Traveling publicity campaigns
Date: 2025-04-08T00:00:00+00:00
Keywords: Educational exhibits; Traveling

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Traveling publicity campaigns

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Traveling publicity campaigns
educational tours of railroad trains and motor vehicles

Author: Mary Swain Routzahn

Release date: April 8, 2025 [eBook #75816]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: Russell Sage foundation, 1920

Credits: The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAVELING PUBLICITY CAMPAIGNS ***

SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES
EDITED BY SHELBY M. HARRISON

TRAVELING PUBLICITY
CAMPAIGNS

EDUCATIONAL TOURS OF RAILROAD TRAINS AND MOTOR VEHICLES

BY
MARY SWAIN ROUTZAHN

DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYS AND EXHIBITS
RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION

NEW YORK
RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION

Copyright, 1920, by
The Russell Sage Foundation

WM. F. FELL CO·PRINTERS
PHILADELPHIA

EDITOR’S PREFACE

In the endeavor to spread information widely and well a multitude of ventures have been carried on in recent years. Interesting among these has been the combining of educational material and activities on the one hand with modern facilities for transportation on the other—the putting of exhibits, demonstrations, motion pictures, and other campaigning equipment on railroad trains, trolley cars, and motor trucks so that they may tour a whole city, a county, or cross a continent.

A glance at the appendix to this volume will show how extensive this form of educational effort has become. Beginning a dozen or more years ago with trains which showed improved methods of farming the list includes trains for teaching health, sanitation, safety, and food saving; trolley cars carrying exhibits on child welfare; and automobile trucks equipped to give motion picture shows on health and other subjects. Recently some of the trucks have also carried equipment for demonstrating methods of food canning, or for dispensary service. While the traveling campaign centering in the railroad car has had the longer history, developments in the educational use of the motor truck have been of such number and variety as to indicate, if one may venture in probabilities, relatively greater future activity for it.

The extensive use of this method of disseminating knowledge in the past, and the probable continuation and extension of it in some form, have made it seem desirable to bring together as much as possible of the working knowledge which has been gained in planning and conducting these campaigns, and to put it at the disposal of those interested in popular forms of educational work. The material here presented is thus not so much an evaluation of the traveling campaign method of spreading information as a review, or perhaps better, an anthology of practical experience thus far formulated, plus the observations of the author of the volume. The practice of those who have had first-hand contact with the problems and possibilities involved will undoubtedly have value for future planning. It is hoped, however, that the experience here set down, instead of forming a sole reliance or boundary to effort, may become a stimulus to the play of fresh ingenuity in creating new forms of illustrative material.

But as to the question of evaluation, until more data on these campaigns are recorded, that will still need to be done by those responsible for each particular tour and conversant with the particular conditions and requirements of the case. It is a familiar and not unnatural tendency, in selecting an avenue by which to reach the public, to adopt a method already used by someone else without waiting to get full information on its advantages and limitations. This happens in large part no doubt because the information desired is often hard to get without extensive inquiry. A second purpose of this volume is to bring together in brief compass the available data on traveling campaigns and thus to lessen the burden of extended inquiry for those who will need to make practical decisions.

In addition to a pooling of the facts gained through the practical conduct of traveling publicity campaigns it is further hoped that the material here assembled may provide a sort of nucleus or center of gravity which will attract criticisms and further data. The criticisms, in the course of time, may lead to a fuller treatment of the subject, and afford a better basis for determining whether the advantages of campaigns set upon wheels outweigh their inherent disadvantages when viewed in relation to particular projects or other campaign possibilities.

In the meantime grateful acknowledgment is made to the many who have already been generous in answering inquiries and furnishing information gained from their daily contact with traveling campaigns, and to those who have furnished photographs and offered many helpful suggestions.

Shelby M. Harrison.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

| PAGE
Editor’s Preface | iii
List of Illustrations | xi
CHAPTER I
Introductory | 1
CHAPTER II
Purposes and Advantages of Traveling Campaigns | 3
The Train as an Event | 4
A Tour as a Campaign “Feature” | 6
Novelty and the Danger of its Wearing Off | 6
Not a Quick Method | 7
Traveling Campaigns and Results | 8
Cost of Tours | 8
As Between Trains and Trucks | 10
CHAPTER III
How Trains Have Been Used in Campaigning | 13
Agricultural Trains | 13
Health Trains | 20
War Propaganda | 21
A Government Safety First Train | 23
Trolley Tours | 23
CHAPTER IV
Campaigning With Motor Vehicles | 25
Motion Picture Tours | 25
A Typical Motion Picture Motor Tour | 26
Traveling Dispensaries | 27
Cleveland Children’s Year Special | 27
Motor Truck Clinics in Italy | 30
A Government Child Welfare Special | 30
Speaking Tours by Automobile or Motorcycle | 34
A Motorcycle Knight of Health | 34
Carrying the Canning Kitchen to the Food Supply | 37
“Caravans” of Trucks | 39
CHAPTER V
Advance Publicity and Organization | 42
Importance of Good Advance Work | 42
General Advertising | 43
Specialized Appeal | 44
Arrangements for Distributing the Attendance | 44
Arrangements for Local Co-operation in Management | 45
Getting the Advance Work Done | 46
Qualifications of the Advance Agent | 49
The Job of the Advance Agent | 50
Assignments of Advance Work for Local Committees | 52
Explanatory Statement for Local Co-operating Committees Regarding the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train | 54
Reception Committee | 55
Committee on Newspapers | 56
Advertising Committee | 57
Committee on Special Delegations | 59
Committee on Co-operation of Churches | 61
Committee on Schools | 62
Committee on Attendance of Foreign Language Groups | 63
Committee on Speaking | 64
Committee on Personal Canvass | 64
CHAPTER VI
The Message of the Tour | 66
Choice of a Topic | 67
What to Tell | 70
Making up the Program | 71
Programs of Exhibit Trains | 73
A Program Combining Demonstrations and Exhibits | 76
Outdoor Speaking at Trains | 77
CHAPTER VII
Exhibit Cars | 78
Types of Cars | 78
Traveling Accommodations for Staff Members | 80
Treatment of Car Interiors | 80
Exhibits | 81
Use of the Space for Display | 84
Placing Exhibits | 87
Arrangement of Subject Matter | 88
Some Observations from Practical Experience | 90
Arrangement of Car for Demonstrations | 92
CHAPTER VIII
The Tour of the Truck or Train | 94
The Places to be Visited | 95
Receiving the Visitors | 97
The Rate of Progress in Exhibit Cars | 99
Distributing the Attendance | 101
Explaining the Exhibits | 104
CHAPTER IX
Follow-Up Work | 106
Getting the Subject Talked About | 107
Printed Matter for Distribution | 109
Publicity Following the Train’s Stop | 110
Organization of Local Forces | 111
Checking Up Results | 113
Appendix: Reference Lists of Train, Truck, Trolley, and other Traveling Campaigns | 117
Bibliography | 137
Index | 143

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

| OPPOSITE PAGE
The New York State Healthmobile | 10
Interior of Exhibit Car of the “Peach Special” | 14
Health Cars of the Louisiana Department of Health | 20
Cleveland Children’s Year Special | 28
Truck With Extension Devices | 29
Traveling Dispensaries | 30
Interior of Child Welfare Special of the Federal Children’s Bureau | 31
Canning Squad and Portable Kitchen | 38
A Transcontinental Truck Tour | 39
Poster Advertising the Coming of an Exhibit Train | 44
Group of Objects Expressing One Idea | 70
Demonstration Car | 76
An Outdoor Program | 77
Flat Cars Used for Displaying Captured German Trophies | 80
Interior of Health Exhibit Car | 84
A Well Arranged Exhibit Car | 85
Food Conservation Train of New York State College of Agriculture | 86
Arrangement of Railroad Car Interior | 87
Car Especially Designed for Cooking Demonstrations | 92

I
INTRODUCTORY

The tour of the peddler with a pack or cart stocked with goods for sale and a budget of news for free distribution, and that of the patent medicine man with his illustrated lecture of misinformation that sells his dubious wares are forms of traveling publicity campaigns long familiar in rural districts.

Of recent years many peddlers, carrying new ideas and useful information but no goods for sale, have been going about the country representing national and state government bureaus and private organizations. Their wares are helps to better crops, better houses, better health. Their mode of traveling has progressed from wagons to trains and from trains to motor trucks. The size of the enterprise has varied from a single wagon or automobile with a speaker and a batch of leaflets to a train of railroad cars or trucks that carry a traveling exhibit rivaling the “Greatest Show on Earth.” The tours extend from a jaunt through the county or the districts of a city to a transcontinental journey. Whatever its form, if the purpose of the enterprise is to spread information or ideas, or to promote a community program, it is of interest from an educational and publicity standpoint.

Although traveling campaigns have been many and varied and the method has been in use for a number of years, to our knowledge there has been no attempt up to this time to set down the methods and experiences, the successes, failures, and difficulties of the various campaigners.

Believing that this method of promoting social programs will continue to be employed, whatever the type of vehicle used to convey travelers and their outfits, we have gathered information about a number of campaigns and offer it here, together with comments and suggestions for the benefit of those who may be considering the method for the first time or who have tried it and wish to compare their experiences with those of others. The descriptions and suggestions are drawn from accounts of about seventy-five tours of trains, trucks, trolley cars, and other vehicles, obtained from printed reports, articles, letters, replies to questionnaires and interviews, as well as from the observations and experience of the writer.

II
PURPOSES AND ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS

The popular educational tour on wheels is a method of carrying news and facts from town to town, instead of distributing this information in wholesale manner to many towns at the same time through newspapers, letters, posters, and other familiar avenues for disseminating information quickly and widely. This use of a method resembling more or less the old-time place-to-place spreading of the news but in a modern, up-to-the-minute dress, even under the most favorable conditions involves a considerable outlay in money, a great deal of hard work, careful and detailed planning, and equally careful oversight throughout the journey and the follow-up period. Therefore the person or group contemplating such an undertaking will naturally wish to consider carefully its efficiency as a method of publicity before embarking on it.

In some instances the reason for using the truck or train is that it may be routed to remote rural districts not well served by the more modern methods of news distribution. Wherever it goes, however, the train or truck has two chief advantages as a publicity method; first, it is an economical way of bringing before scattered audiences well-equipped speakers or graphic and otherwise attractive illustrative material—economical because a single group of speakers or unit of exhibits may in this way be made to serve a large territory; and, second, its visit to each town may be made an important event, something which creates news and which may appeal to the imagination of people generally.

The tours that are described in the following pages suggest just a few of the unusual and graphic features that may be assembled in a traveling show to attract attention and to make facts and ideas more easily understood and remembered. The train or truck in addition, as already suggested, to bringing into town especially talented or well-informed speakers and demonstrators, brings also equipment for demonstrations that may be bulky, expensive, or for other reasons difficult to duplicate and distribute for display; also rare objects such as the people in the communities visited would not be likely to see at all, except as they are brought in for this brief visit.

The Train as an Event

The visit of the train, like the revival meeting, the fair, or the Fourth of July celebration, may be made such a striking event in each community that its program gets and holds the attention of many people who would not read a newspaper article or go to an ordinary meeting to learn about the same topic.

Such an event may be especially timely if a new movement or plan is about to be launched within the territory to be covered. The brief demonstration presented before a representative group of citizens gathered to meet the truck or train often paves the way for the organization of a permanent activity in the community. This is true because the method often allows for a more concentrated educational effort than can be effected in the same time through other types of campaigns. For example, the occasional visit of the agricultural special, demonstrating improved methods has, in many instances, preceded the forming of a county organization of farmers to devote themselves continuously to studying and experimenting in better farming.

A train or truck campaign, well handled, will help to give freshness to ideas which may become stale if they continue to reach the people in the same familiar forms. Whatever the subject matter or purpose of a local movement for community education or welfare, both the workers or leaders and the people who form the audiences are refreshed by variations from familiar methods of presenting the ideas that need to be gone over time and again in order to get the greater numbers to listen, to understand, and to assimilate them. The local effectiveness of the work of the county agricultural agent, or the tuberculosis committee, or the movement for better rural schools may sometimes be stimulated through the visit of traveling campaigners bringing reinforcements in the way of enthusiasm, news gathered along the route, or old ideas illustrated in new and striking ways.

A Tour as a Campaign “Feature”

One occasion when a train tour may be desirable is when the need is felt for a unique feature or “stunt” in a campaign that employs a great variety of methods. The Liberty Loan trains were expected to add “punch” to local campaigns and to make bond selling easier. When a vigorous effort is being concentrated on an issue or an idea, a tour of prominent speakers, or striking exhibits, or both, may add a spectacular element and secure much publicity; first, by getting direct attention for the idea, and second, by providing material for “news” both in the press and in the everyday talk of the people.

Novelty and the Danger of its Wearing Off

As a novel device for attracting attention both train and truck have a real though possibly a short-lived value. In many sections of the country the exhibit train has long ago become familiar, and already those who are seeking some new form in which to get their story over are equipping and operating motor trucks. In a few years these, too, may lose their power to arouse curiosity. However, the fact that the novelty of a device wears off does not necessarily destroy its value. While the novelty of the method itself may wear off, the contents of the train and the program of the itinerant campaigners leave no end of possibilities in the way of fresh attractions.

In the use of graphic methods there have been great advances within quite recent years. So far, only a few of the newer forms of expressing information in picturesque and dramatic forms have been used in truck and train projects. There is no reason why trains and trucks should not continue indefinitely to draw expectant visitors looking for the new features that may be added this year, just as a circus, a fair, or exposition is repeated successfully year after year. The exhibitor who uses an attention-getting device for the first time in any locality is to some extent responsible for the future success of any similar traveling shows in the places visited. People who went to see the first train or truck are likely to visit the second or stay away, according to the impression made by the first. This responsibility can be met through careful preparation and good management.

Not a Quick Method

A point sometimes urged in favor of the educational tour is its rapid method of carrying information over a wide area. It is undoubtedly the quickest way of displaying the same objects to a number of communities. But if you wish the people throughout your territory to have the same information as nearly as possible at the same time, any method in which the material is duplicated and sent out to all points at once from a central place is obviously more suitable than conveying the message from place to place.

Traveling Campaigns and Results

One objection frequently raised by those who have conducted educational tours is that they are quickly forgotten and bring no lasting results. This is probably a valid objection to the incompleteness of a particular campaign rather than to the method itself. If the follow-up work is not planned just as carefully and carried out as conscientiously as the tour itself, there is no reason to expect that people will remember it or that action will follow. Every form of publicity, whether a newspaper article, leaflet, lecture or motion picture would be just as quickly forgotten if it were an isolated effort and not part of a well-rounded educational campaign. In the section on follow-up work, page 106, methods are discussed of fixing the impressions made on the minds of visitors to the train and of inducing them to apply the instructions given.

Cost of Tours

What it costs usually plays a larger part in the choice of a publicity method than any other single factor. Analysis of the whole plan of the tour is needed in order to decide regarding the wisdom of spending money on it. An advance estimate ought to indicate whether a given expenditure on a traveling campaign appears likely to bring larger returns than the same amount spent on some other method.

The cost and the scale of different enterprises vary so greatly and prices are so different from year to year, that it is impossible to estimate, on the basis of one project, what another one is likely to cost.[1] By writing to the sources of information listed in the appendix, beginning on page 117, the reader will probably be able to obtain detailed information about the cost of any enterprise of a type that may interest him. Several directors of tours have reported that they consider the method too expensive. It was found too expensive in one northern state because the initial outlay was so great in comparison with the relatively short season during which the truck could be operated. In one southern state the expenses of an automobile tour were found to be out of proportion to the total budget of the organization. A number have reported the method inexpensive, but they may not have charged against their budget items that others have been obliged to include. Cars and hauling may have been provided by a railroad company; the truck may have been a gift; the specialists and demonstrators may have been regular members of the staff of the organization and their salaries not charged against the budget of the tour. In some cases the truck drivers have been volunteers. All of these things need to be taken into account in making any decision on the basis of the amount a tour has cost someone else. It is safe to say that, under the most favorable circumstances, a well-conducted traveling campaign is not a cheap method of publicity, and the organization considering it should be very sure that the enterprise is timely and especially suited to their purpose before embarking on the venture.

As Between Trains and Trucks

The most serious drawbacks to a train are that it must stay on a railway siding, is frequently inconvenient to reach, and its location hot and dusty in summer, lacking in open space where crowds can gather comfortably, and, worst of all, is noisy. Still another drawback is that the shape of a car is not adapted to the effective display of exhibits and it is difficult also to handle large numbers of visitors.

The New York State Healthmobile

Carries motion picture equipment for both indoor and outdoor exhibition as well as dispensary equipment for holding clinics.

Even with these awkward handicaps, however, the railroad car has the advantage of greater size as a setting for exhibits and demonstrations. Exhibits and equipment for demonstrating, moreover, may be permanently set up in a train of cars, so that everything is in readiness for visitors at the time when the train reaches its stopping place. But the truck is a place for storing rather than displaying exhibits, which means that each time a program is given, material must be unpacked and set up in tents, in a hall, or out of doors.

Good points for the truck are that, roads and weather permitting, the truck campaigner may go wherever and whenever he pleases and stay as long as he likes, independent of the rails and schedules that limit the freedom of a train tour. Even bad roads have not prevented some campaigners from reaching what had seemed to be inaccessible districts.

While the trucks have in certain ways greater adaptability to varied conditions than trains, the latter will undoubtedly continue to be employed where its own special uses are of paramount importance and particularly in cases where the railroads may find it possible, as in many instances in the past, to provide transportation free or at a nominal price. The truck, on the other hand, is probably only at the beginning of its usefulness in educational and publicity work. There are still untried possibilities of contriving methods for the carrying of materials especially adapted to a quick display during a short stop in all sorts of places, which, it would seem, might invite to a fascinating degree the inventive genius of those interested in the popular spread of useful information.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The following records of tours may prove at least suggestive: A three-car train, which traveled through Pennsylvania for five months in 1918, had running expenses of approximately $325 a week. This included traveling, living expenses, and salaries of three staff members, the initial cost of exhibits and printed matter, and repairs. It did not include the salaries of three additional demonstrators, or the initial cost of rebuilding the interiors of the cars, or any expenses for hauling of the cars.

A motion picture tour with an automobile truck, traveled for twenty-eight weeks in 1917 in Maryland at an expense of $124 a week. This included the fuel and repairs for the car, expenses of the field staff, rentals of films, and various miscellaneous expenses connected with the operation of the tour.

III
HOW TRAINS HAVE BEEN USED IN CAMPAIGNING

For a number of years, with the co-operation of the railroads, state agricultural colleges, departments of health, and private state organizations have carried on educational and organization work through demonstration trains. The war propaganda which utilized practically every known form of publicity did not overlook train, truck or trolley. One or more of these was used in the campaigns for Liberty Loans, food conservation, and child welfare.

Descriptions of a few of these trains will illustrate the varied types of campaigns in which they have been employed.

Agricultural Trains

A Peach Demonstration Train started on a tour in November, 1919, for the purpose of encouraging and stimulating the peach industry in the East Texas Fruit Belt. The train consisted of two baggage cars containing exhibits of insect pests that menace the peach industry, life-sized models of diseased and perfect fruit, and actual branches of affected peach trees, and a box car containing a tractor, orchard plows, and various other kinds of farm machinery needed by an up-to-date orchardist.

Regarding this train Mr. P. T. Cole, Agricultural Commissioner, St. Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas, writes as follows:

The cars were moved on local freight trains nearly all the time, although on a few occasions we were moved by a through freight. The cars were opened to the public at 9 a.m., and the farmers were taken through in groups of about fifteen and a thorough lecture given them with explanations in detail regarding the various exhibits. We usually let the school children go through, but did not allow them to interfere with the work we were giving the farmers. In the afternoon, at about one o’clock, we accompanied the farmers to a nearby orchard taking with us pruning tools, the power sprayer, and the tractor. In the orchard we gave lectures on pruning, and then pruned about a dozen trees, or sometimes as many as fifty, after which we gave them a thorough spraying. This demonstration usually consumed the greater part of the afternoon, but we would return to the cars and discuss the different problems of orcharding with the growers and in many cases they remained with us until dark.

The growers in most cases were very enthusiastic over this work, and we had some excellent demonstrations. Some of the very best were given in orchards where we had done the same work last year, and where it was an easy matter to point out the beneficial results of proper spraying and pruning. We have a number of fine demonstrations to go back to next year to show the results of the work we have just done.

As a result of this work a great many spray machines have been bought, and there is more pruning and spraying in progress now than I have ever seen before.

Interior of Exhibit Car of the “Peach Special”

A baggage car containing exhibits to show the diseases and insect pests that menace the peach industry, and the methods of destroying them. See page 13.

The following account[2] of a dairy train in Illinois is supplied by the College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois:

The first dairy train which we assisted in operating was on the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad from Danville, Illinois, to Cypress. The equipment consisted of an engine, three ordinary coaches used for lecture work, an automobile box car with side and end doors, and a flat car. We had four cows in the automobile car and led them direct from this car onto the flat car for demonstration purposes. We had a railing built around the flat car and also a removable platform between the two cars. We also had a milking machine installed in this box car which could be observed in operation by opening its side doors. This was all the exhibit material we had, as our stops in the towns lasted only from one to two hours. We had a special train crew and a definite train schedule to follow. As soon as we would reach a town we would fill up the three lecture coaches, and three speakers would start at once to give short talks. After talking for about fifteen minutes, the speakers would trade cars. In this way each audience heard at least three speakers, and at the conclusion of these lectures the audience was conducted to the rear car where a cow demonstration was given. At the conclusion of the cow demonstration the milking machine demonstration was given in the automobile car. I might say that the dairy train was highly successful. This was due, I think, largely to its being well advertised previous to its operation.

Later, another dairy train was operated in a similar manner except that four lecture coaches were used instead of three. On account of the warm weather, it was found advisable to give a large number of the lectures out-of-doors. The coaches were used only during rainy weather or in towns where, because of congested passenger and freight traffic, they were not given a good location. In some places our audiences were so large that we could not accommodate them in four coaches. In that case all the lecture work was given from the flat car on the rear end of the train.

The Pure Seed and Home Power Special was the name given to a three-car train run jointly by the Soo Line, the Wisconsin Bankers’ Association, and the Wisconsin College of Agriculture in the interests of more efficient farm methods. The pure seed car contained a display of the finest Wisconsin grown seed grains, reinforced by explanations driving home the vital facts concerning the advantages of pure-bred seed. The home power and home convenience car showed gasoline engine, power churn, washing machine, separator, home lighting plant, and other conveniences. A lecture car and a tourist sleeper for the lecturers and demonstrators completed the equipment. Sixteen counties were visited and over seven thousand people came to see the train.

The Hessian Fly Special, as described below, is an example of a highly specialized effort toward accomplishing a very definite purpose:

Since its first appearance in Kansas as an important factor in wheat production, the Hessian fly has alternately disappeared and reappeared. During the forty-four years of its known presence in the state it has produced seven different out-breaks, the last and the greatest of which destroyed not less than fifteen million bushels of wheat of the 1915 crop. Believing that not only the attention of the farmers could best be called to the seriousness of the infestation, but also that more interest could be created in the control methods and that a larger number of wheat growers could be reached within a short time, the Kansas Agricultural College decided to request the Santa Fé Railway Company, which had a large mileage in the infested districts, to run a Hessian fly train....

A chart of the infested districts was furnished the dean of the Extension Division who met with the officials of the Santa Fé and prepared a schedule consisting of sixty-two stops. It was left entirely with the college to decide as to the best time to run the train and it was felt that, inasmuch as the methods of control of the fly should begin as soon as possible after harvest, the best and most opportune time for the train would be the week just before the beginning of harvest.

The train consisted of a baggage car, two modern steel day coaches, each with a seating capacity of eighty-eight persons, which were used for lecture cars, and a private car, consisting of parlor and observation, dining and sleeping compartments. It was understood at the beginning that the train was to be an exclusive Hessian fly train and thus it was advertised as the Hessian Fly Special, operated by the Kansas State Agricultural College in co-operation with the Santa Fé. The speakers consisted of three entomologists of the Agricultural College, one entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture, the head of the Department of Agronomy, the superintendent of Farmers’ Institutes of the college, and one county demonstration agent. In addition to the lecturers, the company consisted of the agricultural agent of the Santa Fé, the publicity agent of the Santa Fé, the publicity agent of the college, and representatives of some of the principal newspapers and farm publications. The divisional superintendents and roadmasters accompanied the train over their respective divisions of the road.

Addresses were made at all of the sixty-two places scheduled. In fact, at nearly all the places the attendance was such as to require two speakers and, on several occasions, it required a third speaker to accommodate the large crowd. If the attendance did not exceed two hundred, the two speakers took care of them in the lecture cars, but where the crowd was over two hundred the over-flow was taken in the waiting room of the depot, where a speaker was provided. Where there was not an opportunity for the insect train to stop, a lecturer was dropped off to hold a meeting at the depot or an up-town place. Later, the man would be picked up by one of the regular trains and left at a station where the Hessian Fly Special was scheduled to stop. Or a man would be sent ahead on a regular train to hold a meeting and would later be picked up when the Special came through. In a few cases speakers were taken to neighboring towns in automobiles. During the entire trip every speaker on the train gave practically the same Hessian fly talk. The entomologists and the agronomist of the college prepared the speech, copies of which were furnished not only to the speakers but also to all the railroad officials and publicity men who accompanied the train. The publicity men prepared beforehand all the articles to be used by the newspapers in the places where addresses were made. In other words, every address given and every newspaper article published had just one message and that was the seriousness of the infestation and what should be done to protect the crop of the next year. It is the opinion of the writer that much of the success of the Hessian fly train and the good accomplished were due to the fact that all departments and all persons concerned were together, and that nothing was said or done but what met with the approval and recommendation of every one. The fact that the very methods advocated for the control of the fly were in keeping with the very methods recommended by the Agronomy Department and which the progressive and successful wheat growers knew should be practiced for maximum yields, appealed to the better judgment of even the most skeptical ones. The time allowed for each stop was about forty minutes. The speakers usually arranged for a few minutes’ discussion before closing the meeting. Specimen cases, charts, and illustrated material were used in nearly all lectures. As the men left the lecture cars or the waiting room they were given circulars on the Hessian fly and the preparation of the seed bed for wheat. The Hessian fly circular was printed primarily for the occasion. It was simply a timely article emphasizing the methods of control and closing with a brief life history of the fly.

In nearly all cases large crowds met the Hessian Fly Special and the total attendance for the week was approximately seven thousand.[3]

Health Trains

In the early days of the tuberculosis movement cars were extensively used in traveling health campaigns. A pioneer in carrying the message of health over a state on exhibit trains was Dr. Oscar Dowling, President of the Louisiana State Board of Health. His health train made its initial trip in 1910 and with many changes since that time has continued in service. After the first tours, made with cars loaned by the railroad, had demonstrated the popularity of the train, the State Board of Health purchased two coaches. One was fitted up as an inspection car with a part of it given over to living and office quarters, and the other as an educational exhibit car, containing displays of models, charts, and laboratory specimens. Later, two more cars were purchased for living quarters and the inspection car was turned into a laboratory car.

A practical application of the lessons taught on the tour was made by inspectors who accompanied the train. In each place visited they inspected and scored buildings in which the sanitary conditions imperilled public health, the reports of their findings being given publicity while the train was in town. This train attracted the attention of health workers in other states and has made a number of trips outside of Louisiana in response to their requests.

Health Cars of the Louisiana Department of Health

Showing the garage end of the laboratory car. Here a Ford is stored ready for use by the inspectors in a quick tour of each town visited.

The Board of Health of Kansas has used a Pullman car to carry exhibits on child welfare, tuberculosis, and other health topics. A woman physician and public health nurses traveled with the car and gave health talks and explained exhibits. Sixty-nine cities and towns were visited, the stops varying from one to four days. The purpose was chiefly educational, but an attempt was made to discuss their health problems with individuals.

Another example of the Health Special was a car sent out by the West Virginia Board of Health during 1919, and described in letters sent in advance to the newspapers as:

A fine, vestibuled coach, equipped with electrically driven models, health posters, exhibits of living bacteria, exhibits of Red Cross work, a moving picture machine, and a small but complete chemical and bacteriological laboratory in one end.

War Propaganda

During the war, trains were used in several states to carry the message of food conservation and more especially to encourage home canning by simple methods. The Pennsylvania Food Administration, in co-operation with the Pennsylvania State College of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania Railroad, ran a train of three cars during the first and second summer of the war. The train included an exhibit car containing posters and graphic devices showing why food conservation was necessary; and two cars where skilled demonstrators illustrated methods of baking with wheat substitutes and the canning and drying of fruits and vegetables.

A Save the Surplus Special of two cars toured New York State encouraging home canning and helping practically to increase it.

During the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign exhibit trains were used in some districts for displaying war trophies, and during the Fifth Liberty Loan several shiploads of war equipment and trophies were distributed over the whole country for display on trains which were sent into the rural districts and cities. Each train included several flat cars and a baggage car loaded with captured cannon, German aëroplanes, machine guns, trench mortars, gas warfare apparatus and gas masks, and thousands of other interesting trophies. One of our own tanks, dressed up in its fighting clothes, was an interesting feature of the exhibits. Each train was accompanied by an armed guard of returned soldiers, sailors, and marines.

In Missouri a Women’s Patriotic Special made a two weeks’ trip carrying women speakers who gave talks on the Red Cross, food conservation, and other war topics.

A Government Safety First Train

Probably the most elaborate exhibit train that has yet been sent out was the Safety First Train of the Department of the Interior, which toured sixteen states during a period of four months and was visited by over a half million people. This train, which was furnished by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, consisted of twelve steel cars, including a sleeper and diner, and was hauled by two powerful passenger locomotives. Six governmental departments and the American Red Cross had exhibits relating to safety work, the purpose of the tour being “to acquaint the people with the work that the Federal Government is doing every day to protect its citizens against injury and death, and with the measures it takes to promote the health and comfort of the people.”

Trolley Tours

Campaigns have been conducted on interurban lines in several states. For about three months the Woman’s Committee of the State Council of Defense ran a Children’s Year Special over much of the interurban trackage of Michigan, in the interests of better babies everywhere, and as a help in saving Michigan’s quota of the one hundred thousand babies the Children’s Year was to save.

The car was divided into three sections—the first part contained an exhibit, the second a compartment in which babies and children brought for tests were undressed and dressed, and the third a model examination room where tests and examinations were made by skilled physicians and trained nurses.

The Woman’s Committee of the State Council of Defense in Massachusetts also ran a children’s welfare car. The interior of the car was given over to exhibits of literature and posters on food conservation and child welfare. The front and back platforms were enlarged and surrounded by arm railings. On one platform a kitchen was arranged, where a lecturer gave actual demonstrations of the various food substitutes; on the other a trained nurse instructed mothers upon the care and feeding of children in wartime.

FOOTNOTES:

[2] Letter from E. A. Clark, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois.

[3] Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1916, George A. Dean, Entomologist, Kansas State Agricultural Experiment Station.

IV
CAMPAIGNING WITH MOTOR VEHICLES

Traveling motion picture shows, dealing with health and other subjects, traveling dispensaries and tours demonstrating uses of trucks and thus advertising trucks themselves, are the chief educational uses of motor vehicles reported in response to an inquiry widely sent out.

Motion Picture Tours

Of these, the traveling motion picture show seems to have been longest in the field. Many state health departments and state tuberculosis associations have been and still are conducting a part of their educational work by this means. Recently the Red Cross has carried the story of its overseas work into remote rural districts in a certain section of the country by means of a truck equipped with pictures and machine. A returned overseas worker travels with the truck and gives talks about past achievements and future plans. An organization interested in promoting the use of commercial and industrial films has a number of well equipped trucks which are sent to city parks as well as country districts to give open-air entertainments.

A Typical Motion Picture Motor Tour

The North Carolina State Board of Health has used a health car equipped with electric lighting plant, motion picture machine and accessories, together with a large selection of health and comic films, all in charge of a lecturer and machinist. This car was sent out in response to invitations to give health entertainments in co-operation with local committees, the latter sharing the expense.

The plan was to give substantially the same program in a different place in the county each day during one week. Each of these places then received a return visit during each of two succeeding weeks with a complete change of program. A single program usually consisted of five or six reels of motion pictures, including three health films and scenic and comedy films. A victrola was carried with the car to provide a preliminary musical program and a musical accompaniment with the comic films. While the health films were being shown, the lecturer made running comments. Free health literature was on display at a convenient place to be given out in response to requests. The programs were given in the school house, church hall or outdoors. Where special illumination was needed strings of incandescent lights were provided.

The staff carried with them a complete camping, cooking, and sleeping outfit.[4] Their schedule usually included two programs a day and 12 visits to as many places during a week.

Traveling Dispensaries

The use of motor trucks for dispensaries or clinics seems to be increasing rapidly. A number of traveling tuberculosis, dental, child welfare, and baby clinics are reported from many parts of the country, not only for rural districts but for large cities. Some of these dispensaries on wheels are intended chiefly to provide service, that is, to examine people, rather than for the purpose of publicity or education. In this case the truck is simply a convenient method of extending clinical work to districts that have no dispensaries, or to the homes of patients who cannot or will not go to the dispensary. But even where service is the main purpose, these trucks are of value educationally, particularly in this early stage of their use when their novelty attracts attention to the clinics. Other traveling dispensaries are intended chiefly to demonstrate to the community the need of establishing, permanently, some such service as the dispensary gives during its brief stop-over.

Cleveland Children’s Year Special

A traveling truck dispensary was adopted as a feature of the Children’s Year by the Children’s Year Committee of the Cleveland Council of Defense. Mr. J. Dean Halliday, Director of the Bureau of Health Education of the Cleveland Department of Health, who planned the construction of the truck and directed its use later, had charge of a similar campaign for the American Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission in Italy.

The type used both in Cleveland and in Italy[5] as shown in several illustrations (see cuts opposite pages 28 and 30) has side tents, which, when set up, provide fair-sized rooms. The tent on the left was used as a waiting and dressing room for the mothers who brought babies for examination; that on the right as lecture and exhibit room. Here posters and model outfits for the baby were displayed and literature was given away. The body proper built on the carriage of a large army truck was fitted out as a model dispensary with examining tables, scales, measuring stands, desk, cabinet for supplies, electric lights, and hot and cold water. The equipment included a screen and motion picture machine which could be set up on top of the truck for evening programs. In Cleveland the truck was driven by members of a volunteer women’s motor corps organization, uniformed for the purpose and carried a physician, a nurse, and a sanitary patrolman, all assigned from the Health Department.

Cleveland Children’s Year Special

Interior of truck fitted up as a dispensary with steps let down for visitors. See pages 27 and 28.

Truck with Extension Devices

The usefulness of this truck for demonstrations and exhibitions is more than doubled by the tents which are strapped to the sides of the truck in travel and set up at each stopping place, and by the motion picture apparatus which is set up on the roof. See page 28.

The tour included sections of the city known as “death places” because of their high infant mortality rates. As the crowd gathered the physician in charge gave a short talk on the object of Children’s Year. While he was thus engaged the district nurse circulated through the crowd and, picking out a likely mother and child, persuaded her to step forward with her child when the physician called for babies to be examined. It was found necessary to do this in order to get the remainder of the mothers to fall in line quickly. The physician examined the child and, if normal, it was quickly weighed and measured and the regular Children’s Year forms filled out, one for the committee’s record and a duplicate for the mother. The mother was advised to report at regular intervals to the city’s nearest prophylactic dispensary where she would receive instructions as to how to keep her baby well. For the sake of its effect, she was given a card signed by the mayor, stating that she was entitled to this service and urging her to avail herself of it. She then passed on to the tent containing exhibits where child hygiene and other posters were displayed and educational pamphlets distributed. The exhibits and literature were usually presided over by the uniformed motor corps driver, although on some occasions an extra nurse was carried for the purpose. In an average afternoon, from twenty-five to thirty babies would be examined.

Although city nurses were constantly carrying on routine work in the districts visited, many cases of contagion and sore eyes were found by the traveling outfit which had been missed entirely by the regular nurses. After the truck had visited a given section the nurses in charge of the district dispensary were instructed to make a note of attendance. Records showed a considerable increase in visitors, a number of whom brought with them the cards received at the traveling dispensary or they said that they had been referred to the dispensary after a preliminary examination on the truck.

Motor Truck Clinics in Italy

In Italy seven trucks were used with practically the same equipment as in Cleveland, and three more were equipped for dental work. They were operated from certain centers in the region where the American Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission worked in co-operation with Italian tuberculosis organizations. From these centers the trucks radiated on one-day trips to neighboring villages and towns carrying posters, printed matter, and a crew consisting of an Italian physician, lecturer, nurse, and driver.

A Government Child Welfare Special

A big, gray automobile truck, known as the “Child Welfare Special,” has recently been put into the field by the Children’s Bureau of the United States Department of Labor to test the usefulness of the automobile in carrying the message of better babies into rural communities.

Traveling Dispensaries

Dispensaries of the Tuberculosis Commission of the American Red Cross in Italy in the Court Yard of the Ducal Palace at Genoa. See pages 28 and 30.

Interior of Child Welfare Special of the Federal Children’s Bureau

For detailed description see page 31.

The Children’s Bureau has provided the following description of the truck and its tour:

The truck is modeled very closely upon the dispensary truck used by the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute. The body of the car is constructed of wood, painted white on the inside and battleship gray on the outside. The words, “Child Welfare Special” are lettered in blue and white on each side of the car. The truck is roomy enough for a conference room and two dressing rooms. The conference room is nine and a half feet long, six feet wide, and six feet four inches high in the center. This room has four windows on each side, high enough to be out of reach of prying eyes, yet admitting sufficient light for daytime examinations. The driver’s cab, which is entirely enclosed in glass, can be reached from the conference room by a sliding door; with the shades drawn it forms one dressing room. The open-end gates of the car, provided with double folding doors and heavy curtains that fit into grooves, form a second dressing room. When a mother enters one of the rooms, she has the exclusive use of it until the child has been undressed, examined, and dressed again.

Most of the equipment of the truck is built in. A 15-gallon water tank, tucked away over the driver’s cab, is connected by faucet with a stationary washstand in the conference room, which in turn is connected with a drain to the outside. The examining table and the linen lockers are built over the wheel housing, an arrangement that saves space and improves the appearance of the car. A scale for babies and older children is carried in an especially built trunk. There is enough storage space for 2,000 publications, a full set of exhibit material, a balopticon with several boxes of slides, two rolls of moving picture film, several dozen charts for lecture purposes, cot, bedding, and cooking utensils for three persons, a large supply of sheets and muslin squares, and all the other equipment necessary for conducting a children’s health conference.

Two systems of lighting, one for a 110-volt current that can be taken from a nearby public building, and the other for a six-volt current taken from the truck’s own batteries, furnish excellent illumination for night work. Two electric heaters have recently been installed for use on cool days. Weather strips have been put on the cab to keep out wind and rain, and a tarpaulin made to fit over the rear doors keeps out the dust.

Arrangements have been made for the staff to sleep on the Special—the doctor on an army cot in the conference room, the nurse on a similar cot in the rear dressing room, and the chauffeur on the driver’s seat, which was constructed to serve as a bed.

A nearby public room in a school or church is usually obtained for an exhibit and waiting room, and here, at opportune moments, the doctor and nurse give brief talks to waiting mothers, using the exhibit material as a means of illustration.

The first test of the efficiency of the Special is whether it serves its purpose. In the main the Special has proved a success from a mechanical point of view. The dressing rooms are adequate, and the conference room has proved itself remarkably convenient in spite of its small space. There are features that would be changed, however, if another truck were to be built. A more powerful engine is desirable. In spite of efforts to keep its weight down, the car when completely loaded tips the scale at 8,000 pounds. It does not seem advisable to reduce materially this weight as the body must be made to withstand the jar of travel and uncertain weather. The thirty-five horse power engine, supplemented by the extra pulling power provided by pneumatic tires, is adequate for most road conditions, but sandy, steep hills are negotiated with some difficulty. A heavier engine, one and a half or two-ton unit, would easily care for this load and at the same time carry enough reserve for any bad spots that are encountered. Mechanical adjustments made recently, however, have given greater power.

Because of its size the Special does not travel well over muddy roads. The height of the car could be reduced by five or six inches and still permit easy walking within the car. This would very considerably reduce the sway and the danger of skidding.

A report from the physician in charge of the Special says:

The Special has the distinct advantage of at once gripping public interest. This may seem spectacular from the professional standpoint, but it gets results. It is believed that the ground can be covered better by the Special than in any other way, that its improved equipment will make for more satisfactory results than any method tried to date, and that its usefulness is directly in proportion to the ability of the physician in charge to make the public realize that she is merely demonstrating the need of periodic examinations and a method of providing opportunity for such examinations. She must bear in mind that the examinations she gives are merely an incident and not the object of the Special—that her most important function is to stimulate and aid in the organization of permanent follow-up work by the community.

Speaking Tours by Automobile or Motorcycle

One of the simplest and frequently a very effective form of traveling campaign is the speaking tour of which examples are numerous and familiar. Suffrage, prohibition, and many other causes have been promoted by traveling speakers in conspicuously painted or decorated automobiles. The speakers may carry with them all sorts of attention-getting devices, from a supply of leaflets to distribute, to a set of properties that would rival the stock of the old-time patent medicine man.

A Motorcycle Knight of Health

The following picturesque description of “A Modern Knight Errant, Carrying Health Gospel at Fifty Miles an Hour on A Motor Cycle,” is taken from an article by Samuel Hopkins Adams, about the work of the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association[6]:

The “Flying Squadron of Health”

Seven o’clock of a June evening in the lake country to the north. Supper is over. The mail has come jolting down by stage from the nearest railroad point, fourteen miles distant, and has been distributed from the post office which is also the general store and the council-house of the locality. The population, gathered in from a considerable radius, is talking a little politics, chewing a little tobacco, speculating a bit on the likelihood of rain, and yawning itself into readiness for home and bed. Far up the dusty road there is an approaching commotion, perceptible both to ear and eye. Presently the center of it materializes in the form of a motorcycle bearing a man and a pack. The cycle pop-pops itself into a stationary phase. The man dismounts, gives a pleasant “good evening” to the gossiping group, appraises the immediate lay of the land with a practiced eye, unstraps a pack or two, and in an incredibly short time has a light silk tent up in a chosen spot by the road-way, a cooking kit laid out, a Dutch oven set, and the “makings” of a fire gathered near it.

Now, here is romance for the young of the hamlet, Gypsying a la mode! Knight-errantry at fifty miles an hour! The news runs amuck in the locality and in no time there is a growing gathering. Questions begin to fly; to each the newcomer has his brief but courteous answer, all the time busy with his preparations for spending the night in the open. Presently he unfolds carefully a case containing placards, setting them up one by one against the stone fence. Conjecture, by this time, is at the point of explosion.

“What are you sellin’, Mister?” comes the direct question.

“Nothing,” answers the stranger, setting up still another placard, and stepping back to estimate the effect.

“Got a show?”

“Why, yes! in a way.”

“Givin’ out samples?”

“Not exactly.”

“Patent medicine feller, I guess,” surmises one. “Seen a couple of ’em over to Humphrey’s last fall.” “Naw,” controverts another, “He’s sellin’ pictures, can’t ye see?” “Ain’t goin’ to preach, be ye, young man?” queries a third.

“That too, in a way,” says the motorist.

Curiosity is now at its height. The crowd couldn’t be driven away by a thunder shower. The newcomer has nursed the situation until he has an absorbed attentiveness when he addresses the people in direct and simple words, explains why he is there, and talks to them about the peril of consumption and the ready-to-hand methods of guarding against it, using the charts which he has set up to fortify his telling points. It is done with a very conversational, homely and personal touch, so that the audience is encouraged to ask questions about the individual symptoms, the danger of “catching” the disease, the chances of cure for this or that friend, what hospital will take old Mrs. Tinkley, bedridden now for six weeks, and so on through the roster of health and sickness topics which make up so large a part of the immediate interests of countryfolk.

When the talk is over the visitor asks for the telephone, calls up a town perhaps fifty or sixty miles away, and those who are near enough to cock an ear hopefully (which includes as many as can crowd into the store) hear something like this:

“Siddallville? Hello! That you, Mr. Conway? Yes. Werle.... I’ll be there to-morrow night to speak.... No; I’ve got everything.... What’s that? No; no cost. All you have to provide is the hall and the audience. I’ll furnish the rest.... Yes; seven-thirty to-morrow. Good-bye!”

In the morning all that remains at the cross-roads to tell of the visitation is a little heap of ashes, some queer marks in the dust where the heavy-studded tires have passed—and a germinating seed of education. The gospel has come to Shucktown.

Wisconsin has since tried something believed to be even better than the “modern knight.” Finding that the motion pictures were a much greater attraction than stereopticon slides, and having a four-reel health film to show, the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association gave up its motorcycle and substituted a motion picture truck which is better fitted to transport the necessary machinery for its traveling campaign work.

Carrying the Canning Kitchen to the Food Supply

An ingenious use of a truck as a first aid to canners is illustrated in the photograph opposite page 38. This canning truck, chiefly intended for service to those coming to see it, but also carrying its message of war service to many neighborhoods, was sent out by the Women’s Committee on Food Conservation of the Pittsburgh Food Administration. The purpose of the truck is well described in a dodger, as follows:

LET US HELP YOU

How—With our canning truck.

When—At any time you can use us.

Where—At your own home or any other convenient place for you.

Why—To save home products for home use and leave for the Government the output from commercial canneries for our soldiers. It is a sin today to waste surplus vegetables if they can be canned.

We Furnish—Canning equipment, a teacher, and five or six helpers, who carry their lunches with them to avoid extra work for you. They work from 9 to 4 o’clock.

You Furnish—Stove room, a wash boiler, the vegetables or fruits to be canned, and the jars.

Canning Squad and Portable Kitchen

Canning squad of the Allegheny County Council of National Defense, and their portable kitchen ready to help the farmers’ wives save their food products. See page 37.

Cost—It will cost you no money, but we will expect some fresh vegetables or one-fifth of the jars canned during the day. We furnish the jars for this share, which will later be used for some patriotic purpose.

The director of this enterprise reported that it was not unusual for the “crew” to can 80 or 100 quarts of vegetables or fruits in a day and that they were kept busy every day for six weeks.

“United States Official” Photo

A Transcontinental Truck Tour

Transcontinental train of the Motor Transport Corps, U. S. War Department. See page 39.

“Caravans” of Trucks

Since the war, much publicity has been obtained for the motor truck itself by what have been called motor truck development tours. Several such tours, each covering a number of states, have demonstrated to farming communities the use of the farm tractor, the advantages of the truck in carrying farm products to market, and various other uses of motor vehicles.

A spectacular transcontinental tour of a train of eighty motor vehicles was made during the summer of 1919 by the Motor Transport Corps of the War Department. The caravan, which spread out over three miles of road when in motion, included field kitchens, ambulances, repair trucks, and in fact every sort of motor vehicle used by the transport service in France. This trip was undertaken for both recruiting and educational purposes. The following account of its purposes and methods is supplied by a representative of the Motor Transport Corps:

The transcontinental trip has been undertaken both for military and educational purposes, as follows:

(1) An extended service test of the standardized principal types of army motors.

(2) The War Department’s contribution to the Good Roads movement for the purpose of developing through-route and transcontinental highways as military and economic assets.

(3) A demonstration of the practicability of long-distance motor post and commercial transportation.

(4) The collection of detailed data for use in connection with the technical training of the commissioned and enlisted personnel of the Motor Transport Corps.

(5) The procurement of recruits for the Motor Transport Corps.

(6) Studies in terrain observation for certain branches of the army, particularly the Field Artillery, Air Service and Engineer Corps.

(7) An exhibition to the general public, either through actual contact or resulting channels of publicity, of the development of the motor vehicle for military purposes.

The Lincoln Highway Association has co-operated with the Motor Transport Corps in advertising the passage of the train along the Lincoln Way, and through its subsidiary organizations it took a large part in making advance arrangements for the welcome to and the entertainment of the personnel of the convoy.

In addition, all the usual channels of publicity were employed in advertising the trip of the convoy, and an officer acting as advance publicity agent, preceded the train one or more days in order to give notice of its approach and to make final arrangements for its entertainment. A personal letter was written to the governor of each state and to the chief official of each town, village and city and to heads of civil and commercial organizations along the route, requesting their co-operation in making the trip a success. A recruiting officer with proper equipment accompanied the train and often went ahead to placard towns and arrange for meetings at which Motor Transport moving pictures were shown and the newly planned system of vocational training to be given in the Motor Transport Corps schools was explained. All the cargo trucks in the train carried signs describing the various phases of the Motor Transport Corps activities. The Associated Press and the Knights of Columbus had representatives with the train and there were also several freelance writers representing newspaper syndicates. All the war activity organizations, especially the War Camp Community Service, were advised of the passage of the train and did everything possible to make the men comfortable and to entertain them. As a result of all this publicity the passage of the train was marked by a continual succession of hearty greetings and hospitable entertainments. Each community, large or small, passed through did something to show its appreciation of the visit and its interest in the purposes of the trip. In many instances the entertainment program and street decorations were most elaborate.

FOOTNOTES:

[4] Not all of the touring campaigners have considered it an advantage to carry camping outfits. Some of them say that the work is so strenuous that they should have good beds at night and no responsibility for providing for their own comfort. On the other hand, in some districts camping may provide more comforts than rural hotels would.

[5] After making a study of the Cleveland trucks sent to Italy, the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute designed a lighter machine similar to that described on page 31.

[6] Health to Sell, Samuel Hopkins Adams, La Follette’s Magazine, December, 1914.

V
ADVANCE PUBLICITY AND ORGANIZATION

Importance of Good Advance Work

The methods used in preparing the communities to receive the train are as important a feature of the project as the visit of the train itself. On the effectiveness with which the advance work is done depends its opportunity to reach as many people as can be accommodated and to have the audiences made up of the most hopeful “prospects,” those most likely to act on the suggestions offered. Advance information that arouses interest will bring visitors to the train in a receptive frame of mind that makes it easier to present the message quickly.

One or all of the following kinds of advance work will need to be done in each place to be visited, according to the nature and scope of the campaign:

1. General publicity and advertising.

2. Specialized appeals directed to selected groups and individuals.

3. Arrangements for distributing attendance over the full period of the visit.

4. Arrangements for local co-operation in the above work, in taking care of visitors to the train, and in organizing or carrying out follow-up work later.

For convenience, the discussion of these matters is given in terms of trains, although most of it applies equally to motor tours as well.

General Advertising

The appeal to the general public in a community may be made through news items in the papers, posters, window cards, window displays, advertisements and inserts in advertisements, and slides in motion picture theaters. Of the wide variety of methods to advertise an event, these are probably the ones best adapted to advance preparation for both large and small cities and towns. It is not the purpose here to discuss the technique of preparing any of this material. Unless they have ability and training in this field, those responsible for getting work out should call in specialists to do it, or at least to advise about it.

The purpose of advertising is more than merely to get a crowd. If there is very little competition from other events, as is often the case in small towns, it may be fairly easy to secure a large attendance. It is the business of your advertising to attract the attention of persons not yet interested in the subject matter and to arouse intelligent interest in what the train or truck will show. To design posters and prepare copy that will bring these results requires skill and practise which may sometimes be obtained as a gift but is worth paying for.

Specialized Appeal

The special groups to whom your message is chiefly directed may be singled out from the general public and definite methods used to insure their attendance. While most of the trains are of general interest to the communities visited, the message of the exhibits or demonstrations is probably addressed primarily to one or a few groups, classified according to occupation, standing in the community, race, age, condition of health, or particular interests. Special efforts to reach these groups may take the form of letters, announcements, or brief talks addressed to schools, churches, clubs, lodges, or employes of factories and places of business. Committees on co-operation may be formed within the groups and delegations appointed to come to the train. A personal canvass may be made by letters, postcards, personal visits, or telephone messages to leaders of groups or members of special bodies.

Arrangements for Distributing the Attendance

The tendency of the majority of the people is to select the same period in the day as the most convenient or desirable time for coming to the train. When the program is to be repeated a number of times, it is necessary to plan special methods for distributing the attendance over the less popular hours. This may be done as a feature of the advance appeal to particular groups by setting aside periods for school children, calling conferences of small bodies of people, assigning hours when delegations will be received and personally conducted, or having program features of interest to particular groups at stated hours.

ROBBERS
AT LARGE

Peach Growers of East Texas are Being Robbed by the
Insects and Diseases that attack Peaches

SPECIALISTS WITH EXHIBIT CARS

COMING
——TO——

Winfield Texas
Thursday Nov. 20ᵗʰ

Most complete Orcharding Exhibit Train ever carried to the farmers of the South.
Will exhibit and demonstrate all phases of peach orchard work.

Three Carloads of Equipment and Exhibits

Carload of power and hand sprayers, a tractor and other modern orchard
equipment.

Two exhibit cars electrically lighted and equipped to show by pictures, lifelike
models, specimens and slides of all the dangerous diseases and insects known to
Texas orchards.

Actual field demonstrations on planting, pruning, spraying and cultivation will
be conducted in an orchard near town.

FREE—EVERYBODY INVITED

UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION
ST. LOUIS SOUTHWESTERN RAILROAD OF TEXAS

Co-operating with
THE EXTENSION DIVISION OF THE TEXAS A. & M. COLLEGE.
UNITED STATES AND STATE DEPARTMENTS OF AGRICULTURE

For Further Information, See Your County Farm Demonstration Agent

Poster Advertising the Coming of an Exhibit Train

This is the type of poster that is frequently sent out in advance of agricultural trains. The posters are usually on white paper or card with black letters. The news value of the material on the poster doubtless secures readers who would not be inclined to give attention to so much reading matter if it conveyed only educational information.

Arrangements for Local Co-operation in Management

The co-operation of a local committee is needed in advertising and running the show. The extent of this co-operation will depend upon the size of the staff in charge of the train, size of the community, and the nature of the program. The duties of local committees as described in reports of various campaigns include:

1. Co-operation in advertising the coming of the train.

2. Making or checking up arrangements for the proper placing of the train.

3. Arranging for a reception committee and helpers, as described in the section on attendance (pages 55 and 98).

4. Securing such additional equipment as is called for by the program, such as a meeting hall, motion picture or stereopticon machine.

5. Arranging such entertainment as may be needed by the train staff in the way of living quarters or meals, or both. The importance of providing for the comfort of the speakers and explainers who work under a severe strain can hardly be overestimated.

Getting the Advance Work Done

The advance work is usually carried out by correspondence with a local committee or individuals, or by sending an advance agent to make the arrangements. Many tours of trains have been carried on without an advance representative, in some cases because the expenses seemed prohibitive or because of the difficulty in securing a suitable person for this work. When well-organized local groups in communities to be visited are already interested in the aims of the tour, it may be comparatively simple to handle the advance work through correspondence. But usually it is far more desirable to send an advance representative.

Arranging for local co-operation by correspondence is a slower method than working through a personal representative. The headquarters staff also have a more difficult task in preparing publicity material and letters that will arouse the same enthusiasm that the agent can instil through his direct contact with editors and other community leaders.

An example of the use of letters in place of an advance agent is the following which was sent to health officers as one of a series addressed to leading citizens by the West Virginia Public Health Council:

My dear Dr. ——:

The “Health Car” now touring the state under the auspices of the West Virginia State Department of Health, in the interest of health education and child welfare, will arrive in your city at 8.30 o’clock on Saturday P.M. and will remain till 1.20 P.M. o’clock on Tuesday.

The car is a vestibuled railway coach entirely remodeled and contains a chemical and bacteriological laboratory, a health exhibit of posters and electrically driven models and a picture machine. These, with the explanation given by a Health Instructor on the car, serve to impress on the minds of the people the principles of the promotion of health and prevention of disease.

May we count on you to secure the interest and co-operation of the medical, dental and nursing professions in your community, for a public meeting at an hour which you, in consultation with the Superintendent of Schools and a president of an influential woman’s organization, may decide? We are also very desirous of securing the attendance of the Mayor and Town Council and any other citizens who do, or should, feel responsibility for community welfare and the conservation of child life. We have also written the Superintendent of Schools and your newspapers, realizing that the medical profession, the educational people and the press are the agencies our Government is counting upon for co-operation in constructive, peace-time work.

The Health Car Corps will communicate with you immediately upon arrival in your city to learn of your plans for the utilization of their time and effort while with you. We are anxious to make their stay in each community count for the highest possible things in the interest of the public health and welfare.

The car is supplied with a number of good Health Films which we will be glad to show, free of charge, to the public if arrangements can be made with some one who has a full-sized picture machine and a hall at his disposal.

Sincerely yours,
S. L. Jepson, M.D.
State Health Commissioner.

The following report from the director of the Texas Peach Demonstration Train, described on page 13, is fairly typical of advance work done in local communities without a personal representative:

Articles announcing the tour of this train have been sent to all the large newspapers in the east Texas territory, also to the county newspapers. Individual letters have also been sent to the large peach growers, urging them to attend these meetings. In counties where there is a county demonstration agent, a great deal is being done to bring the matter to the attention of the farmers. Large posters have been put up a couple of weeks in advance of the train all through the different towns at which stops are to be made. The chambers of commerce and business organizations have been called upon several weeks in advance and furnished with full data, and they are doing all they can to make the meetings a success. The county judge in each county has given his co-operation by declaring the week in which the work is being conducted in his particular county as Horticultural Week.

The chambers of commerce have, in many instances, made arrangements for special features in connection with the visit of our train.

Qualifications of the Advance Agent

The personality and previous experience of the person needed to carry out advance work form an important factor in the success of the whole undertaking.

The agent should be able to work successfully with local committees, since much valuable publicity will be secured through their efforts. That is to say, he should be adaptable, clear, definite, and orderly in his statements and in handling a meeting, and be able to inspire enthusiastic interest in carrying out the plans he outlines.

His training and experience at best should include knowledge of publicity or advertising methods, experience in working with volunteer committees, and general information of the subject matter of the campaign. Of these three, given an alert and intelligent worker who has a moderate amount of what may be called “publicity sense,” an understanding of how to organize volunteer workers is probably the most necessary element in his or her equipment. For he may acquire in a comparatively short time a working knowledge of the subject, and may call in outside assistance in preparing the news stories and advertising plans that he carries with him. But every local committee presents new and unexpected problems, and no amount of coaching can provide what is gained by experience in adapting plans and methods to the peculiarities of a local situation, winning over a local chairman who has prejudices or skepticisms, or simplifying or expanding plans of work to fit the resources of the town as the agent may estimate them in the brief time that he remains.

The Job of the Advance Agent

The first advance work is done by the committee or individual who directs the whole enterprise from some central point, notifying local persons of the purpose and the date of the agent’s visit. If there is already a local representative of the movement in the community, arrangements may be made which will save the agent much time in seeing the editor, minister, school superintendent, and others on his list whose co-operation he must secure. If there is no local representative, letters should be sent directly to the persons upon whom he expects to call.

The agent’s visit should be timed long enough in advance of the coming of the train to allow for carrying out the publicity plans, and near enough so that there will be no chance for interest to wane in the interval. A ten-day start has been found satisfactory, especially when the way has been paved for his visit and publicity and advertising materials are ready for use. If an agent travels in an automobile, he is better able to adapt his time to local needs and still keep ahead of the train, than if he is dependent upon railroad schedules.

The Child Welfare Special of the Children’s Bureau was preceded by an advance agent and the method is described in the bureau’s report of the tour as follows:

The advance agent, who travels two weeks in advance of the car arranges the itinerary, attends to the publicity, and organizes local communities to take charge of the work. Her first step is to call together a county child welfare committee. With their aid an itinerary is mapped out, and then local committees are organized in the communities to be visited. So far as possible, the agents work through the local child welfare committees formed during Children’s Year.

These committees are asked to provide a suitable location for the parking of the Special—a spot that is centrally located, well shaded, and near a public room that can be used both as an exhibit and waiting room. They are also asked to make a canvass of their districts before the Special arrives, so that everyone may understand the purpose of the conference. Each committee member has her field of work clearly defined. A number of women are asked to serve as hostesses during the conference, receiving mothers and babies, giving them numbers for examination, and explaining the exhibit material.

The agent then distributes her cuts and other publicity material for the newspapers, printed instructions for the child welfare committee, copies of announcements that ministers are asked to make from their pulpits, and posters advertising the coming of the Special. She visits city and county officials, social agencies, editors, physicians, clergymen, farm advisers, county demonstrators, business men, and other representative citizens to explain the purpose of the visit of the car.

As a result of this work of the advance agent, the staff finds everything is in readiness on the arrival of the Special.

The Land Clearing Special of Georgia, a recent enterprise of the State College of Agriculture, was preceded by an advertising campaign designed to make the Land Clearing Demonstration the big event of the season in each stopping place. In addition to the usual methods of newspaper publicity, posters, and letters, twenty automobiles carrying signs announcing the demonstration, visited the rural districts for a week preceding the event. Telephone owners were called up on the telephone and invited, and arrangements were made to have factory and train whistles blow when the demonstrations were about to start. Information about this plan was widely spread.

Assignments of Advance Work for Local Committees

With time for only a day or part of a day’s stop in a town the advance agent has little opportunity to explain fully to the co-operating committee all the details of advance preparation expected of its members. To meet this situation, the directors of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train with the co-operation of the present writer prepared and multigraphed a set of instructions for local committees. The agent distributed copies of these instructions to the members of the executive committee in each town during the meeting that was held on the day of his visit. Not all of these directions were suited to every community visited, and frequently suggestions from the local committee were added or substituted. This set of assignments is quoted in full below. The features of the assignments especially worth noting are:

1. That written instructions or suggestions in addition to the agent’s personal explanation leave less to chance in getting the plans carried out.

2. That the directions are exceedingly simple and flexible.

3. That each separate assignment was printed on a separate sheet so that it could be placed in the hands of the person who was to carry it out.

EXPLANATORY STATEMENT FOR LOCAL CO-OPERATING COMMITTEES REGARDING THE PENNSYLVANIA FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN

Food Conservation Train Coming to ... On ... Quota of Attendance ...

You know the old saying, “If you want to get a thing done, do it yourself.”

But there is a new one that is much more appropriate in wartime when we should all be working together to win: “If you want to get people interested, give them something to do to help.”

There is something for everybody to do to make the Food Conservation Train a success.

Dividing the Work. The following list of assignments should be divided among as many dependable people as you can find. Try some new people who have not had a chance to help before.

Each assignment is described on a separate sheet, a copy of which may be given to the person taking the assignment. If necessary, one person may take several assignments.

AssignmentsName of committee chairman

1. Reception committee.

2. Newspapers.

3. Advertising.

4. Attendance of special groups.

5. Churches.

6. Schools.

7. Attendance of foreign born.

8. Speaking.

9. Personal canvass.

10. Motor service.

11. Miscellaneous.

RECEPTION COMMITTEE

A reception committee usually of from six to ten members should receive the visitors at the train. It is desirable to have four members on hand, usually from ten to twelve o’clock, and six members from two to five o’clock to welcome delegations, distribute literature, give information, and explain exhibits.

The committee will be given a list of expected delegations so that their leaders may be known and introduced to the train staff.

The committee will find that the train offers an excellent opportunity to tell visitors of local activities for food conservation and to invite their co-operation.

It will be well to have the whole reception committee at the train a few minutes before its first opening at ten o’clock so that they may become familiar with exhibits and have time for a brief conference with members of the staff.

COMMITTEE ON NEWSPAPERS

The advance agent will bring with him material for the local paper, to which will be added the names of committee members and of persons who are helping the committee.

Other material that should be of interest to the local papers includes:

1. A list of special delegations from lodges, churches, business groups, and others that will visit the train.

2. Accounts of talks given by Four Minute Men and others about the food train and food conservation.

3. An account of the work that is being done for food conservation by the local committee.

Editorials. Editors may be glad to take advantage of the presence of the train as an occasion for an editorial on some local aspect of the food situation, as encouraging the use of home products, regarding the food hoarders, and so forth.

Out-of-Town Papers. The newspapers in the territory adjacent to your town will carry some news of its coming. In addition to news sent to those editors from state headquarters they will be interested in your local plans and the names of your workers.

ADVERTISING COMMITTEE

One of these assignments could be given to each of several members of a committee. The more workers there are the more enthusiasm there will be.

Posters. There are probably several persons who would gladly make posters announcing the train if they were asked. Give them the facts and let them work out their own ideas. Have these posters shown in store windows and in public buildings. See that all posters sent from the Philadelphia office are placed where they will do the most good.

Window Displays. Invite merchants to have window displays on food conservation and help them with ideas. The sheets issued by the Retail Store Section of the Food Administration contain pictures of windows that are easy to copy. Be sure that the window display contains an announcement of the food train.

Ask every merchant who has a sign writer or who makes his own window cards to make up in his best style a card or sign announcing the coming of the train.

Slides in Moving Picture Theaters. See that slides are displayed in the moving picture theaters announcing the coming of the train. The following makes a satisfactory slide:

SEE THE PICTURES AND WAR RELICS
AND
LEARN WARTIME COOKERY

FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN

FREE FREE

12th St. SIDING, PENNSYLVANIA R.R.
10-12 A.M. 2-5 P.M. JULY 15

Mention in Advertisements of Local Merchants. Local food dealers, especially those selling substitutes, should be interested in getting their customers to see the exhibits and demonstrations. Ask them to mention the train in their newspaper advertisements preceding its arrival.

In addition to the usual advertising space of food dealers your newspaper may be able to have a special page of food advertisements with a large announcement of the train in the center.

Other advertisers may also be willing to mention the food train and may find a way to work it into their advertisement as follows:

On your way to the Food Conservation Train on Tuesday, don’t fail to drop in and see our new assortment of men’s neckwear, etc.

COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL DELEGATIONS

Since only a certain number of the people can see the train during its brief stay and ALL the people should receive its message, it is important that special delegations be arranged for, with the understanding that the delegates will pass on the message brought by the train to members of their organizations.

Morning attendance is lightest. As many as possible of these special groups should be arranged for during the morning.

The director of the train and the chairman of the reception committee should each receive a list of delegations that expect to attend, also the hour when they will arrive.

If any special group promises to come at a given hour, have a committee member meet them and introduce them at the train. People will be more likely to come if they feel some special attention is being shown them.

The following groups are suggested; others may be added or substituted as the committee may decide:

Officials. An official delegation made up of members of council of defense, city officials, chamber of commerce, trades assembly, Red Cross and other war agencies, newspaper editors, and others. This delegation should be the first to come in the morning after the reception committee arrives.

Schools. Special arrangements for the attendance of school children in the morning are suggested on a separate assignment sheet, with the heading “Schools.”

Churches. See the assignment on Co-operation of Churches for a suggestion for having delegations from church societies.

Restaurants and Hotels. Managers and cooks of hotels and restaurants should come in a body at a special hour so that information and answers to questions of special interest to them can be arranged.

Food Sellers. There are exhibits of special interest to food sellers, and these persons can be very helpful in passing on information to their customers. All should be asked to attend in a body if possible. Can you arrange for the stores to be closed at a certain hour?

Employes. Employers might be willing to excuse some of their workers in stores and factories, especially if they are near the train, for a brief visit. If a factory delegation can be arranged for at the noon hour a special session may be arranged for them.

Clubs. All fraternal orders, civic, social clubs, and labor unions, should be especially urged to be represented. The men’s organizations will be especially interested in the war relics and in the maps showing important facts about food distribution.

COMMITTEE ON CO-OPERATION OF CHURCHES

The Food Conservation Train aims to teach the message of brotherhood—of sharing our food with those whose need is greater than ours. All the churches will be glad to help make it a success if you tell them what to do.

Announcements. Ask ministers to have announcement of the train given at all services during the week before it arrives. Announcement forms are supplied.

Delegations. Invite church societies to send delegations to the train. Be sure that the women who plan church suppers, bazaars, and food sales are appointed among delegates. They will receive valuable suggestions.

It is important that men’s classes and societies send delegates.

Sermons. Ask ministers to preach sermons on the Sunday before the train arrives on our obligation to feed the world from our generous stores of food. They may obtain helpful information from (insert name of a food administration bulletin giving general information about the food situation), of which copies may be had from (name of local official or committee).

COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS

School children can be of great assistance in spreading the news of the train.

Invitations to Parents. The teachers may be asked to have the children write invitations to their parents to visit the train as an exercise in composition.

Attendance of School Children. Groups of older school children (attending high school) should come with their teachers in squads of about thirty or forty at fifteen-minute intervals during the morning. Domestic science classes should come in a body.

Drawing and manual training classes may be asked to study the exhibits with a view to reproducing them at a later date for the benefit of parents and friends.

COMMITTEE ON ATTENDANCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE GROUPS

Remember those who do not speak English. We particularly wish to reach them. The following steps are necessary:

The Leaders. The committee should see and actively interest the clergymen. If they approve, they can do much to interest the members of their congregations.

In the same manner, interest the chief foreign business men. Find out what leaders among them have been revealed by the Liberty Loan and other campaigns, and reach them.

Workers. Let every employer having foreign workers and every woman employing foreign domestics advertise to and through them.

Arrange special hours for groups by languages and be sure to have an interpreter or a speaker in their own language.

Be Democratic! Above all else be democratic in your dealings with these foreign-born workers. Make them feel that they are asked to take a part in a common experience, not that the native born are “unloading” something upon the foreigners. Keep yourselves in the attitude of being willing to learn as well as to teach.

COMMITTEE ON SPEAKING

Use the Four Minute Men in advertising the train. Call upon others who can speak. Tell them what the Pennsylvania Food Administration is trying to do with the train and ask them to speak for you.

The director and staff of the train are willing to address noon meetings with the object of urging attendance at the afternoon session. Factory employes can be reached in this way. Arrange with the manager of any local corporation, particularly one employing girls, to have such a meeting.

Try to have a speaker at any gathering that is held during the week or ten days before the train arrives.

PERSONAL CANVASS

The Men. If your men are not as eager to conserve as the women, get them to come to the train and we can help you to interest them. The exhibit car especially contains war relics, pictures, and maps of interest to men. Invite as many men as you can reach personally or by telephone.

The Farmers’ Wives. The best publicity to farmers’ wives is personal. Let the committee take the telephone book, divide up the names of the farmers, and see that each farm woman is ’phoned to at least three days before our coming. Have letters sent to farmers’ wives several days before train arrives. (Forms supplied.)

If you know of interested women who are lame, or otherwise shut in, send someone for them in an automobile.

Last Minute Calls. Personal telephone calls on a day before the train arrives are an indispensable means of insuring attendance. Get some of the older high school girls to divide up the telephone directory among them and call up the numbers systematically from their own homes. They should simply announce that the Food Conservation Train is going to be in town to-morrow and give the time and place where it may be found. If the train has been generally advertised a large attendance can be insured by this method. It reminds people.

Motor Service. In order to reach the people of outlying districts, it is possible to organize a girls’ motor service. Have the automobiles go to an advertised point where they will pick up all who desire to go to the train. They can make several trips in morning and afternoon. It would be well to have automobiles doing this work carry banners advertising the train and its special work.

VI
THE MESSAGE OF THE TOUR

The message of the campaign includes the ideas, facts, and plans to be presented to the audiences. The choice of a topic or its scope, what to say about it, and how much, are questions deserving more thoughtful consideration and real work than is usually given to them. The most important and the most difficult thing in preparing the message is to have constantly in mind a picture of the way in which it is to be delivered. If, for example, the project takes the form of an exhibit and lecture train in which visitors will spend part of their time listening to a talk and the remainder passing through several cars to examine displays, we should, as we plan the message, try to picture the train on the siding at, let us say, Jonesville. We should also visualize the numbers and types of people likely to come, how they will divide their time between the talks and the exhibits, how long they will stay, or how long we will wish them to stay, what they know about the subject already, and what they will want to know, what they could do with this or that kind of information, and how much and what part of the message they are likely to remember. If the campaign is carried on with a truck and its program includes a demonstration which only a few people can see, and a motion picture and lecture program for much larger numbers, there are two problems; first, visualizing the small groups for the demonstration, and second, the larger audience for the more popular program.

Reports of topics and methods of presenting them that have come in from many and varied traveling campaigns indicate that much more attention could be given to this question of preparing the message, and that frequently topics have been selected and the form of presentation worked out with only a very hazy visualization of the conditions and the people to be encountered at Jonesville and other points along the route.

Choice of a Topic

Experience leads most directors, sooner or later, to choose a single topic that is definite and concrete, rather than a group of topics or one that is broad in scope. This limiting of the topic is all the more likely to be important where the subject of the campaign is unfamiliar to the prospective audience. The titles given to many of the agricultural trains indicate that their directors have found the concrete and single topic satisfactory. Trains have been called the “Stump Pulling Special,” “Wheat Special,” “Better Seed Car,” and “Dairy Train.”

In the health field the topics have often been very general, as “Child Welfare” or merely “Public Health.” One public health car, which seemed to be fairly typical, carried exhibits on the prevention and cure of tuberculosis, care of babies, the duties of the school nurse, food adulteration, communicable diseases, playgrounds, venereal diseases, and a description of the functions of the State Health Department. The more inclusive and thus less specific the topic the more vague and general will be the talk about it afterward by those who visited the train.

A reason sometimes given for presenting varied and general topics is that the purpose is not so much to give definite information which will be remembered and acted on, as to impress people with the scope and importance of the subject. For example, the visitors to a public health car in which many phases of the subject are touched upon may carry away a conviction that public health work is important to the community and should be supported although their ideas of it were very vague. This result may satisfy the purpose of some campaigns, but more often directors who present a variety of topics hope that something about each will be remembered; and there is reason for believing that their hope will not come as near to realization, or at least that the information will not be of as great utility, as it might if the subjects were fewer and more specifically treated.

Another argument frequently brought forward in favor of including several topics is that all sorts of people will visit the train or truck, and while one will be interested in one subject others will be more interested in something else. When those in charge of the program are meeting only a few people at a time, they can talk separately to each visitor about special problems, but the brief stops made on most tours require the message to be presented to a large group at one time or at least in quick succession, so that in practice it usually happens that all the visitors see and hear the same things. In this case the more closely a single and concrete topic is adhered to, the more hopeful campaigners may be that what is said or displayed will be remembered.

An equally important reason for limiting the number of topics is the desirability of having your whole audience get the same message. In connection with the Wheat Specials, for example, not alone should the farmer and the farmer’s wife and the farmer’s children be informed about the wheat problems of the locality, but the local banker and business man stand in need of much the same information. The preacher and the doctor will help to spread the doctrine, and the school teacher can make good use of what he learns. The more nearly the entire community, young and old, understands and is interested in the same message, the more likely that the desired results will follow.

Occasionally two or three topics may be presented on the same train by having separate cars for each topic and a separate audience for each. Thus, on one train a car containing household labor-saving devices was designed to interest the wives of farmers, and a pure-seed car the farmers. Or several topics may be combined in such a way that they are made parts of one large idea. Health topics might be brought together under “The Health of the Family,” and divided into instruction about the care of the baby, the child at school, the teaching of social hygiene to older boys and girls, and the sanitation of the household. But even when thus closely related to the family interests of the visitors, this group of topics is still too varied to permit any one to make a strong and lasting impression.

What to Tell

Having chosen a topic, there is sure to be so much to tell about it that careful selection again becomes necessary. The best guide in preparing the subject matter of the program is the visualization of expected audiences already referred to. It cannot be too strongly emphasized that the relation of the subject matter to their interests, circumstances, and habits will largely determine their response to the suggestions given. Often this relationship exists, but is not explained clearly enough to be readily understood. The fact that the traveling campaigners come from a distance, bringing new ideas expressed in an unfamiliar way, leads an audience to look upon the whole project as something which is no doubt very interesting to see and hear about, but of no immediate concern to themselves. It is worth while to make a very special effort to overcome this attitude of aloofness and to make the audiences see that what you are bringing is something that they have been wanting all the time, without their fully realizing it.

Group of Objects Expressing One Idea

A conspicuous title sign holds together a number of objects and captions illustrating one idea. The exhibit gains greater unity and separation from other exhibits by being enclosed on three sides.

Making up the Program

The term program is used here to include the combined activities and displays that make up what is presented to visitors at each stopping point. It may consist of music, talks, demonstrations, motion pictures, or displays of posters and objects, or several of these features combined, with varying emphasis on one or the other form.

It may be held inside of railroad cars or in an open space, using for a stage a flat car, the rear platform of a passenger car, or a temporary structure. Or it may be given in a hall in the town. Sometimes the program includes both indoor and outdoor features.

It is usually a good idea to arrange what might be called a “unit” program that will include everything that it is desirable for a given visitor or group of visitors to do, see, and hear in order to fully understand and enjoy the message. This unit program has an important place in the arrangement of itinerary, schedule, and the arrangements made for the attendance. For example, if the unit program lasts an hour we have a means of deciding the number of times it needs to be repeated in order to reach the desired number of visitors. If it lasts two or three hours we are likely to find that in our advance work we will need to make a greater effort to attract a carefully selected audience, since the longer the program in most cases the fewer the people who could enjoy it even once. The suggestions below have to do with some of the factors to take into account in selecting and combining features of this unit program.

Features intended wholly or mainly as attractions, such as music, or dramatic or comic films, should not be placed in competition with educational features for getting attention or holding interest. They may be said to compete when they distract attention from the main topic or take up an undue share of the time of visitors, or are so much more popular in form than the educational topics as to be more talked about and remembered afterward.

The program should be arranged so that the one idea or set of facts which it is the purpose of the tour to deliver holds the center of the stage at all times, and so that it commands attention whether it takes the form of a talk or exhibit, or both. As has already been said, the main idea should not be overshadowed or lost sight of through the rivalry of other attractions. Finally, so that there may be no doubt that it is understood and remembered, the main idea should be repeated in different forms, in talks, demonstrations, exhibits, and printed matter.

If the visitor is obliged to stand during all or the greater part of the time he is not likely to give more than an hour of interested attention to talks and displays. Many will give much less. The actual period that the average visitors will remain under certain conditions is soon learned by experimenting, and each feature should be timed so that a satisfactory presentation of the subject can be assured for the majority of them.

However attractively the subject is presented through motion pictures or other displays, a good talker is about the most important element in getting the idea across to the visitors. Whether the speaker accompanies his talk with slides or objects, conducts a demonstration, explains exhibits, or makes running comments on motion pictures, his ability to be heard, to hold interest, and to express himself simply, briefly, and concretely will often be the chief factor in the success of the program. Lecturers for traveling campaigns should be chosen as much for their ability as speakers as for their knowledge of the subject matter.

Programs of Exhibit Trains

The following plan for a program was announced for one of the Liberty Loan trains:

Aerial bombs will be sent off as train reaches stop.

Liberty Loan representatives in charge of train will make brief address and ask local committee of three to come onto the platform.

Five-minute address by the local chairman or someone selected by him.

Talk by returned soldier.

Address by experienced speaker with principal object of urging necessity of subscribing to Loan.

Invitation by Liberty Loan representative to inspect exhibition.

The trains for which this program was planned made short stops and the talks were given from a platform or from one of the flat cars. A large crowd could be reached by a single speaking program. In this case the speaking was the important feature, and the exhibits of war material were an “attraction” rather than an educational feature. It satisfied the purpose of the tour to have most of the time devoted to speeches, followed by a rapid view of exhibits.

The extension division of the Texas State College of Agriculture reports the following program method:

Immediately upon going into a town, the people were loaded into the lecture cars and three lecturers would alternate for a twenty-minute talk on different subjects in each car. Where outdoor meetings were held the exhibit cars were closed upon coming into town and general lectures were first had from the platform car, then the live stock were led onto the platform car where special demonstrations were given. As soon as this formal program was completed the specialists were stationed back through the exhibition cars and the crowds were allowed to enter the front of the train and pass gradually through the entire train, making such inquiries of the specialists as they cared to while going through the exhibition car.

Here again the speaking and the outdoor demonstrations are evidently regarded as the important features. Such a plan should not be considered if the exhibits are of real importance. The audience that has been standing during the program of perhaps half an hour or more, and has then waited in line to go through the train, is a tired audience and not nearly so responsive as though its members came fresh to the exhibits. It is also true that when the program is so arranged that the whole crowd is ready at one time to start through the train, there is much more difficulty in managing the people and much more dissatisfaction on the part of those at the rear end of the line. It is difficult to get careful attention for exhibits from people who are being moved ahead to make way for an impatient crowd standing in long lines behind them. The managers of trains will do well to decide in advance whether the speaking or the exhibits constitute the really important feature of the program. If it is the exhibits, then the speaking should be made incidental, perhaps, by having a ten-minute talk given from the platform at regular intervals as a new group is to be started through the train.

A Program Combining Demonstrations and Exhibits

A method of dividing the time between demonstrations in two cars and an exhibit car was worked out satisfactorily on the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train. All the audience passed through the train in the same direction, starting at the same point, except that at the beginning of the session all the cars were filled at once to avoid delays. When the first car was filled a talk on canning started. No attempt was made to demonstrate a complete process, but different vegetables or fruits were in various stages of preparation continuously, so that a fifteen-minute illustrated talk brought out the points that required emphasis. After about five minutes of questions and looking at displays of equipment and canned articles, this crowd moved on to the next car, while the first car was filled again with the next group of arrivals. In the second car a similar program was given on uses of wheat substitutes. In the third car two explainers met the audience and explained the exhibits found there. As the topics in all three cars were closely related (the demonstrations showing how to save food and the exhibits showing why food saving was necessary), an hour spent in three cars gave variety enough to keep interest awake and still kept closely to the one big idea—“Save Food.”

Demonstration Car

A day coach used for a canning demonstration on the food conservation train of the New York Central Railroad and the New York State College of Agriculture.

An Outdoor Program

Crowd listening to a speech at the War Trophy Train which toured Kentucky as a feature of the Fourth Liberty Loan campaign.

Outdoor Speaking at Trains

If speaking to a general audience is the important thing, a talk from the outside of the train would seem better than crowding people into the cars; but even outside speeches from the platform or a flat car, or an especially built platform at the train present many difficulties. The location of the train frequently does not provide good standing room for the crowds; there is frequently distraction from the noise of other trains and persistent rainy weather must be reckoned with also. It is very important to have speakers with good outdoor voices, for the effect on the audience of straining to hear a speaker is irritating and leaves behind a bad impression.

VII
EXHIBIT CARS

Types of Cars

Practically every type of car from the Pullman to the flat car can be fitted up to suit some exhibit or demonstration purpose. The Pullman, with its broad windows and attractively finished woodwork, makes a more pleasing setting for displays than the day coach. The day coach with seats removed and shelves built in for the display of exhibits has been the most generally used type of car. Photographs of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train show day coaches with interiors fitted up with counters, platforms, and cupboards with dimensions based on a careful calculation of the desired use of every inch of floor and wall space.[7] The baggage car is more nearly ready for use in an emergency since it does not need to be dismantled, but it is neither so well lighted nor so well finished as the coach. The flat car is well adapted to a display of large and heavy equipment, or for demonstrations that, require a platform to display them to an audience standing near the track. On agricultural trains, demonstrations of milking or judging live stock have been given on flat cars. On the Liberty Loan trains flat cars were employed to show cannon, machine guns, tanks, and other large equipment. In the photograph opposite page 80 a flat car is shown fitted with a framework for a tarpaulin for protection against weather. This is a necessary precaution in using flat cars.

An experienced director of exhibit trains writes: “An especially built and designed car for the purpose is well worth its additional cost. Such cars as I have seen provided by the railroads for temporary service in exhibit lines have all been old, small, and often broken-down baggage or passenger cars, in every way unsuitable for a purpose where the most extreme dimensions available still leave the exhibit and circulation space contracted. Cars should be built on the largest frames and the most extreme dimensions that the railroads, as governed by their tracks, bridges, and tunnels can handle. Windows should be set high in the car walls, giving a high source of light and maximum wall space for exhibits, and should be larger than those in the ordinary coach to secure better ventilation. The doors should be built wider than the usual car door.” The plan calls for small and compact living and office quarters at one end. The director also adds that the installation of an engine to furnish lights and power for working models is an important item of equipment. One engine is sufficient to run lights, fans, and models for several cars. In these days of portable electrical outfits, this item is practicable and fairly inexpensive.

Traveling Accommodations for Staff Members

The kind of living arrangements provided for the lecturers and assistants will depend, to some extent, upon the frequency of the stops and the number of persons traveling with the train. Several of the more elaborately equipped trains have carried a Pullman sleeping coach and a diner for the staff members. If there are frequent stops, it would seem that at least sleeping quarters on the train are necessary. Meals are sometimes arranged for at stopping places, and in this case the advance agent is responsible for seeing that good meals are assured. When stops of a full day or more are made, the staff members sometimes find rooms and meals in hotels en route. Whatever the arrangements, as is stated elsewhere, they should insure the greatest possible degree of comfort to the staff, in order to offset the severe strain that this kind of campaigning inevitably involves.

Treatment of Car Interiors

The two chief difficulties with exhibits on trains are keeping them clean and so securing them in place as to withstand the jarring motion. Washable surfaces on floors, shelves, and walls are essential. Exhibits should be either of the kind that are easily kept clean or else placed under cover or frequently replaced. No decorations such as draped bunting, which collects and holds dust, should be used. Clusters of small flags hung straight from chandeliers are attractive and non-dust collecting decorations. Small objects should be either securely fastened to shelves or packed away while the train is in motion.

Flat Cars Used for Displaying Captured German Trophies

A section of a Liberty Loan War Relic Train. Canvas covers can be thrown over the framework to protect the exhibit from the rain. This framework also provides a support for arc lights, so that the exhibit can be displayed at night.

Exhibits

Having selected the subject matter, you have a choice of presenting it through exhibits, demonstrations, talks, or all three.

For still exhibits the use of models, objects, cartoons, posters, transparencies for the windows, and brief slogans or statements on placards have been found most suitable. As is brought out in a later section under methods of display, the dimensions of a car place severe limitations on the forms that may be used to advantage, and the same principle applies to the selection of these as to the content of a train exhibit.

Just as there should be few ideas so there should not be too many sizes, shapes, and forms of exhibits which confuse the eye in the way that variety of topics confuses the mind.

Because of the necessity of moving people through the cars rapidly enough to make way for others to follow, it is essential that whatever is displayed may be quickly seen and understood. This limitation rules out many forms that might be shown satisfactorily in halls. Anything that is expressed chiefly by words may better be left to speakers and printed matter for distribution as there is not time to read words and figures and, indeed, visitors have little inclination to do so. Diagrams, particularly those presenting detailed facts, also call for close examination and delay the progress of visitors. One train exhibitor of experience says: “One of the greatest dangers to be avoided is an excess of charts and small type. The exhibit should be such that the crowds can be kept moving through the car and, nevertheless, be able to seize the principal points intended to be taught.”

A description of a part of a single health car in one report includes “75 wall charts illustrating the cost in human lives of tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and diarrhea. Each series of charts has grouped about it from two to twelve models. Several hundred photographs show occupational conditions favorable to tuberculosis.” Such a collection as this is suited only to intensive study and not at all to a popular traveling exhibit.

Methods used to attract attention to one thing should not distract attention from other things. For example, in a certain health car a bell struck every three minutes tolling the one hundred and seventy-five thousand deaths annually from tuberculosis. This is a striking and effective way of making people heed a startling fact, but unfortunately every time the bell rang in so small a space as the car it interfered with the study of other features being presented.

There is little opportunity to get attention for detailed or complex displays, no matter how attractive and interesting they may be. The following is taken from a description of a mechanical device shown on a train through which visitors were always moving rapidly because there was a long waiting line: “A model block-signal system about 25 feet in length, illustrating the protection provided by a clock-signal system was in full operation. This model had two sidings and was designed particularly to show single-track operation. Intermediate signals were shown between the clock signals by means of lights.” The information that this model conveyed illustrates very well the kind that is too complicated to be understood without a careful examination and some explanation by an attendant.

You must, therefore, in planning the form as in planning the content of your exhibit, keep your eye steadily on the picture of the Smiths and Browns at the train as it stands on the side track in Jonesville with many people moving through the cars. You can test the practicability of your devices and other displays by asking yourself these questions concerning the probable reaction of Brown and Smith:

Will it attract their attention?

Will it arouse their interest?

Will they remember it?

Will it bring a response from them?

These are generally recognized aims of advertising, and they apply equally to exhibits which are, after all, a form of advertising.

Use of the Space for Display

For displaying exhibits to moving audiences, the use of the space should be so planned that it is easy to keep visitors moving in a given direction and at the same time make it possible for them to grasp quickly the meaning of what they see.

The majority of those who have reported on their experience with trains agree that it is very important that visitors should move in a single direction. This is beyond question desirable unless small audiences are expected; but as is stated elsewhere, capacity audiences are the aim of most enterprises.

Having agreed on a one-way movement, there is, however, still considerable disagreement as to the best arrangement of material—whether on two sides of the center aisle, or along the center of the car with an aisle on either side, or finally, with exhibits displayed on one side only with a single aisle.

Interior of Health Exhibit Car

An example of the display of exhibits on both sides of a center aisle. If there are many visitors going through the car at one time, they must move slowly along the narrow aisle, looking alternately at an exhibit on one topic on the right, and one on another topic on the left. Both physically and mentally this method of viewing exhibits is likely to be tiring. One would expect the average visitor to carry away a confused impression of the facts and ideas presented.

A Well Arranged Exhibit Car

A car interior on the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train designed to overcome as many as possible of the difficulties in train exhibiting.

The curved space, too high to attract attention easily, is used for a symbolic frieze in colors, the design, in three parts, being repeated five times and running the length of the car. The same space was used less successfully, as shown in the cut opposite page 70, for reading matter which was read only when the explainer called attention to it. The framed captions and the pictures below them are approximately at eye-level. Variety combined with a symmetrical arrangement is obtained by placing a large poster over every fourth window, while the transparencies on the remaining windows allow plenty of light to enter.

Exhibits are displayed on one side of the car only. An economical use of the 9-foot width of the car is obtained as follows:

Raised platform for the explainer, 20 inches wide.

Counter, 28 inches wide.

Aisle for visitors, 4.5 feet wide.

The use of vertical space is also carefully planned and is roughly:

Counter height, 40 inches.

Upright board at back of counter, 11 inches high.

Combined height of pictures and captions, 36 inches, with lower edge about 48 inches from the floor.

The first method, that of displaying exhibits on two sides of the center aisle, makes the progress of the visitor very slow and awkward, for he must continually turn from one side to the other as he goes unless, of course, he violates the rule of moving in one direction only and in so doing comes back along the same aisle. Not only is it awkward to turn continually from side to side in viewing exhibits but it is difficult to arrange material so that the visitor can in this way follow an idea logically. His attention is alternately given to the topics on one side and the other, unless by some elaborate system of arrangement the story moves from one side to the other. Another difficulty is that the explainer has no place to stand except in the aisle, holding back the visitors. The very narrow middle aisle left by counters or tables on two sides is still another disadvantage. Moreover, favored with space at the expense of visitors, the exhibits are less likely to be seen and their value is thus lowered.

Displays along the center of the car with an aisle on each side might be satisfactory in some cases, especially if all the material is in the form of models or objects and there is no need to use the walls. This method allows for the movement of visitors in single file down one aisle and back the other, or for two parallel lines to move in a single direction on both sides of the display. Some who have tried this method found that visitors did not look at the walls but gave their whole attention to the center of the car.

Food Conservation Train of New York State College of Agriculture

Exhibits in the center of the car with a narrow aisle on each side. See page 86. The objects on the floor obstructing the aisle were probably placed in the aisle only for photographing.

Jars of fruits and vegetables are attractively displayed at the right height, and with light shining through to bring out color and clearness. There is a welcome lack of crowding, and desirable simplicity in the car as a whole.

The third method, that of placing exhibits on one side only, seems to have been found the most satisfactory. In this way both wall and floor space on one side may be used to their full advantage, while the visitors looking in a single direction move fairly rapidly. A space may be left for the explainer between the wall and the counter, as shown in the picture opposite page 85. Also, she may move the length of the car and back without difficulty, having the counter between her and visitors.

Arrangement of Railroad Car Interior

Simple and attractive arrangement of exhibits on the Wisconsin Pure Seed and Home Power Special. The exhibitors showed unusually good judgment in their use of wall space. The information given is brief, to the point, easily read, and well displayed. The disadvantages of displaying the exhibits on both sides of the narrow center aisle, discussed on page 84, are illustrated here.

Placing Exhibits

The first consideration in placing exhibits is that they shall be at the right height. The best space on walls is that on a level with the eye. The eye will travel up and down in following a display that has caught the visitor’s attention, but isolated placards, pictures, or objects placed too high or too low to be within easy range have small chance of being observed.

The wall spaces of a car are considerably broken, as may be observed in the photographs. The curved space is excellent for decoration or for brief slogans, but should not be depended upon for anything requiring detailed examination. The upper part of the window space is usually most nearly at eye level, but windows are needed for light and it is wise not to cover with displays that shut out the light more than a half or a third of those on one side and none at all on the other. One needs to reckon with the possibility of trains often being placed close to the exhibit cars, or the cars being placed beside buildings that cut off the light entirely on one side. Probably the best use of windows is for cartoons or posters made on transparent paper or cloth, or on the familiar glass transparencies. The space below the windows is too low for wall displays. The illustration of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train opposite page 85 shows a good use of windows and wall space. Another photograph opposite page 87 also shows an interesting use of space.

The counters, shelves, or tables should be so built as to bring the objects on them as nearly as possible on a level with the eye, at the same time without cutting off the view of wall exhibits. The height and dimensions of the counters shown opposite page 85 were worked out carefully to meet this condition.

It is always a good thing to have a railing separate visitors from the exhibits as more people can see them if all are held back from pressing too closely.

Another important consideration in placing exhibits is that they should not be crowded. When objects or placards crowd one another it becomes impossible to look at one thing without having others in the margin of vision interfere with concentrated attention. The first impression of a crowded car is one of bewilderment. The visitor is obliged not only to grasp new ideas and facts presented in an unfamiliar form, but to select among a large number those of special interest to him.

Arrangement of Subject Matter

Because of the small space and necessarily quick movements of visitors, it is especially important that exhibits should be arranged in some logical sequence. Visitors are sometimes called upon to perform amazing feats in mental acrobatics, leaping from one topic to another with breathless speed. For example, in the exhibit pictured opposite page 84, we see a poster about baby deaths resting on a model of a school building with a placard nearby urging the use of schools as community centers. Across the narrow aisle is a model obviously unrelated either to community centers or baby deaths. The sequence of ideas should be such that each new thought is made easier to understand and more interesting because of what went before it, or each separate exhibit should be clearly related to one central idea. Thus, in the first exhibit of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train the series of topics was developed as follows:

Why we must save
Small savings
Saving wheat
Saving sugar
Saving fats
Using all the milk
Using home products.

Not only the sequence of ideas but the separation between two topics is important. This can be accomplished by a visible separation, allowing a distance of at least six inches between exhibits relating to different topics; better still, by putting up actual barriers between the exhibits, as is done in the exhibit opposite page 70. The barrier has the advantage of holding the eye at one spot, so that there is no temptation to desert one exhibit for the lure of a bright color or a curious device farther on.

Another consideration in arranging material is that groups relating to one subject should be so placed that their relation to one another and to the whole be quickly recognized. Sometimes exhibits that belong together are separated because variety of size and shape makes it inconvenient to work out a suitable arrangement. It is worth while to plan carefully in advance the kinds of exhibit material that will harmoniously illustrate a given topic; also to have the sizes and shapes conform to the dimensions of the space reserved for them.

Some Observations From Practical Experience

In a letter describing the exhibit car of the Canadian Forestry Association, Mr. J. R. Dickson, who was in charge of the car, makes some interesting observations regarding the arrangement of exhibits based on his experiences. He writes in part as follows:

The people, especially at crowded hours, all tend to travel through an exhibit car in one direction and this is very desirable inasmuch as the man in charge of the car can regularly escort through it group after group of eager sightseers or inquirers after knowledge and keep up a cross between a lecture and a conversation with them, answering their questions and drawing their attention to all the pertinent points in the exhibit which they might otherwise overlook.

To accomplish this plan of car lecturing most effectually, the entire exhibit should be arranged so far as possible in a natural sequence, beginning at one end of the car and ending at the other. This of course is where a single aisle is provided down one side of the car. Such a scheme makes one’s talk logical and so helps to impress the lessons of the exhibit in such a way that they are remembered easily and intelligently....

On entering the car the first object to attract the visitor’s eye was a large map of Canada, showing the forestry belt of 400,000,000 acres, over 90 per cent of this timber land being publicly owned. When told that each citizen of Canada, man, woman and child, owned on the average fifty acres of this national resource, the imagination and the pocket-nerve of the visitor were at once stimulated and he or she was thereafter taking a personal interest in the whole exhibit.

The visitor next turned to a nursery of small pine and spruce illustrating the essential beginning of all our forest wealth and also suggesting the basic importance of land classification in order that every acre may be put to its best use. Then our modern methods of protecting both such young growth and the resulting mature timber were examined and explained, and the great need for good laws and the generous expenditure of public money in order to safeguard their forests, was readily seen and agreed to....

Before leaving, the visitor ... was handed a copy of the last Canadian Forestry Association Journal, and given a brief description of the nation-building work of this society, together with an addressed card inviting him to join.

Finally he inspected a cabinet filled with highly finished samples of Canadian woods, and the last thing his eye rested upon and which impressed itself on his memory as he left the car, was this bold fire warning: “A tree will make a million matches; a match will burn a million trees.”

Arrangement of Car for Demonstrations

When an audience is to be gathered in a car to witness a demonstration or hear an illustrated talk, the first requirement is that the speaker can be easily heard and each process plainly seen by everyone in the car. The second is that the audience shall be comfortably seated if the demonstration is to last longer than fifteen or twenty minutes. This is about the limit of time that an audience will stand without becoming restless. The illustration on the opposite page shows an interior especially constructed for cooking demonstrations, or rather for brief object lessons, as a feature of the Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train. The demonstrator stands on a platform raised a foot higher than the floor. A counter extending the length of the car curves out at the center to leave a space for the platform and small kitchen. The maximum space for a standing audience is provided, and all are within easy range of the speaker’s voice and near enough to see the objects in her hand. The space below the counter is lined with cupboards. A similar arrangement might be suitable for any demonstration or illustrated talk in which few objects are used, provided the counter is raised high enough to show the entire process. If the extension of the counter along the sides were left out the space could be used to seat an audience around a raised central platform.

Car Especially Designed for Cooking Demonstrations

A demonstration kitchen, Pennsylvania Food Conservation Train, with a raised platform for the demonstrator. The extension of the counter at either side of the kitchen provides exhibit space. Discussion on page 92.

FOOTNOTES:

[7] See illustrations opposite pages 70, 85, and 92.

VIII
THE TOUR OF THE TRUCK OR TRAIN

Many factors enter into the planning of an itinerary, a time schedule, and the managing of audiences. What places to visit; whether within a given period of time allotted to the whole tour it is better to make a number of short stops at many places, or long stops at fewer places; whether a large or small audience of a particular kind is desired; whether visitors at train or truck should be encouraged to stay as long as they will or to remain only through a definite prearranged program, and then to move on in order to make room for others. All these questions must be answered before the tour begins, or better, after a brief trial trip. In some instances, special circumstances will exist that leave no room for choice in such a matter as, for example, the number of stops to be made. But ordinarily there are many decisions to make and they should be made in relation to the definite purpose of the tour. Perhaps the whole series of difficulties that arise may be summed up in two words—“don’t crowd.” As has already been suggested, the purpose itself should be simple and limited, not crowded with the attempt to achieve the impossible, so that there is no room for the definite immediate purpose to stand out boldly where it can be seen. Don’t attempt to crowd into this brief tour the information or activities that belongs in the follow-up program. The same advice extends down to the handling of audiences and every other feature.

The Places to Be Visited

In considering the type of places to be visited, the two main considerations are the size of the place and whether it contains the kinds of people who may be expected to take an interest in the subject matter. Many of those who have conducted trains report that they create more interest in communities of ten thousand or less than in larger places. The larger the town the more varied and numerous are the rival attractions. In the cities the train yards are often busier than elsewhere and, therefore, the noise and confusion as well as the difficulty of handling crowds at the train is greater unless the train be stationed away from the busy yards.

The towns should be selected with reference to the relation of the community to the subject matter. To take an obvious example, it would hardly be appropriate to send an agricultural train into a mining town. The whole plan of campaign may have been made in relation to one type of population, either rural or industrial, and it is rather a waste of time to try to make it serve a population of a kind that it has not been prepared for.

In planning the itinerary of a tour that must be completed in a given length of time, it is usually necessary to decide between the importance of visiting a small number of towns and of making a long stop in each, or of visiting a larger number for fewer hours or days. Some trains have made from five to ten stops in a day, while others have spent from several days to a week in one place. A day to a town, however, seems to be the more general rule.

A stop may be limited to an hour or so because it is thought more important to cover a given amount of territory within certain time limits than it is to stay long enough in a place to reach a large share of the population or give much information. Or the purpose of the tour may be accomplished by presenting to an audience, all of whose members arrive at the same time, a single program lasting an hour and dealing with easily understood facts or ideas. The Liberty Loan trains furnish good illustrations of a purpose of this sort. If your campaigners are not in a hurry to get over the ground by a certain date they will probably find it more satisfactory to spend a full day and sometimes longer with the people of each community visited. The program may then be repeated for a number of audiences and the traveling specialists will have an opportunity to promote closer relationships with local leaders. However, conditions that govern a decision regarding the length of time to spend at a place differ so widely for individual enterprises that general suggestions have not much value.

The stops of a truck tour are more easily arranged than those of a train since the latter is dependent upon the convenience of the railroad. One gain through this greater flexibility is the possibility of return visits to the same place. In this way the truck helps in its own advance publicity work by making a brief stay which attracts attention and spreads the news of its return for a longer stay a little later. In its work in the congested districts of the city, the Cleveland Children’s Year Special followed what its director called a “skip stop” system, visiting a neighborhood long enough to leave a number of people sufficiently well informed to talk about it, and coming back two or three days later to find an appreciative audience ready for the program.

Receiving the Visitors[8]

Visitors are the real reason for the enterprise which is undertaken solely for their instruction or benefit if results are hoped for, and they should not be forgotten at any stage of the planning. We have already considered them in the choice of subject matter, the form and quantity of the material, and its arrangement. Now, having equipment and plans ready, what shall be done with the visitors when they arrive at the train?

Obviously, their comfort and convenience should be prepared for and every possible help provided for them to understand and enjoy what is displayed. Plans for doing these things should be based on the expectation of as large an attendance as can be handled satisfactorily, and even on some overcrowding, unless small groups are deliberately sought.

As is explained in the section on advance work, local committees should be appointed whose members will co-operate with the regular staff of the train.

A reception committee may welcome special delegations and introduce them to the members of the train staff. If there is a formal program, local leaders are usually asked to take part in it, and as it is important in relation to the follow-up work that they have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with the subject matter and the methods demonstrated on the train, their presence throughout the day should be secured by advance arrangements. An added value in having them at the train is that in the eyes of visitors they will become identified with the movement and thus be in a better position to lead in the local follow-up work.

Helpers are needed to look after the safety of the visitors, to form any waiting crowds into lines, direct people to the entrance, keep them moving in a single direction, prevent unnecessary congestion at any given point, and note questions and suggestions that should be passed on to members of the staff. If local volunteers are well prepared to perform these services the saving of strain on the hard-worked staff will be very great.

The Rate of Progress in Exhibit Cars

Reports show that managers of trains have been satisfied with both extremes in the rate of progress of visitors in moving through the train. One train director reported with pride that by his system he was able to “run 5,000 through in an hour.” At the other extreme are the directors who during their stay in a town give a single demonstration in a car that holds only about one hundred people.

The method of “running people through” very rapidly is useful only if the exhibits are simply curiosities or objects of interest that may be quickly noted, and that we may risk having soon forgotten without loss to the cause that is being served. For example, the Liberty Loan trains depended chiefly on their program of talks, music, and the appearance of the returned soldiers to arouse interest. The large guns displayed on flat cars were visible while the talking was going on. It did not particularly matter after that whether visitors were passed through the trophy car so rapidly that they had only a glimpse of the various objects.

On the other hand, the attendance in one place of so small a number as one hundred would hardly justify the work of planning and carrying out a tour unless either the small group are carefully selected as leaders capable of passing on the information to others, or the community is so small that this number is as many as might be expected. It ought to be possible to estimate in advance, or at least after the first week of the tour, the length of time required for the average person to see all that is important for him to see and understand. With this period in mind it is possible to estimate the number of people who can be handled in a given length of time. For example, we may assume the following conditions:

A train of three cars.

Number that can be accommodated comfortably in each car at one time, 60.

Twenty minutes, required time to see the exhibits or hear and see demonstrations in each car, or one hour for the train.

Train on view six hours.

Maximum attendance practicable during the stop, 1,080 people.

The attendance is, of course, never distributed so evenly as this over the day, and all the visitors do not stay exactly the same length of time. Probably with a fairly even distribution a train with a maximum capacity of one thousand will handle satisfactorily about eight hundred people. An estimate of the rate at which visitors may be passed along will be found exceedingly useful in deciding many questions, such as the arrangement and content of the exhibits, the length of time to continue a demonstration, the number of times to repeat it, the length of the stay, and the quota of attendance to work for in the advance publicity.

For example, would you rather have fewer people and have those who come stay longer, or would you prefer having a larger attendance with those who compose it spending less time with you? The selection of exhibits and the program should be arranged according to your decision on these points. If you are giving a few people detailed information which it would serve your purpose better to give to a larger number, you are throwing away your opportunity for want of a little careful calculation. The mistake most frequently made is to plan exhibits and programs on the expectation of having each visitor spend a long time at the train carefully examining each display, and then when the people arrive, to pass crowds through quickly without giving them a chance to see what has been prepared for them.

Distributing the Attendance

Apparently not many of those who have conducted trains have attempted through their advance work to prepare for arbitrary distribution of attendance over the entire period that the exhibit is open. The period from two to five o’clock in the afternoon seems to have been found the most popular by the largest number of those reporting on attendance, with some falling off reported after four o’clock. The period before ten in the morning is agreed upon unanimously as the poorest time to get people out. The experiences reported as to the hourly attendance between ten and four o’clock varies so widely that it would seem to indicate that under the right conditions it should be possible to get people to come throughout this period.

Good advance work can fill up many idle hours. A description of methods of advance work to accomplish this is contained in another chapter, but while we are considering the visitors it may be well to look over the groups that could most easily come at the least attractive hours. On a number of trains arrangements were made to have school children attend with their teachers according to a prearranged schedule, usually during the morning hours. This is an especially good plan when the train is on view all day, because the children tell their experiences when they go home at noon and thus help to get their parents to attend in the afternoon. If there are a larger number of school children than can be handled conveniently it is a good idea to limit attendance to the older children, basing the lower age limit on the estimated number of children that can be accommodated. If they do not fill up the train completely during the morning, it is possible to arrange for the attendance of delegations of leading citizens and other representative groups who come in a body to welcome the train when it is opened to the public, or to be personally escorted through it at a given time. This, of course, has news value as well as the advantage of using the morning hours. The Safety First Train of the government at each stop arranged to have such a morning delegation.

In some places the noon hour may be used for the attendance of factory workers and other employed people who are not far from the train. This is successful if advance preparations are made and if the subject matter is of interest to the workers. It is often possible to adapt the program and some part of the displays to their interests. Using the noon hour depends, of course, on having a large enough staff to allow each member an hour for lunch. The period from five to eight o’clock in the afternoon is probably of the least value. Usually the staff members themselves need relaxation during this time if there is to be an evening session.[9] If there is no session the train may pull out late in the afternoon. If, however, it is desirable to make use of this period, it may be possible to arrange for personal conferences or group conferences at the train or in town with persons especially interested in the subject who wish to have information that is not of interest to the general public or to talk over plans for the future.

Reports as to the success of evening sessions vary greatly. Many have used the evening successfully for outdoor motion pictures or for meetings in town. The fact that many who could not leave their work during the day can come then seems to argue that it is possible to have a good attendance if the advance work has been thorough—provided also that the location of the car or train is satisfactory and that the time schedule will permit.

Explaining the Exhibits

While the exhibits should be so simple and well arranged as to be easily understood, any exhibit of objects, pictures, and printed words is more enjoyed and appreciated if it is brought to life by a personal interpretation given with enthusiasm. The explainer calls attention to what is displayed much as a chairman introduces a speaker. A good introduction makes the audience more friendly and responsive to either a speaker or an exhibit. The explainer who travels the length of the car with one group can take care of only a few people at a time, and if there is a continuous movement of people through the car only about one-third of them have the advantage of the explanation. If, on the outside or in another car, a lecture or demonstration precedes the reviewing of exhibits, the speaker may close the talk with an explanation of the purpose and character of the exhibits and some suggestions as to what to look for. With this preparation people may pass through the car unattended and perhaps meet an explainer at the far end who will answer questions and give out literature together with an invitation to take part in the follow-up program. Or the explainer may meet people as they enter the car and give a brief introduction to the exhibits.

Local people, with general information on the subject, can give valuable help in explaining points about particular exhibits which have to be repeated many times. These helpers should receive advance material and in addition should come to the train for coaching before it opens and be stationed at assigned positions.

Staff members who are continually meeting people, work under considerable strain and may easily become tired or indifferent through over-work. So much depends on their enthusiasm and their readiness to offer help that this factor should be carefully checked up, and if any member of the staff shows signs of losing interest or failing to get a response he should be replaced or at least given a period of rest. By relieving staff members of irksome details and by providing in other ways for their comfort, as well as by arranging the schedule of hours so that they do not work beyond their strength in any one period, much can be done to avoid this loss of freshness and enthusiasm.

FOOTNOTES:

[8] The discussion in this section is handled in terms of trains for the sake of clearness and convenience, but generally the application is to single cars as well as to trains, and to automobiles or motor trucks or caravans of the same. The paragraphs not applicable to trucks are fairly obvious. However, it is urged that maximum results from a truck tour call for much the same carefully detailed preparation and management as a tour with a train.

[9] This fact, further discussed on p. 105, deserves considerable emphasis.

IX
FOLLOW-UP WORK

In a previous chapter it was pointed out that the purpose of a tour may be to give information, to create interest in a new movement that is being launched, to revive interest that has become dull, or to serve as an attention-arresting feature of an intensive campaign that aims to produce some immediate results. All of these aims point to the need of planning definite follow-up work. It will not do to let people forget what they have learned or lose interest in it through neglect. If the tour means simply that ideas or facts are dropped down into each community, like seeds scattered by the winds without provision for later cultivating, they have a smaller chance to take root and grow.

Psychology has demonstrated that there is a “curve of forgetting.” Hollingworth described it as follows:

When a given appeal is addressed to me, I straightway proceed to forget it. But I do not forget it at a uniform rate, so much being forgotten on each succeeding day until all is forgotten. Instead, I forget the material that has been seen or learned, according to a definite “curve of forgetting,” a curve which descends rapidly at first and then more slowly. The larger proportion of material is forgotten in the first day or so. After that a constantly decreasing amount is forgotten on each succeeding day.[10]

How may the impression made by the program and exhibits of the train be fixed in the minds of its visitors promptly, so that forgetting may be delayed until results are obtained? Several simple methods suggest themselves. We will take up here mainly those things that can be done while the train is in town or soon after its departure, as we are concerned only with the part that the train tour plays in the whole program of the organization that sends it out.

Getting the Subject Talked About

If the visitors talk about what they saw and heard they are likely to remember it much longer and more accurately than if they do not. The principles discussed elsewhere, of simplicity of form, concentration on one main topic, orderly arrangement, and lack of crowding in both exhibits and programs, have a definite application to getting the subject talked about. People speak vaguely and in general terms about what they have not clearly understood. We may imagine that A, who saw the train, meets B, who did not, and the following conversation takes place:

A: Did you see the health train yesterday?

B: No, how was it?

A: Oh, fine! great! You certainly missed it. There was a good crowd out, too.

B: What was it all about?

A: Oh, fresh air and not letting the babies die. You’d be surprised how many people die that could be prevented. And they say the town ought to have a nurse to look after the school children, and a hospital for—let’s see, I’ve forgotten now about the hospital.

B: I see. Just a scheme of the politicians to make jobs for a lot of people. I always thought this was a pretty healthy town and I do yet.

A: No, you’ve got it wrong, B, but I can’t make it clear to you. I can’t talk like the fellow at the train. You ought to have heard him. He made a great speech.

If A has no clearer idea than this to pass on to B the next day, he himself is not likely to stay interested and, much less, convinced for very long. One of the best tests of the argument presented at the train is whether the talk about it afterward is general or particular, confused or clear and accurate in repeating facts and reasons. It is worth while to arrange with local co-operators as a part of the follow-up work to sound people as to what interested them and what they think of the suggestions that were made. Many changes, sometimes small ones, but important, nevertheless, can be made on the basis of criticisms brought out in these interviews.

Printed Matter for Distribution

Another way of helping to see that the train message is remembered is by distributing the right kind of printed matter. Every traveling campaign carries with it leaflets or pamphlets for visitors to take home. Sometimes a handful of assorted pieces of printed matter is given to each visitor with a reckless disregard of their appropriateness to the purpose of the campaign or the probability of their being read. One of the most frequent blunders made by managers of campaigns of this sort is to assume that all that is learned at the exhibit or meeting will be remembered, and that the printed matter should give additional information. In a baby saving campaign, a health department is likely to give out in addition to printed matter about babies, other leaflets on hookworm or tuberculosis. Giving away printed matter on topics in which no interest has been cultivated is wasteful since it is not likely to be read or, if read, distracts attention from the main topic.

In most cases, one piece of carefully prepared printed matter on one subject is enough for general distribution. A useful leaflet might well include a summary of the main arguments of the teachings contained in the exhibits, together with sketches or photographs and a clear and appealing statement of the action desired, whether it is support of a bill in the legislature, membership in an organization, or the forming of health habits. This leaflet should not fail to give information as to how and where further facts may be obtained. If it seems desirable to interest people in a number of additional subjects, the better way is to have leaflets on them displayed where they can be examined and to have a supply of addressed postcards listing these special publications and on which visitors may check those they wish to have sent to them.

Publicity Following the Train’s Stop

There should be a readable account of the train in the first issue of the local paper following its visit. Those who visited it will like to read the account of what they saw and in doing so will be reminded of a number of features of the exhibits and talks that were rapidly slipping from their memories. The train director would do well to see that the local paper receives as good copy for this follow-up story as for advance publicity. The people who came and what they said about it adds to the news value of the story.

Other forms of publicity may be used to advantage immediately following the visit of the train, such as a series of special articles appearing weekly in the local paper, printed matter mailed to a list of people obtained at the train, or a motion picture shown in the local picture theater, at a meeting or a contest that may reach its climax at some later event, such as the county or state fair.

Organization of Local Forces

Leading men and women to take some action as the result of interest aroused at the train is the surest way to get the message remembered and is the aim of most educational campaigns. This action may be something very simple and concrete, or it may be the entering wedge of some continuous activity. One of the simplest steps, which has already been referred to, is the writing of local people to headquarters for information or for literature. This serves the purpose also of renewing interest when the material sent for arrives and it helps the central organization to make up mailing lists. Local organizations should be encouraged to send for reference material to use in talks and discussions.

Launching or boosting a permanent movement at a meeting held during the train visit is one good way of starting follow-up work. Many an effort that promised much because of local enthusiasm at the start has died a natural death, because after the specialists from the state or national headquarters have departed, local leaders find themselves without any clear-cut program to begin work on or any recognized leadership. An informal meeting of the train staff and local leaders at which temporary committees are formed and definite plans discussed may be one of the most useful features of the train program. It has been suggested elsewhere that the hour of the day least popular with visitors may be a good time for such a meeting. A still better method is an early visit after the departure of the train, of an organizer or consultant who will advise about plans.

An interesting report of the follow-up organization work carried on in connection with its health car, comes from the West Virginia Public Health Council:

Wherever possible a temporary committee was formed before leaving the community, this committee being chosen by a group of representative people in a community meeting in the interests of health education at which time child welfare work was emphasized. At this meeting we made an effort to secure the attendance of medical, dental, and nursing professions, of the mayor and town council, school board, and school superintendent and teachers, ministers and Sunday school superintendents, fraternal organizations, women’s clubs, Red Cross, and any other organizations directly or indirectly interested in community welfare work. The temporary committee was appointed to secure a permanent organization based upon the interest and enthusiasm already created, this permanent committee to undertake a definite health program for the community. In addition to this we are keeping in touch with the various communities visited, by frequent correspondence, and the director of the Division of Child Hygiene has already returned to a number of the communities to help in the making of plans, to stimulate interest and enthusiasm, and in every way possible to promote health education and public health nursing. We are now formulating county-wide and state-wide plans for the furtherance of this work through co-operation with the Extension Division of the Agricultural Department of the State University and American Red Cross.

An incidental but important factor in promoting continuous follow-up work is that local representatives of the movement, especially the salaried worker, if there is one, should take an active part in the program of the train, so as to become identified with the impressions and ideas gained here in the minds of the people who visited the train.

Checking up Results

As bearing upon the question of any future use of a similar method of campaigning, “checking up” results is good, although it may not always be easy or bring entirely conclusive evidence. The method described in the account of the Cleveland Children’s Year Special, which is a dispensary truck, is suggestive. Cards of invitation to visit the local dispensary were given out at the truck and the number that were turned into the dispensary was noted by the nurses. Nurses also asked new visitors during the following month where they had learned of the dispensary, and recorded it when the visit was directly or indirectly a result of the Special.

Reports may be requested from local editors, school superintendents, and others who meet many people, regarding the responsiveness of the people to ideas promulgated at the train. The number and the nature of inquiries received at headquarters from places that have been visited may also serve as an indication of the effectiveness with which the message has been presented.

Finally on the matter of follow-up work, one of the chief criticisms that may be made of much educational publicity is that it is spasmodic and unrelated. This is often due to the fact that the planning of follow-up work is left until the campaign is at its height or until it is over. By that time the workers at headquarters and in the field are too absorbed in the detail of running the affair, or a new project is under way. All the resources and energy have gone into running the campaign and none is left for securing results. In the advance planning of the whole campaign, allowance should be made in the budget for a definite program of follow-up work as well as in the time of staff members needed to carry it out.

FOOTNOTES:

[10] Hollingworth, H. L.: Advertising and Selling, New York, D. Appleton & Co.

APPENDIX
REFERENCE LISTS OF TRAIN, TRUCK, TROLLEY, AND OTHER TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS

The lists below include traveling educational campaigns about which we have obtained reasonably accurate information. The two chief sources of further information about these projects are the state colleges of agriculture and state boards of health. Very little information about tours is available in published form. Articles in class publications giving brief accounts of a few of the tours and a few special reports about tours are listed in Appendix B.

In practically all the train tours, one or more railroads have co-operated at least to the extent of supplying cars and free transportation, and sometimes bearing a considerable share of the work and expenses of the tour. Our lists, we realize, do not always give the full credit to co-operating railroads and other participants, but as much is given as it was possible to ascertain and to indicate within the space limits.

We are aware, also, that the list is by no means a complete record of educational tours. Information is coming in continually about tours that we had not known of before. The main purpose, however, is to give a general idea of the purposes, forms, and extent of traveling campaigns in recent years, together with only a few of such details as may help the inquirer decide where to look further for suggestions that may be of assistance in his particular case.

The list does not include tours of trucks or trains for service only, as, for example, library trucks or laboratory trains. Neither does it include “chapel cars,” that is, railroad cars, motor vehicles, and boats, for religious services or instruction, such as have been sent out by various religious bodies for many years.

Agricultural and Food Conservation Trains

Canada. Better Farming Train. Subject: assistance in every phase of farm life. Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture and the College of Agriculture of the Provincial University co-operated with Canadian Pacific Railway. 1918 and 1919. Thirteen cars with exhibits or equipment for demonstrations and lectures. Prominent professors and agricultural officials served as demonstrators and lecturers.

Sheep Car. Subject: breeding and shearing of sheep. Live Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture at Ottawa. 1919. One car of exhibits. Demonstrations of shearing machine given on farms.

Special Dairy Car. Subject: dairying. Saskatchewan Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, and Canadian Northern Railway. 1916. Lecture coach and tourist sleeper for speakers. Exhibits with stereopticon and lectures.

United States. Poultry and Egg Demonstration Car. Subject: demonstrations of proper methods of handling and keeping poultry and eggs. Bureau of Chemistry, United States Department of Agriculture. 1913 to 1918.

Arkansas. Peach Culture Demonstration Train. Subject: proper methods of peach tree pruning and spraying. Co-operatively run by Agricultural Departments of Missouri Pacific and Cotton Belt Railroads, American Refrigerator Transit Company, and State College of Agriculture. 1918. Two baggage cars for exhibits; large automobile freight car carried orchard machinery. Exhibits explained by horticulturists, on the cars; lectures and demonstrations given in nearby orchard.

California. Dairy Special. Subject: dairying and hog raising. State College of Agriculture. 1913 and 1914. Lectures, conferences, and exhibits relative to the industry.

Agricultural and Food Production Train. Subjects: methods of stimulating growth of certain crops, interest in increasing food production, and particularly bean culture. State Colleges of Agriculture of Nevada and Utah and Salt Lake Railroad co-operated with California’s State College of Agriculture. 1917. Demonstrations and lectures.

Agricultural and Home Economics Train. State College of Agriculture, co-operated with Southern Pacific Railroad. 1908 and 1909. Ten coaches for exhibits and lectures, a dining car, and sleeper to accommodate demonstrators and lecturers. Demonstrations and lectures.

Agricultural and Horticultural Train. Subject: methods of restoring fertility and depleted soils, plant culture, pest and disease extermination, viticulture, dairying, animal industry, seeding and soil treatment. State College of Agriculture, Southern Pacific and Santa Fé Railroads. Annually, 1908 to 1913. Several exhibit cars, lecture cars, sleeping car, and diner.

Good Roads Special. Subject: improvement of roads, Frisco Railway System. 1912. Four coaches and locomotive. Exhibits, lectures and demonstrations.

Florida. Food Production Increase Train. Florida Seaboard Air Line. 1917. Demonstrations.

Georgia. Land Clearing Special. Subject: stump pulling and uses of tractors and other farm machinery. State College of Agriculture, stump puller companies and tractor manufacturers, Georgia Landowners’ Association, and the Railroad Administration co-operated. 1919. Passenger coach and four flat cars for lectures and demonstrations, caboose and sleeper for traveling campaigners, and two box cars for equipment and machinery transportation. Motion picture shows, demonstrations, and lectures.

Illinois. Home Economics Car. Subject: household science. State College of Agriculture. 1916-1918. Demonstrations and exhibits.

Dairy Trains. State College of Agriculture and the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad. 1916, 1917, 1919. Three coaches for lectures, automobile car and flat car for demonstrations and exhibits, and a locomotive. Demonstrations of milking machine, lectures and exhibits.

Dairy Train. Subject: uses of separators, sterilizers, and other dairy machines. State College of Agriculture and C. C. C. & St. L. Railroad. 1916 and 1917. Lecture coach for motion pictures, baggage car for exhibits, and Arms Palace horse car for cattle.

Dairy Train. Subject: proper use of dairy machinery. State College of Agriculture and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 1916 and 1917. Pullman car for attendants; stock car carried cattle, which were taken for demonstrations to some prominent place in towns visited. Lectures in court houses and town halls.

Dixie Jersey Special. Subject: more and better dairy cattle. American Jersey Cattle Club, agents of Department of Agriculture and railroad trade promotion bureaus. In Illinois, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. 1920. Arms Palace horse cars for cattle and Pullmans for personnel.

Indiana. Seed Corn Special. Subject: corn culture. Erie Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1909. Lecture train.

Alfalfa Lecture Train. Subject: better alfalfa production. Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912.

Corn Improvement Lecture Train. Subject: better corn. Lake Erie and Western Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1911.

Dairy Feeding Lecture Train. Subject: better cattle feeding and care. Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and several railroads. 1915.

Dairy Special Production Train. Subject: increase of dairy production. Southern Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. April 1 to 7, 1913.

Dairy Special Train. Subject: dairying. Monon Railway Company, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, and State Dairy Association. 1907. Baggage car, two lecture coaches, and private dining and sleeping car. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.

Milk Production Special Train. Subject: care and production of milk. Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station and Erie Railroad. 1909. Seven car train. Lectures and demonstrations.

Onion Improvement Lecture Train. Subject: increase of onion crops. Chicago, Indiana and Southern Railroad. 1911.

Seed Corn Special. Subject: corn culture. Monon Railway Company, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Indiana Corn Growers’ Association, Indiana Grain Dealers’ Association. 1906. Engine, baggage car, coach for lectures, and a coach for the attendants. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.

Wheat Improvement Train. Subject: wheat culture. Southern Railroad and Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. 1912. Lectures and demonstrations of culture and fertilization; control of insects and diseases.

Iowa. Dairy Special. Subject: better dairy products. Illinois Central Railroad. 1916. Three cars for exhibits, demonstrations, and living quarters for speakers.

Seed Corn Special. Iowa Grain Dealers’ Association. 1910.

Kansas. Hessian Fly Special. Subject: control of Hessian fly. State College of Agriculture and Santa Fé Railroad. 1915. Baggage car for equipment, two steel coaches for lectures and demonstrations, and private car for attendants.

Kentucky. Agricultural Exhibit Train. Subject: general education in matters pertaining to agriculture and dairy improvements. State Department of Agriculture. 1912. Four lecture cars, stock car, sleeper, and diner. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations.

Louisiana. Dixie Jersey Special. See Illinois.

Maryland. Farmers’ Institute Train. Subject: dairying. State College of Agriculture. 1913. Lecture car and stock car. Demonstrations and lectures.

Michigan. Food Demonstration Train. Michigan Agricultural College. 1917.

Minnesota. Advertising Car. Subject: farm and factory products. State Board of Immigration. 1913. One exhibit car.

Mississippi. Boll Weevil Special. Subject: extermination of the pests. Illinois Central Railroad, 1908.

Dixie Jersey Special. See Illinois.

Missouri. Patriotic Special. Subject: food conservation and work of Women’s Committee. Women’s Committee on Food Conservation, Council of National Defense. August, 1917. Lecture and demonstration car. Stereopticon lectures and demonstrations.

Nebraska. Agricultural Train. Subject: dairying and seed corn. State College of Agriculture. 1918. Two cars for exhibits and demonstrations.

Conservation Special. Subject: food conservation and preservation. Union Pacific Railroad Company co-operated with Nebraska College of Agriculture and others. 1917. Train included business car and living quarters for staff. Illustrated lectures were given in public halls.

Nevada. Agricultural and Food Production Train. Co-operatively run with State Colleges of California, Nevada, and Utah, and Salt Lake Railroad. 1916 and 1917. See California.

New Jersey. Save the Surplus Special. Subject: food conservation and other war measures. State College of Agriculture and Lehigh Valley Railroad. 1917. Two coaches, one for exhibits and the other for lectures. Toured New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Demonstrations, lectures, and exhibits.

New York. Victory Special. Subject: introduction of wheat, meat, and sugar substitutes and other food conservation methods. State College of Agriculture, Food Administration and New York Central, Lehigh Valley, D. & H., D., L. & W., and Long Island Railroads. 1917, 1918, 1919. Demonstrations and exhibits on train of two coaches.

Apple Packing Train. Subject: instruction in requirements of law relating to apple grading. State Department of Agriculture and New York Central Railroad. 1915. Baggage car with equipment, lecture car with capacity of 100 persons, and car for living quarters.

Better Seed Special. Subject: standard types of seeds; reliable sources; proper methods of controlling common diseases. State College of Agriculture, New York Central, Lehigh Valley, Ontario and Western, Erie, and Delaware and Hudson Railroads. 1919. Exhibits and demonstrations in two coaches.

Potato Demonstration Car. State College of Agriculture, County Farm Bureaus, and Lehigh Valley Railroad. 1917. Exhibits and demonstrations.

Sheep Demonstration Train. Subject: breeding, feeding, and care of sheep. State College of Agriculture, New York Central and New York, Ontario and Western Railroads. 1917. Exhibits and demonstrations.

North Carolina. North Carolina Car. Subject: farm machinery and dairying. State Department of Agriculture co-operating with several railroads. Lectures and exhibits with stereopticon slides and moving pictures in baggage cars; demonstrations given out of doors.

Better Farming Special. Subjects: better dairying, domestic science, food conservation, and sanitary methods. Agricultural and Industrial Department of Norfolk and Western Railway, State College of Agriculture of North Carolina, and Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College. 1915-1916. Nine cars for exhibits, demonstrations, lectures, and living quarters for attendants.

Corn Growers’ Special. Norfolk and Southern Railway and Experiment Station of the Agricultural and Mechanical College. 1908.

Farmers’ Institutes. Subject: agriculture and domestic science. North Carolina Department of Agriculture, Seaboard Air Line, and Southern Railway. Two railroad cars, one a coach with two of the seats removed and a model kitchen substituted, and a baggage car equipped with farm and dairy machinery. 1908-1910. Lectures and demonstrations on the train and outdoors.

Pennsylvania. Food Conservation Train. Pennsylvania Food Administration, State College of Agriculture, and Pennsylvania Railroad. 1917 and 1918. Two demonstration cars and one exhibit car.

Save the Surplus Special. Toured this state and New Jersey. 1916 and 1917. See New Jersey.

Tennessee. Agricultural Train. Subject: better farming and food production. Agricultural Department of Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railroad. One private car and one lecture car. Exhibits and demonstrations.

Dixie Jersey Special. See Illinois.

Texas. Agricultural Train. Subject: dairying. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. Three coaches for lectures, two exhibit cars, automobile car for cattle, flat car with wire fence and canvas top for lecture and demonstration platform, a diner and a Pullman for campaigners. Lectures, exhibits, and demonstrations. Stereopticon slides shown at night in combination with lectures in motion picture theater or town hall.

Peach Culture Train. Subject: proper methods of pruning and spraying trees, and extermination of insect pests in orchards. Agricultural Department of St. Louis Southwestern Railroad of Texas, assisted by Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and State Department of Agriculture. 1919 and 1920. Two cars for exhibits and one for orchard machinery. Exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures. Similar to train run in Arkansas in 1918. See Arkansas.

Utah. Agricultural and Food Production Train. Co-operatively run with State Colleges of California, Utah, and Nevada, and the Salt Lake Railroad. 1916 and 1917. See California.

Virginia. Agricultural Train. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Virginia, and Norfolk and Western Railroad. 1915. Demonstration train.

Better Farming Special. See North Carolina.

Washington. Agricultural Train. State College of Agriculture. Lectures with stereopticon slides, sometimes in nearby school or hall; exhibits and demonstrations on train.

Good Roads Special. Subject: road and culvert construction and maintenance and general highway improvements. Office of Public Roads of Washington and several railroad companies co-operated. 1912. Two coaches of exhibits and models. Lectures, demonstrations, and exhibits.

West Virginia. Agricultural Train. Subject: better farming. Kanawha and Michigan, Baltimore and Ohio Railroads, and State College of Agriculture. 1912 and 1913. Baggage cars for cattle and coaches for lectures. Lectures, demonstrations, and exhibits.

Wisconsin. Pure Seed and Home Power Special. “Soo” Line, Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad, Wisconsin Bankers Association, and State College of Agriculture. 1917. Two cars for demonstrations and exhibits.

Land Clearing Demonstration Train. Subject: better farming. State College of Agriculture, several land clearing machinery and explosive manufacturers, and several railroads co-operated. 1916-1919. Six cars consisting of a flat car, two box cars for equipment, two bunk cars, and a boarding car for the attendants. Demonstrations and instruction.

Stump Pulling Special. Subject: clearing cut-over lands. State College of Agriculture, several land clearing machinery and explosive manufacturers, Chicago and Northwestern, and Chicago, Minneapolis and St. Paul Railroads. 1916. Flat car, two box cars for equipment, two bunk cars, and a boarding car for the attendants. Demonstrations and instruction. Similar trains, with some changes in cars used and in co-operating agencies, were run in 1917 and 1919.

Health Trains

United States. First Aid Train. American Red Cross. 1920. Fully equipped railroad coach to render and teach first aid to the injured. Treatment and instruction.

California. Sanitation Car. Subject: protection of water supply, disposal of sewage, and instruction in disease prevention. State Board of Health. 1909. Continued annually. Exhibits and demonstrations.

Florida. Sanitation and Health Train. State Board of Health. 1916 and 1917. Two exhibit cars. Lectures with motion pictures and slides.

Kansas. Health Car “Warren.” Subject: health and child welfare. State Board of Health. 1916. Exhibit car.

Kentucky. Health Exhibit Car. Subject: tuberculosis prevention and cure. 1912. Kentucky Tuberculosis Association and several railroads co-operated.

Louisiana. Health Train. Subjects: child welfare, food, and disease prevention. State Board of Health. 1910. Continuously since then. Four cars including an exhibit car, a laboratory car with garage compartment carrying Ford car for country trips and quick collection of water samples, and two cars for administrative and living quarters.

Missouri. Traveling Car Exhibit. Subject: instruction in anti-tuberculosis measures. Missouri Association for the Relief and Control of Tuberculosis. 1908. One exhibit coach.

West Virginia. Health Car. State Department of Health. 1919. Vestibuled coach, equipped with electrically driven models, posters, exhibits of living bacteria, sanitation exhibits, a moving picture machine, and a small chemical and bacteriological laboratory in one end of the car.

Tuberculosis Exhibit Car. Subject: prevention and cure of tuberculosis. West Virginia Tuberculosis League and several railroads. 1913 and 1914. Car for exhibits and lectures.

Miscellaneous Topics—Trains

Canada. Made-in-Canada Train. Subject: trade extension. Canadian Manufacturers Association. Ten cars for exhibits, demonstrations, and moving picture lectures.

Exhibition Car. Subject: conservation of the forests. Canadian Forestry Association. 1918 and 1919. Train toured parts of Quebec and New Brunswick. Exhibits of products made from wood.

Southern States. School on Wheels. Southern Pacific Railway. 1919. Baggage car fitted up as modern school room; accommodates teacher and 25 pupils.

United States. Safety First Train. Subject: to show what is being done to promote safety and health. Department of the Interior co-operating with other governmental departments. 1916. Locomotive and twelve exhibit and lecture cars.

Mine Rescue Car. Subject: instruction to miners in first aid and use of oxygen breathing apparatus. Assistance of car apparatus and crew given in case of mine disasters. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior, 1910; continuous service since then. Present equipment: eleven specially constructed coaches with exhibits and emergency equipment.

Recruiting Cars. Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department. 1917 and 1919. Three flat cars fitted up respectively with a model of a battleship, destroyer, and torpedo boat. Exhibits and lectures to assist in recruiting and also used for promoting Liberty Loan drives.

War Relic Trains. Subject: promotion of Liberty Loan drives, etc. Federal Reserve Districts of Treasury Department. 1918 and 1919. Flat cars for exhibition of trophies captured from the enemy; baggage car, sleeping car, and a locomotive. Toured the United States.

New York. Safety First Car. Subject: instruction in safety measures. New York Central lines. 1919. Two duplicate cars for motion pictures and lectures.

Virginia. Safety First Car. Subject: instruction in safety measures. Norfolk and Western Railroad. 1920. Motion picture and lecture car.

Agricultural and Food Conservation Trucks

Canada. Sheep Demonstration Automobile. Sheep and Goat Division, Live Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. 1919. Demonstrations of shearing by hand and power machines, rolling and preparing of wool for market, dipping of sheep for vermin, and docking and castrating of lambs.

Alabama. Movable School. Subject: agriculture and home economics. Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. 1919. Instruction and demonstrations.

Louisiana. Agricultural Extension Truck. Subject: education and agriculture. Louisiana State Agricultural and Mechanical College. 1919. Motion picture and stereopticon lectures.

Massachusetts. Food Conservation and Model Kitchen Truck. Subject: canning, food conservation, and substitutes; care and feeding of children in wartime. Woman’s Committee, Massachusetts Council of Defense. 1918. Demonstrations and instruction.

Agricultural Truck. Massachusetts Agricultural College. Demonstrations, exhibits, and stereopticon slide lectures.

Food Conservation and Preservation Truck. Bristol County Farm Bureau. In charge of county demonstration agent at Segreganset. Exhibits.

Ohio. Poultry Demonstration Truck. Subject: instruction in proper methods of handling eggs, care of fowl, and better uses of poultry equipment. Ohio State University. 1917. Lectures and demonstrations. Evening lectures with stereopticon slides.

Pennsylvania. Canning Truck. Allegheny County Council of Defense. 1918. Itinerant service to farmers’ wives at their homes. Demonstrations, instruction; canning and drying of home products.

Rhode Island. Food Conservation Truck. State Food Administration. 1918. Demonstrations and instruction.

Virginia. Fruit Growers’ Automobile Tour. Subject: best methods of orchard culture. Extension Division, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Virginia State Horticultural Society. 1918. Automobile tour through Virginia and West Virginia by fruit growers.

Wisconsin. Agricultural Truck. Subject: treatment of grain for smut and a fanning mill. County agents of the state. 1918. Demonstrations, assistance, and instruction.

Health Trucks

Canada. Traveling Baby Clinic. University Settlement of Montreal. 1919. Weighing, measuring, and advisory service.

France. Traveling Exposition. Subject: child welfare and tuberculosis. American Commission for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in France, Children’s Bureau of the American Red Cross and, later, the Tuberculosis Bureau, American Red Cross. 1917 and 1918. Trucks carried equipment for lectures, motion pictures, and exhibits.

Italy. Tuberculosis Clinics. American Red Cross Tuberculosis Commission. Seven trucks equipped as clinics. Treatment and instruction.

Dental Trucks. American Red Cross. Three trucks fitted up as dental clinics. Treatment and instruction.

United States. Child Welfare Special. Children’s Bureau, Department of Labor. 1919. Lectures, examinations, and well baby clinic.

Connecticut. Baby Special. Subject: infant and child welfare, including care, feeding, measuring, and weighing. Child Welfare Department, State Council of Defense. 1918. Lectures and advisory service.

Illinois. Traveling Health Clinic. Subject: tuberculosis. Chicago Tuberculosis Institute. 1919.

Indiana. Traveling Auto Exhibit. Subject: prevention of tuberculosis. Indiana Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. 1917. Truck fitted with screen and machine for moving picture shows; also lectures with stereopticon and exhibits.

Louisiana. Sanitary Truck. Subject: personal hygiene and disease prevention among Negroes. Louisiana State Board of Health. 1919. Lectures, exhibits, and motion pictures.

Maryland. Public Health Car. Subject: educational and organization work. Maryland Tuberculosis Association. 1916. Motion pictures, lectures, and distribution of literature.

Massachusetts. Child Welfare Truck. Division of Hygiene, State Department of Public Health. Lectures, demonstrations, exhibits on all phases of child welfare.

Mississippi. Rural Dispensary Truck. Subject: education in general health and tuberculosis. Bureau of Tuberculosis, State Sanatorium of the Board of Health of Mississippi. 1919—continuous. Motion picture and stereopticon shows, lectures, exhibits, examinations, and distribution of literature.

New York. Healthmobile. Subject: general health propaganda. State Department of Health. 1919. Lectures and motion pictures.

Dental Education Car. Subject: dental instruction and dispensary service. Nassau County school authorities and Junior Red Cross. 1920. Ford truck equipped with necessary dental supplies and equipment.

North Carolina. Moving Picture Health Car. State Board of Health. 1916. Lectures and motion pictures.

Health Education Car. Subject: tuberculosis and mouth hygiene. State Board of Health and State Tuberculosis Association. 1920. Truck equipped with lighting system and motion picture machine. Lectures and moving picture shows in the forty-five counties of the state.

Ohio. Cleveland Children’s Year Special. Subject: dispensary for child hygiene and welfare work. Children’s Year Committee of Council of Defense. 1918. Exhibits, examinations of children, motion picture shows, and distribution of literature.

Washington. Clinic and Exhibit Truck. Subject: tuberculosis diagnosis and education. Truck for transportation of clinic staff and exhibit; clinic held in public halls. Washington Tuberculosis Association. 1919. Lectures, exhibits, and clinic.

West Virginia. Rural Tuberculosis Campaign. Subject: prevention and cure of tuberculosis, and extermination of flies. West Virginia Tuberculosis League. 1917. Automobile tour in charge of a woman physician and her assistant. Stereopticon show and lectures; also first aid demonstration.

Wisconsin. Health Wagon. Subject: health preservation and disease prevention. Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 1916. Motion pictures and lectures.

Motor Transportation Development Tours

United States. Transcontinental Tour. Subject: recruiting for Motor Transport Corps, and education regarding good roads. Motor Transport Corps, War Department. 1919. Fleet of motor trucks and passenger vehicles from the Capitol to San Francisco over the Lincoln Highway. Exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures, with moving picture shows.

Georgia. Motor Truck Trains. Subject: quicker transportation facilities between farms and markets. Macon Chamber of Commerce. 1919. One hundred and four trucks were divided into four trains; each toured the country routes for a radius of 100 miles. Merchandise carried on out-going trips and farm produce on return trips.

Illinois. Motor Trucks. Subject: uses of motor vehicles on farms. National Association of Motor Truck Sales Managers. 1919. These trucks toured six states and covered over 3,000 miles.

Missouri. St. Louis Motor Truck Expedition. Subject: farm uses of motor-driven vehicles. 1919. Sixteen motor companies co-operated, and the tour covered sections of the north central states.

New York. Rural Motor Truck Express. Subject: uses of motor-driven vehicles on farms and for express delivery. National Automobile Chamber of Commerce co-operated with New York State Department of Farms and Markets. 1919. Demonstration given at State Fair, Syracuse, September, 1919.

Miscellaneous Topics—Trucks

England. Cine-Motor Touring Movies. Subject: information relating to war activities shown in rural districts. British Ministry of Information. 1918.

United States. Mine Rescue Auto Trucks. Subject: instruction of miners in first aid and use of oxygen breathing apparatus, and to render assistance in case of mine disaster. Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior. 1913; continuous service since then. Six such trucks used by Bureau in mining districts. See Mine Rescue Cars.

Connecticut. Victory Conference. Subject: women’s war work. Woman’s Committee, State Council of Defense. 1918. Exhibits, demonstrations, and lectures.

Georgia. Motion Picture Trucks. Subject: Red Cross activities. Southern Division, American Red Cross. Georgia and Tennessee. 1918. Lectures with motion pictures.

Maryland. Motion Picture Truck. Subject: Red Cross activities overseas and in America. Potomac Division, American Red Cross, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia. 1919. Two lecture and exhibit trucks.

New York. Victory Trucks. Subject: reconstruction and post-war service. Reconstruction Commission of the State of New York, co-operating with the Bureau of Commercial Economics. 1919. One motion picture truck.

Motor Trucks. Subject: go-to-church propaganda. Erie Annual Conference of Methodist Episcopal Church. Two hundred and twenty automobiles toured the state and Pennsylvania in an effort to get people to attend church more often.

North Carolina. Motion Picture Truck. Subject: community welfare. 1919; continuous. State Bureau of Community Service. Semi-monthly tour of truck to rural districts for motion pictures and lecture programs and community organization.

Pennsylvania. Motor Trucks. See New York.

Tennessee. Motion Picture Trucks. See Georgia.

Virginia. Motion Picture Truck. See Maryland.

West Virginia. Motion Picture Truck. See Maryland.

Miscellaneous Vehicles Used for Tours

Canada—Motorcycle. Animal Treatment Cars. Subject: encouragement of humane treatment of dumb animals. Toronto Humane Society. 1914. Continuous service since then.

California—House-boat. “The Josephine.” Subject: exhibits of animal parasites and working field laboratory. State Board of Health. 1919.

Massachusetts—Trolley Car. Child Welfare and Food Conservation Car. Women’s Committee, Council of National Defense. 1918. Exhibits, lectures, and demonstrations.

Michigan—Trolley Car. Children’s Year Special. Woman’s Committee, Michigan Division of the Council of National Defense. 1918. Car divided into three sections for exhibits, examinations, lectures, and demonstrations.

Vermont—Wagon. Health Exhibit Wagon. State Board of Health. 1913. Horse-drawn vehicle used for moving pictures and health exhibits.

Wisconsin—Motorcycle. “Flying Squadron of Health.” Subject: propaganda for tuberculosis prevention and cure. Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. 1911-1915. Exhibits, stereopticon slides, and lectures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The amount of printed matter bearing on the use of trains, trucks, and trolley cars in educational campaigns is not very large. The list below is fairly representative of the material available, most of it being in the form of articles and illustrations in magazines and other periodicals.

Agricultural Train. Biennial Report, 1912-13, Department of Agriculture, Labor and Statistics, Frankfort, Kentucky, pp. 48-56. Five illustrations of train and exhibits.

Apple Packing Train, The. F. S. Welsh. New York State Agricultural Department Bulletin, January, 1916, vol. 79, pp. 679-83. Description of Apple Packing Train of New York Central Railroad and State Department of Agriculture. Two illustrations of demonstrators.

Auto-Stereopticon and Moving Picture Machine For Extension Service in Rural Schools. Louisiana State University Bulletin, July 1915. Nine illustrations of car for showing motion pictures at school houses, audience at lecture, and details of picture machine.

Better Farming Special, A. C. T. Rice. Hoard’s Dairyman, January 28, 1916, vol. 51, p. 4. Description of Norfolk and Western Railway’s Better Farming Special. One illustration of exterior of train.

Better Farming Train, The. A. M. Shaw. Agricultural Gazette of Canada, October, 1916, pp. 909-13. Description of train and tour of Canada’s Better Farming Train. Three illustrations of exterior and interior of train.

Child Welfare Special, The. Janet Geister. Institution Quarterly, Springfield, Illinois, December 31, 1919, pp. 120-25. Description of Child Welfare Special of Children’s Bureau and its tour.

Cine-Motor Touring Movies Equipment of the British Government. F. A. Talbot. Scientific American, August 3, 1918, vol. 119, p. 93. Two illustrations of a truck used for moving picture projection of films giving war information in rural districts.

Cleaning Up a State. Henry Oyen. World’s Work, March 1912, pp. 510-21. Map and several illustrations of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of Health.

Dairy Instruction Car. Agricultural Gazette of Canada, May, 1916, p. 449. Description of Canada’s Special Dairy Car.

Educating the Farmers by Rail. H. A. Crafts. Scientific American, May 21, 1910, vol. 102, pp. 420-21. Description of California’s Agricultural and Horticultural Train.

Egg and Poultry Demonstration Car Work in Reducing Our $50,000,000 Waste in Eggs. W. E. Pennington, H. C. Pierce, and H. L. Schroeder. U. S. Agricultural Department Year Book, 1914, pp. 363-80. Two illustrations of interior of car. See also Scientific American Supplement, May 6, 1916, vol. 81, pp. 292-93, for illustration of a specimen chart used in lecture work.

Farming by Special Train. Clifford V. Gregory. Outlook, April 22, 1911, vol. 97, pp. 913-22. Eleven illustrations of interior and exterior of cars and audiences. Several trains mentioned.

For Better Roads. Worth C. Harder. Harper’s Weekly, September 14, 1912, p. 15. Two illustrations of Good Roads Special Train.

Good Seed, The Gospel of. House Beautiful, July 1913, vol. 34, p. 49. Editorial comment on several good seed trains in the Dakotas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa.

Gospel of Health on Wheels. World’s Work, May 1911, vol. 22, pp. 14-313-14. Description of Louisiana Health Train.

Health Exhibit Car, A Week on a. Eugene Kerner. Journal of the Outdoor Life, September 1912, vol. 9, pp. 210-11. Kentucky’s health train.

Health on Wheels. Agnes Morris. American City, December 1914, vol. 11, pp. 453-56. Three interior and one double-page illustration of exterior of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of Health.

Health on Wheels. Louisiana State Board of Health, New Orleans, La., Oct. 31, 1914. Thirteen illustrations of train, exhibits, and director of tour of Health Exhibit Train of Louisiana State Board of Health.

Health to Sell. Samuel Hopkins Adams. La Follette’s Magazine, December 1914, pp. 8, 9. Mention of “Flying Squadron of Health,” a motorcycle tour of the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association. One illustration.

Hessian Fly Train. George D. Dean. Journal of Economic Entomology, February 1916, vol. 9, pp. 139-41. Train to instruct farmers in ridding Kansas of insect pests. Three illustrations of train.

Homemaking on Wheels. Country Gentleman, February 12, 1916, vol. 81, p. 366. Demonstration car of the Household Science Department, University of Illinois. Three illustrations of interior of car.

Instruction of the Public in Anti-Tuberculosis Measures by a Traveling Car Exhibit. George Homan, M.D. Journal of the American Medical Association, September 24, 1910, Vol. 55, pp. 1072-73. One interior and one exterior illustration.

Iowa Dairy Special, The 16th. E. S. Estel. Kimball’s Dairy Farmer, July 1, 1916, vol. 14, p. 428. Description and comparison of dairy trains run in Iowa. Two illustrations of demonstrators, lecturers on rear platform of train and of crowd attending an outdoor lecture.

Kentucky Wakes Up. Roy L. French. Journal of the Outdoor Life, February 1915, vol. 12, pp. 45-46. Tuberculosis exhibit car; 1 illustration of interior.

Land Clearing Demonstration. A. W. Hopkins. Hoard’s Dairyman, May 12, 1916, vol. 51, p. 661. Description of Stump Pulling Special in Wisconsin.

Motor Trucks and Movies to Help Save Rural Children. American City, Town and County Edition, September 1919, vol. 21, p. 227. Description of Child Welfare Special of Children’s Bureau. Two illustrations of truck.

Moving School of Food Conservation. Survey, January 5, 1918, p. 401. Brief mention of Pennsylvania Food Train. One illustration on cover.

New Features in the Anti-Tuberculosis Campaign. Bulletin No. 3, vol. 13, March 1, 1913, pp. 71-75. Vermont State Board of Health. Three illustrations.

On the Exhibition Car in Ontario. J. R. Dickson, B.A., M.S.F. Canadian Forestry Journal, November 1919, pp. 464-65.

Poultry Demonstration Trains Are Popular. Helen Dow Whitaker. Reliable Poultry Journal, August, 1917, vol. 24, pp. 504-05. Description of Washington’s Food Preparedness Campaign Train. One illustration of exterior of train and one illustration of interior.

Public Activities of New York State to be Shown in Free Motion Pictures. American City, City Edition, October 1919, vol. 21, p. 318. Brief mention of trucks to be used by Reconstruction Commission of New York State in showing motion pictures of every city and town in the state.

Railroading Knowledge to the Farmer. Owen Wilson. World’s Work, November 1911, vol. 23, pp. 100-06. Ten illustrations of various trains mentioned in article.

Railroads Co-operating with Farmers. Harper’s Weekly, February 5, 1910, p. 31. Several trains mentioned; one illustration.

Railway School for Farmers. H. A. Crafts. Scientific American, April 30, 1910. Three illustrations of interior and one of exterior of train without description.

Report of the Child Welfare Department, Connecticut State Council of Defense. May 1, 1919. Brief mention on page 9, and double-page illustration of Baby Special.

Safety First. Scientific American, June 10, 1916, vol. 114, p. 616. Description of tour of United States Government Safety First Train. Four illustrations of train.

Safety First Special. Outlook, May 31, 1916, vol. 113, pp. 240, 261. Description of tour of United States Government Safety First Train. Two illustrations of train.

Sending College to the Farmer. W. T. Clarke. Sunset, April 1913, vol. 30, pp. 383-89. Three illustrations of exterior of car and one of crowd attending exhibit. Agricultural and horticultural train in California.

Special Dairy Car, The. K. G. Mackay. Hoard’s Dairyman, May 12, 1916, vol. 51, p. 666. Brief description of the Special Dairy Car in Saskatchewan, Canada.

Special Peach Culture Train to Cover Arkansas. Arkansas Homestead, November 25, 1918, pp. 5, 11. Special train ran in Arkansas in 1918.

Teaching Good Roads by Special Train. Robert Franklin. Technical World, June 1912, pp. 448-51. Five illustrations. Frisco Railway’s Good Roads Special.

Teaching Health by Motion Pictures. Warren H. Brooker, C.E. Health Bulletin, North Carolina State Board of Health, No. 2, vol. 31, of May 1916. How Public Health is Being Taught in Rural Districts by Means of Traveling Motion Pictures. Two illustrations of car and one of audience.

The University on Wheels. Agnes C. Laut. Colliers, September 10, 1910, vol. 45, p. 16. The Corn and Wheat Evangelists of the Middle West and the Special Trains of Instruction. Several trains mentioned, and three illustrations of cars.

Touring a State with Motion Pictures. Arthur J. Strawson. Journal of the Outdoor Life, October 1917, pp. 304-05. Three illustrations of Indiana Society for Prevention of Tuberculosis truck.

Traveling Baby Clinic. Conservation of Life, July 1919, pp. 60-62. Ottawa, Canada. Trucks used for baby welfare. Two illustrations.

Traveling Dispensaries for Italy. The Public Health Nurse, November 1918, pp. 261-62. Three illustrations of trucks used for dental and baby saving purposes.

Unique Traveling Safety Exhibit. New York Central Magazine, August 1919, p. 21. Brief mention of Safety First Exhibit Car of New York Central Lines. Two illustrations of interior of moving picture and exhibit car.

Western Railways and Farming. J. R. Wilson. Nation, November 10, 1910, vol. 91, p. 441. Letter commenting on several trains run in western states.

INDEX

Adams, S. H.: description of health motorcycle tour by, 34-37

Advance Agents: qualifications, 49;
preliminary work for, 50-52.
See also Committees

Advance Work: publicity and organization, 42-65;
local co-operation, 45-54;
committees, 55-65, 98;
follow-up program, 114
Advantages: economical, 4;
publicity, 4;
of stimulating audiences, 5, 104;
of striking features, 6;
trains versus trucks, 10-11
Advertising: mediums, and purpose of, 43;
committee on newspapers, 56;
posters, 57;
window displays, 57;
slides, 57, 58;
through local merchants, 58;
Hollingworth on, 107;
exhibit car, 122
Agriculture: promoting interest in, 5;

Peach Demonstration Train, and illustration of exhibits, 13-14;
account of dairy train in Illinois, 15-16;
Pure Seed and Home Power Special, 16;
canning trucks, 37-39;
train titles, 67;
program for exhibit train, 74-75;
list of tours, 118-127, 129-130;
bibliography, 137-142

Alabama: publicity tours, train equipment, 129

Appeals: advance publicity work, 42-52;
to local committees, 52-65
Arkansas: conservation train tour, 118;
bibliography, 141
Attendance: novel devices attract, 7, 34;
advance work to secure, 42-45;
methods of distributing, 44, 75-77;
outdoors, 77;
planning for, 94, 98;
receiving visitors, 97-99;
estimating numbers, 100;
distributing, 101-104

Attractive Exhibits: advantages and suggestions, 4;
novel features a stimulus, 5-7, 104;
healthmobile, opposite 10.
See also Motion Pictures

Audiences: selection and visualization of, 69.

See also Attendance
Automobiles: motion picture tours, 9, 25-26;
dispensaries and clinics, 27-33;
Child Welfare Specials, 30-34;
speaking tours, 34-37;
government trucks, 37-41;
motor service, 65;
list of truck tours, by states, 129-136;
and go-to-church propaganda, 135;
bibliography, 137.
See also Trucks
Bibliography, 137-142

California: publicity tours, equipment for, 119, 127, 135;
bibliography, 138, 141

Canada: description of forestry car, 90-92, 128;
publicity tours, 128, 129, 131, 135;
bibliography, 137, 138, 140, 142

Canning Truck: purpose of portable kitchen, 37-39;
truck tour, 130
Children’s Year Special: in Michigan, 23;
Cleveland Department of Health, 27-29;
“skip stops,” 97;
follow-up work, 113;
publicity tour, 132, 135
Child Welfare: in Michigan, 23;
Massachusetts, 24;
traveling dispensaries and clinics, 27-34;
U. S. Children’s Bureau truck tour, 30-33;
advance publicity, 51;
follow-up work, 113-114;
health tours and publicity, 127, 131, 132, 135;
bibliography, 138, 141, 142
Churches: co-operation helpful, 61;
truck tours in New York and Pennsylvania, 135

Clark, E. A.: describes successful tour of dairy train, 15-16

Clinics: and traveling trucks, 27-31;
Tuberculosis Commission, 28, 30;
transport truck tour, 133
Cole, P. T.: on Peach Demonstration Train, 14
Committees: on co-operation, 44, 45-47;
advance publicity, 52-54;
reception, 55;
newspaper, 56;
advertising, 57-58;
special delegations, 59-60;
church co-operation, 61;
schools, 62;
foreign groups, 63;
speakers, 64;
personal canvass, 64-65;
reception, 98;
organizing local, 111-112

Connecticut: publicity tours, train equipment, 131, 134;
bibliography, 141
Co-operation: value of, 18, 19, 117;
and publicity, 40-41;
arrangements for local committees, 44, 45-65, 98, 111;
churches, 61;
schools, 62;
railroads, 117

Cost: economical advantages of train or truck, 4;
budget estimates, 9-10;
record of Pennsylvania train tour, 9;
automobile tour in Maryland, 9

Dairy Trains: tour described by E. A. Clark, of Illinois, 15-16;
list of tours, 118-125;
bibliography, 137, 139, 141.
See also Agriculture

Dean, George A.: describes Hessian Fly Special, 17-20, 139

Delegations: advance plans for special groups, 59-60, 102;
from churches, 60, 61;
schools, 60, 62;
hotels and restaurants, 60;
food dealers, 60;
employes, 60;
clubs, 60;
children and teachers, 102

Demonstrations: effectiveness of initial presentation, 5-7;
adaptability of trains for, 10, 11;
trucks, 11;
Peach Special, 14;
dairy train and milking machine, 15-16;
food conservation, 22, 24, 37, 52;
canning kitchens, 37-38;
Land Clearing Special, 52;
program outlined, 74-76;
types of cars adapted to, 78-79;
kitchen illustrated, opposite 92;
arrangement of car for, 92-93;
tours, and equipment, 122, 124, 126, 129, 130, 133;
publications, 140

Dickson, J. R.: describes forestry car, 90-92, 140

Dispensaries: scope of service, 27-33;
Children’s Year Special of Cleveland, 28-30;
motor trucks in Italy, 30;
Children’s Bureau government truck, 30-33;
publication on, 142
Dowling, Oscar: health train pioneer, 20
Economy: advantages of train and truck, 4;
records of tours, 9-10;
war propaganda, 21-23

Education: advantages of tours, 3-8, 11, 25, 27, 117;
campaign tours, 118-136;
bibliography, 137-142
England: publicity tours, 134;
bibliography, 138
Entomology: and Hessian fly in Kansas, 18-19
Exhibit Cars: peach industry, 13-14;
dairy train, 15;
pure seed, 16;
health tours, 20-21;
government specials, 22-24, opposite 70 and 77;
various types, 78-79;
correct designs for, 79;
living accommodations, 80;
cleaning methods, 80-81;
form and content of exhibits, 81-83;
moving audiences, 84, 86;
correct arrangement of interiors, 85, opposite 86 and 87;
placing exhibits, 87-90;
description of Canadian forestry car, 90-92;
moving people through, 99;
explainers for, 104-105;
list of, by states, 118-136
Expenses: See Cost
Explainers: services of, 104-105
Flat Cars: dairy trains, 15-16;
for conservation work, 22, 77, 79, opposite 80;

Land Clearing Specials, 126, 127;
recruiting, 129

Florida: publicity tours, and equipment, 120, 127

Follow-up Work: and careful planning, 8;
reception committees valuable, 98;
aims, and suggestions for efficient, 106-114;
fixing impressions, 107;
printed matter, 109-110;
local organizations to take part, 111-113;
of West Virginia Public Health Council, 112;
results, method of checking, 113;
criticisms, 114

Food Conservation Trains: government tours, 21-24;
and child welfare, 23, 24;
canning kitchens, 37-38;
work assignments, 52, 54, 61, 65;
illustration of exhibit car, N. Y. College of Agriculture, opposite 86;
demonstration kitchen illustrated, opposite 92;
list of tours, 118, 123, 125, 130;
bibliography, 138, 140
France: truck tours for health purposes, 131

Georgia: Land Clearing Special, advance work, 52;
publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 133, 134

Good Roads Special: publicity tours, train equipment, 119, 126, 133;
bibliography, 138, 141

Halliday, J. D.: health education tours planned and directed by, 28

Health Cars: advance publicity in West Virginia, 46-48;
topics and exhibits presented, 68;
over-crowded exhibits, 82;
methods to attract attention, 82, 83;
report of follow-up work, 112;
list of tours, 127, 128, 131-133, 136;
bibliography, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142

Health Exhibits: motion picture truck of N. Y. State, opposite 10;
health trains in Louisiana, 20;
child welfare in Kansas, 21;
West Virginia Health Special, 21;
purpose of government train, 23;
Children’s Year Special, 23;
variety of topics, 68;
train tours, 127-128;
truck tours, 131-133;
wagon tour, 136;
motorcycle tour, 136;
bibliography, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142
Healthmobile: of N. Y. State, opposite 10;
motion picture tour in North Carolina, 26;
publicity tour of, 132

Hessian Fly Special: description of train run in Kansas, 17-20, 139;
speakers and publicity, 18-19;
train equipment, 122

Hollingworth, H. L.: on Advertising and Selling, 107

Home Power Special: demonstration of conveniences, 16

Illinois: tour of dairy train in, 15-16;
publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 131, 133;
bibliography, 138, 139

Illustrations: opposite 10, 14, 20, 28, 29, 30, 31, 38, 39, 44, 70, 76, 77, 80, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92

Indiana: publicity tours, train equipment, 121, 131;
bibliography, 142
Information Sources: 2, 117
Iowa: publicity tours, train equipment, 122;
bibliography, 139
Italy: health trucks, 28, 30, 131;
motor clinics, 30;
publicity tours, 131
Itinerary: planning, 94-97.
See also Tours

Kansas: Hessian fly train described, 17-20, 122;

State Agricultural College co-operates with railroad, 17, 18;
publicity tours, 127;
bibliography, 139

Kentucky: publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 127;
bibliography, 137, 139, 140

Land Clearing: demonstration work, with automobiles, 52;
publicity tours, 120, 126-127;
bibliography, 140

Lincoln Highway Association: and transcontinental tour, 40-41, 133

Louisiana: success of health trains, 20;
publicity tours, train equipment, 120, 127, 129, 131;
bibliography, 137, 139

Maryland: cost of automobile tour, 9;
publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 132, 134

Massachusetts: child welfare tours, 24;
publicity tours, 130, 132, 135

Memory: impressions, and follow-up work, 107-109

Message, Preparation of: 66-73;
choosing a topic, 67-70;
limiting the message, 69;
program planning, 71-77
Michigan: Children’s Year Special, 23;
publicity tours, train equipment, 122, 135

Minnesota: publicity tours, train equipment, 122

Mississippi: publicity tours, train equipment, 123, 132

Missouri: Women’s Patriotic Special, 22;
publicity tours, train equipment, 123, 128, 134

Motion Pictures: cost of automobile tour, 9;
N. Y. State healthmobile, opposite 10;
truck tours, 25-41;
North Carolina health campaign, 26;
Children’s Special of Cleveland, 28;
Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 37;
advance publicity, and slides, 57-58;
state tours using, 124, 128, 129, 130, 131-135;
bibliography, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142

Motorcycles: description of a “Knight of Health,” 34-37, 139;
tours in Canada and Wisconsin, 135, 136

Motor Transport Corps: purpose and description of transcontinental train, 39-41;
publicity tours, 133

Motor Vehicles: See Trucks

Moving Audiences: displaying exhibits to, 84, 86

Nebraska: publicity tours, train equipment, 123

Nevada: publicity tours, train equipment, 123

New Jersey: publicity tours, train equipment, 123

Newspapers: advance publicity for, 56, 58.
See also Publicity
New York: healthmobile, opposite 10;
food conservation train, 22;
publicity tours, and equipment, 123, 129, 132, 134, 135;
bibliography, 137, 140

North Carolina: Board of Health motion picture tour, 26;
publicity tours, train equipment, 124, 132, 135;
bibliography, 141
Novel Presentation: advantages of, 4-7;
secures publicity, 6;
motion picture trucks 25-28;
“Motorcycle Knight of Health,” 34-37;
along Lincoln Highway, 40-41

Ohio: Children’s Year Special of Cleveland, 27-30;
illustrations and trucks, 28-29;
publicity tours, 130, 132

Organization: advance publicity important, 42-65;
assignments for committees, 52-65;
report of follow-up work, 112-113
Outdoor Speaking: 16, 34, 75, 77

Peach Demonstration Train: description, and illustration of exhibit car, 13-14;
advance publicity, 48;
state tours, 118, 125
Pennsylvania: cost of tour in, 9;
food conservation train, 22;
canning kitchen of Allegheny County Council, 37-39;
advance assignments for committees, 53;
publicity tours, 125, 130;
bibliography, 140
Permanence: of activities, 5;
organization and follow-up work, 111-114
Places Visited: planning an itinerary, 94-96
Posters: type of agricultural, 43;
advertising committees, 57
Programs: choice of a topic, 66, 67-70;
form of presentation, 67-71;
unit programs, 71-72;
of exhibit trains, 73-75;
of demonstration and exhibit, 76;
advice in planning, 94-96, 101-104
Publicity: advantages of tours, 4;
first impression valuable, 7;
and successful co-operation, 19;
advance work important, 40, 42-65;
advertisements, 43;
specialized appeal, 44;
committees, co-operation of, 45;
preparation of letters, and example, 46-48;
advance agents, duties of, 49-52;
assignments, features of, 53, 54;
reception committee, 55;
committee on newspapers, 56;
advertising committee, 57;
committee on special delegations, 59-60;
church co-operation, 61;
schools, 62;
foreign language groups, 63;
speakers, 64;
committee on personal canvass, 65; and
follow-up work, 109-114.
See also Advertising
Pure Seed Special: home power equipment, 16;
arrangement of exhibits, opposite 87;
exhibit trains, 124, 126;
“Gospel of Good Seed,” 138
Purpose: and advantages, 3-4, 117;
of Motor Transport Corps tour, 39-40

Railroads: co-operation of, and list of educational tours, 117-129;
bibliography, 137-140, 142.

See also Trains

Reception Committees: advance assignments for, 55, 98

Relaxation: staff members need, 103, 105

Rhode Island: publicity tours, train equipment, 130

Safety First Trains: publicity tours, 128, 129;
bibliography, 141, 142
Schedule: train stops discussed, 94, 96-97;
work and rest periods, 103-105
Schools: co-operation, 62;
attendance of children, and management, 102;
car as model school room, 128, 129;
and dental education, 132;
of conservation, 140
“Skip Stops,” 97
Speakers: attraction of prominent, 6;
short talks in lecture coaches, 15;
outdoor lectures, 16, 77;
Hessian Fly Special, 18-19;
health talks and child welfare, 21, 24;
advance work for committees on, 64;
chief factors of success, 73, 74, 75;
explainers, 104
Staff Members: traveling accommodations, 80;
provision for rest and comfort, 103, 105

Tennessee: publicity tours, train equipment, 125

Texas: Peach Special, 13-14;
agricultural train program, 74-75;
publicity tours, 125
Theaters. See Motion Pictures
Topics: selection of, 67-68;
presentation, 68-71
Tours: factors in planning, 94-105;
time stops, 96-97;
“skip-stops,” 97;
list of traveling campaigns, 117-136
Trains: advantages of tours by, 4-8, 11;
campaign costs, 9;
agricultural campaigns, 13-19;
health tours, 20-21;
trolleys, 23;
child welfare, 24;
planning an itinerary, 94-97;
moving visitors through, 99;
list of agricultural, 118-127;
list of food conservation, 123, 125;
list of health specials, 127-128;
safety first trains, 128, 129;
safety first tours, 128, 129;
bibliography, 137-141
Transcontinental Tours: purposes, 39-40;

Lincoln Highway Association co-operates, 40-41;
train equipment, 133

Trolley Tours: child welfare, 23-24, 135

Trucks: advantages of tours by, 4, 5, 6-8, 11;
cost of tours, 9;
adaptability, 11, 25;
North Carolina health car, 26;
traveling dispensaries, 27-34;
Children’s Year Special, 27-29;
clinics in Italy, 30;
Child Welfare Special, 30-34;
speaking tours, 34-37;
canning truck and portable kitchen, 37-39;
transcontinental tour, War Department, 39-40;
and Lincoln Highway Association, 40-41;
planning an itinerary, 94-97;
list of agricultural, 129-130;
list of food conservation, 130;
list of health specials, 131-133;
motor transport tours, 133-134;
motion picture tours, 134-135;
bibliography, 138, 140, 142.
See also Automobiles

Tuberculosis: motor truck clinics in Italy, 30;

Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association, 34, 37;
attention getting device, 82;
health tours, and publicity, 127, 128, 131, 132, 133, 136;
bibliography, 139, 140, 141, 142

Types of Cars: for exhibit or demonstration, 78-79

United States: Safety First Train, 23;
Child Welfare Special, 30-33;
food conservation truck, 37-39;
transcontinental motor tour, 39-41;

Lincoln Highway and Transport Corps, 40-41, 133;
publicity tours, train equipment, 118, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134;
bibliography, 141
Unit Programs: features included, 71-73
Utah: publicity tours, train equipment, 126
Vermont: publicity tours, health wagon, 136;
bibliography, 140

Virginia: publicity tours, train equipment, 126, 129, 130, 134

Visualization: essential in preparing message and program, 66-72

Washington: publicity tours, train equipment, 126, 133;
bibliography, 140

West Virginia: example of health publicity letter, 46-48;
report on follow-up organization work, 112-113;
publicity tours, 126, 128, 133, 135

Window Displays: announcements and signs, 57

Wisconsin: farm methods promoted by College of Agriculture, 16;

Anti-Tuberculosis Association work, 34, 37;
publicity tours, 126, 130, 133, 136;
bibliography, 139, 140

SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES

Edited by SHELBY M. HARRISON

It is recognized in both surveys and exhibits that a standardized technique has not been fully worked out. Still a beginning has been made. Enough experience has been accumulated to justify recording it and putting it at the disposal of those interested. With a view therefore to increasing the use of investigation in dealing with current community problems and to making such investigations more effective, and with a view also to the widespread employment of better methods of disseminating helpful information, the Survey and Exhibit Series has been planned.

The A B C of Exhibit Planning. By Evart G. and Mary Swain Routzahn. Price, Cloth, $2.00 net.

Traveling Publicity Campaigns. By Mary Swain Routzahn. Price, Cloth, $1.50 net.

Other volumes in preparation

Subscriptions may be entered for the series, new volumes to be sent when issued. Or upon request announcements of new books in the series will be sent as books are issued.

PUBLICATION DEPARTMENT
RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION
130 E. 22D STREET, NEW YORK CITY

*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRAVELING PUBLICITY CAMPAIGNS ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that:

- • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”

- • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.

- • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work.

- • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™

Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.

Table of Contents

TRAVELING PUBLICITY CAMPAIGNS
EDITOR’S PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
I INTRODUCTORY

II PURPOSES AND ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS

- The Train as an Event
- A Tour as a Campaign “Feature”
- Novelty and the Danger of its Wearing Off
- Not a Quick Method
- Traveling Campaigns and Results
- Cost of Tours
- As Between Trains and Trucks
- FOOTNOTES:

III HOW TRAINS HAVE BEEN USED IN CAMPAIGNING

- Agricultural Trains
- Health Trains
- War Propaganda
- A Government Safety First Train
- Trolley Tours
- FOOTNOTES:

IV CAMPAIGNING WITH MOTOR VEHICLES

- Motion Picture Tours
- A Typical Motion Picture Motor Tour
- Traveling Dispensaries
- Cleveland Children’s Year Special
- Motor Truck Clinics in Italy
- A Government Child Welfare Special
- Speaking Tours by Automobile or Motorcycle
- A Motorcycle Knight of Health
- The “Flying Squadron of Health”

- Carrying the Canning Kitchen to the Food Supply

- “Caravans” of Trucks

- FOOTNOTES:

V ADVANCE PUBLICITY AND ORGANIZATION

- Importance of Good Advance Work
- General Advertising
- Specialized Appeal

- Arrangements for Distributing the Attendance

- Arrangements for Local Co-operation in Management

- Getting the Advance Work Done
- Qualifications of the Advance Agent
- The Job of the Advance Agent

- Assignments of Advance Work for Local Committees

- EXPLANATORY STATEMENT FOR LOCAL CO-OPERATING COMMITTEES REGARDING THE PENNSYLVANIA FOOD CONSERVATION TRAIN

- RECEPTION COMMITTEE
- COMMITTEE ON NEWSPAPERS
- ADVERTISING COMMITTEE
- COMMITTEE ON SPECIAL DELEGATIONS
- COMMITTEE ON CO-OPERATION OF CHURCHES
- COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS

- COMMITTEE ON ATTENDANCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE GROUPS

- COMMITTEE ON SPEAKING

- PERSONAL CANVASS

VI THE MESSAGE OF THE TOUR

- Choice of a Topic
- What to Tell
- Making up the Program
- Programs of Exhibit Trains

- A Program Combining Demonstrations and Exhibits

- Outdoor Speaking at Trains

VII EXHIBIT CARS

- Types of Cars
- Traveling Accommodations for Staff Members
- Treatment of Car Interiors
- Exhibits
- Use of the Space for Display
- Placing Exhibits
- Arrangement of Subject Matter
- Some Observations From Practical Experience
- Arrangement of Car for Demonstrations
- FOOTNOTES:

VIII THE TOUR OF THE TRUCK OR TRAIN

- The Places to Be Visited
- Receiving the Visitors[8]
- The Rate of Progress in Exhibit Cars
- Distributing the Attendance
- Explaining the Exhibits
- FOOTNOTES:

IX FOLLOW-UP WORK

- Getting the Subject Talked About
- Printed Matter for Distribution
- Publicity Following the Train’s Stop
- Organization of Local Forces
- Checking up Results
- FOOTNOTES:

APPENDIX REFERENCE LISTS OF TRAIN, TRUCK, TROLLEY, AND OTHER TRAVELING CAMPAIGNS

- Agricultural and Food Conservation Trains
- Health Trains
- Miscellaneous Topics—Trains
- Agricultural and Food Conservation Trucks
- Health Trucks
- Motor Transportation Development Tours
- Miscellaneous Topics—Trucks
- Miscellaneous Vehicles Used for Tours

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX

- SURVEY AND EXHIBIT SERIES

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE