the distinguished clientele of Tokyo come to
see their girls step out of the schoolroom into the school of life--a
moment mingled in every land and school with gaiety and pathos.

The children enter the kindergarten at the end of the toddling age, and
the little lads and lassies sit side by side in their delightful rooms
and make their first songs of life, as they end them, together, their
little arms and hands making the first efforts at rhythm together,
awkward movements full of grace. They pass at eight years to the
primary department and begin the toilsome upward pull of real study,
and here their ways part,--the boys for the Peers’ School and the
ruder ways of masculine effort. From the primary course they enter at
about the age of fourteen the “middle course,” and that is in grade
substantially our High School. From this they can take post-graduate
courses in special studies, such as the classics, music and other
branches. The branches are technical departments, music, needlework and
embroidery, and a thorough course in cooking. Of the painting we will
speak later.

The Literary department must include courses in advanced Japanese
classics and English and French literature. The Science department
comprises a small laboratory, not overstocked with apparatus, and a
good class-room for experiments. This department has few devotees, as
might be expected, and also mathematics, and there is “little Latin and
less Greek” in the regular curriculum.

These sparkling-eyed young damsels take mostly to the gentler arts and
the gentler paths of learning. Our first visit was to the painting
department, as was fitting in a land which is above all things an
amateur of art. Here some ten young girls were painting on silk the
flowers and butterflies so dear to the Japanese heart. They were
fifth-year students and were very clever. The first year’s work hung
about on the walls. We looked for still-life subjects and casts, and
were told we would find them later, as we did, and some good work
in oil, and were told that animals and more ambitious subjects were
attempted by these embryo Rosa Bonheurs. The work was about on a level
technically, without being as original, as similar work of the same age
at home.

The gong struck for the end of a forty-five minutes’ period as we
left these rooms and the girls rushed out to the playground with all
the excitement of such times at home. The playground is much too
small. It had a tennis court where the girls were striking wildly at
a tethered ball, an amusement they seemed much to enjoy. There is
a fine gymnasium with the omnipresent piano, and here the marching
and physical exercises are practised. The kindergarten department
playground has piles of sand for the little folks, and they begin their
engineering and their landscape gardening in the bright sunshine there.
In the halls we saw two ping-pong tables, and certainly the physical
side of the young ladies’ training is not neglected. The auditorium
is spacious, and here are held the overflow recitations occasionally.
We saw a class in ethics file in, their faces alive with youth and
happiness, a charming ethical picture! As we were passing one door a
group of these eager beings emerged, and our guide informed us that the
tall young lady was Admiral Togo’s daughter.

Four hours a week are given to foreign languages, and French or
English may be selected. German is not taught to the girls. We were
particularly entertained in the history class. The young ladies were
as intent as their master, who told them in impassioned language
of that impassioned epoch of the French revolution. “Danton and
Robespierre,” how strange those names sounded so far away, mingled with
the hurrying voice of the speaker! The revenge of the years on evil,
how far-reaching! In the English class we heard some very creditable
rendering of English verse by the girls, and the charm of Tennyson’s
“Idylls of the King” lost nothing on those pretty lips. The Knight
Sir Lancelot and the maid Elaine and all their chivalric woes and
their exquisite love story was dainty enough in its new setting. We
saw the cooking class at work and the little maids frying fish and
preparing the lunch that was to be served at the long table in the
airy dining-room which opens into the garden. For myself I was willing
to try the cooking, however indigestible, after seeing the cooks. The
teacher was an old Japanese gentleman who was as cool, apparently, with
these too many “cooks spoiling the broth” as a young chef would not be,
patience being the supreme qualification for a cook, as for a Cabinet
Minister.

We found the kindergarten department, after all, the most alluring, for
the rooms here were more attractive and the little pupils passingly
dear. They sang so sweetly and played so charmingly in the wee garden
and came running about us with all the abandonment of childhood and the
laughter of fairies that we were captives to education at once.

If we could have one of those baby companions as a seat mate we would
be willing to go over the whole course again, beset with the terrors of
examinations and failure marks as it was.

The teachers of the Peeress’ School are specialists and have received
the training of many lands. We had a cosy chat in the director’s study,
and he amusingly informed us in very idiomatic English as a beginning
“that as he had arrived only a day before us he did not know much more
than we about the school.” This admission was certainly promising of
great good to the school, as wisdom is not hasty in its judgments, nor
rash in its methods.

Looking into that face which bears the beauty of refinement and culture
to an eminent degree, as well as that soul light, without which all
education is vain and all teachers worse than vain, we felt that in
the hands of a man associated for more than twenty years with the
education of the youth of Japan, Mr. Gentaro Matsumoto, the future of
the Peeress’ School might be even brighter than its past.

                            [Illustration]




                                KANEKO


The subject of this chapter is one of the forces,--which unobtrusively
and unostentatiously is not only felt in Japan, but in the world. He
is a world man. In order to pass into this category of world men, a
great deal is required, and process is always of intense interest to
humanity,--which from the lowest to the highest is aspiring to be felt.

Chosen to represent in the Great Exposition the country of which
his proudest boast is to be a son, he combines those distinguished
attainments, which a long past of services well rendered have given in
turn, and is not only a fine example of Modern Japan at its present
moment of leadership, but is also a man of the world,--moulded by the
best scholarship of the last century, and while working to-day in the
formation and perfecting of his own government, his thought has the
catholicity of a statesman and embraces the interests of every land as
well.

Born at an epoch when his country was just awakening to the modern
struggle,--born out of the provincial life, which is always the best
preparation for city life, because it is more serious, more profound,
and more far-reaching in its thought than that of a metropolis, as
it is more introspective; he came as a very young man to be the
adopted foster son of our great republic, and with singular Oriental
astuteness, read into its pages of history and life, its secrets
of growth and progress, as well as its defects and limitations; he
rose through all the grades of a city public school, that unrivaled
training for life, entered our proudest university, the synonym of
culture, of the humanities of that aristocracy of thought which
separates and differentiates men, far more than lineage,--and came out
of it to mingle in the affairs of men, a democrat, progressive, man of
action, incorporating in his ideals and work the best influences of the
past, but an ardent lover of the future, a believer in better days and
things, a belief which he has kept to this hour.

Kentaro Kaneko was born in Fukuoka, Chikuzen, Western Japan,--noted for
its chivalry, its warriors, and also for its learning. Its Daimyo was
Marquis Kurada, one of the greatest nobles of the land, the grandfather
of the present Vice-President of the House, and this man took a special
interest in Viscount Kaneko, and it was through his influence that as
a boy he was sent to Tokyo to study, and later to Boston, where he
began his education in the Boston public schools. From these schools be
entered Harvard Law School and graduated, returning to his own country
after eight years, and was soon appointed by Prince Ito Secretary of
the State Council, and was in the next year appointed private secretary
to Prime Minister Ito, and launched on the arduous labors of making the
draft of Japan’s future Constitution.

He was married to the present Viscountess, the daughter of a governor
of one of the Japanese provinces, and they have two daughters and a
son. Viscountess Kaneko is exceptional in her graceful hospitality,
a lover of home, and although she does not speak foreign languages,
is said to be a brilliant conversationalist in her own, and is a real
helpmate to her husband in his intellectual and social life, devoted
to children and to entertaining, she has won enthusiastic appreciation
from her guests by her tact and kindness. She is interested in all the
best modernism.

In a recent resume of his life, we gather these details:

“In 1890 he was elected as a member of the Institute of International
Law and in 1892 attended its general meeting held in Switzerland. At
the meetings, he advocated reforming the Treaties then in force between
Japan and foreign powers and for abolishing extraterritoriality in
Japan, and after much argument and pleading, he at last succeeded in
getting the Institute to pass the resolution. In 1894 he was appointed
the Vice Minister of Agriculture and Commerce; in 1898 became the
Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in the Ito Ministry, and then
resigned the portfolio together with Prime Minister Ito. In 1899 he
went over to the United States, accepting an invitation from Harvard
University, where the honorary title of Doctor of Laws was conferred on
him. He was the first Japanese that received the title, and the reason
for conferring this singular honor upon him was announced by President
Eliot at the Commencement as follows:

“Kentaro Kaneko, Harvard Bachelor of Laws, formerly Chief Secretary of
the Imperial House of Peers in Japan, and Vice-Minister and Minister of
Agriculture and Commerce, Life member of this House of Peers, the type
of those scholars of two Hemispheres through whom West would welcome
East to share in the inheritance of Hebrew religion, Greek Art, Roman
Law and Nineteenth Century Science.”

In 1900, he was created a Baron in recognition of his service. Before
this time, he had organized with Prince Ito a political association
named Seiyu-Kwai and was appointed a member of the managing committee.
When the Ito Cabinet was formed in 1900 he was appointed to the
portfolio of the Minister of Justice. The next year, when the Ito
Ministry resigned, he retired to a quiet life for a while. In 1904 on
the declaration of war with Russia, the Viscount was ordered to proceed
to the United States on a special mission and remained there for one
year and a half. During that time he devoted himself to promote the
best interests of his country and scarcely had a day’s rest, so that he
was looked upon as uncommissioned ambassador; and it is said when the
negotiation for peace was commenced at Portsmouth, he labored hard to
secure a successful result, and had several interviews with President
Roosevelt. In 1906 he was appointed a Privy Councillor and for his
service during the war, decorated with the First Order of Merit and
the Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun. In 1907, when the Order for the
Organization of the Bureau of the Grand Exhibition of Japan, to be
opened in 1912, was promulgated, he received the Imperial Order to be
the Director of the Exhibition with all the offices and rank already
conferred upon that function. In September, 1907, he was a Viscount for
his service rendered for the cause of his country.

In one of our interviews with this man, whose souvenirs cover such
an interesting period, we asked him for reminiscences, which he
kindly gave in the genial and unstudied manner characteristic of his
conversation.

“My souvenirs of England? Every day I used to go and sit in the house
and listen to the debates in which Gladstone and his illustrious
colleagues took part, this was in 1890, and I learned the usages from
Sir Reginald Palgrave, who was the clerk of the house, the brother
of the famous Prof. Palgrave of Oxford. My friendship with Herbert
Spencer was a connecting link from America, for I took a letter from
Mr. John Fish to him, and sending him my card, we met the following
day by his invitation. At once we talked on the constitutional
government of Japan and I showed him the English translation of the
Constitution and we discussed questions of morality and religion. He
was particularly interested in Japanese history, and evidently my
explanation cleared many points he could not get right before. His face
glowed with excitement. He jumped up, having an engagement at half past
four, and he took me in his carriage and drove me to my hotel on his
way to the “Atheneum Club.” We talked all the way and he said ‘I shall
propose you as an honorary member of the Atheneum Club,’ and I was
informed a week later that I was elected a member. Frequently afterward
we dined there together, and on my return to Japan we corresponded.
Herbert Spencer had great interest in the Orient and in collecting from
there his materials for his social studies. Another friend was Lord
Coolidge, Chief Justice of England. He used to entertain a great deal
in his London house and there I met the celebrities. Sir Francis and
Lady Jeune entertained me during the London season, and I visited with
them in their country place in Newberry, meeting all the society of the
day, Lord Knutsford and others. Gladstone impressed me as one of the
greatest men in intellectuality, learning and the force of conviction;
at that time he was out of office.

“In 1892 I revisited London, and arrived the very day Lord Salisbury
went out and Gladstone’s cabinet came in. Among its members Mr. James
Brace was my particular friend. I met him often in London and in the
United States in 1904, when he was invited to give lectures to the
Alumni at Harvard.

“When in England I met many Oxford and Cambridge men. What impressed me
as admirable in England was the English quiet, contented life. In Japan
politically we are aristocratic, but in all the social relations we
are democratic. The wife educates our servants to be really interested
in their duties. We, the Japanese, are not very rich, we do not count
the men by their money, but by their worth; any man is admitted to
the best society who is worthy of it. Japan is the most deceptive
country externally; you scarcely meet a single lady, or gentleman
in the street, so you do not meet them on the cars or the parks. A
Japanese lady sends for her goods to the house, a promiscuous crowd
alone meets you so that you rarely come in contact with the well-bred
people of the country. So it is also the undesirable people who go to
America, oftentimes either in misfortune financially through the fault
of others, he is preparing himself by an industrious life in a foreign
country, and often he is trying to retrieve his life or that of his
family. Hotel boys and servants come back and take useful places here,
the better for their experience.

“Among the great men who moulded my ideals in America, I wanted to
study the religious institutions and influence in the United States,
so I went to all the churches while in Boston, Roman Catholic,
Congregational, Swedenborgian, Episcopalian, Baptist, and Parker’s
Memorial, and met all classes of preachers, theologians, and ethical
teachers. I was in public school in Boston in 1872, when the public
school was at its best. That gave me the strong force to come back into
the battle of life, and from the mingling with negroes and emigrants,
I learned life. I knew Longfellow and Holmes and spent two summers
with him at Beverly Farm. Robert C. Winthrop was also my friend, and
was also a great help to me. Through his kindness, Judge Holmes gave
me more material to cultivate my mind perhaps than any other American.
President Eliot was of course an inspiration and two of my pleasantest
memories are visits to James G. Blaine at Bar Harbor and President
Cleveland at “Gray Gables”.”

In closing, as the sun was setting over Tokio and filling the vast
salle of the Exposition Administration offices with twilight, the
delicate and earnest face of the speaker flashed now with humor, now
with seriousness and pathos as he spoke of the present relation of
Japan and America, serious it is, when loose tongues speak of that most
awful thing,--war. “We try to weigh the past, present and future, and
we are sure that soon the temporary strain will be relieved,” said the
earnest voice,--“ever since the restoration in 1868 America has been
our friend and we remember it; it has been a friendship cemented with
our growth.”

                            [Illustration]




                           EXPOSITION NOTES


A jinriksha ride through the picturesque streets of Tokyo about two
to two and a half miles from Shimbashi Station brings you to the
Aoyama Parade ground, which, with the Imperial Park forms the site of
the Exposition of 1912. From corners of the grounds and a temporary
station, trains will leave for and come from all parts of the Empire.
This place, now perfectly bare, will show the result of Japanese genius
and invention in a short time. On one side is the park of the Crown
Prince’s palace, and at another corner is a military university, which
will be removed. The ground here is high and the air very fresh and
invigorating, as it is in an open part of the city, and it will remain
a permanent park after the Exposition. The work on the ground begins
early in 1908.

Tokyo alone is most interesting in its street sights; the children at
their games, a baby asleep in the shop, a lovely vision, two old people
weighed down with their burdens, pilgrims in quaint garb, the boys and
girls returning from school with knapsacks full of books, arms over
each others’ shoulders, bright-eyed girls out for amusement or to pay
visits, the big milk carts and street vendors, the portable kitchens,
around which some are taking an evening meal, the flower wagons, the
horses with their bright accoutrements, the strange calls, the pathetic
blind beggars, all mingle in the city’s drama! The road from the
parade ground is lined with parks and villas, passing we see many gay
singing children. We go through the deeper lanes and hedges to the park
which we enter by an avenue of truly imperial trees, pine trees, and
groves also of maples and shrubs, 120 acres, rented from the Imperial
household, paths of delightful vistas, mystery and woods full of charm,
a sylvan paradise, hilly, rolling, full of possibilities of gardening,
near Tokyo Bay.

Dr. Fukuichi, the chief engineer of Japan, is the Chairman of the
Committee for the buildings and is now engaged on the plans. The
gardening and electricity, each best authority, has been appointed.
Mr. Fuwa is the Director of the Imperial Horticultural department and
is the chairman of the Committee on Gardening. The buildings will be
unique,--five departments, education, science, electricity, manufactory.

The Governments of the world have been requested to build in the style
of their own country. Viscount Kaneko emphasizes that every nation
should incorporate its own architecture in the structures. “We hope,”
thus he says, “that our ideas of architecture will be revolutionized.”
There will be large hotels constructed in different cities of Japan
and many new ones in Tokyo, as the houses already here are by no means
adequate.

“The International Exposition,” said Viscount Kaneko, “as far as I have
seen in Europe and America, have been too large in extent and scope, so
that as a rule it is too great for any one to grasp as the exhibits are
over-full, and might be described as ‘too much of a muchness.’ Neither
the eyes nor the ears can take in the magnitude, so you are dumb and
numb, and you come out overawed by the detail. The extent and magnitude
have defeated often their object: too much paltry stuff, and show and
display, not realizing the educational purpose, have become rather a
sight-seeing scheme.

“This was said of Paris and of St. Louis, and I have heard from
different sources, commissioners, executives, both European and
American, express this feeling, and so at this juncture of world’s
fairs, I think the organizers are thinking to lessen the extent and
magnitude and thereby to make the exposition compact, systematic, and
effective.

“I believe that in the future the world’s fairs will be lessened in
size and in indiscriminate exhibits. That is my idea, which I hope
to incorporate in the coming exposition. We mean to emphasize to the
world that in the grandeur of the buildings we cannot compete with
Europe and America, and also Japan cannot show anything of electricity,
manufacturing or machinery, and we cannot give any lesson to the world
either, in going ahead of other nations in the ensemble;--we hardly
hope to show much of overwhelming value on any line to the world, as
it is the first International Exhibition in the Orient. Consequently
we expect to make the Asiatic exhibit the special point; we want to
exhibit all the products of Asia and the Indian Archipelago, the
Philippines, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Australia, New Zealand, and
Formosa, and so we will have the first Asiatic expression of commerce
on so large a scale, showing unity of language, racial features,
religion and customs, for we can collect from all those peoples and
realize a unifying of the Oriental Nations, and enlighten the world as
to the Oriental essence, thought, ideals,--past and future. This is our
aim.

“Next, we expect to make Tokyo the centre from Tokyo then, expanding
in the radii of Nikko and Sendai in the north, and in the south
Nagoya, Nara, and Kyoto, and farther down south Shimonoseki and the
Island of Kyushu, and thus the whole country will be thrown open to
the people as an exhibition ground. All the temples will be open to
the western visitors, and every corner and every mountain and all the
scenery will form a part of the Exposition grounds, and thus we expect
to show to the Western peoples the manners, customs and life of the
Japanese, and show them also, not only in public, but at home. Thus
also by interchange of ideas between the Japanese and Western nations,
they will come to a better understanding of each other for mutual
benefit, so many misunderstandings between the East and the West may be
corrected and also it will bring about a “rapprochement” of sympathy
and interest, and in this manner we will contribute something to the
world’s commerce, diplomacy and civilization. These are the general
lines along which we shall move and we expect to organize.

“We wish the exposition also to serve in statecraft. Formerly the
Sovereigns and Ministers negotiated the diplomacy of a nation in secret
conclaves, but within the last fifty years this has been changed. Now
the people hold the power. If we can bring a better understanding
between the Orient and Occident by the means of a friendly rivalry of
an Exposition, the ends of civilization will be met and progress will
be served.

“Japan is considered the leading artistic nation of the Orient, but
the nations of the world have not seen Japanese art arranged in
order. Now we expect to have an exposition of Japanese ancient art,
arranged chronologically, and also according to schools, covering a
period of 1,500 years, after the introduction of Indian religion and
Chinese philosophy into Japan. This period will be divided into eight
periods of Japanese artistic history, and each period will show the
characteristic arts of painting, bronze and pottery, and lacquer, and
so forth, and will show characteristic ideas and instincts of the
Japanese people. Thus the whole history of Japanese art will be brought
down to the modern age.

“These are only a few details of the forthcoming Exposition which will,
we trust, bring the East and West into greater unity.”

                            [Illustration]




                            BARON TAKAHASHI


In the two great branches of state craft, diplomacy and finance, it is
interesting to see the interchange of qualities and the intellectual
dominance of each is usually thought to be most marked, still there
have been men of rare human qualities, who were financiers and
diplomats as well.

Baron Takahashi unquestionably belongs to this class who weave, as
do certain scientists, a romance of facts or more justly speaking
comprehend the intense humanness of dollars and cents.

Five times he has crossed the ocean to visit America on commercial
missions and brought back a fund of observation, as well as more
material baggage. He has put his finger on the pulse of Wall street and
discovered some of the causes of its fitful and erratic pulsations, and
has even after bearing the tremendous financial burden of a country
in its hour of extreme need come out with the vigor and the magnetic
vitality of a man of the future, not of the past.

We thought of Necker at once and the cheerful Latin optimism seemed in
the speaker and in his person.

“Japan has not yet recovered as we know from the late war, and she
requires foreign capital, we must look to the world’s markets for it.
Unfortunately for us we must wait for our loans until the affairs of
other countries are on a better basis or rather in a less fluctuating
condition than they are to-day. I believe that if men of capital will
continue to invest in my country, it will be to their advantage and I
am also desirous for the mutual good of both, that these investments be
as safe as possible and in this I have been and will be an intermediary.

“From the standpoint of investors England and Germany are
unquestionably the safest and surest markets to-day. Financial security
always goes with freedom, the United States has such serious abuses of
power that freedom becomes disturbed and so as by a paradox tyranny
often reigns.

“The continual warfare between labor and capital gives rise to
uneasiness and disturbs the market, as does the lax social conditions
the sequel of the indiscriminate immigration and it has the seeds of
revolt against established rule.

“Something must be done with the banking system in America and
there must be reforms also in the monetary system. The peculiar
centralization of the gold in Washington and so in an event of crisis
the intervention coming wholly from there, is not advantageous. A
central banking system as in Germany should be established. The
amassing of great fortunes is not however as many suppose an evil,
money is never idle except unspent in the pocket of the poor man! The
rich man puts it at once to use. Turning to Japan we see some very
hopeful signs and some serious drawbacks. Foremost among the things
which promise most, are the sugar plantations of Formosa. If in a few
years she furnishes us with most all the sugar we need as we expect
and Korea with her vast territory as yet waiting for energy and for
intellect to develop can give us cotton, we shall find these great
items in our imports changed to sources of income and in the near
future a trade balance in our favor. This cotton of Korea is of far
more value to us than her gold mines. One of the major drawbacks in
Japan commercially is the want of co-operation among small manufacturers
and work men handicrafts.

“We feel this primarily in the exports to China. Take the case of
Manchuria. The Chinese are very observing and they can tell the
difference between our work and German work at once and they prefer to
use the German although they must pay more for it.

“The cause of this is often that a poor manufacturer is many times
compelled to over-produce under great pressure and turns out half-done
work, even when he knows it means no more orders.

“Local authorities are trying to urge combinations among manufacturers,
but so far have met with little success.

“This isolated working purely for self interest is undoubtedly the root
of what is called Japanese commercial dishonesty.

“To France we must turn to-day to see the supreme example of thrift and
industry and reciprocity of helpfulness. Japan unfortunately does not
yet give us as hopeful a picture of economy.”

Laughingly assuring Baron Takahashi that we had a personal sympathy
with the people who could not save, he answered playfully that we must
all acknowledge the wisdom of providing for old age and children, and
with that very human and humane observation our interview was closed.
We felt the man spoke rather than the financier.




                           TOKYO OBSERVATORY


If you look at an astronomical map of stations of observation, you will
see what looks to be a meteoric shower of dots on Europe, where there
are one hundred and thirty observatories, sixty-five in North America,
six in India, six also in Australia, two in the West Indies, three on
the coast of China, and following the line of sea and shore northward
in a vast region of watery waste only two lone spots which are the
two Japanese observatories. Their importance to science is therefore
obvious. Though situated on a height which seems to crown the city of
Tokyo with the picturesque foliage of Hibiya Park, where the lungs and
the mind expand, we are surprised to be told that for star gazers,
there is not enough space. The observatory is soon to be moved; so bad
are the atmospheric conditions and it is all but impossible to obtain
good results in astronomical photography. In spite of this draw-back
some very successful work on the Milky Way has been obtained by Prof.
S. Hirayama, still as the enthusiastic young assistant says who has
just returned from two years at the Yerkes observatory at Williams bay,
Wisconsin, it is very unsatisfactory.

The work just now of the Observatory is the observation of variable
stars, and the study of the deviation of verticals for which the
observers must go out into the country to other heights. The chief work
of the staff is along the line of time service, variation of latitude,
solar observations, though the most important work is possibly on the
Milky Way. The staff has been up to this time small, but there is
now a sufficient force to ensure greater results of a more searching
character. The present officers are:--Director, Prof. Terao; Professors
S. and K. Hirayama; Assistant Professors, Sotome, Midzuhara, and
Ichinoye.

The Astronomical Society which has just been established intends to
popularize the study of astronomy, and they will have for this purpose,
a series of journals published in Japanese. For scholars there will be
also journals in English, German and French, giving an account of the
work done at the observatory as well as matters of universal interest
to astronomers. In eclipse trials many observations have been made;
some of the plates are most beautiful, one taken of the corona of the
sun by Prof. Hirayama was exquisite, this work was done at Padang,
Sumatra. The instruments are three equatorials, two meridian circles
and several smaller telescopes. Proudest of all is the institution of
their Reflers clock which, I believe, is the only one in the Orient.
The library is excellent, containing very many valuable works of
reference. Mr. Ichinoye, while at the Yerkes observatory, took special
work in spectroscopy and double stars and he speaks with enthusiasm
of Profs. Frost, Burnham and Bernard, who are among the leading
astronomers of the world in solar and stellar investigation.

An account of the taking of the coronax of the Sun is given graphically
in the “Annal” of the Tokyo Observatory.

 We left Singapore on the 4th April on the steamer “Van Outhoorn” of the
 Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij, and four days later we anchored in
 Oleh-leh, at the extreme north of Sumatra island. During the rest of
 the voyage the steamer remained within sight of land. Our destination,
 Emmahaven, was reached at one o’clock in the afternoon of April 15th.
 There we took the train for Padang, only twenty minutes’ journey. In
 Padang I was able to select an abandoned shooting ground for archery on
 the seashore near Damar Street, as a site for the observing station.
 It was found afterwards that this site was too near the sea; when the
 sea was rough it was impossible to make sextant observations with
 artificial horizon on account of the periodical trembling of the
 ground. But fortunately on the day of the eclipse the sea was extremely
 calm, so that we could get sharp photographs. Dr. Lau, a German
 engineer, who had been resident for a long time in Padang, was most
 helpful to us during the whole period of our stay. He provided for us
 both labor and materials. On account of the excessive rain it was not
 possible to commence the setting of our instruments until April 27th.
 The principal instruments employed are as follows:--8-inch prismatic
 camera, in charge of the writer; 5-inch coronagraph, in charge of Mr.
 K. Hirayama; Vogel’s direct vision star-spectroscope in connection with
 a 4-inch telescope, in charge of Mr. Sotome.

 Now for a few words about the weather conditions at this station during
 my stay. Observations at Padang for several days after our arrival
 showed that as a rule the mornings were quite clear, but about noon
 the sky began to be overcast, and in the evenings it rained. Since the
 totality was to occur about one o’clock in the afternoon, we were all
 anxious about the visibility of the eclipse. But later observations
 showed that the weather was greatly improving. Still there was not a
 single day in which the sky was entirely free of clouds, such as I had
 enjoyed during my stay in India to observe the total eclipse of 1898.
 The nights were specially bad, with either clouds or rain. Till the
 time of the eclipse we had only a few clear nights, during which we
 tried to photograph the spectrum of a bright star for focussing.

 The morning of the day before the eclipse was cloudy; it began to rain
 in torrents in the afternoon and by night it had not improved at all,
 promising nothing but rain for the next day. The morning of the 18th
 of May dawned cloudy, but afterwards it began to improve. The clouds
 broke in several places, and the clear sky gradually increased in
 extent. Noon was the hour of totality. During totality, although the
 sun was still covered with thin cirrus clouds, it was yet possible
 to observe the corona through them. The entire programme was carried
 through successfully, but with little hope of getting results of value.
 All the astronomers stationed at or near Padang on the west coast of
 Sumatra met the same fate. Fort de Kock was the only place where the
 sky was perfectly clear, although it was pretty near the northern
 margin of shadow, and the chance of clear weather was the poorest. Our
 site was excellent for the observation of the moon’s shadow. Two or
 three minutes before totality we saw the darkness approaching through
 the air, on the sea to the N. W., and the shadow swept with great
 rapidity towards us; at this moment totality commenced. We also noticed
 that the light was approaching, from the same direction, just before
 totality ended. In making the exposures I was assisted by Mr. Shakushu,
 a Japanese priest at Singapore, who rendered most efficient service in
 this way. After the eclipse the development of the plates was taken up.
 Since the weather in camp was very hot in the daytime all the plates
 were developed at night, ice being used abundantly. The resulting
 negatives were nearly all satisfactory, which was contrary of the first
 expectation. Yet the effect of the clouds is clearly seen in the long
 exposed plates of the 5-inch telescope.

                            [Illustration]




                       GOVERNMENT STEEL FOUNDRY


General Nakamura, the head of the Government Steel Foundry, when
interviewed in Tokyo, desired to express regret at the impression given
to the public that he advocates a high tariff on steel imported from
other countries, for the purpose of advancing the interests of the
institution which he represents, to the detriment of foreign producers
and to the exclusion of necessary importations from other countries. In
reply to questions he stated:--

“I do not advocate the increase of the tariff, nor has the question
yet been considered by the Government. What I said was that, among
the causes of the hard position in which the foundry is placed is its
inability to compete with supplies from abroad. So far losses have been
sustained by the foundry, but without an endeavor to place the value of
the turn-out on a par with foreign imports, how long can this be done?
We are endeavoring to regulate this, and possibly a more radical, or
somewhat readjusted, protective policy may be beneficial.

“There are, of course, other causes for the still undeveloped
manufacture of steel in Japan. The present output is insufficient
for the needs of the market. Only one-third of the supply needed is
made by the Government Steel Works, and even this one-third does not
include what is needed for the other branches of consumption, such as
machinery, hardware, etc. On the other hand, the demand for steel has
considerably increased from what it was before the war, and has so
very much outstripped the supply as to be a cause of anxiety to me as
director of the works. The fluctuations in the price of steel, which
have been considerable, have also had a serious effect upon the market.
In the perfecting of the quality of the material itself, for the first
time this year it underwent the inspection of Lloyds, and it was
pronounced that the output was qualified as material for shipbuilding,
provided it passed examination. The Government Foundry has therefore
been registered at Lloyds.

“There is, as stated, great opportunity for the development of
skilled labor among the operatives, and considering that iron work
is so difficult, the progress made is most gratifying. Most of our
instruction in steel manufacture has come from Germans, and most of
our officials are graduates of the Tokyo University who have studied
abroad. In the housing and care of the operatives some care is taken.
Rent is free, but the accommodation is not adequate to shelter the
9,000 employes. Secondly, there is a convenient supply of food at
low rates, a commissary, and in case of injury a relief fund, which
provides medicine and temporary wants, and, in the case of death, looks
after the widows and orphans. A society for this purpose has been
formed, and its interests are one of my chief concerns. The operatives
are recruited from Fukuoka prefecture and from other parts of Japan,
and while not feeling that the Japanese are particularly adapted
to this work, given the time and experience I am pleased with the
results. The average age of the operatives is thirty, and so we have
the advantage of youth and strength in our favor. The Chinese mine at
Taiyeh supplies one-half of the ore used by us, and the rest of the
ore is brought from different parts of Japan. Owing to the condition of
transportation the price of iron is appreciably dearer than in America.
Beside the material supplied to our army and navy, the remainder
is sold on the open market and consumed in the usual manner in the
manufacture of utensils and implements of commerce. The machinery used
in our workshops is from Europe and America, wherever we find the best
and most up-to-date plant.

“In conclusion I want to say that this question of duty is a serious
one--an exceedingly serious one--one which entirely rests with our
Government, and it is not my part to enter into the decision except to
present existing conditions. It is the purpose of the Government Steel
Works in time to supply the whole demand of the country. This is our
ambition, and that is why we are focusing our attention at this moment
upon the causes of our inadequate production and failure to make good
our initial programme.”

                            [Illustration]




                           JAPAN IN NOVEMBER


There is no time when Nature is so approachable as in autumn. That
season is like the green room of the actress, when she lays aside her
stage attire and in deshabille she is communicative and you gain many a
secret into her methods and her ideals and aims!

Her laughter is no longer art, but natural, and she shows her foibles
and her whims with a childish abandonment. Kamakura has in resume, the
exquisite traits of Japanese scenery. The dominating features of the
artistic and the diminutive and then the glimpse, just a glimpse of
the grand. The sublime is a note I have never heard touched in Japan,
except at Port Arthur.

Kamakura has also the needed accessory of a landscape, i. e., historic
background. The center of ecclesiastical domination of Buddhism in the
middle ages, the spot where the miracle of Nichiren was performed, that
beautiful episode which is so often treated in art and which reminds us
of those famous martyr dramas dear to the heart of the Christian.

Heaven has not always interceded to save the sainted, and how the heart
leaps, when we read of those rare moments, when it has. Nichiren, we
are told, was busy during the whole of his time in exile in “teaching,
preaching, and itinerating.”

But like many a Christian saint he did not temper his zeal with
discretion and was rearrested.

The story is familiar to all, but it is beautiful, and like that of
Joan of Arc or Constantine or St. Martin and a host of others, will
bear repeating.

“Kneeling down on the strand, the saintly bonze calmly uttered his
prayers and repeated ‘Namu mio ho ren ye kio’ upon his rosary. The
swordsman lifted his blade, but a light blinded his eyes, the sword was
broken and the saint was saved and afterward pardoned.”

The surf was dashing in fine shape on the day we visited Kamakura and
the soft grey, like the color of a faded tapestry brought to our “inner
eye” the old saint and the huge blade broken, and the terror of the
evil men. Japan has this touch with the supernatural which raises her
in our esteem!

The first glimpse of the Buddha set in the bower of maples was not
disappointing. Its vast proportions and its solemn repose fitted into
the coloring of red and yellow and the curtain of Nature softly hung
in folds of crimson and green, and a veil of mist harmonized the whole
into an etherial essence dear to the mystic. The Buddha of Kamakura
is the Prince of India, and those Hindoo lines of proud lineage, the
arch of the nose and lips and eyebrows, all tell the story of his
kingly degree. The hawk-like glance of the sovereigns of the kingdom of
princes, is of course subdued in the religionist, but I doubt if it is
extinct.

The Buddha is after all a man and the gentleman and the boor still
show! We went once in Paris to the cloister where the women of the old
noblesse are immured and there in spite of almost inhuman rigidity of
demeanor caused by every crucifixion to mind and body “the goddess
was known in her walk” still. So difficult is it to warp and contort
Nature! So difficult and so futile!

“Consider the lily how it grows” is an injunction that no churchman has
ever fathomed. Nor ever will! Only God did that!

It is well that Buddha sits among the maples and the cherry blossoms,
for their wisdom may penetrate his bronze heart! The view from “Kwannon
temple” is a rare bit of Japan.

There in the tea house we sat and drank it in, with the stimulating
beverage.

The cliffs, the village, the ocean, the dainty colors, the aged aspect
of it all and the stir of new life, everything toned into an autumn
symphony, it only needed Chopin.

But Chopin was far away and there is no music in Japan! How curious
that the fickle goddess left that out and set all the harmonies of
Nature in the heart of the Philippines! The “Hachiman shrine” is a bit
of Saint Marks, with its pigeons, and the avenue of ancient trees and
torii which leads up are good and far less distracting than the temple
approaches of the cities.

Better than all was Nature’s sanctuary where all is harmony; where no
narrow sect nor vulgar stare, nor discourtesy disturbs your thought,
and where one can read the word of God uninterpreted by any narrow
priest, or any narrow passion, but in “Spirit and in Truth.”

The colors defy all art to reproduce them, the declining year, the
memory of the rich hued summer, the pathos of something gone, the hush
of stream, the absence of bird notes, the quiet, the intimate quiet
of Nature, which is never oppressive, never aught but refreshing, and
which leaves no scar nor wound!

The delicacy of the laying away the past and the hopefulness of it
all! We would almost like too, to fade away into the ether, laying off
the coarse garment of the flesh and finding what Buddha and every sage
has sought!

  “Some soft warm place in field, or wood,
  The mother will be sure to keep,
  Where we shall lay us down to sleep.”

                            [Illustration]




                           SUNRISE OVER ASIA


                                   I

  Over the old worn world he came,
    Flaunting his flames of red!
  The stern walls of Asia guarding the sky,
  Waited in calm, as in years gone by,
    Upward he came, breathless, we said--
  “Can he scale this fortress, centuries strong?”
  His answer ’twas written in cohorts high!
    He triumphed, night fled,
  The day was begun, and Asia, she of the long, long night
    Said, “Welcome, my son!”


                                  II

  So up rises the day on the days that are fled!
    And Asia’s sun glows a brilliant red,
  And the future resplendent of Asia will come--
    Come as this sun, a splendor of life on the days that are dead!

  South China Post




                      MANILA AND THE PHILIPPINES


Just outside of Asia proper as in a proscenium box are these islands,
half mystic, half savage, like the kings who sent men out to conquer
the world, with sword in one hand and hostia in the other!

No place on earth has had possibly a more romantic experience, full
as it has been, of the acts of primitive unchained manhood and the
infinitely worse aspects of human nature, the avarice, intrigue
political and ecclesiastical eccentricities of civilization. The whole
story is written in the annals of these verdant radiant slopes, not
all written yet! Then on pages brilliant as some illumined missal
is inscribed the devotion of the chivalrous sainthood of Spain. The
dramatic element is furnished by the Chinese invasions followed by the
British and our own and as you pass along these streets, the walls and
towers “cry out.”

Just outside then of Hongkong, the “superb” the Genoa of the East, her
prows turned to every point of the compass, her flags the colors of
human statehood, of petty kingdoms and massive empires, the gateway
of Asia, the Asia of the North, destined like everything Northern to
outrank the South, in virility if not in subtility and charm, we of
the Philippines have a glance which takes in more than a piece of the
oriental horizon it embraces. The chiaro-oscuro after leaving the
islands at the end of a long sejour, when as at the close of life, the
colors seem to blend into one dominant tone, is a sort of soft grey,
enveloping the receding city, built so far away, at so much sacrifice;
over all the blemishes the cruelties and crudities of a society hardly
half formed, of a state hardly above the first foundations, one’s
feeling is wonder and pity, wonder that men and women have had the
courage to face it at all, pity for their heroic struggle against
ignorance and all the human brood of evils under a tropic sun, which
dries the blood in the veins and leaves the nerves tingling to every
breath and thought.

But were this all, who would have the power to live out their story
here! In the phantasmagoria of this tropical nature there is something
ever new, ever fresh, ever upbuilding and upraising, the forces of this
universe of which we are a part. There is a measure in this Oriental
dawn, like the lines of Omar Khayyam, which swings in the rhythm of the
hours. Every day we feel we can, every day we do! Then in the embrace
of the transcendant peace of the Oriental night, we learn to watch and
wait, knowing we shall be soon with “Yesterday’s seven thousand years.”

There is something in the atmosphere, a certain occult fluid, which
takes the place of ozone and strange as it may seem these sunburnt,
sunscorched lands have rushing over them the gales of ardor, of desire
to run the race of manhood worthily, every nerve taut, every tendon
stretched.

“Time cannot change, nor fortune stale her infinite variety,” would
well describe Manila.

Gathered from the four corners of the earth a motley crowd is
her citizen’s roll! Embryo politicians, incipient scholars and
philanthropists, altruists of curious conflicting lives and creeds,
every social curiosity in the gamut, from those who never saw a ship
until they reached San Francisco, who were once a cordon bleu and
are now posing as grande dames, (?) to those who have given up all the
beauty of some castle height in Spain, or some equally refined home in
America to spend their best of life and service as a tropical gift,
lavish and unstinted, without thought of return.

We also find all the comical inconsistent forms of religionists of
every shade of narrowness and Pharisaism, at once gallant defenders
of their faith and guilty of inhuman barbarity to their fellows,
intriguing clothed with piety, just as in the old, old days, but where
is “the milk of human kindness” on the other hand sweeter to the
palate, sated as it must become with all else, where do you see lips
quiver more tenderly over a sorrow, or eyes light more divinely at
noble word, or deed!

There is something intensely human, in our city, expressed by the
Spanish word “simpatica”! All the personalities are so well known, so
intimately and injudiciously discussed and so ineptly criticised and
then in a moment of abandonment, the praise is so real, the encomiums
worthy of an Attic sage!

The heroes and favorites are after all well chosen in our city and her
gratitude outlasts many a more ambitious burg! There is heart in what
Manila does, often almost incoherent heart, but what is the rarest
science, the most ambitious churchism, to one drop of that pure wine of
goodness and enthusiasm, “pure and undefiled” like Him who went about
doing good?

Slowly we are evolving a city from the middle ages to the present type
of town, full of modern action and our institutions are rising from a
substructure long prepared by the past.

Work along the humanities at the Catholic university of St. Tomas
and by the Jesuit Fathers, at their famous school, the “Ateneo,” has
prepared the way for a national university whose buildings are rising
and whose instruction has already commenced.

The work of the nuns, Spanish and French and German, has been an
excellent training for Filipina mothers and their family life.

They have formed whole generations of good women, whose grace and
true womanhood put to the blush most of the American, or European
importations, with their petty jealousies, their slanders and their
utter frivolity.

Today the Filipina girl, like her sisters in every land, aspires to
greater learning and the way is being opened also for them.

Still in bastion like walls within the walled city, whose ancient moat
and ramparts are the pride of our town, you can see as in a vision
of other more refined days, under cape of black, white and of soft
outline, faces glowing with a devotion to the highest ideals, not of
our time. They are like a rare vintage in crystal from the sunny slopes
of Spain, or France, uplifting all women at the sight and shaming the
ignoble types of today!

Spain taught her children scanty science, if you will, but if we teach
these people one half the goodness she left in their souls, we may
congratulate ourselves, congratulation we are not likely to be worthy
of, unless there is a speedy change for the better.

Our hospitals are several of them, of the latest equipment and directed
by the devotion of well instructed nurses. St. Paul’s, under the
supervision of the catholics, though free to all in its beautiful
catholic spirit, is perhaps the most popular institution in the city.
French devotion has made it the delight of the sick and weary.

Among new hospitals are the “University,” the “Civil” and the parent of
all “San Juan de Dios,” an ancient institution of splendid traditions.

“San Lazaro” for infectious diseases will some day be one of the
foremost of its kind in the Orient. We need sadly a home for the
aged, as our over-crowded alms house is not up to date and we ought
to have other provision for our children. The “Looban convent” where
a most lovely charity is dispensed by a mother superior who radiates
goodness, with her choice spirits about her, needs more assistance and
sympathy. The “Mary Johnson” hospital is combining a training school
for nurses and the Municipal Board is encouraging in every way the
training of young woman in this most necessary branch of learning. The
sanitary conditions of the city are slowly being put on a par with
those of other cities. A new water system just opened brings the purest
of mountain liquids to our homes and down in the depths of earth a
drainage up to date is being laid. We need a first class hotel large
and combining the charms strangely little utilized, of our climate and
delightful nature. Our present hostelries are by no manner of means
to be as severely criticised as they are, as they afford quite a fair
degree of European comfort. Buildings for trade, commodious and lofty
and pretty private villas are going up in all parts of the city. Our
water front, an unsightly mass of made land, awaits the hand of the
architect to raise the state buildings, adorned with the symmetry of
art to embellish our chief glory the wide, cool stretch of ground we
call “Luneta” where we hope to see soon the statue of Rizal, who is the
chief glory of the New National life!

A trip through the Southern islands on one of the “Smith Bell”
steamers, affords entrancing pleasure and variety of experience, and
the summer capital of Baguio and hot springs and sylvan sights are
reached by the Manila and Dagupan Railway. We have a press which
has talent but is handicapped by a narrow and very false idea of
conservatism and there is a disposition to restrict its freedom, which
is a sign of weakness if not of culpability. Great states and great
people are not afraid of criticism nor even slander. Innocence is
subjected to both, here as elsewhere, and the most innocent the most
subjected here as elsewhere.

Who, but loves this people who has lived among them, not expecting
perfection, nor a degree of disinterestedness which we do not as a
Nation possess nor as individuals illustrate?

The Filipino has qualities which the longer you know him, commands your
respect and sympathy and his imperfections are no more disagreeable
than those of more highly developed peoples.

She wants freedom, this great, beautiful land, and some day it will be
hers. The day she has it depends largely on herself and on those men
and women of ideals and of ideal lives, whether Spaniards, Americans,
or her own who march with the uncrowned monarchs of the race, not
towards the spoils, but the toils of each day, head high, hearts light,
because pure from greed and remorse.

A free people not in name but in reality.

We have Clubs galore, English, German, French, Spanish, Filipino, the
“University Club” and the “Columbia,” this last especially for young
men. These clubs would compare favorably with those of other cities of
our size.

Politically the islands have taken strides since the opening of the
“Philippine Assembly,” a body of men which has done credit to itself
already. The future of the islands, its prosperity lies along two
lines, mainly education and the agricultural development. Many rich
Filipinos are sending their sons to the States to be equipped for the
modern struggle, in both.

Our Judiciary is highly praiseworthy, our Supreme Court we are very
proud of.

The “Philippine Commission” has had men of considerable talent, men
of opportunity and availableness and its rule has not we believe been
stained with any greater faults, or crimes, than that of most governing
bodies. And it has been distinguished by much work well done.

Some witty foreigner has said:

“America is rather old to give as an excuse for her blundering that she
is young,” behind that sarcasm as behind all there is just a stinging
grain of truth. Our blunders as our self-assurance, the latter very
largely responsible for the former are often as amusing as instructive
to lookers-on of older civilizations, especially to those of the East,
who like the grandmother with the small boy, are startled and perplexed
at all the fancied improvements, she having spelt out that wonderous
word “life” which is the most bewildering in its meaning, some time
since.

The aged granddame the Orient is being taught by a somewhat flighty
and exceedingly imperious and headstrong youngster and she smiles
through her wrinkles often a superfine smile as she has seen so many
toy inventions and toy states rise, fall and even pass from memory
while she still lives on. She enjoys the spectacle of western sweat and
energy and she watches as all age does to see what sort of beings this
fancied superiority has produced. It is no wonder she still keeps on
smiling as she sees the pitiful result of so much dazzling modernism
and exquisite theories and grandiloquent faith shattered the moment
you touch its adherents. It is a very, very old story as old as when
woman first bore the transgression for herself and for man and through
her patience and heroism brought atonement. But the sun still rises in
splendor over Manila and we hope and wait and long, as they have since
the first whiteness followed the first darkness--for the day. There is
late talk of giving up the task America has set herself in the East.
If she does, it will be another sign of the triumph of those qualities
which are disintegrating her life at home, greed, ambition, social,
religious and political, the unsatisfied passion for pleasure which
makes her one of the most lawless and frivolous modern Nations.

If you touch an orange it will roll over but many shocks will not turn
a world out of its orbit, for it is held in the hand of One, who can
guide a tangent, quite as well as a steady methodical body, and who can
remove at will a whole astral system. What the future holds is one of
the most solemn enigmas but only what America is can she put in here
and “would it were worthier.”

Across the East the dawn is coming, not because the West is come to
teach her new forms of greed and ambition, but because the forces
within her, the eternal primeval elements are stirring and forming in
the combinations which mean life.

Within her will come her salvation, not from without, from the Oriental
himself will come the best of his future.

Western civilization has failed to produce on any large scale, noble
character, the East knows it. It has watched the falseness of the state
craft, the greater falseness of its religious love of aggrandizement,
it has seen in the adherents of the latter no reason to choose them as
a pattern, quite the contrary.

The simple truthful faith of Christ whose ethical teachings are so
direct, so free from sophistry, a child might read it has been and is
today, the excuse for the darkest crimes. Said one of the leaders of
the Christian faith in Japan, “It is only with sinking heart one can
point to a faith which bears such fruits, when the so-called heathen
can teach us any day conduct which outshines ours as the sun a glow
worm.” From within must come the truth of God in her own soul as men
are every day more powerless to live it or teach it, though the truth
remains eternally vital.

May the God of light guide this great, glorious Orient into a future of
illustrious achievement and untarnished ideals.

                            [Illustration]


                               PRESS OF
                         STAPLES PRINTING CO.
                              142 ESCOLTA




                              The Ancient
                             Three Graces
                                 WERE
                                 FAITH
                                 HOPE
                                CHARITY

                            [Illustration]

                              The Modern
                             Three Graces
                                  ARE
                                DIVINOS
                              EXCELENTES
                              ESPECIALES

                            [Illustration]

                               ALHAMBRA




                      Do You Know That We Deal in

                                 BOOKS

            Come to see us or write to us about your wants

               90                                    UP
             ESCOLTA      PHILIPPINE EDUCATION      STAIRS


                       Lack & Davis Cold Stores

                            CALLE ECHAGUE.

_Only the best of American and Australian Frozen Meats, Game, Fish,
Oysters and Dairy Produce handled_

_All Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Season_

                             TELEPHONE 308


                          LEE TAI RESTAURANT

                    Regular Meals and Short Orders
                     Only the Best Provisions Used


  MONTHLY BOARD P40.00      TICKETS 15 MEALS P9.00

                       124-126 REAL, INTRAMUROS
                       Formerly La Serrana Hotel




                         La Estrella del Norte

                    THE TIFFANY OF THE PHILIPPINES

                                JEWELS

Call and inspect our collection of beautiful gems. Sparkling and
exquisitely cut Diamonds, the crimson glow of Rubies, the brilliant
Sapphire, the limpid Pearl and the mystic Opal.

Emeralds and Turquoise, Topaz and Coral in fine setting


                             LEVY HERMANOS
                              46 ESCOLTA


                               LA PERLA

                     Fábrica de Bizcochos y Dulces

                           de =J. E. MONROY=

  Plaza de Sta. Cruz Nos. 96-98, Manila         Teléfono No. 1296

PREMIADA EN LAS EXPOSICIONES DE HANOY EN 1902 Y ST. LOUIS E. U. A. EN
1904


                           Vaqueria Española

                            DE ALBERTO SISI

                   LECHE PURA DE VACAS A TODAS HORAS


                           Chupa 20 centimos

                         Servicio á Domicilio


  ALIX 233, SAMPALOC           MANILA, I. F.




                          PAINLESS DENTISTRY

                        T. H. Stevens, Dentist

                              63 ESCOLTA

  Somnoform, or Laughing Gas  $1.00
  Gold Crowns, from            2.00
  Bridges, from               10.00


                           _BEAUTY PARLORS_

                         COOL, AIRY AND DAINTY

  Scalp Treatment
  Facial Massage
  Turkish Baths
  Shampooing
  Manicuring

FIRST CLASS IN EVERY PARTICULAR

  6 to 12} WEEK DAYS   All Day Saturday,
  4 to 10}             Sunday and Holidays

  MRS. GARNER - - - - - 83 REAL, ERMITA


  Builders of Up-to-Date Vehicles       Telephone 209
  of Every Description


                      Rosenberg’s Carriage Works

                      147-155 Calle Nueva, Ermita

  HARRY ROSENBERG       Repairing Neatly Done
     Proprietor           at Moderate Prices




                    Fine Horses      Clean Cocheros

                                 _The_
                                WALDORF
                                  266

                    Easy Rigs       Prompt Service


                                _ALMON_

                             Native Lumber
                             CHEAPER THAN
                              Oregon Pine

                          Insular Lumber Co.
                          Lack & Davis Bldg.




                            American Book &
                             News Company

                            Latest Fiction
                             reduced from
                            P3.00 to P2.00

                            [Illustration]

                       SHIPMENTS RECEIVED WEEKLY

  ¶. We are reducing our stock
  of books and selling many
  titles at less than publishers’
  ~price~, including Scientific
  :: Technical and Historical ::

  McCullough Building      Manila, P. I.




                                PEARLS

                     THE MOST MARVELOUS COLLECTION
                      OF ODD AND UNUSUAL ARTICLES
                               MADE FROM

                            MOTHER OF PEARL
                      THE TRUEST SOUVENIR OF THE
                              PHILIPPINES
           IS ONE OF THE MANY USEFUL AND ORNAMENTAL DESIGNS

                                 RINGS
             SINGLE PEARLS, CLUSTERS AND PRINCESS DESIGNS;
           LUCENT AND LUSTROUS IN COLOR, IN 18kt. SETTINGS;
                  SCARFPINS IN NEW AND DAINTY STYLES

                    WATCH OUR MOTHER OF PEARL SIGN

                            [Illustration]

                       LA CONCHA BUTTON FACTORY
                              82 ESCOLTA




                              BOOK LOVERS

               A complete line of poets, published in a
                household edition. A desirable addition
               to your book shelves. Each one a library
                               in itself

             LONGFELLOW      CARY      EMERSON      HOLMES
                        TENNYSON      WHITTIER

                          JOHN R. EDGAR & CO.
                              143 ESCOLTA


                   _The Methodist Publishing House_

           Now in their own building at 6-12 Isla del Romero

                            PRINTING _and_
                              BOOKBINDING

                 _Superior Work at Reasonable Prices_


                         Wm. H. Anderson & Co.
                               IMPORTERS

               GREEN ISLAND CEMENT      SWIFT & COMPANY
                        LIBBY, M’NEILL & LIBBY
                SWALLOW & ARIELL      COLGATE & COMPANY

                           _25 PLAZA GOITI_




                               CLARKE’S

                                FINEST
                              RESTAURANT
                                IN THE
                                 EAST

                     2 ESCOLTA      MANILA, P. I.


                               GERMINAL

                                FOR THE

                        BUSINESS MAN    LAWYER
                        DOCTOR          ARTIST
                        AUTHOR          OFFICER
                        PRIVATE         DENTIST
                        SURGEON         SURVEYOR
                        MINER           SAILOR
                             FOR THEM ALL

                               GERMINAL
                    THE PREMIER CIGAR AND CIGARETTE
                          FOR SALE EVERYWHERE




                Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation

        DEPOSITORY FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

  Capital, all paid in cash,            $15,000,000


RESERVE FUNDS

Sterling Reserve held in London at exchange of 2l. per $--£1,500,000
Sterling, invested in Consols and other

  sterling securities,                  $15,000,000
  Silver Reserve,                       $14,500,000
                                        -----------
                                        $29,500,000

  Reserve Liability of Proprietors      $15,000,000

  =COURT OF DIRECTORS AND=             Chief Manager
  =HEAD OFFICE IN HONGKONG=      =J. R. M. SMITH.=--Hongkong

=London Bankers.=--London & County Banking Co. Limited


  =Manila Agency, Established 1875
  Sub-Agency in Iloilo.
  Agents at Cebu, Messrs. Ker & Co.=

The Bank buys and sells and receives for collection Bills of Exchange,
issues Letters of Credit on its branches and correspondents in the
East, the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Continent of Europe,
Australia & Africa, and transacts banking business of every description.

Current Accounts opened in Philippine Currency.

Fixed Deposits received at rates which may be had on application.

  =A. G. STEPHEN, Manager,--Manila=




                               THE NOBBY

                                TAILORS
                              SHIRTMAKERS
                             HABERDASHERS

                          137 ESCOLTA MANILA


                                _SODA_

                    _Drink only the guaranteed kind
                     Strictly pure and high grade_

                            _WATSON’S SODA_


                   WARNER, BARNES & CO., Lᵀᴰ MANILA

                                AGENTS
                          NIPPON YUSEN KAISHA


                    REGULAR LINES BETWEEN JAPAN AND
                     AUSTRALIA, EUROPE AND AMERICA




                                 _YOU_

  can only die once, but I can dye for you, not once but many times.


                              Perfection

            in cleaning, renovating, dyeing and bleaching.


               ALL WORK GUARANTEED AND PRICE REASONABLE


                           PLAZA SANTA CRUZ

                               JOE BUSH




                            The Continental

            THE HOTEL IN THE HEART OF THE BUSINESS DISTRICT

                          _Unexcelled Cuisine
                        Irreproachable Service
                           Immaculate Rooms_


                    PLAZA GOITI      MANILA, P. I.




                   INTERNATIONAL BANKING CORPORATION

        DEPOSITORY FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS


  CAPITAL                                        SURPLUS
  $3,250,000 U. S. C. Paid up.      $3,250,000, U. S. C.

  Head Office                  60 Wall St., N. Y.
  London Office        Threadneedle House, London


                  GENERAL BANKING BUSINESS TRANSACTED

       BILLS PURCHASED AND DRAFTS ISSUED ON ALL PRINCIPAL CITIES

                         SPECIAL SAVINGS DEP’T

             Deposits of P1.00 and up receive 3% interest

                    LOCAL AGENCY     MANILA OFFICE
                      CEBU           PLAZA MORAGA




                     Cadwallader-Gibson Lumber Co.


Retail and Wholesale dealers in Lumber, Sash, Doors, Mouldings and
Furniture. Owners and operators of the largest and most completely
equipped Sash, Door, Moulding and Furniture Factory in the Orient.


_“Gibson’s” Furniture_

  Office and Factory: Calle Rodriguez Arias.
  Phone 317. Yards: Calle Rodriguez Arias,
  and at 302 San Miguel.




                               M. TAGAWA

                         IMPORTERS & EXPORTERS

                      Nos. 26-28 Plaza de Moraga

                  Phone 84             Cable Address,
                     P. O. Box 287        “Tagawa”


                             MANILA, P. I.


                  Money _to_ Loan _on Good Security_
                   _Precious Stones Bought and Sold_


                          U. S. LOAN COMPANY

          _Fine Watch and Jewelry Repairing done by experts_

                        _JULIUS MARGELIN, Mgr._

                   _Nos. 6, 8 and 10 Calle Salcedo_,
                             MANILA, P. I.


                     _Are you a homeward bounder?_

                                IF SO,

 CALL IN AND BE FITTED UP WITH WOOLEN CLOTHES AND EVERYTHING NECESSARY
                             FOR THE TRIP

                    EXPERT CLEANING AND RENOVATING


                              Edward Bond
                     Tel. 1115      134 Calle Real
                              WALLED CITY




                          FAR EASTERN REVIEW

            THE JOURNAL OF COMMERCE FINANCE AND ENGINEERING

                     GEO. BRONSON REA, Publisher.
                         WM. CROZIER, Editor.

                         McCullough Building,
                             MANILA, P. I.




                      ROSES      ROSES      ROSES

                     EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE NURSERY

                              F. MIYASAKI

                            Horticulturist.

                  CALLE SINGALONG       MANILA, P. I.




             GEO. W. SIMMIE,                TELEPHONE 302
             Pres. and Genl. Manager.       P. O. BOX 582

                       [Illustration: CALL FLAG

                                 “J”]

                             J. L. PIERCE,
                       Secretary and Treasurer.


                         LUZON STEVEDORING CO.

Official Stevedores U. S. Army Transport Fleet and U. S. Navy Colliers
and Supply Vessels

MARINE CONTRACTORS & SHIP CHANDLERS, WATER-BOATS, LAUNCHES AND LIGHTERS

S. & P. BUILDING, WATERFRONT, FOOT CALLE MADRID

LOCAL AGENCY

“MERCHANT SERVICE GUILD”

  Cable Address: “SIMPIERCE”        MANILA, P. I.




                       Castle Bros.--Wolf & Sons

                        IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS

                             Plaza Moraga

                      Manila      The Philippines


                   Standard Oil Company of New York

         PRODUCERS AND REFINERS OF PETROLEUM AND ITS PRODUCTS

Illuminating and Lubricating Oils, Naphtha, Paraffine Wax, Petroleum
Jelly, Axle Grease, Rope Oil, Mineral Colza Oil, Standard Floor
Dressing, Lighthouse, Signal and Headlight Oils, etc., etc.

Latest Improved Blue Flame Oil Stoves, (from 1 to 5 burners each).
Heat, Ashes, Dirt, Smoke, etc., all done away with.

  =Famous “Rayo” Lamps and “Dietz” Lanterns
  Pure Fuel for small night lamps=

              HIGH GRADE ILLUMINATING OIL FOR FAMILY USE

                          95 Anloague, Manila


                        _Lines of Steamers to_

         RIZAL, LAGUNA, PAMPANGA, BATAAN, CAVITE AND ZAMBALES

_=We offer special opportunities to form Excursion Parties to the
picturesque towns on the river, lake and bay=_

                         FOR DETAILS APPLY TO

                          Theodoro R. Yangco

                 163 Muelle de la Reina, Manila, P. I.




                                STUDIO

finest equipped and has the most modern and expensive apparatus in the
Islands. We have special facilities for taking large groups:::

  147 ESCOLTA      MARTI


  THE IMPERIAL    Telephone
                     443


  _Cool, Airy Rooms
  Fine American Table-Board_


AH SAM, Proprietor

_181-193 Calle Magallanes_ _Walled City_


_THE BEST SIGN IS THE ONE DOW PAINTS_


_That is if you DO believe in Signs_

PHONE 1259

  _3-5 Isla de Romero_      _Manila, P. I._




                     The Manila Ice Factory, Ltd.

                        ======PHONE 588=======


                            _Ice made from_

                         PURE, DISTILLED WATER
                             POPULAR PRICE
                        EXCELLENT HOUSE SERVICE

                        _Calle San Miguel 233_


                              _Wah Sing_

                               _LADIES’
                              DRESSMAKER_

                             FANCY BLOUSES
                          AND WALKING SKIRTS
                           REASONABLE PRICES


                       _Calle Real, Intramuros_


                               J. REYES

               _The most Popular Photographer in Manila_

               Phone 1596      42 San Roque, Santa Cruz


                             ELITE STUDIO

                           FINE PHOTOGRAPHS
                            ARTISTIC POSES
                          EXCEPTIONAL FINISH

                   Calle Salcedo      Manila, P. I.




                            Madame Valette


                      Reception and Dinner Gowns
                      Lingerie and Dancing Frocks
                  Shopping Suits and Tailored Skirts
                         Blouses and Matinées

                  AN EXQUISITE AND VERY CHIC LINE OF

                               MILLINERY

                        Modes direct from Paris


                              147 ESCOLTA


                         The Famous Chocolates

                               LA MARINA


                            Rueda Hermanos

                 Plaza Moraga 25-29      Manila, P. I.


                             BOREAL STUDIO

                    _No. 313 Jolo, Binondo-Manila_

                              Se retrata
                          diariamente de 8¹⁄₂
                             a.m. á 4 p.m.

                             Especialidad
                      en ampliaciones y retratos
                             sobre opalina


                     B. GOMEZ Y CO., Propietarios




                       800 HOURS WITHOUT WINDING

                OUR LATEST EUROPEAN NOVELTY IN WATCHES

                               EL ZENITH

                              37 ESCOLTA

        A FINE LINE OF DIAMONDS AND JEWELRY--FULL ASSORTMENT OF
  WATCHES--SOUVENIRS IN GOLD AND SILVER--ALL KINDS OF OPTICAL GOODS::


                       PHONE 177      INTRAMUROS

                            _EXILE STABLES_

           The Largest and Fastest Automobiles in the City.

                      FIRST CLASS LIVERY SERVICE.


                        _UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITERS_
                           _WALTHAM WATCHES_
                         _ARMS and AMMUNITION_

                          DIRECT IMPORTATION
                          ===================
                          LOWEST PRICES : : :


                               C. ALKAN
                              100 ESCOLTA




                        Pio Trinidad Fernandez

                              IMPORTADOR

                               PIANOS DE

          “TRINIDAD,” “ZEITTER & WINKELMANN,” “RORDORF Y C.ᴬ”

                        Pianola marca “APOLLO.”

                 Fábrica de pianos y muebles de lujo.

 Gran taller de reparaciones de pianos y otros instrumentos de música
                único en su clase y medios disponibles.

 Un gran surtido de materiales para reparaciones de pianos, órganos y
                              harmoniums.

     Cuerdas de acero para Mandolina, Bandurria, Guitarra y Piano.


                          PRECIOS ECONOMICOS

         Ronquillo 135, Sta. Cruz      Manila, Islas Filipinas


                             La Alejandria

                   FABRICA DE TABACOS Y CIGARRILLOS

                                  DE

                           RICARDO GOCHUICO

                    223 Rosario      Manila, P. I.


                          Best in the Orient

                       TAILORS AND SHIRT MAKERS

                          The Manila Fashion

                       Valera & Co., proprietors

                     73 Escolta      Manila, P. I.




                         _Vaqueriza Santacruz_

             EX PROVEEDORA DE LA PROTECCION DE LA INFANCIA

           _Despacho de Leche Fresca de Vacas Australianas_

                        ANALIZADA Y GARANTIZADA

                    SERVICIO A DOMICILIO AL CONTADO

                        ALONSO HERMANOS, Prop.

                     ESTERO CEGADO 50 Y QUIOTAN 29


                             BEST IMPORTED

          Meats, Fish, Game, Poultry, Fruits and Vegetables::

             FINE DAIRY PRODUCTS CAN ALWAYS BE SECURED AT

                      The Philippines Cold Stores

           172 ECHAGUE, MANILA, P. I.      -      PHONE 238


                               PHONE 61

                               What for?

                  Why for Distilled Water, of course.


                          DISTILLED WATER CO.

                              57 NAGTAJAN




                        MANILA RAILROAD COMPANY

The quickest route to Calamba, Los Baños and Lake towns is via Batangas
extension of the Manila Railroad Company.

Quick and frequent service from Paco, Santa Mesa, and Tondo.


CAVITE EXTENSION

Frequent trains to Bacoor (for Imus) and points round the Bay to
Cavite. Delightful excursions over M. R. R. Co.’s lines to Montalban,
Antipolo, etc.


                       FOR SPECIAL RATES APPLY:

                        Manila Railroad Company




           A NON-INTOXICATING COMPOUND OF FINEST AND PUREST

                              HOPS & MALT

Guaranteed not to contain more than 1.70% alcohol by weight.


                               _MALTINA_

         BREWED EXPRESSLY FOR ARMY AND NAVY IN THE PHILIPPINES

                                  BY

                          SAN MIGUEL BREWERY




                            _PALOMAR PARK_

                            A REFINED PLACE

                    GOOD MUSIC  GOOD THINGS TO EAT

 _The right place for Ladies and Gentlemen to enjoy a pleasant evening
                      amid refined surroundings_

                           WE MAKE YOU LAUGH

                        TAKE THE ASCARRAGA CAR

                      EVERYTHING MOVES AT PALOMAR




Transcriber’s Notes

Errors in punctuation have been fixed.

Page 20: “a a few” changed to “a few”.

Page 23: “gates of Pyengyang” changed to “gates of Pyongyang”

Page 24: “The guage” changed to “The gauge”

Page 30: “Greek panitings” changed to “Greek paintings”

Page 31: “evening entertaiment” changed to “evening entertainment”

Page 46: “mayor it justly” changed to “mayor is justly”

Page 51: “Uyeno and Ochadomidzu” changed to “Uyeno and Ochanomidzu”

Page 69: “House of Purs” changed to “House of Peers”

Page 71: “I revisted” changed to “I revisited”

Page 76: “electricity, manufactury” changed to “electricity,
manufactory”

Page 85: “very unsatifactory” changed to “very unsatisfactory”

Page 86: “I belive” changed to “I believe”

Page 104: “bastian like walls” changed to “bastion like walls” “in
crsytal” changed to “in crystal”

Page 106: “a Nation possesss” changed to “a Nation possess”

Page 132: “Fábrica de piauos” changed to “Fábrica de pianos”



*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OUTPOSTS OF ASIA ***


    

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation
of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project
Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may
do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected
by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark
license, especially commercial redistribution.


START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person
or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work
on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

    This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
    other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
    whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
    of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
    at www.gutenberg.org. If you
    are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws
    of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
  
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format
other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

    • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
        the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method
        you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
        to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has
        agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
        within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
        legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
        payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
        Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
        Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
        Literary Archive Foundation.”
    
    • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
        you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
        does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
        License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
        copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
        all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™
        works.
    
    • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
        any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
        electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
        receipt of the work.
    
    • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
        distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
    

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right
of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,
Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread
public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state
visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.