The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium, by friherre Jöns Jakob Berzelius

"Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium" is a scientific paper in Latin about the quality of the water of the health spa at Medevi in Sweden, published in 1800 by Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848).

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NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM

                                 Quam
                     Venia ampliss. ord. philos.
                                p. p.
                                Pręses
                          Mag. A. G. EKEBERG
                           chem. Adjunctus
                  Reg. Acad. Scient. Stockh. Membr.
                                  ET
                                AUCTOR
                          JACOBUS BERZELIUS
                        Ostrog. Stip. Strandb.
               In audit Gust. Maj. D. VI Decemb. MDCCC.

Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium
Vetus sive insimus fons
Fons Medius
Fons supremus
Limes Medeviensis
Fons Lokaėnsis
Limus Lokaėnsis

NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM

Aquę Medevienses a Cel. BERGMAN primum justa & consummata analysi chemica exploratę sunt. In actis Reg. Acad. Scient. Holm. An. 1783. P. 4, p. 218, hanc suam disquisitionem exposuit. Sed Cel. Medicus S. R. M. Primarius etc. D. Doct. S. HEDIN, hujus institutionis pręfenti tempore curator (Brunns Intendent,) cum variare interdum naturam fontium & elementorum rationem, assiduis nobilissimorum chemicorum investigationibus confirmatum esse, & in recentissimis pręterea chemię profectibus majora ad disquisitiones hujus generis subtilius instituendas subsidia esse posita reputaverit, ęstate superiori novam analysin suscipiendam esse censuit; eamque mihi, ad Medevi vices Chirurgi, ejus auspicio, tunc gerenti, mandavit. Quam cura diligentiaque quanta maxima potuerim peractam, propter magnam ab experientia summi viri discrepantiam, eorum. qui his rebus student, judicio esse submittendam existimavi. Et cum etjam celebratum Loka fontem limumque, antea rite consummateque non examinatum, eadem hac pręterita ęstate, ab ejus curatore D:o Doct. etc. ASCHAN sollicitatus, adcurate sim perscrutatus, brevem ejus descriptionem, reservata in aliam occasionem copiosiori experimentorum expositione, adjungere, ob materię similitudinem, institui.

Ex tribus fontibus, quibus jam uti licet, unus tantum, & is infimus, ante nostram ętatem scaturivit. Olim quidem tres etjam numero fuerunt fontes; duo autem reliqui, quos Cel. BERGMAN Rödbrunn & Dahlbrunn appellat, jam ita cessaverunt, ut ne locum quidem ubi siti fuerint, reperire potuerim. At curante Cel. HEDIN alii duo nuper aperti sunt & ędiculis belle superstructis hoc anno consummatis, tecti; ut pauperibus usui essent, quibus antea circa horam tertiam matutinam surgendi, necessitas erat, ne ex unica scaturigine petita aqua opulentioribus ad horam sextam fontem adeuntibus deesset.

Situs ejus est aliquanto depressior, ita tamen ut defluxus sit facilis. Intra ędificium alto muro circumdatur, qui ad ęquabile frigus conservandum plurimum confert. Profundus est V pedes. Cantharos circiter LX per horam effundit, cli temporisque varietate parum affectus. Temperatura in superficie + 6,ŗ5; ad fundum 6,ŗ intra menses ęstivos non mutata. Sapor asper, multis nauseosus. Odor concussione exprimitur hepaticus. In aperto vase sensim oxidum ferri demittit, & odorem saporemque asperum perdit. Tincturam Heliotropii rubefacit, at non post coctionem ferrive demissionem. Calce soluta turbatur, sed non post coctionem. Acidum carbonicum in aqua ita prodi docent, si primo calcis solutionem turbaverit, uberius autem adfusa solverit quę pręcipitata erant; quod vero hic non incidit, cum ferrum etjam pręcipitetur, ex quo pręcipitarum flavescit; in aqua autem nihil vel parum adsir liberi acidi carbonici. Cum acido sulphurico forti nulla effervescentia. Solutiones Fernambuci aut Curcumę non mutatę. Cum ac. gallaceo color violaceus; prussiate kali cęruleus purissimus; ex quo post quietem XXIV horarum prussias ferri depositus; utrumque in aqua cocta inefficax. Acidum oxalicum paullulum permutavit, sed non in cruda solum, verum etjam in cocta; quod sulphatem calcis prodit. Carbonas kali nihil. Natrum purum post horas XXIV luteolum pręcipitatum effecit. Similiter ammoniacum. Aliquantulum ac. azotici in aquę portionem instillabatur, quę dein azotate barytę pręcipitabatur: pauxillum illud, quod post h. XXIV demissum erat, inde separabatur, quo facto aqua azotate argenti pręcipitabatur; hoc pręcipitatum suisse muriatem argenti exinde colligimus, quod luci expositum nigrescebat; quod in carbonatibus argenti non accidit. Azotas hydrargyri frigide pręparatus album dedit & subtile pręcipitatum, ad labra vitri adhęrens, & vix sensibile antequam aqua effusa, vitrum aruisser. Azotas hydr. calide pręparatus & azotas plumbi pręcipitata fecerunt e luteo candicantia. Ad detegendum in aqua hydrogenium sulphuratum multa sunt a chemicis proposita, at pleraque non nisi in aquis saturatoribus efficacia. Ejusmodi sunt: argentum metallicum; sed in fonte suspensus nummus argenteus bene politus post IIX dies ęque splendebat; oxidum arsenici album; id vero in hac aqua ęquali tempore nihil passum est; acidum azoticum conc. quod, hydrogenium oxidando sulphur pręcipitare docent; illud autem heic nihil tale effecit. Nihilominus olfactus hydrogenii sulphurati in hac aqua index certissimus est. Azotas plumbi in forma sicca ad hydr. sulph. valde sensibilis est; at solurus, propter suam ad aquam attractionem, sulphure difficilius decomponitur. Scribebam autem hac solutione in charta, quę vasi, in quo aqua fontana evaporaretur, superimponebatur: vas sensim calefactum est, ut gas hydr. sulph. quantum fieri posset siccum eliceretur: qua re etjam factum est, ut litterę seriptę, pro varia gasis siccitate, quibusdam in locis metallice splenderent & nigrescerent; aliis magis minusve perspicuę, aliis non observabiles essent.

Post hęc experimenta pręcursoria, nostra in eo verfat, est opera, ut quę in hac aqua soluta sint gasia fecernerentur. Quantum aquę Cantharus unus capere potest [1] in vas retortum vitreum instillabatur ejus magnitudinis, ut tertia pars vacua maneret: orificium subere obturabatur, per quod aptatus erat tubus vitreus; cui vesica arcte adligabatur. Tubus ad apparatum pneumaticium ducebat. Aqua, qua hunc appatatum impleveram, quartam horę partem cocta erat, & jam intra temperaturam + 85ŗ & 100ŗ, igne subtus facto, servabatur. Supra enim in recipulo pneumatico olei stratum fluitabat, ne, experimento peracto, gas ab aqua refrigerata imbiberetur. Quamquam aqua, ut diximus, antea diu servisset, bullę tamen aėris jam exinde per oleum adscendentes animadvertebantur, ex cucurbita non venientes. Gas, quod in apparatu pneumatico, postquam aqua in cucurbita horę tres quartas partes servisset, receptum erat, minoris aliquanto voluminis fuit eo, quod supra aquam in cucurbita fuerat, utroque in eadem temperatura menso; ex quo sequitur, vapores aquosos non omnem ex superiori cucurbitę parte aėrem expulisse; quapropter hac methodo nihil certi de quantitate naturave gasium in aqua fontana solutorum eruere licet. Alia igitur utendum erat. Nec apparatum a Cel. BERGMAN (Om Bitter-, Selzer-, Spa- och Pyrmontervattens halt och tillredning, § 8. Fig. 1.) comparare poteram. Hanc igitur, scopo, ut videtur, optime inservientem experiundi rationem inveni. Orificium lagenę vitreę, adcurate ejus capacitatem emensus, subere optimo obturabam, per quod tubus vitreus, ut in experimentis pneumaticis solet, curvatus ingerebatur ita, ut altera ejus extremitas ultra suber in lagena non exstaret. Et lagena & huic ita adjunctus tubus aqua examinanda implebantur, ne minima quidem aėris atmosphęrici bulla observabili relicta. Lagena ad commissuram luto vesicaque rite munita, in balneo arenę ponebatur. Apparatu pneumatico eodem as supra utebar; sed jam aqua plus horam ante initium experimenti fervisser. (Vas, in quo fervebat, ejus capacitatis erat, ut quod exhalaret cruda aqua compensare opus non esset). In ipso recipulo apparatus aqua, ut ante, oleo operiebatur. Huic methodo aliquis objicere forsitan posset, aquam fontanam in lagena calore valde dilatari ante quam gasia exinde abeant; ita partem expelli & amitti. Sed ubi hęc pars aquę venerit in aquam bullientem apparatus pneumatici sub recipulum, gasia, quibus pręgnans est, mox hujus calore in formam nativam restituta, effugere nequeunt. Postquam horę dimidium aqua in lagena fervisset, summovebatur sensim ignis ad cautam refrigerationem. In temperatura +17ŗ volumen gasium dimensum fuit 6,5 pollicum cubicorum decimalium pro quoque cantharo. Cel. BERGMAN 14 p. cub. ex. Cantharo accepit. Hęc discrepantia experimentum pluries iterare jussit; idem autem semper fuit eventus, si aberrationem 1/2 vel 3/4 p. c. exceperis, tribuendam temperaturę , quam omnino ęqualem obtinere non poteram. Iuncturam autem nec rimis latentibus fefellisse, tum illius post singula experimenta sollicita exploratio demonstravit, cum regressus aquę ex apparatu pneumatico in lagenam frigescentem.

Ad vulgare pręscriptum solutio calcis in gase his experimentis collecto collocabatur. Post XXXVI horas ex 6,5 p. c. dimidius tantum restabat, quam aėra esse atmosphęricum gas azoticum oxigenatum indicavit. Quorsum igitur gas hydrogenium sulphuratum, quod aquę inesse certo sciebam? Id quo intėlligerem, lagenam, hoc gase, pręparato ex sulphureto ferri ac acido sulphurico diluto, impletam supra calcem aqua solutam collocavi. Post XIV horas X p. c. absorpti erant; supererat unus cum dimidio p. c., post XXIV horas nihil diminutus; quem esse atmosphęricum, gase azotico oxigenato exploravi. Gas hydr. sulph. & gas acidi carbonici ad ęqualia volumina commixta & eidem experimento subjecta, ab aqua calcarea, uno p. c. relicto,. absorbebantur. Solutionis calcareę in his experimentis, & pręcipue in superiori, color erat luteoalbidus, odor saporque sulphureti calcarei; solutio sensim sulphatem calcis deponendo turbabatur, quod tamen in posteriori propter carbonatem calcis simul pręcipitatum discerni non poterat. Ex quibus intelligitur, diminutionem supra descriptam gasis aquę examinandę non acido tantum carbonico sed gasi etjam hydr. sulph. esse tribuendam. Horum igitur gasium quantitates alia via dignoscendę sunt. Eum in finem unum aquę fontanę Cantharum in vase operto calce pręcipitabam; pręcipitatum, cujus pondus erat = 0,085 [2] ex oxido ferri = 0,020, carbonate calcis magnesięque aquę proprio, aliis experimentis noto = 0,035, & carbonate calcis jam generato, cujus igitur pondus = 0,030, constabat. Si pondera carbonatis calcis & acidi carb. quod continet, sunt inter se = 100:43, oritur exinde pondus acidi carbonici ex aqua fontana recepti = 0,014; ex quo tamen volumen gasis ejus haud facile inveniri potest.

[2] Unitas ponderis per totam banc disfertationem = 1/4 lod viktualie-vigt = 1 drachma 7 1/2 gr. = 1 centner prober-vigt.

Unde autem oritur hujus aquę gas hydrogenium sulphuratum? In quibusdam aquis non dubium est quin originem debeat sulphureto calcis, quod, dum ex aqua oxidatur, ideoque gas hydrogenium generat, illi sulphuris aliquid tradit; ipsum autem in sulphatem calcis transit, qui circum tales fontes, forma pulveris albi, se manifestat. In aqua Medeviensi sulphas quidem calcis adest, quem primo sulphuretum fuisse posse, deinde vero oxidatum, hoc gas, ut diximus, produxisse, haud quidem districte negaverim, vero tamen similius esse existimaverim, a stratis corporum organicorum putrefactorum vel putrescentium, per quę vena transit, idem illud gas originem duxisse, quippe quod destructione animalium vegetabiliumque generari, ideoque ex stagnosis limosisque locis, pręsertim commotione quadam facta, exhalari noverimus. Per hanc hypothesin explicatur etjam ortus gasis hydrogenii carbonati, quod in hoc & pluribus aliis Svecię fontibus adesse, cum alia fere desint ipsius indicia, sapor peculiaris certe arguit; quamquam ejus quantitas, propter minorem in aqua solubilitatem longe minor sit, necesse est; nec determinari potest nisi combustione; quam experiri, defectus instrumentorum prohibuit.

Ex quovis fonte V Cantharos, in vase vitreo, unum cum dimidio cancharum capiente, singulos vaporare curavi. Massa sicca caute colligebatur, & quod vitro arctius adhęrebat, acido muriatico diluto abluebatur & solutioni N. 5 addebatur. Massę in temp. + 108 siccatę pondus =0,575.

1. Massa diligenter aqua eluebatur & liquidum siphone secernebatur, quo colatio evitaretur. Hęc aqua deinceps ad siccum vaporabat, supra infundebatur alcohol, qui non solutum reliquit album terrestre = 0,025, quod experimentis infra enarrandis sulphatem calcis esse reperi.

2. Solutio alcoholina lente evaporabatur; fusca erat, & crystallos muriatis natri facile agnoscibiles in reliqua massa fusca deliquescibili dabat [3]. Pondus totius massę = 0,150. In aqua solvebatur, cui solutioni admistum ammoniacum purum nihil mutavit; sed azotate barytę pręcipitatum efficiebatur, quod lotum siccatumque erat = 0,01. & azotate argenti pręcipitatum cinereum, in lamella vitrea supra ignem odorem empyreumaticum spargens, quo manifestatur extractum vegetabile: id igitur coctione cum acido azotico conc. destruebatur; quod hujus acidi supererat, ammoniaco dein saturabatur, quod primo pręcipitatum faciebat, mox solvebat; quapropter acidum muriaticum ad saporem acidulum addebatur. Murias argenti bene elotus & siccatus niveo fuit colore & pondere = 0,240.

3. Ex reliqua solutionis parte argentum superfluum muriate ammoniaci pręcipitabatur: dein inspissabatur, nihilque acido oxalico tartaricove afficiebatur; quapropter nec kali nec calcem habebat.

4. Residuum ex lotione cum aqua N. 1 cum alcohole eluebatur, quod evaporando dedit refinam odoram fuscam = 0,005.

5. Residuum ex massa alcohole elota N. 4 acido muriatico diluto solvebatur; solutio secernebatur, & quod solutum non erat, aqua eluebatur, quę dein solutioni admiscebatur. Hęc ad dimidiam partem evaporata ammoniaco pręcipitabatur; pręcipitatum elotum fuit = 0,15. Reliqua solutio, cum aqua lotionis, carbonete ammoniaci pręcipitabatur, quod carbonatem calcis = 0,125 dedit. Calcem fuisse inde colligitur, quod cum acido sulphurico sal difficulter solubile efficiebat, nec carbonare ammoniaci solvebatur; ideoque magnesia non erat.

6. Quod ammoniaco pręcipitatum erat, in acido sulphurico solvebatur; residua erat magnesia, quę acid. sulph. dilato difficulter solvitur, si pura est; pondus erat = 0,03. Acido muriatico soluta carbonate ammoniaci procipitabatur [4] & mox ab eo solvebatur; quę magnesię nota est.

[4] BERGMAN & secundum eum plures alii, magnesię ad acida attractionem majorem statuunt quam ammoniaci. Alii negant; cum ex acid. sulphurico ammoniaco pręcipitetur. BERGMAN (In Opusculis T. 3 p. 317 & 337) hoc pręcipitatum inde oriri contendit quod in solutione sal tripliciter compositum generaretur. Qua de re hęc sequentia ipse sum expertus. Si Murias magnesię cum carbonate kali pręcipitatur, usque dum reagat alcali, & pręcipitatum inde separatur, pręcipitari dein potest cum ammoniaco puro nova magnesię portio. Idem evenit, si ordine inverso primo adhibetur ammoniacum purum & deinde Carbonas kali. Sulphas magnesię carbonate kali totus decomponitur; at si plus carbonatis kali additur, solvitur iterum praecipitatum, & post horas quasdam crystalli formantur. Idem evenit, si pręcipitatio ope carbonatis ammoniaci perficitur. Etjam ex muriate magnesię pręcipitando formantur hi sales; si solutio valde diluta est, nihil carbonate ammoniaci praecipitatur; si aliquantom puri ammoniaci additur, pręcipitatum oritur quod carbonate ammoniaci, si sufficiens ejus quantitas adsit, solvitur & crystallisatur eam in formam, quam BERGMAN, Opusc. T. 1 Tab. 1. depinxit & carbonatis magnesię esse dixit; sed. ut ex allatis sequitur, ammoniacum etjam continet, quod in auctiore calore effugit, & magnesię carbonatem pulverulentum relinquit. Solutio muriatis magnesię valde diluta non pręcipitatur carbonate ammoniaci, sed tantum si concentrata sit; tum autem pręcipitatum est triplex ille sal, cujus supra mentionem fecimus, sere difficulter solubilis. Carbonates alcalium solvunt carbonatem magnesię, & efficiunt sales crystallisabiles difficulter solubiles. Murias ammoniaci carbonatem magnesię solvit, sed pars decomponitur & sal triplex nascitur. Alcalia pura solvunt carbonatem magnesię ita, ut se acido carbonico saturent, & quod superest carbonatis magnesię solvant; quod de ammoniaco non valet; cum carbonas ammoniaci puram magnesiam ita solvat, ut hęe primum ab ammoniaco rapiat ad se acidum carbonicum. Fourcroy & Vauquelin, in analysi urinę, Bulletin des Sciences An. 1798 N. IX, propensitatem magnesię ad triplicem conjunctionem cum ammoniaco & acido phosphorico memoraverunt. Hęc magnesię proprietas accuratiore disquisitione digna esse vi detur.

Solutio in acido sulphurico facta, ad siccum evaporabatur; quod dum fiebat, crystalli sulphatis calcis formabantur: massa sicca ustulabatur donec effugisset ac. sulphuricum; residui pondus = 0,125; quę ponderis auctio majori ferri oxidationi tribuenda esse videretur, quam etjam color & vapores acidi sulphurosi indicabant.

7. Massa usta lavabatur aqua, ex qua nec ammoniacum nec carbonates alcalium aliquid pręcipitabant. Dein ac. muriatico solvebatur, ex qua solutione murias barytę pręcipitatum effecir, quod sulphatem calcis = 0,02 adhuc remansisse indicabat. Etjam oxalas kali calcis pręsentiam docebat. Puro ammoniaco oxidum ferri purum pręcipitabatur = 0,10.

8. Solutio N. 5, ex qua calx carbonate ammoniaci pręcipitate erat, in siccum evaporabatur; cum acido sulphurico miscebatur & urebatur donec acid, muriaticum effugisset; iterum solvebatur, & ammoniaco pręcipitabatur; quo secernebatur magnesia = 0,02.

9. Quod post solutionem in acido muriatico supererat, aqua difficulter solvebatur; at aqua postquam diutius superinfusa mansisset, & solutione barytę & acid. oxalico pręcipitabatur; coctum in carbonate natri generavit sulphatem natri, & quod non solvebatur, effervescebat aliquantulum, adfuso acido quodam; fuit igitur sulphas calcis = 0,140.

Hę omnes rationes si conferuntur; animadvertitur auctio = 0,040, quę tribuenda est iis particulis, quę ex vase, in quo facta erat evaporatio, acido muriatico eluebantur.

Salis N. 2 pondus erat = 0,150; murias argenti = 0,240 continet ac. muriaticum = 0,043, quod ad plenam saturarionem requirit natrum = 0,065 & aquam ad crystallisandum = 0,022, quo quantitas muratis narri invenitur = 0,130. Sulphas barytę, ibidiem, = 0,010 continet ac. sulphuricum = 0,003; quod saturatur natro = 0,005, ex quo quantitas sulphatis natri = 0,08. Residuum fuit extractum & aqua & alcohole solubile = 0,012.

Sequens tabula exhiber, quantum ex meis quidem experimentis concludere licuit, quantitates corporum in quovis hujus aquę cantharo solutorum; cui adjungitur tabula Cel. Prof. BERGMAN, loco supra citato allata.

  Secundum experimenta Secundum mea
    BERGMANNI
  Gas acidi carbonici - 6 p. c. Gas ac. carb.
  Gas hydr. sulph. - 8 cum gase hydr.
                                    sulph. - 6 p. c.
                                    Aėr athmosph. - 0,5
                      ——- ——-
                            14 6 1/2
  Murias natri - 0,005 Murias natri - 0,026
  Oxidum ferri - 0,056 Oxid. ferri - 0,020
  Extractum mucil. - 0,019 Extract. muc. - 0,003
      - - - - Sulphas natri - 0,001
      - - - - Sulphas calcis - 0,037
      - - - - Carbonas calc. - 0,025
      - - - - Carb. magnes. - 0,010
      - - - - Resinę - 0,001
  Murias calcis - 0,009 - - -
                      ——- ——-
                      0,089 0,123

In ipso fere plano soli circumjacentis scatet; reliqui duo depressiores. Aqua per duo foramina crateris emittitur, ideoque fere semper turbida est. Temperatura variat. D 1 Junii erat in fundo +7°; in superficie 7,°5; in atmosphęra 8° vel 9° D. 30 Julii in fundo 9,5 in superficie 10,° in atmosphęra 19° vel 20°. Quantitas gasium per cantharum aquę hujus fontis est 1 1/2 p. cub. major, quam reliquorum; odore hydrogenii sulph. fortiori & quadam virtute laxante prędita est. Ejus partes constitutivę eędem sunt, ac fontis supra descripti, excepto, quod minus ferri (= 0,015) & carbonatis calcis (= 0,080) habet, quod etjam quantitatem acidi carbonici minorem indicare videtur.

Situs hujus fontis editior est, quam ceterorum. Sapor veteris fontis sapori similis est. Reactio eadem. Temperatura variat. D. 1 Jun. erat in fundo + 6,°5; in superficie 7.° D. 30 Jul. in fundo + 8° in superficie 9.° Ferri quantitas eadem est ac in vetere fonte, sulphatis calcis major (= 0,045); carbonatis calcis & magnesię minor. Sales reliqui sunt iidem in omnibus his fontibus.

Non admodum profunde sub ipsa soli superficie reperitur. Scripturam azotate plumbi factam afficit. Schidiis & aliis reliquiis vegetabilibus immixtus est. Ustione duas partes tertias ponderis perdit; residuum constat ex ferro, silice & sulphate calcis. Sulphatem ferri, ut limus Lokaėnsis, non continet. Una ejus tertia pars est extractiva, & alkohole & aqua solubilis.

Ejus partes constitutivas eadem fere ratione, qua fontium
Medeviensium, exploratas has sequentes reperi.

  Gas Hydrog. sulph. & perpaullulum
     Gasis acidi carbonici - - 2 p. c.
  Aėr atmospęricus - - 3,5
     ex quo gas oxigenium - 0,5
          & gas azotum - 3,0
                                         ———
                                               5,5 p. c.
  Carbonas calcis - - 0,0042
  Carbonas magnesię - - 0,0035
  Silex - - 0,0107
  Sulphas calcis - - 0,0023
  Murias natri - - 0,0055
  Extractivum - - 0,0014
  Aliquantulum resinę - -
                                         ———
  per Cantharum 0,0276

  In quaque libra continentur
     Gas ac. carb. & hydrog. sulph. - 2,6
     Aėr atmosphęricus - 0,3
     Gas hydrogenium carbonatum - 0,8
                                        ——-
                                         3,7 p. cub.
     Aquosum - 9,5 lod.
  Limus siccatus = 4, continet
     Extractum - 0,045
     Sulphas calcis - 0,010
     Sulphas ferri - 0,005
     Combustibilia - 1,402
     Oxidum ferri - 0,172
     Argilla - 0,075
     Carbonas magnesię - 0,020
     Silex - 2,232
     Aliquantulum carb. calcis -
                                         ——-
                                         3,961
     Addito quod deficit 0,039
                                         ——-
                                         4,000

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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nova analysis aquarum Medeviensium

NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM

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NOVA ANALYSIS AQUARUM MEDEVIENSIUM

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