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Title: The Tale of Beowulf, Sometime King of the Folk of the Weder Geats

Translator: William Morris

A. J. Wyatt

Release date: January 23, 2007 [eBook #20431]

Language: English

Credits: E-text prepared by Louise Hope, R. Cedron, and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE TALE OF BEOWULF, SOMETIME KING OF THE FOLK OF THE WEDER GEATS ***

E-text prepared by Louise Hope, R. Cedron,

and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team

(http://www.pgdp.net/c/)

THE TALE OF BEOWULF

SOMETIME KING OF THE

FOLK OF THE WEDER

GEATS TRANSLATED BY

WILLIAM MORRIS AND

A. J. WYATT

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON

NEW YORK AND BOMBAY

MCMIV

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

First printed at the Kelmscott Press,

January 1895

Ordinary Edition

August 1898

Reprinted

August 1904

Contents

(table added by transcriber)

Argument

Chapter I.

And First of the Kindred of Hrothgar.

II.

Concerning Hrothgar, and How He Built the House Called Hart. Also Grendel Is Told of.

III.

How Grendel Fell Upon Hart and Wasted It.

IV.

Now Comes Beowulf Ecgtheow's Son to the Land of the Danes, and the Wall-Warden Speaketh With Him.

V.

Here Beowulf Makes Answer to the Land-Warden, Who Showeth Him the Way to the King's Abode.

VI.

Beowulf and the Geats Come Into Hart.

VII.

Beowulf Speaketh With Hrothgar, and Telleth How He Will Meet Grendel.

VIII.

Hrothgar Answereth Beowulf and Biddeth Him Sit to the Feast.

IX.

Unferth Contendeth in Words With Beowulf.

X.

Beowulf Makes An End of His Tale of the Swimming. Wealhtheow, Hrothgar's Queen, Greets Him; and Hrothgar Delivers to Him the Warding of the Hall.

XI.

Now Is Beowulf Left in the Hall Alone With His Men.

XII.

Grendel Cometh Into Hart: of the Strife Betwixt Him and Beowulf.

XIII.

Beowulf Hath the Victory: Grendel Is Hurt Deadly and Leaveth Hand and Arm in the Hall.

XIV.

The Danes Rejoice; They Go to Look on the Slot of Grendel, and Come Back to Hart, and on the Way Make Merry With Racing and the Telling of Tales.

XV.

King Hrothgar and His Thanes Look on the Arm of Grendel. Converse Betwixt Hrothgar and Beowulf Concerning the Battle.

XVI.

Hrothgar Giveth Gifts to Beowulf.

XVII.

They Feast in Hart. The Gleeman Sings of Finn and Hengest.

XVIII.

The Ending of the Tale of Finn.

XIX.

More Gifts Are Given to Beowulf. The Brising Collar Told of.

XX.

Grendel's Dam Breaks Into Hart and Bears Off Aeschere.

XXI.

Hrothgar Laments the Slaying of Aeschere, and Tells of Grendel's Mother and Her Den.

XXII.

They Follow Grendel's Dam to Her Lair.

XXIII.

Beowulf Reacheth the Mere-Bottom in A Day's While, and Contends With Grendel's Dam.

XXIV.

Beowulf Slayeth Grendel's Dam, Smiteth Off Grendel's Head, and Cometh Back With His Thanes to Hart.

XXV.

Converse of Hrothgar With Beowulf.

XXVI.

More Converse of Hrothgar and Beowulf: the Geats Make Them Ready For Departure.

XXVII.

Beowulf Bids Hrothgar Farewell: the Geats Fare to Ship.

XXVIII.

Beowulf Comes Back to His Land. of the Tale of Thrytho.

XXIX.

Beowulf Tells Hygelac of Hrothgar: Also of Freawaru His Daughter.

XXX.

Beowulf Forebodes Ill From the Wedding of Freawaru: He Tells of Grendel and His Dam.

XXXI.

Beowulf Gives Hrothgar's Gifts to Hygelac, and By Him Is Rewarded. of the Death of Hygelac and of Heardred His Son, and How Beowulf Is King of the Geats: the Worm Is First Told of.

XXXII.

How the Worm Came to the Howe, and How He Was Robbed of A Cup; and How He Fell on the Folk.

XXXIII.

The Worm Burns Beowulf's House, and Beowulf Gets Ready to Go Against Him. Beowulf's Early Deeds in Battle With the Hetware Told of.

XXXIV.

Beowulf Goes Against the Worm. He Tells of Herebeald and Hæthcyn.

XXXV.

Beowulf Tells of Past Feuds, and Bids Farewell to His Fellows: He Falls on the Worm, and the Battle of Them Begins.

XXXVI.

Wiglaf Son of Weohstan Goes to the Help of Beowulf: Nægling, Beowulf's Sword, Is Broken on the Worm.

XXXVII.

They Two Slay the Worm. Beowulf Is Wounded Deadly: He Biddeth Wiglaf Bear Out the Treasure.

XXXVIII.

Beowulf Beholdeth the Treasure and Passeth Away.

XXXIX.

Wiglaf Casteth Shame on Those Fleers.

XL.

Wiglaf Sendeth Tiding to the Host: the Words of the Messenger.

XLI.

More Words of the Messenger. How He Fears the Swedes When They Wot of Beowulf Dead.

XLII.

They Go to Look on the Field of Deed.

XLIII.

Of the Burial of Beowulf.

Persons and Places

The Meaning of Some Words

ARGUMENT

Hrothgar, king of the Danes, lives happily and peacefully, and bethinks him to build a glorious hall called Hart. But a little after, one Grendel, of the kindred of the evil wights that are come of Cain, hears the merry noise of Hart and cannot abide it; so he enters thereinto by night, and slays and carries off and devours thirty of Hrothgar's thanes. Thereby he makes Hart waste for twelve years, and the tidings of this mishap are borne wide about lands. Then comes to the helping of Hrothgar Beowulf, the son of Ecgtheow, a thane of King Hygelac of the Geats, with fourteen fellows. They are met on the shore by the land-warder, and by him shown to Hart and the stead of Hrothgar, who receives them gladly, and to whom Beowulf tells his errand, that he will help him against Grendel. They feast in the hall, and one Unferth, son of Ecglaf, taunts Beowulf through jealousy that he was outdone by Breca in swimming. Beowulf tells the true tale thereof. And a little after, at nightfall, Hrothgar and his folk leave the hall Hart, and it is given in charge to Beowulf, who with his Geats abides there the coming of Grendel.

Soon comes Grendel to the hall, and slays a man of the Geats, hight Handshoe, and then grapples with Beowulf, who will use no weapon against him: Grendel feels himself over-mastered and makes for the door, and gets out, but leaves his hand and arm behind him with Beowulf: men on the wall hear the great noise of this battle and the wailing of Grendel. In the morning the Danes rejoice, and follow the bloody slot of Grendel, and return to Hart racing and telling old tales, as of Sigemund and the Worm. Then come the king and his thanes to look on the token of victory, Grendel's hand and arm, which Beowulf has let fasten: to the hall-gable.

The king praises Beowulf and rewards him, and they feast in Hart, and the tale of Finn and Hengest is told. Then Hrothgar leaves Hart, and so does Beowulf also with his Geats, but the Danes keep guard there.

In the night comes in Grendel's Mother, and catches up Aeschere, a thane of Hrothgar, and carries him off to her lair. In the morning is Beowulf fetched to Hrothgar, who tells him of this new grief and craves his help.

Then they follow up the slot and come to a great water-side, and find thereby Aeschere's head, and the place is known for the lair of those two: monsters are playing in the deep, and Beowulf shoots one of them to death. Then Beowulf dights him and leaps into the water, and is a day's while reaching the bottom. There he is straightway caught hold of by Grendel's Mother, who bears him into her hall. When he gets free he falls on her, but the edge of the sword Hrunting (lent to him by Unferth) fails him, and she casts him to the ground and draws her sax to slay him; but he rises up, and sees an old sword of the giants hanging on the wall; he takes it and smites off her head therewith. He sees Grendel lying dead, and his head also he strikes off; but the blade of the sword is molten in his venomous blood. Then Beowulf strikes upward, taking with him the head of Grendel and the hilts of the sword. When he comes to the shore he finds his Geats there alone; for the Danes fled when they saw the blood floating in the water.

They go up to Hrothgar's stead, and four men must needs bear the head. They come to Hrothgar, and Beowulf gives him the hilts and tells him what he has done. Much praise is given to Beowulf; and they feast together.

On the morrow Beowulf bids farewell to Hrothgar, more gifts are given, and messages are sent to Hygelac: Beowulf departs with the full love of Hrothgar. The Geats come to their ship and reward the ship-warder, and put off and sail to their own land. Beowulf comes to Hygelac's house. Hygelac is told of, and his wife Hygd, and her good conditions, against whom is set as a warning the evil Queen Thrytho.

Beowulf tells all the tale of his doings in full to Hygelac, and gives him his gifts, and the precious-gemmed collar to Hygd. Here is told of Beowulf, and how he was contemned in his youth, and is now grown so renowned.

Time wears; Hygelac is slain in battle; Heardred, his son, reigns in his stead, he is slain by the Swedes, and Beowulf is made king. When he is grown old, and has been king for fifty years, come new tidings. A great dragon finds on the sea-shore a mound wherein is stored the treasure of ancient folk departed. The said dragon abides there, and broods the gold for 300 years.

Now a certain thrall, who had misdone against his lord and was fleeing from his wrath, haps on the said treasure and takes a cup thence, which he brings to his lord to appease his wrath. The Worm waketh, and findeth his treasure lessened, but can find no man who hath done the deed. Therefore he turns on the folk, and wars on them, and burns Beowulf's house.

Now Beowulf will go and meet the Worm. He has an iron shield made, and sets forth with eleven men and the thrall the thirteenth. He comes to the ness, and speaks to his men, telling them of his past days, and gives them his last greeting: then he cries out a challenge to the Worm, who comes forth, and the battle begins: Beowulf's sword will not bite on the Worm. Wiglaf eggs on the others to come to Beowulf's help, and goes himself straightway, and offers himself to Beowulf; the Worm comes on again, and Beowulf breaks his sword Nægling on him, and the Worm wounds Beowulf. Wiglaf smites the Worm in the belly; Beowulf draws his ax, and between them they slay the Worm.

Beowulf now feels his wounds, and knows that he is hurt deadly; he sits down by the wall, and Wiglaf bathes his wounds. Beowulf speaks, tells how he would give his armour to his son if he had one; thanks God that he has not sworn falsely or done guilefully; and prays Wiglaf to bear out the treasure that he may see it before he dies.

Wiglaf fetches out the treasure, and again bathes Beowulf's wounds; Beowulf speaks again, rejoices over the sight of the treasure; gives to Wiglaf his ring and his armour, and bids the manner of his bale-fire. With that he passes away. Now the dastards come thereto and find Wiglaf vainly bathing his dead lord. He casteth shame upon them with great wrath. Thence he sends a messenger to the barriers of the town, who comes to the host, and tells them of the death of Beowulf. He tells withal of the old feud betwixt the Geats and the Swedes, and how these, when they hear of the death of the king, will be upon them. The warriors go to look on Beowulf, and find him and the Worm lying dead together. Wiglaf chooses out seven of them to go void the treasure-house, after having bidden them gather wood for the bale-fire. They shove the Worm over the cliff into the sea, and bear off the treasure in wains. Then they bring Beowulf's corpse to bale, and they kindle it; a woman called the wife of aforetime, it may be Hygd, widow of Hygelac, bemoans him: and twelve children of the athelings ride round the bale, and bemoan Beowulf and praise him: and thus ends the poem.

THE STORY OF BEOWULF

I. AND FIRST OF THE KINDRED OF HROTHGAR.

WHAT! we of the Spear-Danes of yore days, so was it

That we learn'd of the fair fame of kings of the folks

And the athelings a-faring in framing of valour.

Oft then Scyld the Sheaf-son from the hosts of the scathers,

From kindreds a many the mead-settles tore;

It was then the earl fear'd them, sithence was he first

Found bare and all-lacking; so solace he bided,

Wax'd under the welkin in worship to thrive,

Until it was so that the round-about sitters

10

All over the whale-road must hearken his will

And yield him the tribute. A good king was that,

By whom then thereafter a son was begotten,

A youngling in garth, whom the great God sent thither

To foster the folk; and their crime-need he felt

The load that lay on them while lordless they lived

For a long while and long. He therefore, the Life-lord,

The Wielder of glory, world's worship he gave him:

Brim Beowulf waxed, and wide the weal upsprang

Of the offspring of Scyld in the parts of the Scede-lands.

20

Such wise shall a youngling with wealth be a-working

With goodly fee-gifts toward the friends of his father,

That after in eld-days shall ever bide with him,

Fair fellows well-willing when wendeth the war-tide,

Their lief lord a-serving. By praise-deeds it shall be

That in each and all kindreds a man shall have thriving.

Then went his ways Scyld when the shapen while was,

All hardy to wend him to the lord and his warding:

Out then did they bear him to the side of the sea-flood,

The dear fellows of him, as he himself pray'd them

30

While yet his word wielded the friend of the Scyldings,

The dear lord of the land; a long while had he own'd it.

With stem all be-ringed at the hythe stood the ship,

All icy and out-fain, the Atheling's ferry.

There then did they lay him, the lord well beloved,

The gold-rings' bestower, within the ship's barm,

The mighty by mast. Much there was the treasure,

From far ways forsooth had the fret-work been led:

Never heard I of keel that was comelier dighted

With weapons of war, and with weed of the battle,

40

With bills and with byrnies. There lay in his barm

Much wealth of the treasure that with him should be,

And he into the flood's might afar to depart.

No lesser a whit were the wealth-goods they dight him

Of the goods of the folk, than did they who aforetime,

When was the beginning, first sent him away

Alone o'er the billows, and he but a youngling.

Moreover they set him up there a sign golden

High up overhead, and let the holm bear him,

Gave all to the Spearman. Sad mind they had in them,

50

And mourning their mood was. Now never knew men,

For sooth how to say it, rede-masters in hall,

Or heroes 'neath heaven, to whose hands came the lading.

II. CONCERNING HROTHGAR, AND HOW HE BUILT THE HOUSE CALLED HART. ALSO GRENDEL IS TOLD OF.

IN the burgs then was biding Beowulf the Scylding,

Dear King of the people, for long was he dwelling

Far-famed of folks (his father turn'd elsewhere,

From his stead the Chief wended) till awoke to him after

Healfdene the high, and long while he held it,

Ancient and war-eager, o'er the glad Scyldings:

Of his body four bairns are forth to him rimed;

60

Into the world woke the leader of war-hosts

Heorogar; eke Hrothgar, and Halga the good;

Heard I that Elan queen was she of Ongentheow,

That Scylding of battle, the bed-mate behalsed.

Then was unto Hrothgar the war-speed given,

Such worship of war that his kin and well-willers

Well hearken'd his will till the younglings were waxen,

A kin-host a many. Then into his mind ran

That he would be building for him now a hall-house,

That men should be making a mead-hall more mighty

70

Than the children of ages had ever heard tell of:

And there within eke should he be out-dealing

To young and to old all things God had given,

Save the share of the folk and the life-days of men.

Then heard I that widely the work was a-banning

To kindreds a many the Middle-garth over

To fret o'er that folk-stead. So befell to him timely

Right soon among men that made was it yarely

The most of hall-houses, and Hart its name shap'd he,

Who wielded his word full widely around.

80

His behest he belied not; it was he dealt the rings,

The wealth at the high-tide. Then up rose the hall-house,

High up and horn-gabled. Hot surges it bided

Of fire-flame the loathly, nor long was it thenceforth

Ere sorely the edge-hate 'twixt Son and Wife's Father

After the slaughter-strife there should awaken.

Then the ghost heavy-strong bore with it hardly

E'en for a while of time, bider in darkness,

That there on each day of days heard he the mirth-tide

Loud in the hall-house. There was the harp's voice,

90

And clear song of shaper. Said he who could it

To tell the first fashion of men from aforetime;

Quoth how the Almighty One made the Earth's fashion,

The fair field and bright midst the bow of the Waters,

And with victory beglory'd set Sun and Moon,

Bright beams to enlighten the biders on land:

And how he adorned all parts of the earth

With limbs and with leaves; and life withal shaped

For the kindred of each thing that quick on earth wendeth.

So liv'd on all happy the host of the kinsmen

100

In game and in glee, until one wight began,

A fiend out of hell-pit, the framing of evil,

And Grendel forsooth the grim guest was hight,

The mighty mark-strider, the holder of moorland,

The fen and the fastness. The stead of the fifel

That wight all unhappy a while of time warded,

Sithence that the Shaper him had for-written.

On the kindred of Cain the Lord living ever

Awreaked the murder of the slaying of Abel.

In that feud he rejoic'd not, but afar him He banish'd,

110

The Maker, from mankind for the crime he had wrought.

But offspring uncouth thence were they awoken

Eotens and elf-wights, and ogres of ocean,

And therewith the Giants, who won war against God

A long while; but He gave them their wages therefor.

III. HOW GRENDEL FELL UPON HART AND WASTED IT.

NOW went he a-spying, when come was the night-tide,

The house on high builded, and how there the Ring-Danes

Their beer-drinking over had boune them to bed;

And therein he found them, the atheling fellows,

Asleep after feasting. Then sorrow they knew not

120

Nor the woe of mankind: but the wight of wealth's waning,

The grim and the greedy, soon yare was he gotten,

All furious and fierce, and he raught up from resting

A thirty of thanes, and thence aback got him

Right fain of his gettings, and homeward to fare,

Fulfilled of slaughter his stead to go look on.

Thereafter at dawning, when day was yet early,

The war-craft of Grendel to men grew unhidden,

And after his meal was the weeping uphoven,

Mickle voice of the morning-tide: there the Prince mighty,

130

The Atheling exceeding good, unblithe he sat,

Tholing the heavy woe; thane-sorrow dreed he

Since the slot of the loathly wight there they had look'd on,

The ghost all accursed. O'er grisly the strife was,

So loathly and longsome. No longer the frist was

But after the wearing of one night; then fram'd he

Murder-bales more yet, and nowise he mourned

The feud and the crime; over fast therein was he.

Then easy to find was the man who would elsewhere

Seek out for himself a rest was more roomsome,

Beds 140 end-long the bowers, when beacon'd to him was,

And soothly out told by manifest token,

The hate of the hell-thane. He held himself sithence

Further and faster who from the fiend gat him.

In such wise he rul'd it and wrought against right,

But one against all, until idle was standing

The best of hall-houses; and mickle the while was,

Twelve winter-tides' wearing; and trouble he tholed,

That friend of the Scyldings, of woes every one

And wide-spreading sorrows: for sithence it fell

150

That unto men's children unbidden 'twas known

Full sadly in singing, that Grendel won war

'Gainst Hrothgar a while of time, hate-envy waging,

And crime-guilts and feud for seasons no few,

And strife without stinting. For the sake of no kindness

Unto any of men of the main-host of Dane-folk

Would he thrust off the life-bale, or by fee-gild allay it,

Nor was there a wise man that needed to ween

The bright boot to have at the hand of the slayer.

The monster the fell one afflicted them sorely,

160

That death-shadow darksome the doughty and youthful

Enfettered, ensnared; night by night was he faring

The moorlands the misty. But never know men

Of spell-workers of Hell to and fro where they wander.

So crime-guilts a many the foeman of mankind,

The fell alone-farer, fram'd oft and full often,

Cruel hard shames and wrongful, and Hart he abode in,

The treasure-stain'd hall, in the dark of the night-tide;

But never the gift-stool therein might he greet,

The treasure before the Creator he trow'd not.

170

Mickle wrack was it soothly for the friend of the Scyldings,

Yea heart and mood breaking. Now sat there a many

Of the mighty in rune, and won them the rede

Of what thing for the strong-soul'd were best of all things

Which yet they might frame 'gainst the fear and the horror.

And whiles they behight them at the shrines of the heathen

To worship the idols; and pray'd they in words,

That he, the ghost-slayer, would frame for them helping

'Gainst the folk-threats and evil So far'd they their wont,

The hope of the heathen; nor hell they remember'd

In 180 mood and in mind. And the Maker they knew not,

The Doomer of deeds: nor of God the Lord wist they,

Nor the Helm of the Heavens knew aught how to hery,

The Wielder of Glory. Woe worth unto that man

Who through hatred the baneful his soul shall shove into

The fire's embrace; nought of fostering weens he,

Nor of changing one whit. But well is he soothly

That after the death-day shall seek to the Lord,

In the breast of the Father all peace ever craving.

IV. NOW COMES BEOWULF ECGTHEOW’S SON TO THE LAND OF THE DANES, AND THE WALL-WARDEN SPEAKETH WITH HIM.

SO care that was time-long the kinsman of Healfdene

190 Still seeth'd without ceasing, nor might the wise warrior

Wend otherwhere woe, for o'er strong was the strife

All loathly so longsome late laid on the people,

Need-wrack and grim nithing, of night-bales the greatest.

Now that from his home heard the Hygelac's thane,

Good midst of the Geat-folk; of Grendel's deeds heard he.

But he was of mankind of might and main mightiest

In the day that we tell of, the day of this life,

All noble, strong-waxen. He bade a wave-wearer

Right good to be gear'd him, and quoth he that the war-king

Over 200 the swan-road he would be seeking,

The folk-lord far-famed, since lack of men had he.

Forsooth of that faring the carles wiser-fashion'd

Laid little blame on him, though lief to them was he;

The heart-hardy whetted they, heeded the omen.

There had the good one, e'en he of the Geat-folk,

Champions out-chosen of them that he keenest

Might find for his needs; and he then the fifteenth,

Sought to the sound-wood. A swain thereon show'd him,

A sea-crafty man, all the make of the land-marks.

210

Wore then a while, on the waves was the floater,

The boat under the berg, and yare then the warriors

Strode up on the stem; the streams were a-winding

The sea 'gainst the sands. Upbore the swains then

Up into the bark's barm the bright-fretted weapons,

The war-array stately; then out the lads shov'd her,

The folk on the welcome way shov'd out the wood-bound.

Then by the wind driven out o'er the wave-holm

Far'd the foamy-neck'd floater most like to a fowl,

Till when was the same tide of the second day's wearing

220

The wound-about-stemm'd one had waded her way,

So that then they that sail'd her had sight of the land,

Bleak shine of the sea-cliffs, bergs steep up above,

Sea-nesses wide reaching; the sound was won over,

The sea-way was ended: then up ashore swiftly

The band of the Weder-folk up on earth wended;

They bound up the sea-wood, their sarks on them rattled,

Their weed of the battle, and God there they thanked

For that easy the wave-ways were waxen unto them.

But now from the wall saw the Scylding-folks' warder,

230

E'en he whom the holm-cliffs should ever be holding,

Men bear o'er the gangway the bright shields a-shining,

Folk-host gear all ready. Then mind-longing wore him,

And stirr'd up his mood to wot who were the men-folk.

So shoreward down far'd he his fair steed a-riding,

Hrothgar's Thane, and full strongly then set he a-quaking

The stark wood in his hands, and in council-speech speer'd he:

What men be ye then of them that have war-gear,

With byrnies bewarded, who the keel high up-builded

Over the Lake-street thus have come leading.

240

Hither o'er holm-ways hieing in ring-stem?

End-sitter was I, a-holding the sea-ward,

That the land of the Dane-folk none of the loathly

Faring with ship-horde ever might scathe it.

None yet have been seeking more openly hither

Of shield-havers than ye, and ye of the leave-word

Of the framers of war naught at all wotting,

Or the manners of kinsmen. But no man of earls greater

Saw I ever on earth than one of you yonder,

The warrior in war-gear: no hall-man, so ween I,

250

Is that weapon-beworthy'd, but his visage belie him,

The sight seen once only. Now I must be wotting

The spring of your kindred ere further ye cast ye,

And let loose your false spies in the Dane-land a-faring

Yet further afield. So now, ye far-dwellers,

Ye wenders o'er sea-flood, this word do ye hearken

Of my one-folded thought: and haste is the handiest

To do me to wit of whence is your coming.

V. HERE BEOWULF MAKES ANSWER TO THE LAND-WARDEN, WHO SHOWETH HIM THE WAY TO THE KING’S ABODE.

HE then that was chiefest in thus wise he answer'd,

The war-fellows' leader unlock'd he the word-hoard:

260

We be a people of the Weder-Geats' man-kin

And of Hygelac be we the hearth-fellows soothly.

My father before me of folks was well-famed

Van-leader and atheling, Ecgtheow he hight.

Many winters abode he, and on the way wended

An old man from the garths, and him well remembers

Every wise man well nigh wide yond o'er the earth.

Through our lief mood and friendly the lord that is thine,

Even Healfdene's son, are we now come a-seeking,

Thy warder of folk. Learn us well with thy leading,

270

For we have to the mighty an errand full mickle,

To the lord of the Dane-folk: naught dark shall it be,

That ween I full surely. If it be so thou wottest,

As soothly for our parts we now have heard say,

That one midst of the Scyldings, who of scathers I wot not,

A deed-hater secret, in the dark of the night-tide

Setteth forth through the terror the malice untold of,

The shame-wrong and slaughter. I therefore to Hrothgar

Through my mind fashion'd roomsome the rede may now learn him,

How he, old-wise and good, may get the fiend under,

280

If once more from him awayward may turn

The business of bales, and the boot come again,

And the weltering of care wax cooler once more;

Or for ever sithence time of stress he shall thole,

The need and the wronging, the while yet there abideth

On the high stead aloft the best of all houses.

Then spake out the warden on steed there a-sitting,

The servant all un-fear'd: It shall be of either

That the shield-warrior sharp the sundering wotteth,

Of words and of works, if he think thereof well.

290

I hear it thus said that this host here is friendly

To the lord of the Scyldings; forth fare ye then, bearing

Your weed and your weapons, of the way will I wise you;

Likewise mine own kinsmen I will now be bidding

Against every foeman your floater before us,

Your craft but new-tarred, the keel on the sand,

With honour to hold, until back shall be bearing

Over the lake-streams this one, the lief man,

The wood of the wounden-neck back unto Wedermark.

Unto such shall be granted amongst the good-doers

300

To win the way out all whole from the war-race.

Then boun they to faring, the bark biding quiet;

Hung upon hawser the wide-fathom'd ship

Fast at her anchor. Forth shone the boar-shapes

Over the check-guards golden adorned,

Fair-shifting, fire-hard; ward held the farrow.

Snorted the war-moody, hasten'd the warriors

And trod down together until the hall timbered,

Stately and gold-bestain'd, gat they to look on,

That was the all-mightiest unto earth's dwellers

310

Of halls 'neath the heavens, wherein bode the mighty;

Glisten'd the gleam thereof o'er lands a many.

Unto them then the war-deer the court of the proud one

Full clearly betaught it, that they therewithal

Might wend their ways thither. Then he of the warriors

Round wended his steed, and spake a word backward:

Time now for my faring; but the Father All-wielder

May He with all helping henceforward so hold you

All whole in your wayfaring. Will I to sea-side

Against the wroth folk to hold warding ever.

VI. BEOWULF AND THE GEATS COME INTO HART.

320

STONE-DIVERSE the street was, straight uplong the path led

The warriors together. There shone the war-byrny

The hard and the hand-lock'd; the ring-iron sheer

Sang over their war-gear, when they to the hall first

In their gear the all-fearful had gat them to ganging.

So then the sea-weary their wide shields set down,

Their war-rounds the mighty, against the hall's wall.

Then bow'd they to bench, and rang there the byrnies,

The war-weed of warriors, and up-stood the spears,

The war-gear of the sea-folk all gather'd together.

330

The ash-holt grey-headed; that host of the iron

With weapons was worshipful. There then a proud chief

Of those lads of the battle speer'd after their line:

Whence ferry ye then the shields golden-faced,

The grey sarks therewith, and the helms all bevisor'd,

And a heap of the war-shafts? Now am I of Hrothgar

The man and the messenger: ne'er saw I of aliens

So many of men more might-like of mood.

I ween that for pride-sake, no wise for wrack-wending

But for high might of mind, ye to Hrothgar have sought.

340

Unto him then the heart-hardy answer'd and spake,

The proud earl of the Weders the word gave aback,

The hardy neath helm: Now of Hygelac are we

The board-fellows; Beowulf e'en is my name,

And word will I say unto Healfdene's son,

To the mighty, the folk-lord, what errand is mine,

Yea unto thy lord, if to us he will grant it

That him, who so good is, anon we may greet.

Spake Wulfgar the word, a lord of the Wendels,

And the mood of his heart of a many was kenned,

350

His war and his wisdom: I therefore the Danes' friend

Will lightly be asking, of the lord of the Scyldings,

The dealer of rings, since the boon thou art bidding,

The mighty folk-lord, concerning thine errand,

And swiftly the answer shall do thee to wit

Which the good one to give thee aback may deem meetest.

Then turn'd he in haste to where Hrothgar was sitting

Right old and all hoary mid the host of his earl-folk:

Went the valour-stark; stood he the shoulders before

Of the Dane-lord: well could he the doughty ones' custom.

360

So Wulfgar spake forth to his lord the well-friendly:

Hither are ferry'd now, come from afar off

O'er the field of the ocean, a folk of the Geats;

These men of the battle e'en Beowulf name they

Their elder and chiefest, and to thee are they bidding

That they, O dear lord, with thee may be dealing

In word against word. Now win them no naysay

Of thy speech again-given, O Hrothgar the glad-man:

For they in their war-gear, methinketh, be worthy

Of good deeming of earls; and forsooth naught but doughty

370

Is he who hath led o'er the warriors hither.

VII. BEOWULF SPEAKETH WITH HROTHGAR, AND TELLETH HOW HE WILL MEET GRENDEL.

WORD then gave out Hrothgar the helm of the Scyldings:

I knew him in sooth when he was but a youngling,

And his father, the old man, was Ecgtheow hight;

Unto whom at his home gave Hrethel the Geat-lord

His one only daughter; and now hath his offspring

All hardy come hither a lief lord to seek him.

For that word they spake then, the sea-faring men,

E'en they who the gift-seat for the Geat-folk had ferry'd,

Brought thither for thanks, that of thirty of menfolk

380

The craft of might hath he within his own handgrip,

That war-strong of men. Now him holy God

For kind help hath sent off here even to us,

We men of the West Danes, as now I have weening,

'Gainst the terror of Grendel. So I to that good one

For his mighty mood-daring shall the dear treasure bid.

Haste now and be speedy, and bid them in straightway,

The kindred-band gather'd together, to see us,

And in words say thou eke that they be well comen

To the folk of the Danes. To the door of the hall then

390

Went Wulfgar, and words withinward he flitted:

He bade me to say you, my lord of fair battle,

The elder of East-Danes, that he your blood knoweth,

And that unto him are ye the sea-surges over,

Ye lads hardy-hearted, well come to land hither;

And now may ye wend you all in war-raiment

Under the battle-mask Hrothgar to see.

But here let your battle-boards yet be abiding,

With your war-weed and slaughter-shafts, issue of words.

Then rose up the rich one, much warriors around him,

400

Chosen heap of the thanes, but there some abided

The war-gear to hold, as the wight one was bidding.

Swift went they together, as the warrior there led them,

Under Hart's roof: went the stout-hearted,

The hardy neath helm, till he stood by the high-seat.

Then Beowulf spake out, on him shone the byrny,

His war-net besown by the wiles of the smith:

Hail to thee, Hrothgar! I am of Hygelac

Kinsman and folk-thane; fair deeds have I many

Begun in my youth-tide, and this matter of Grendel

410

On the turf of mine own land undarkly I knew.

'Tis the seafarers' say that standeth this hall,

The best house forsooth, for each one of warriors

All idle and useless, after the even-light

Under the heaven-loft hidden becometh.

Then lightly they learn'd me, my people, this lore,

E'en the best that there be of the wise of the churls,

O Hrothgar the kingly, that thee should I seek to,

Whereas of the might of my craft were they cunning;

For they saw me when came I from out of my wargear,

420

Blood-stain'd from the foe whenas five had I bounden,

Quell'd the kin of the eotens, and in the wave slain

The nicors by night-tide: strait need then I bore,

Wreak'd the grief of the Weders, the woe they had gotten;

I ground down the wrathful; and now against Grendel

I here with the dread one alone shall be dooming,

In Thing with the giant. I now then with thee,

O lord of the bright Danes, will fall to my bidding,

O berg of Scyldings, and bid thee one boon,

Which, O refuge of warriors, gainsay me not now,

430

Since, O free friend of folks, from afar have I come,

That I alone, I and my band of the earls,

This hard heap of men, may cleanse Hart of ill.

This eke have I heard say, that he, the fell monster,

In his wan-heed recks nothing of weapons of war;

Forgo I this therefore (if so be that Hygelac

Will still be my man-lord, and he blithe of mood)

To bear the sword with me, or bear the broad shield,

Yellow-round to the battle; but with naught save the hand-grip

With the foe shall I grapple, and grope for the life

440

The loathly with loathly. There he shall believe

In the doom of the Lord whom death then shall take.

Now ween I that he, if he may wield matters,

E'en there in the war-hall the folk of the Geats

Shall eat up unafear'd, as oft he hath done it

With the might of the Hrethmen: no need for thee therefore

My head to be hiding; for me will he have

With gore all bestain'd, if the death of men get me;

He will bear off my bloody corpse minded to taste it;

Unmournfully then will the Lone-goer eat it,

450

Will blood-mark the moor-ways; for the meat of my body

Naught needest thou henceforth in any wise grieve thee.

But send thou to Hygelac, if the war have me,

The best of all war-shrouds that now my breast wardeth,

The goodliest of railings, the good gift of Hrethel,

The hand-work of Weland. Weird wends as she willeth.

VIII. HROTHGAR ANSWERETH BEOWULF AND BIDDETH HIM SIT TO THE FEAST.

SPAKE out then Hrothgar the helm of the Scyldings:

Thou Beowulf, friend mine, for battle that wardeth

And for help that is kindly hast sought to us hither.

Fought down thy father the most of all feuds;

460

To Heatholaf was he forsooth for a hand-bane

Amidst of the Wylfings. The folk of the Weders

Him for the war-dread that while might not hold.

So thence did he seek to the folk of the South-Danes

O'er the waves' wallow, to the Scyldings be-worshipped.

Then first was I wielding the weal of the Dane-folk,

That time was I holding in youth-tide the gem-rich

Hoard-burg of the heroes. Dead then was Heorogar,

Mine elder of brethren; unliving was he,

The Healfdene's bairn that was better than I.

470

That feud then thereafter with fee did I settle;

I sent to the Wylfing folk over the waters' back

Treasures of old time; he swore the oaths to me.

Sorrow is in my mind that needs must I say it

To any of grooms, of Grendel what hath he

Of shaming in Hart, and he with his hate-wiles

Of sudden harms framed; the host of my hall-floor,

The war-heap, is waned; Weird swept them away

Into horror of Grendel. It is God now that may lightly

The scather the doltish from deeds thrust aside.

480

Full oft have they boasted with beer well bedrunken,

My men of the battle all over the ale-stoup,

That they in the beer-hall would yet be abiding

The onset of Grendel with the terror of edges.

But then was this mead-hall in the tide of the morning,

This warrior-hall, gore-stain'd when day at last gleamed,

All the boards of the benches with blood besteam'd over,

The hall laid with sword-gore: of lieges less had I

Of dear and of doughty, for them death had gotten.

Now sit thou to feast and unbind thy mood freely,

490

Thy war-fame unto men as the mind of thee whetteth.

Then was for the Geat-folk and them all together

There in the beer-hall a bench bedight roomsome,

There the stout-hearted hied them to sitting

Proud in their might: a thane minded the service,

Who in hand upbare an ale-stoup adorned,

Skinked the sheer mead; whiles sang the shaper

Clear out in Hart-hall; joy was of warriors,

Men doughty no little of Danes and of Weders.

IX. UNFERTH CONTENDETH IN WORDS WITH BEOWULF.

SPAKE out then Unferth that bairn was of Ecglaf,

500 And he sat at the feet of the lord of the Scyldings,

He unbound the battle-rune; was Beowulf's faring,

Of him the proud mere-farer, mickle unliking,

Whereas he begrudg'd it of any man other

That he glories more mighty the middle-garth over

Should hold under heaven than he himself held:

Art thou that Beowulf who won strife with Breca

On the wide sea contending in swimming,

When ye two for pride's sake search'd out the floods

And for a dolt's cry into deep water

510

Thrust both your life-days? No man the twain of you,

Lief or loth were he, might lay wyte to stay you

Your sorrowful journey, when on the sea row'd ye;

Then when the ocean-stream ye with your arms deck'd,

Meted the mere-streets, there your hands brandish'd!

O'er the Spearman ye glided; the sea with waves welter'd,

The surge of the winter. Ye twain in the waves' might

For a seven nights swink'd. He outdid thee in swimming,

And the more was his might; but him in the morn-tide

To the Heatho-Remes' land the holm bore ashore.

520

And thence away sought he to his dear land and lovely,

The lief to his people sought the land of the Brondings,

The fair burg peace-warding, where he the folk owned,

The burg and the gold rings. What to theeward he boasted,

Beanstan's son, for thee soothly he brought it about.

Now ween I for thee things worser than erewhile,

Though thou in the war-race wert everywhere doughty,

In the grim war, if thou herein Grendel darest

Night-long for a while of time nigh to abide.

Then Beowulf spake out, the Ecgtheow's bairn:

530

What! thou no few of things, O Unferth my friend,

And thou drunken with beer, about Breca hast spoken,

Saidest out of his journey; so the sooth now I tell:

To wit, that the more might ever I owned,

Hard wearing on wave more than any man else.

We twain then, we quoth it, while yet we were younglings,

And we boasted between us, the twain of us being yet

In our youth-days, that we out onto the Spearman

Our lives would adventure; and e'en so we wrought It.

We had a sword naked, when on the sound row'd we,

540

Hard in hand, as we twain against the whale-fishes

Had mind to be warding us. No whit from me

In the waves of the sea-flood afar might he float

The hastier in holm, nor would I from him hie me.

Then we two together, we were in the sea

For a five nights, till us twain the flood drave asunder,

The weltering of waves. Then the coldest of weathers

In the dusking of night and the wind from the northward

Battle-grim turn'd against us, rough grown were the billows.

Of the mere-fishes then was the mood all up-stirred;

550

There me 'gainst the loathly the body-sark mine,

The hard and the hand-lock'd, was framing me help,

My battle-rail braided, it lay on my breast

Gear'd graithly with gold. But me to the ground tugg'd

A foe and fiend-scather; fast he had me In hold

That grim one in grip: yet to me was it given.

That the wretch there, the monster, with point might I reach,

With my bill of the battle, and the war-race off bore

The mighty mere-beast through the hand that was mine.

X. BEOWULF MAKES AN END OF HIS TALE OF THE SWIMMING. WEALHTHEOW, HROTHGAR’S QUEEN, GREETS HIM; AND HROTHGAR DELIVERS TO HIM THE WARDING OF THE HALL.

THUS oft and oft over the doers of evil

560 They threatened me hard; thane-service I did them

With the dear sword of mine, as forsooth it was meet,

That nowise of their fill did they win them the joy

The evil fordoers in swallowing me down,

Sitting round at the feast nigh the ground of the sea.

Yea rather, a morning-tide, mangled by sword-edge

Along the waves' leaving up there did they lie

Lull'd asleep with the sword, so that never sithence

About the deep floods for the farers o'er ocean

The way have they letted. Came the light from the eastward,

570

The bright beacon of God, and grew the seas calm,

So that the sea-nesses now might I look on,

The windy walls. Thuswise Weird oft will be saving

The earl that is unfey, when his valour availeth.

Whatever, it happ'd me that I with the sword slew

Nicors nine. Never heard I of fighting a night-tide

'Neath the vault of the heavens was harder than that,

Nor yet on the sea-streams of woefuller wight.

Whatever, forth won I with life from the foes' clutch

All of wayfaring weary. But me the sea upbore,

580

The flood downlong the tide with the weltering of waters,

All onto the Finnland. No whit of thee ever

Mid such strife of the battle-gear have I heard say,

Such terrors of bills. Nor never yet Breca

In the play of the battle, nor both you, nor either,

So dearly the deeds have framed forsooth

With the bright flashing swords; though of this naught I boast me.

But thou of thy brethren the banesman becamest,

Yea thine head-kin forsooth, for which in hell shalt thou

Dree weird of damnation, though doughty thy wit be;

590

For unto thee say I forsooth, son of Ecglaf,

That so many deeds never Grendel had done,

That monster the loathly, against thine own lord,

The shaming in Hart-hall, if suchwise thy mind were,

And thy soul e'en as battle-fierce, such as thou sayest.

But he, he hath fram'd it that the feud he may heed not,

The fearful edge-onset that is of thy folk,

Nor sore need be fearful of the Victory-Scyldings.

The need-pledges taketh he, no man he spareth

Of the folk of the Danes, driveth war as he lusteth,

600

Slayeth and feasteth unweening of strife

With them of the Spear-Danes. But I, I shall show it,

The Geats' wightness and might ere the time weareth old,

Shall bide him in war-tide. Then let him go who may go

High-hearted to mead, sithence when the morn-light

O'er the children of men of the second day hence,

The sun clad in heaven's air, shines from the southward.

Then merry of heart was the meter of treasures,

The hoary-man'd war-renown'd, help now he trow'd in;

The lord of the Bright-Danes on Beowulf hearken'd,

610

The folk-shepherd knew him, his fast-ready mind.

There was laughter of heroes, and high the din rang

And winsome the words were. Went Wealhtheow forth,

The Queen she of Hrothgar, of courtesies mindful,

The gold-array'd greeted the grooms in the hall,

The free and frank woman the beaker there wended,

And first to the East-Dane-folk's fatherland's warder,

And bade him be blithe at the drinking of beer,

To his people beloved, and lustily took he

The feast and the hall-cup, that victory-fam'd King.

620

Then round about went she, the Dame of the Helmings,

And to doughty and youngsome, each deal of the folk there,

Gave cups of the treasure, till now it betid

That to Beowulf duly the Queen the ring-dighted,

Of mind high uplifted, the mead-beaker bare.

Then she greeted the Geat-lord, and gave God the thank,

She, the wisefast In words, that the will had wax'd in her

In one man of the earls to have trusting and troth

For comfort from crimes. But the cup then he took,

The slaughter-fierce warrior, from Wealhtheow the Queen.

630

And then rim'd he the word, making ready for war,

And Beowulf spake forth, the Ecgtheow's bairn:

E'en that in mind had I when up on holm strode I,

And in sea-boat sat down with a band of my men,

That for once and for all the will of your people

Would I set me to work, or on slaughter-field cringe

Fast in grip of the fiend; yea and now shall I frame

The valour of earl-folk, or else be abiding

The day of mine end, here down in the mead-hall.

To the wife those his words well liking they were,

640

The big word of the Geat; and the gold-adorn'd wended,

The frank and free Queen to sit by her lord.

And thereafter within the high hall was as erst

The proud word outspoken and bliss on the people,

Was the sound of the victory-folk, till on a sudden

The Healfdene's son would now be a-seeking

His rest of the even: wotted he for the Evil

Within the high hall was the Hild-play bedight,

Sithence that the sun-light no more should they see,

When night should be darkening, and down over all

650

The shapes of the shadow-helms should be a-striding

Wan under the welkin. Uprose then all war-folk;

Then greeted the glad-minded one man the other,

Hrothgar to Beowulf, bidding him hail,

And the wine-hall to wield, and withal quoth the word:

Never to any man erst have I given,

Since the hand and the shield's round aloft might I heave,

This high hall of the Dane-folk, save now unto thee.

Have now and hold the best of all houses,

Mind thee of fame, show the might of thy valour!

660

Wake the wroth one: no lack shall there be to thy willing

If that wight work thou win and life therewithal.

XI. NOW IS BEOWULF LEFT IN THE HALL ALONE WITH HIS MEN.

THEN wended him Hrothgar with the band of his warriors,

The high-ward of the Scyldings from out of the hall,

For then would the war-lord go seek unto Wealhtheow

The Queen for a bed-mate. The glory of king-folk

Against Grendel had set, as men have heard say,

A hall-ward who held him a service apart

In the house of the Dane-lord, for eoten-ward held he.

Forsooth he, the Geat-lord, full gladly he trowed

670

In the might of his mood and the grace of the Maker.

Therewith he did off him his byrny of iron

And the helm from his head, and his dighted sword gave,

The best of all irons, to the thane that abode him,

And bade him to hold that harness of battle.

Bespake then the good one, a big word he gave out,

Beowulf the Geat, ere on the bed strode he:

Nowise in war I deem me more lowly

In the works of the battle than Grendel, I ween;

So not with the sword shall I lull him to slumber,

680

Or take his life thuswise, though to me were it easy;

Of that good wise he wots not, to get the stroke on me,

To hew on my shield, for as stark as he shall be

In the works of the foeman. So we twain a night-tide

Shall forgo the sword, if he dare yet to seek

The war without weapons. Sithence the wise God,

The Lord that is holy, on which hand soever

The glory may doom as due to him seemeth.

Bowed down then the war-deer, the cheek-bolster took

The face of the earl; and about him a many

690

Of sea-warriors bold to their hall-slumber bow'd them;

No one of them thought that thence away should he

Seek ever again to his home the beloved,

His folk or his free burg, where erst he was fed;

For of men had they learn'd that o'er mickle a many

In that wine-hall aforetime the fell death had gotten

Of the folk of the Danes; but the Lord to them gave it,

To the folk of the Weders, the web of war-speeding,

Help fair and good comfort, e'en so that their foeman

Through the craft of one man all they overcame,

700

By the self-might of one. So is manifest truth

That God the Almighty the kindred of men

Hath wielded wide ever. Now by wan night there came,

There strode in the shade-goer; slept there the shooters,

They who that horn-house should be a-holding,

All men but one man: to men was that known,

That them indeed might not, since will'd not the Maker,

The scather unceasing drag off 'neath the shadow;

But he ever watching in wrath 'gainst the wroth one

Mood-swollen abided the battle-mote ever.

XII. GRENDEL COMETH INTO HART: OF THE STRIFE BETWIXT HIM AND BEOWULF.

710

CAME then from the moor-land, all under the mist-bents,

Grendel a-going there, bearing God's anger.

The scather the ill one was minded of mankind

To have one in his toils from the high hall aloft.

'Neath the welkin he waded, to the place whence the wine-house,

The gold-hall of men, most yarely he wist

With gold-plates fair coloured; nor was it the first time

That he unto Hrothgar's high home had betook him.

Never he in his life-days, either erst or thereafter,

Of warriors more hardy or hall-thanes had found.

720

Came then to the house the wight on his ways,

Of all joys bereft; and soon sprang the door open,

With fire-bands made fast, when with hand he had touch'd it;

Brake the bale-heedy, he with wrath bollen,

The mouth of the house there, and early thereafter

On the shiny-fleck'd floor thereof trod forth the fiend;

On went he then mood-wroth, and out from his eyes stood

Likest to fire-flame light full unfair.

In the high house beheld he a many of warriors,

A host of men sib all sleeping together,

730

Of man-warriors a heap; then laugh'd out his mood;

In mind deem'd he to sunder, or ever came day,

The monster, the fell one, from each of the men there

The life from the body; for befell him a boding

Of fulfilment of feeding: but weird now it was not

That he any more of mankind thenceforward

Should eat, that night over. Huge evil beheld then

The Hygelac's kinsman, and how the foul scather

All with his fear-grips would fare there before him;

How never the monster was minded to tarry,

740

For speedily gat he, and at the first stour,

A warrior a-sleeping, and unaware slit him,

Bit his bone-coffer, drank blood a-streaming,

Great gobbets swallow'd in; thenceforth soon had he

Of the unliving one every whit eaten

To hands and feet even: then forth strode he nigher,

And took hold with his hand upon him the highhearted.

The warrior a-resting; reach'd out to himwards

The fiend with his hand, gat fast on him rathely

With thought of all evil, and besat him his arm.

750

Then swiftly was finding the herdsman of fouldeeds

That forsooth he had met not in Middle-garth ever,

In the parts of the earth, in any man else

A hand-grip more mighty; then wax'd he of mood

Heart-fearful, but none the more outward might he;

Hence-eager his heart was to the darkness to hie him,

And the devil-dray seek: not there was his service

E'en such as he found in his life-days before.

Then to heart laid the good one, the Hygelac's kinsman,

His speech of the even-tide; uplong he stood

760

And fast with him grappled, till bursted his fingers.

The eoten was out-fain, but on strode the earl.

The mighty fiend minded was, whereso he might,

To wind him about more widely away thence,

And flee fenwards; he found then the might of his fingers

In the grip of the fierce one; sorry faring was that

Which he, the harm-scather, had taken to Hart.

The warrior-hall dinn'd now; unto all Danes there waxed,

To the castle-abiders, to each of the keen ones,

To all earls, as an ale-dearth. Now angry were both

770

Of the fierce mighty warriors, far rang out the hall-house;

Then mickle the wonder it was that the wine-hall

Withstood the two war-deer, nor welter'd to earth

The fair earthly dwelling; but all fast was it builded

Within and without with the banding of iron

By crafty thought smithy'd. But there from the sill bow'd

Fell many a mead-bench, by hearsay of mine,

With gold well adorned, where strove they the wrothful.

Hereof never ween'd they, the wise of the Scyldings,

That ever with might should any of men

780

The excellent, bone-dight, break into pieces,

Or unlock with cunning, save the light fire's embracing

In smoke should it swallow. So uprose the roar

New and enough; now fell on the North-Danes

Ill fear and the terror, on each and on all men,

Of them who from wall-top hearken'd the weeping,

Even God's foeman singing the fear-lay,

The triumphless song, and the wound-bewailing

Of the thrall of the Hell; for there now fast held him

He who of men of main was the mightiest

790

In that day which is told of, the day of this life.

XIII. BEOWULF HATH THE VICTORY: GRENDEL IS HURT DEADLY AND LEAVETH HAND AND ARM IN THE HALL.

NAUGHT would the earls' help for anything thenceforth

That murder-comer yet quick let loose of,

Nor his life-days forsooth to any of folk

Told he for useful. Out then drew full many

Of Beowult's earls the heir-loom of old days,

For their lord and their master's fair life would hey ward,

That mighty of princes, if so might they do it.

For this did they know not when they the strife dreed,

Those hardy-minded men of the battle,

800

And on every half there thought to be hewing,

And search out his soul, that the ceaseless scather

Not any on earth of the choice of all irons,

Not one of the war-bills, would greet home for ever.

For he had forsworn him from victory-weapons,

And each one of edges. But his sundering of soul

In the days that we tell of, the day of this life,

Should be weary and woeful, the ghost wending elsewhere

To the wielding of fiends to wend him afar.

Then found he out this, he who mickle erst made

810

Out of mirth of his mood unto children of men

And had fram'd many crimes, he the foeman of God,

That the body of him would not bide to avail him,

But the hardy of mood, even Hygelac's kinsman,

Had him fast by the hand: now was each to the other

All loathly while living: his body-sore bided

The monster: was manifest now on his shoulder

The unceasing wound, sprang the sinews asunder,

The bone-lockers bursted. To Beowulf now

Was the battle-fame given; should Grendel thenceforth

820

Flee life-sick awayward and under the fen-bents

Seek his unmerry stead: now wist he more surely

That ended his life was, and gone over for ever,

His day-tale told out. But was for all Dane-folk

After that slaughter-race all their will done.

Then had he cleans'd for them, he the far-comer,

Wise and stout-hearted, the high hall of Hrothgar,

And say'd it from war. So the night-work he joy'd in

And his doughty deed done. Yea, but he for the East-Danes

That lord of the Geat-folk his boast's end had gotten,

830

Withal their woes bygone all had he booted,

And the sorrow hate-fashion'd that afore they had dreed,

And the hard need and bitter that erst they must bear,

The sorrow unlittle. Sithence was clear token

When the deer of the battle laid down there the hand

The arm and the shoulder, and all there together

Of the grip of that Grendel 'neath the great roof upbuilded.

XIV. THE DANES REJOICE; THEY GO TO LOOK ON THE SLOT OF GRENDEL, AND COME BACK TO HART, AND ON THE WAY MAKE MERRY WITH RACING AND THE TELLING OF TALES.

THERE was then on the morning, as I have heard tell it,

Round the gift-hall a many of men of the warriors:

Were faring folk-leaders from far and from near

840

O'er the wide-away roads the wonder to look on,

The track of the loathly: his life-sundering nowise

Was deem'd for a sorrow to any of men there

Who gaz'd on the track of the gloryless wight;

How he all a-weary of mood thence awayward,

Brought to naught in the battle, to the mere of the nicors,

Now fey and forth-fleeing, his life-steps had flitted.

There all in the blood was the sea-brim a-welling,

The dread swing of the waves was washing all mingled

With hot blood; with the gore of the sword was it welling;

850

The death-doom'd had dyed it, sithence he unmerry

In his fen-hold had laid down the last of his life,

His soul of the heathen, and hell gat hold on him.

Thence back again far'd they those fellows of old,

With many a young one, from their wayfaring merry,

Full proud from the mere-side on mares there a-riding

The warriors on white steeds. There then was of Beowulf

Set forth the might mighty; oft quoth it a many

That nor northward nor southward beside the twin sea-floods,

Over all the huge earth's face now never another,

860

Never under the heaven's breadth, was there a better,

Nor of wielders of war-shields a worthier of kingship;

But neither their friendly lord blam'd they one whit,

Hrothgar the glad, for good of kings was he.

There whiles the warriors far-famed let leap

Their fair fallow horses and fare into flyting

Where unto them the earth-ways for fair-fashion'd seemed,

Through their choiceness well kenned; and whiles a king's thane,

A warrior vaunt-laden, of lays grown bemindful,

E'en he who all many of tales of the old days

870

A multitude minded, found other words also

Sooth-bounden, and boldly the man thus began

E'en Beowulf's wayfare well wisely to stir,

With good speed to set forth the spells well areded

And to shift about words. And well of all told he

That he of Sigemund erst had heard say,

Of the deeds of his might; and many things uncouth:

Of the strife of the Wælsing and his wide wayfarings,

Of those that men's children not well yet they wist,

The feud and the crimes, save Fitela with him;

880

Somewhat of such things yet would he say,

The eme to the nephew; e'en as they aye were

In all strife soever fellows full needful;

And full many had they of the kin of the eotens

Laid low with the sword. And to Sigemund upsprang

After his death-day fair doom unlittle

Sithence that the war-hard the Worm there had quelled,

The herd of the hoard; he under the hoar stone,

The bairn of the Atheling, all alone dar'd it,

That wight deed of deeds; with him Fitela was not.

890

But howe'er, his hap was that the sword so through-waded

The Worm the all-wondrous, that in the wall stood

The iron dear-wrought: and the drake died the murder.

There had the warrior so won by wightness,

That he of the ring-hoard the use might be having

All at his own will. The sea-boat he loaded,

And into the ship's barm bore the bright fretwork

Wæls' son. In the hotness the Worm was to-molten.

Now he of all wanderers was widely the greatest

Through the peoples of man-kind, the warder of warriors,

900

By mighty deeds; erst then and early he throve.

Now sithence the warfare of Heremod waned,

His might and his valour, amidst of the eotens

To the wielding of foemen straight was he betrayed,

And speedily sent forth: by the surges of sorrow

O'er-long was he lam'd, became he to his lieges,

To all of the athelings, a life-care thenceforward.

Withal oft bemoaned in times that were older

The ways of that stout heart many a carle of the wisest.

Who trow'd in him boldly for booting of bales,

910

And had look'd that the king's bairn should ever be thriving,

His father's own lordship should take, hold the folk,

The hoard and the ward-burg, and realm of the heroes,

The own land of the Scyldings. To all men was Beowulf,

The Hygelac's kinsman to the kindred of menfolk,

More fair unto friends; but on Heremod crime fell.

So whiles the men flyting the fallow street there

With their mares were they meting. There then was the morn-light

Thrust forth and hasten'd; went many a warrior

All hardy of heart to the high hall aloft

920

The rare wonder to see; and the King's self withal

From the bride-bower wended, the warder of ring-hoards,

All glorious he trod and a mickle troop had he,

He for choice ways beknown; and his Queen therewithal

Meted the mead-path with a meyny of maidens.

XV. KING HROTHGAR AND HIS THANES LOOK ON THE ARM OF GRENDEL. CONVERSE BETWIXT HROTHGAR AND BEOWULF CONCERNING THE BATTLE.

OUT then spake Hrothgar; for he to the hall went,

By the staple a-standing the steep roof he saw

Shining fair with the gold, and the hand there of Grendel:

For this sight that I see to the All-wielder thanks

Befall now forthwith, for foul evil I bided,

930

All griefs from this Grendel; but God, glory's Herder,

Wonder on wonder ever can work.

Unyore was it then when I for myself

Might ween never more, wide all through my life-days,

Of the booting of woes; when all blood-besprinkled

The best of all houses stood sword-gory here;

Wide then had the woe thrust off each of the wise

Of them that were looking that never life-long

That land-work of the folk they might ward from the loathly,

From ill wights and devils. But now hath a warrior

940

Through the might of the Lord a deed made thereunto

Which we, and all we together, in nowise

By wisdom might work. What! well might be saying

That maid whosoever this son brought to birth

According to man's kind, if yet she be living,

That the Maker of old time to her was all-gracious

In the bearing of bairns. O Beowulf, I now

Thee best of all men as a son unto me

Will love in my heart, and hold thou henceforward

Our kinship new-made now; nor to thee shall be lacking

950

As to longings of world-goods whereof I have wielding;

Full oft I for lesser things guerdon have given,

The worship of hoards, to a warrior was weaker,

A worser in strife. Now thyself for thyself

By deeds hast thou fram'd it that liveth thy fair fame

For ever and ever. So may the All-wielder

With good pay thee ever, as erst he hath done it.

Then Beowulf spake out, the Ecgtheow's bairn:

That work of much might with mickle of love

We framed with fighting, and frowardly ventur'd

960

The might of the uncouth; now I would that rather

Thou mightest have look'd on the very man there,

The foe in his fret-gear all worn unto falling.

There him in all haste with hard griping did I

On the slaughter-bed deem it to bind him indeed,

That he for my hand-grip should have to be lying

All busy for life: but his body fled off.

Him then, I might not (since would not the Maker)

From his wayfaring sunder, nor naught so well sought I

The life-foe; o'er-mickle of might was he yet,

970

The foeman afoot: but his hand has he left us,

A life-ward, a-warding the ways of his wending,

His arm and his shoulder therewith. Yet in nowise

That wretch of the grooms any solace hath got him,

Nor longer will live the loathly deed-doer,

Beswinked with sins; for the sore hath him now

In the grip of need grievous, in strait hold togather'd

With bonds that be baleful: there shall he abide,

That wight dyed with all evil-deeds, the doom mickle,

For what wise to him the bright Maker will write it.

980

Then a silenter man was the son there of Ecglaf

In the speech of the boasting of works of the battle,

After when every atheling by craft of the earl

Over the high roof had look'd on the hand there,

Yea, the fiend's fingers before his own eyen,

Each one of the nail-steads most like unto steel,

Hand-spur of the heathen one; yea, the own claw

Uncouth of the war-wight. But each one there quoth it,

That no iron of the best, of the hardy of folk,

Would touch him at all, which e'er of the monster

990

The battle-hand bloody might bear away thence.

XVI. HROTHGAR GIVETH GIFTS TO BEOWULF.

THEN was speedily bidden that Hart be withinward

By hand of man well adorn'd; was there a many

Of warriors and wives, who straightway that wine-house

The guest-house, bedight them: there gold-shotten shone

The webs over the walls, many wonders to look on

For men every one who on such things will stare.

Was that building the bright all broken about

All withinward, though fast in the bands of the iron;

Asunder the hinges rent, only the roof there

1000

Was saved all sound, when the monster of evil

The guilty of crime-deeds had gat him to flight

Never hoping for life. Nay, lightly now may not

That matter be fled from, frame it whoso may frame it.

But by strife man shall win of the bearers of souls,

Of the children of men, compelled by need,

The abiders on earth, the place made all ready,

The stead where his body laid fast on his death-bed

Shall sleep after feast. Now time and place was it

When unto the hall went that Healfdene's son,

1010

And the King himself therein the feast should be sharing;

Never heard I of men-folk in fellowship more

About their wealth-giver so well themselves bearing.

Then bow'd unto bench there the abounders in riches

And were fain of their fill. Full fairly there took

A many of mead-cups the kin of those men,

The sturdy of heart in the hall high aloft,

Hrothgar and Hrothulf. Hart there withinward

Of friends was fulfilled; naught there that was guilesome

The folk of the Scyldings for yet awhile framed.

1020

Gave then to Beowulf Healfdene's bairn

A golden war-ensign, the victory's guerdon,

A staff-banner fair-dight, a helm and a byrny:

The great jewel-sword a many men saw them

Bear forth to the hero. Then Beowulf took

The cup on the floor, and nowise of that fee-gift

Before the shaft-shooters the shame need he have.

Never heard I how friendlier four of the treasures,

All gear'd with the gold about, many men erewhile

On the ale-bench have given to others of men.

1030

Round the roof of the helm, the burg of the head,

A wale wound with wires held ward from without-ward,

So that the file-leavings might not over fiercely,

Were they never so shower-hard, scathe the shield-bold,

When he 'gainst the angry in anger should get him.

Therewith bade the earls' burg that eight of the horses

With cheek-plates adorned be led down the floor

In under the fences; on one thereof stood

A saddle all craft-bedeck'd, seemly with treasure.

That same was the war-seat of the high King full surely

1040

Whenas that the sword-play that Healfdene's son

Would work; never failed in front of the war

The wide-kenn'd one's war-might, whereas fell the slain.

So to Beowulf thereon of either of both

The Ingwines' high warder gave wielding to have,

Both the war-steeds and weapons, and bade him well brook them.

Thuswise and so manly the mighty of princes,

Hoard-warden of heroes, the battle-race paid

With mares and with gems, so as no man shall blame them,

E'en he who will say sooth aright as it is.

XVII. THEY FEAST IN HART. THE GLEEMAN SINGS OF FINN AND HENGEST.

1050

THEN the lord of the earl-folk to every and each one

Of them who with Beowulf the sea-ways had worn

Then and there on the mead-bench did handsel them treasure,

An heir-loom to wit; for him also he bade it

That a were-gild be paid, whom Grendel aforetime

By wickedness quell'd, as far more of them would he,

Save from them God all-witting the weird away wended,

And that man's mood withal. But the Maker all wielded

Of the kindred of mankind, as yet now he doeth.

Therefore through-witting will be the best everywhere

1060

And the forethought of mind. Many things must abide

Of lief and of loth, he who here a long while

In these days of the strife with the world shall be dealing.

There song was and sound all gather'd together

Of that Healfdene's warrior and wielder of battle,

The wood of glee greeted, the lay wreaked often,

Whenas the hall-game the minstrel of Hrothgar

All down by the mead-bench tale must be making:

By Finn's sons aforetime, when the fear gat them,

The hero of Half-Danes, Hnæf of the Scyldings,

1070

On the slaughter-field Frisian needs must he fall.

Forsooth never Hildeburh needed to hery

The troth of the Eotens; she all unsinning

Was lorne of her lief ones in that play of the linden,

Her bairns and her brethren, by fate there they fell

Spear-wounded. That was the all-woeful of women.

Not unduly without cause the daughter of Hoc

Mourn'd the Maker's own shaping, sithence came the morn

When she under the heavens that tide came to see,

Murder-bale of her kinsmen, where most had she erewhile?

1080

Of world's bliss. The war-tide took all men away

Of Finn's thanes that were, save only a few;

E'en so that he might not on the field of the meeting

Hold Hengest a war-tide, or fight any whit,

Nor yet snatch away thence by war the woe-leavings

From the thane of the King; but terms now they bade him

That for them other stead all for all should make room,

A hall and high settle, whereof the half-wielding

They with the Eotens' bairns henceforth might hold,

And with fee-gifts moreover the son of Folkwalda

1090

Each day of the days the Danes should beworthy;

The war-heap of Hengest with rings should he honour

Even so greatly with treasure of treasures,

Of gold all beplated, as he the kin Frisian

Down in the beer-hall duly should dight.

Troth then they struck there each of the two halves,

A peace-troth full fast. There Finn unto Hengest

Strongly, unstrifeful, with oath-swearing swore,

That he the woe-leaving by the doom of the wise ones

Should hold in ail honour, that never man henceforth

1100

With word or with work the troth should be breaking,

Nor through craft of the guileful should undo it ever,

Though their ring-giver's bane they must follow in rank

All lordless, e'en so need is it to be:

But if any of Frisians by over-bold speaking

The murderful hatred should call unto mind,

Then naught but the edge of the sword should avenge it.

Then done was the oath there, and gold of the golden

Heav'd up from the hoard. Of the bold Here-Scyldings

All yare on the bale was the best battle-warrior;

1110

On the death-howe beholden was easily there

The sark stain'd with war-sweat, the all-golden swine,

The iron-hard boar; there was many an atheling

With wounds all outworn; some on slaughter-field welter'd.

But Hildeburh therewith on Hnæf's bale she bade them

The own son of herself to set fast in the flame,

His bone-vats to burn up and lay on the bale there:

On his shoulder all woeful the woman lamented,

Sang songs of bewailing, as the warrior strode upward,

Wound up to the welkin that most of death-fires,

1120

Before the howe howled; there molten the heads were,

The wound-gates burst open, there blood was out-springing

From foe-bites of the body; the flame swallow'd all,

The greediest of ghosts, of them that war gat him

Of either of folks; shaken off was their life-breath.

XVIII. THE ENDING OF THE TALE OF FINN.

DEPARTED the warriors their wicks to visit

All forlorn of their friends now, Friesland to look on,

Their homes and their high burg. Hengest a while yet

Through the slaughter-dyed winter bode dwelling with Finn

And all without strife: he remember'd his homeland,

1130

Though never he might o'er the mere be a-driving

The high prow be-ringed: with storm the holm welter'd,

Won war 'gainst the winds; winter locked the waves

With bondage of ice, till again came another

Of years into the garth, as yet it is ever,

And the days which the season to watch never cease,

The glory-bright weather; then gone was the winter,

And fair was the earth's barm. Now hastened the exile.

The guest from the garths; he on getting of vengeance

Of harms thought more greatly than of the sea's highway,

1140

If he but a wrath-mote might yet be a-wending

Where the bairns of the Eotens might he still remember.

The ways of the world forwent he in nowise

Then, whenas Hunlafing the light of the battle,

The best of all bills, did into his breast,

Whereof mid the Eotens were the edges well knowen.

Withal to the bold-hearted Finn befell after

Sword-bales the deadly at his very own dwelling,

When the grim grip of war Guthlaf and Oslaf

After the sea-fare lamented with sorrow

1150

And wyted him deal of their woes; nor then might he

In his breast hold his wavering heart. Was the hall dight

With the lives of slain foemen, and slain eke was Finn

The King 'midst of his court-men; and there the Queen, taken,

The shooters of the Scyldings ferry'd down to the sea-ships,

And the house-wares and chattels the earth-king had had,

E'en such as at Finn's home there might they find,

Of collars and cunning gems. They on the sea-path

The all-lordly wife to the Danes straightly wended,

Led her home to their people. So sung was the lay,

1160

The song of the gleeman; then again arose game,

The bench-voice wax'd brighter, gave forth the birlers

Wine of the wonder-vats. Then came forth Wealhtheow

Under gold ring a-going to where sat the two good ones,

The uncle and nephew, yet of kindred unsunder'd,

Each true to the other. Eke Unferth the spokesman

Sat at feet of the Scyldings' lord; each of his heart trow'd

That of mickle mood was he, though he to his kinsmen

Were un-upright in edge-play. Spake the dame of the Scyldings:

Now take thou this cup, my lord of the kingly,

1170

Bestower of treasures! Be thou in thy joyance,

Thou gold-friend of men! and speak to these Geat-folk

In mild words, as duly behoveth to do;

Be glad toward the Geat-folk, and mindful of gifts;

From anigh and from far peace hast thou as now.

To me one hath said it, that thou for a son wouldst

This warrior be holding. Lo! Hart now is cleansed,

The ring-hall bright-beaming. Have joy while thou mayest

In many a meed, and unto thy kinsmen

Leave folk and dominion, when forth thou must fare

1180

To look on the Maker's own making. I know now

My Hrothulf the gladsome, that he this young man

Will hold in all honour if thou now before him,

O friend of the Scyldings, shall fare from the world;

I ween that good-will yet this man will be yielding

To our offspring that after us be, if he mind him

Of all that which we two, for good-will and for worship,

Unto him erst a child yet have framed of kindness.

Then along by the bench did she turn, where her boys were,

Hrethric and Hrothmund, and the bairns of high warriors,

1190

The young ones together; and there sat the good one,

Beowulf the Geat, betwixt the two brethren.

XIX. MORE GIFTS ARE GIVEN TO BEOWULF. THE BRISING COLLAR TOLD OF.

BORNE to him then the cup was, and therewith friendly bidding

In words was put forth; and gold about wounden

All blithely they bade him bear; arm-gearings twain,

Rail and rings, the most greatest of fashion of neck-rings

Of them that on earth I have ever heard tell of:

Not one under heaven wrought better was heard of

Midst the hoard-gems of heroes, since bore away Hama

To the bright burg and brave the neck-gear of the Brisings,

1200

The gem and the gem-chest: from the foeman's guile fled he

Of Eormenric then, and chose rede everlasting.

That ring Hygelac had, e'en he of the Geat-folk,

The grandson of Swerting, the last time of all times

When he under the war-sign his treasure defended,

The slaughter-prey warded. Him weird bore away

Sithence he for pride-sake the war-woe abided,

The feud with the Frisians; the fretwork he flitted,

The gem-stones much worthy, all over the waves' cup.

The King the full mighty cring'd under the shield;

1210

Into grasp of the Franks the King's life was gotten

With the gear of the breast and the ring altogether;

It was worser war-wolves then reft gear from the slain

After the war-shearing; there the Geats' war-folk

Held the house of the dead men. The Hall took the voices;

Spake out then Wealhtheow; before the host said she:

Brook thou this roundel, lief Beowulf, henceforth,

Dear youth, with all hail, and this rail be thou using,

These gems of folk-treasures, and thrive thou well ever;

Thy might then make manifest! Be to these lads here

1220

Kind of lore, and for that will I look to thy guerdon.

Thou hast won by thy faring, that far and near henceforth,

Through wide time to come, men will give thee the worship,

As widely as ever the sea winds about

The windy land-walls. Be the while thou art living

An atheling wealthy, and well do I will thee

Of good of the treasures; be thou to my son

In deed ever friendly, and uphold thy joyance!

Lo! each of the earls here to the other is trusty,

And mild of his mood and to man-lord full faithful,

1230

Kind friends all the thanes are, the folk ever yare.

Ye well drunk of folk-grooms, now do ye my biddings.

To her settle then far'd she; was the feast of the choicest,

The men drank the wine nothing wotting of weird,

The grim shaping of old, e'en as forth it had gone

To a many of earls; sithence came the even,

And Hrothgar departed to his chamber on high,

The rich to his rest; and aright the house warded

Earls untold of number, as oft did they erewhile.

The bench-boards they bar'd them, and there they spread over

1240

With beds and with bolsters. Of the beer-skinkers one

Who fain was and fey bow'd adown to his floor-rest.

At their heads then they rested their rounds of the battle,

Their board-woods bright-shining. There on the bench was,

Over the atheling, easy to look on

The battle-steep war-helm, the byrny be-ringed,

The wood of the onset, all-glorious. Their wont was

That oft and oft were they all yare for the war-tide,

Both at home and in hosting, were it one were it either,

And for every such tide as their liege lord unto

1250

The need were befallen: right good was that folk.

XX. GRENDEL’S DAM BREAKS INTO HART AND BEARS OFF AESCHERE.

SO sank they to slumber; but one paid full sorely

For his rest of the even, as to them fell full often

Sithence that the gold-hall Grendel had guarded,

And won deed of unright, until that the end came

And death after sinning: but clear was it shown now,

Wide wotted of men, that e'en yet was a wreaker

Living after the loathly, a long while of time

After the battle-care, Grendel's own mother;

The woman, the monster-wife, minded her woe,

1260

She who needs must in horror of waters be wonning,

The streams all a-cold, sithence Cain was become

For an edge-bane forsooth to his very own brother,

The own son of his father. Forth bann'd then he fared,

All marked by murder, from man's joy to flee,

And dwelt in the waste-land. Thence woke there a many

Ghosts shapen of old time, of whom one was Grendel,

The fierce wolf, the hateful, who found him at Hart

A man there a-watching, abiding the war-tide;

Where to him the fell ogre to hand-grips befell;

1270

Howe'er he him minded of the strength of his might,

The great gift set fast in him given of God,

And trowed in grace by the All-wielder given,

His fostering, his staying; so the fiend he o'ercame

And bow'd down the Hell's ghost, that all humble he wended

Fordone of all mirth death's house to go look on,

That fiend of all mankind. But yet was his mother,

The greedy, the glum-moody, fain to be going

A sorrowful journey her son's death to wreak.

So came she to Hart whereas now the Ring-Danes

1280

Were sleeping adown the hall; soon there befell

Change of days to the earl-folk, when in she came thrusting,

Grendel's mother: and soothly was minish'd the terror

By even so much as the craft-work of maidens,

The war-terror of wife, is beside the man weapon'd,

When the sword all hard bounden, by hammers to-beaten,

The sword all sweat-stain'd, through the swine o'er the war-helm

With edges full doughty down rightly sheareth.

But therewith in the hall was tugg'd out the hard edge,

The sword o'er the settles, and wide shields a many

1290

Heaved fast in the hand: no one the helm heeded,

Nor the byrny wide-wrought, when the wild fear fell on them.

In haste was she then, and out would she thenceforth

For the saving her life, whenas she should be found there.

But one of the athelings she speedily handled

And caught up full fast, and fenward so fared.

But he was unto Hrothgar the liefest of heroes

Of the sort of the fellows; betwixt the two sea-floods

A mighty shield-warrior, whom she at rest brake up,

A war-wight well famed. There Beowulf was not;

1300

Another house soothly had erewhile been dighted

After gift of that treasure to that great one of Geats.

Uprose cry then in Hart, all 'mid gore had she taken

The hand, the well-known, and now care wrought anew

In the wicks was arisen. Naught well was the bargain

That on both halves they needs must be buying that tide

With the life-days of friends. Then the lord king, the wise,

The hoary of war-folk, was harmed of mood

When his elder of thanes and he now unliving,

The dearest of all, he knew to be dead.

1310

To the bower full swiftly was Beowulf brought now,

The man victory-dower'd; together with day-dawn

Went he, one of the earls, that champion beworthy'd,

Himself with his fellows, where the wise was abiding

To wot if the All-wielder ever will to him

After the tale of woe happy change work.

Then went down the floor he the war-worthy

With the host of his hand, while high dinn'd the hall-wood,

Till he there the wise one with words had well greeted,

The lord of the Ingwines, and ask'd had the night been.

1320

Since sore he was summon'd, a night of sweet easement.

XXI. HROTHGAR LAMENTS THE SLAYING OF AESCHERE, AND TELLS OF GRENDEL’S MOTHER AND HER DEN.

SPAKE out then Hrothgar the helm of the Scyldings:

Ask no more after bliss; for new-made now is sorrow

For the folk of the Danes; for Aeschere is dead,

He who was Yrmenlaf's elder of brethren,

My wise man of runes, my bearer of redes,

Mine own shoulder-fellow, when we in the war-tide

Warded our heads and the host on the host fell,

And the boars were a-crashing; e'en such should an earl be,

An atheling exceeding good, e'en as was Aeschere.

1330

Now in Hart hath befallen for a hand-bane unto him

A slaughter-ghost wandering; naught wot I whither

The fell one, the carrion-proud, far'd hath her back-fare,

By her fill made all famous. That feud hath she wreaked

Wherein yesternight gone by Grendel thou quelledst

Through thy hardihood fierce with grips hard enow.

For that he over-long the lief people of me

Made to wane and undid. In the war then he cringed,

Being forfeit of life. But now came another,

An ill-scather mighty, her son to awreak;

1340

And further hath she now the feud set on foot,

As may well be deemed of many a thane,

Who after the wealth-giver weepeth in mind,

A hard bale of heart. Now the hand lieth low

Which well-nigh for every joy once did avail you.

The dwellers in land here, my people indeed,

The wise-of-rede hall-folk, have I heard say e'en this:

That they have set eyes on two such-like erewhile,

Two mickle mark-striders the moorland a-holding,

Ghosts come from elsewhere, but of them one there was,

As full certainly might they then know it to be,

1350

In the likeness of woman; and the other shap'd loathly

All after man's image trod the tracks of the exile,

Save that more was he shapen than any man other;

And in days gone away now they named him Grendel,

The dwellers in fold; they wot not if a father

Unto him was born ever in the days of erewhile

Of dark ghosts. They dwell in a dim hidden land,

The wolf-bents they bide in, on the nesses the windy,

The perilous fen-paths where the stream of the fell-side

1360

Midst the mists of the nesses wends netherward ever,

The flood under earth. Naught far away hence,

But a mile-mark forsooth, there standeth the mere,

And over it ever hang groves all berimed,

The wood fast by the roots over-helmeth the water.

But each night may one a dread wonder there see,

A fire in the flood. But none liveth so wise

Of the bairns of mankind, that the bottom may know.

Although the heath-stepper beswinked by hounds,

The hart strong of horns, that holt-wood should seek to

1370

Driven fleeing from far, he shall sooner leave life,

Leave life-breath on the bank, or ever will he

Therein hide his head. No hallow'd stead is it:

Thence the blending of water-waves ever upriseth

Wan up to the welkin, whenso the wind stirreth

Weather-storms loathly, until the lift darkens

And weepeth the heavens. Now along the rede wendeth

Of thee again only. Of that earth yet thou know'st not,

The fearful of steads, wherein thou mayst find

That much-sinning wight; seek then if thou dare,

1380

And thee for that feud will I guerdon with fee,

The treasures of old time, as erst did I do,

With the gold all-bewounden, if away thence thou get thee.

XXII. THEY FOLLOW GRENDEL’S DAM TO HER LAIR.

SPAKE out then Beowulf the Ecgtheow's bairn:

O wise of men, mourn not; for to each man 'tis better

That his friend he awreak than weep overmuch.

Lo! each of us soothly abideth the ending

Of the life of the world. Then let him work who work may

High deeds ere the death: to the doughty of war-lads

When he is unliving shall it best be hereafter.

1390

Rise up, warder of kingdom! and swiftly now wend we

The Grendel Kinswoman's late goings to look on;

And this I behote thee, that to holm shall she flee not,

Nor into earth's fathom, nor into the fell-holt,

Nor the grounds of the ocean, go whereas she will go.

For this one of days patience dree thou a while then

Of each one of thy woes, as I ween it of thee.

Then leapt up the old man, and lightly gave God thank,

That mighty of Lords, for the word which the man spake.

And for Hrothgar straightway then was bitted a horse,

1400

A wave-maned steed: and the wise of the princes

Went stately his ways; and stepp'd out the man-troop,

The linden-board bearers. Now lightly the tracks were

All through the woodland ways wide to be seen there,

Her goings o'er ground; she had gotten her forthright

Over the mirk-moor: bore she of kindred thanes

The best that there was, all bare of his soul,

Of them that with Hrothgar heeded the home.

Overwent then that bairn of the athelings

Steep bents of the stones, and stridings full narrow,

1410

Strait paths nothing pass'd over, ways all uncouth,

Sheer nesses to wit, many houses of nicors.

He one of the few was going before

Of the wise of the men the meadow to look on,

Until suddenly there the trees of the mountains

Over the hoar-stone found he a-leaning,

A wood without gladness: the water stood under

Dreary and troubled. Unto all the Danes was it,

To the friends of the Scyldings, most grievous in mood

To many of thanes such a thing to be tholing,

1420

Sore evil to each one of earls, for of Aeschere

The head did they find e'en there on the holm-cliff;

The flood with gore welled (the folk looking on it),

With hot blood. But whiles then the horn fell to singing

A song of war eager. There sat down the band;

They saw down the water a many of worm-kind,

Sea-drakes seldom seen a-kenning the sound;

Likewise on the ness-bents nicors a-lying,

Who oft on the undern-tide wont are to hold them

A course full of sorrow all over the sail-road.

1430

Now the worms and the wild-deer away did they speed

Bitter and wrath-swollen all as they heard it,

The war-horn a-wailing: but one the Geats' warden

With his bow of the shafts from his life-days there sunder'd,

From his strife of the waves; so that stood in his life-parts

The hard arrow of war; and he in the holm was

The slower in swimming as death away swept him.

So swiftly in sea-waves with boar-spears forsooth

Sharp-hook'd and hard-press'd was he thereupon,

Set on with fierce battle, and on to the ness tugg'd,

1440

The wondrous wave-bearer; and men were beholding

The grisly guest, Beowulf therewith he gear'd him

With weed of the earls: nowise of life reck'd he:

Needs must his war-byrny, braided by hands,

Wide, many-colour'd by cunning, the sound seek,

E'en that which his bone-coffer knew how to ward,

So that the war-grip his heart ne'er a while,

The foe-snatch of the wrathful his life ne'er should scathe;

Therewith the white war-helm warded his head,

E'en that which should mingle with ground of the mere,

1450

And seek the sound-welter, with treasure beworthy'd,

All girt with the lordly chains, as in days gone by

The weapon-smith wrought it most wondrously done,

Beset with the swine-shapes, so that sithence

The brand or the battle-blades never might bite it.

Nor forsooth was that littlest of all of his mainstays,

Which to him in his need lent the spokesman of Hrothgar,

E'en the battle-sword hafted that had to name Hrunting,

That in fore days was one of the treasures of old,

The edges of iron with the poison twigs o'er-stain'd,

1460

With battle-sweat harden'd; in the brunt never fail'd he

Any one of the warriors whose hand wound about him,

Who in grisly wayfarings durst ever to wend him

To the folk-stead of foemen. Not the first of times was it

That battle-work doughty it had to be doing.

Forsooth naught remember'd that son there of Ecglaf,

The crafty in mighty deeds, what ere he quoth

All drunken with wine, when the weapon he lent

To a doughtier sword-wolf: himself naught he durst it

Under war of the waves there his life to adventure

1470

And warrior-ship work. So forwent he the glory,

The fair fame of valour. Naught far'd so the other

Syth he to the war-tide had gear'd him to wend.

XXIII. BEOWULF REACHETH THE MERE-BOTTOM IN A DAY’S WHILE, AND CONTENDS WITH GRENDEL’S DAM.

OUT then spake Beowulf, Ecgtheow's bairn:

Forsooth be thou mindful, O great son of Healfdene,

O praise of the princes, now way-fain am I,

O gold-friend of men, what we twain spake aforetime:

If to me for thy need it might so befall

That I cease from my life-days, thou shouldest be ever

To me, forth away wended, in the stead of a father.

1480

Do thou then bear in hand these thanes of my kindred,

My hand-fellows, if so be battle shall have me;

Those same treasures withal, which thou gavest me erst,

O Hrothgar the lief, unto Hygelac send thou;

By that gold then shall wot the lord of the Geat-folk,

Shall Hrethel's son see, when he stares on the treasure,

That I in fair man-deeds a good one have found me,

A ring-giver; while I might, joy made I thereof.

And let thou then Unferth the ancient loom have,

The wave-sword adorned, that man kenned widely,

1490

The blade of hard edges; for I now with Hrunting

Will work me the glory, or else shall death get me.

So after these words the Weder-Geats' chieftain

With might of heart hasten'd; nor for answer then would he

Aught tarry; the sea-welter straightway took hold on

The warrior of men: wore the while of a daytide

Or ever the ground-plain might he set eyes on.

Soon did she find, she who the flood-ring

Sword-ravening had held for an hundred of seasons,

Greedy and grim, that there one man of grooms

1500

The abode of the alien-wights sought from above;

Then toward him she grasp'd and gat hold on the warrior

With fell clutch, but no sooner she scathed withinward

The hale body; rings from without-ward it warded,

That she could in no wise the war-skin clutch through,

The fast locked limb-sark, with fingers all loathly.

So bare then that sea-wolf when she came unto bottom

The king of the rings to the court-hall adown

In such wise that he might not, though hard-moody was he,

Be wielding of weapons. But a many of wonders

1510

In sea-swimming swink'd him, and many a sea-deer

With his war-tusks was breaking his sark of the battle;

The fell wights him follow'd. 'Twas then the earl found it

That in foe-hall there was he, I wot not of which,

Where never the water might scathe him a whit,

Nor because of the roof-hall might reach to him there

The fear-grip of the flood. Now fire-light he saw,

The bleak beam forsooth all brightly a-shining.

Then the good one, he saw the wolf of the ground,

The mere-wife the mighty, and main onset made he

1520

With his battle-bill; never his hand withheld sword-swing

So that there on her head sang the ring-sword forsooth

The song of war greedy. But then found the guest

That the beam of the battle would bite not therewith,

Or scathe life at all, but there failed the edge

The king in his need. It had ere thol'd a many

Of meetings of hand; oft it sheared the helm,

The host-rail of the fey one; and then was the first time

For that treasure dear lov'd that its might lay a-low.

But therewithal steadfast, naught sluggish of valour,

1530

All mindful of high deeds was Hygelac's kinsman.

Cast then the wounden blade bound with the gem-stones

The warrior all angry, that it lay on the earth there,

Stiff-wrought and steel-edged. In strength now he trusted,

The hard hand-grip of might and main; so shall a man do

When he in the war-tide yet looketh to winning

The praise that is longsome, nor aught for life careth.

Then fast by the shoulder, of the feud nothing recking,

The lord of the War-Geats clutch'd Grendel's mother,

Cast down the battle-hard, bollen with anger,

1540

That foe of the life, till she bow'd to the floor;

But swiftly to him gave she back the hand-guerdon

With hand-graspings grim, and griped against him;

Then mood-weary stumbled the strongest of warriors,

The foot-kemp, until that adown there he fell.

Then she sat on the hall-guest and tugg'd out her sax,

The broad and brown-edged, to wreak her her son,

Her offspring her own. But lay yet on his shoulder

The breast-net well braided, the berg of his life,

That 'gainst point and 'gainst edge the entrance withstood.

1550

Gone amiss then forsooth had been Ecgtheow's son

Underneath the wide ground there, the kemp of the Geats,

Save to him his war-byrny had fram'd him a help,

The hard host-net; and save that the Lord God the Holy

Had wielded the war-gain, the Lord the All-wise;

Save that the skies' Ruler had rightwisely doom'd it

All easily. Sithence he stood up again.

XXIV. BEOWULF SLAYETH GRENDEL’S DAM, SMITETH OFF GRENDEL’S HEAD, AND COMETH BACK WITH HIS THANES TO HART.

MIDST the war-gear he saw then a bill victory-wealthy,

An old sword of eotens full doughty of edges,

The worship of warriors. That was choice of all weapons,

1560

Save that more was it made than any man other

In the battle-play ever might bear it afield,

So goodly, all glorious, the work of the giants.

Then the girdled hilt seiz'd he, the Wolf of the Scyldings,

The rough and the sword-grim, and drew forth the ring-sword,

Naught weening of life, and wrathful he smote then

So that there on her halse the hard edge begripped,

And brake through the bone-rings: the bill all through-waded

Her flesh-sheathing fey; cring'd she down on the floor;

The sword was war-sweaty, the man in his work joy'd.

1570

The bright beam shone forth, the light stood withinward,

E'en as down from the heavens' clear high aloft shineth

The sky's candle. He all along the house scanned;

Then turn'd by the wall along, heav'd up his weapon

Hard by the hilts the Hygelac's thane there,

Ireful one-reded; naught worthless the edge was

Unto the warrior; but rathely now would he

To Grendel make payment of many war-onsets,

Of them that he wrought on the folk of the West Danes

Oftener by mickle than one time alone,

1580

Whenas he the hearthfellows of Hrothgar the King

Slew in their slumber and fretted them sleeping,

Men fifteen to wit of the folk of the Danes,

And e'en such another deal ferry'd off outward,

Loathly prey. Now he paid him his guerdon therefor,

The fierce champion; so well, that abed there he saw

Where Grendel war-weary was lying adown

Forlorn of his life, as him ere had scathed

The battle at Hart; sprang wide the body,

Sithence after death he suffer'd the stroke,

1590

The hard swing of sword. Then he smote the head off him.

Now soon were they seeing, those sage of the carles,

E'en they who with Hrothgar gaz'd down on the holm,

That the surge of the billows was blended about,

The sea stain'd with blood. Therewith the hoar-blended,

The old men, of the good one gat talking together

That they of the Atheling ween'd never eft-soon

That he, glad in his war-gain, should wend him a-seeking

The mighty king, since unto many it seemed

That him the mere-she-wolf had sunder'd and broken.

1600

Came then nones of the day, and the ness there they gave up,

The Scyldings the brisk; and then busk'd him home thence-ward

The gold-friend of men. But the guests, there they sat

All sick of their mood, and star'd on the mere;

They wist not, they ween'd not if him their own friend-lord

Himself they should see.

Now that sword began

Because of the war-sweat into icicles war-made,

The war-bill, to wane: that was one of the wonders

That it melted away most like unto ice

When the bond of the frost the Father lets loosen,

1610

Unwindeth the wave-ropes, e'en he that hath wielding

Of times and of seasons, who is the sooth Shaper.

In those wicks there he took not, the Weder-Geats' champion,

Of treasure-wealth more, though he saw there a many,

Than the off-smitten head and the sword-hilts together

With treasure made shifting; for the sword-blade was molten,

The sword broider'd was burn'd up, so hot was that blood,

So poisonous the alien ghost there that had died.

Now soon was a-swimming he who erst in the strife bode

The war-onset of wrath ones; he div'd up through the water;

1620

And now were the wave-welters cleansed full well,

Yea the dwellings full wide, where the ghost of elsewhither

Let go of his life-days and the waning of living.

Came then unto land the helm of the ship-lads

Swimming stout-hearted, glad of his sea-spoil,

The burden so mighty of that which he bore there.

Yode then against him and gave thanks to God

That fair heap of thanes, and were fain of their lord,

For that hale and sound now they might see him with eyen;

Then was from the bold one the helm and the byrny

1630

All speedily loosen'd. The lake now was laid,

The water 'neath welkin with war-gore bestained.

Forth then they far'd them alongst of the foot-tracks,

Men fain of heart all, as they meted the earth-way,

The street the well known; then those king-bold of men

Away from the holm-cliff the head there they bore

Uneasily ever to each one that bore it,

The full stout-heart of men: it was four of them needs must

On the stake of the slaughter with strong toil there ferry

Unto the gold-hall the head of that Grendel;

1640

Until forthright in haste came into that hall,

Fierce, keen in the hosting, a fourteen of men

Of the Geat-folk a-ganging; and with them their lord,

The moody amidst of the throng, trod the mead-plains;

Came then in a-wending the foreman of thanes,

The man keen of his deeds all beworshipp'd of doom,

The hero, the battle-deer, Hrothgar to greet.

Then was by the fell borne in onto the floor

Grendel's head, whereas men were a-drinking in hall,

Aweful before the earls, yea and the woman.

1650

The sight wondrous to see the warriors there look'd on.

XXV. CONVERSE OF HROTHGAR WITH BEOWULF.

SPAKE out then Beowulf, Ecgtheow's bairn:

What! we the sea-spoils here to thee, son of Healfdene,

High lord of the Scyldings, with lust have brought hither

For a token of glory, e'en these thou beholdest.

Now I all unsoftly with life I escaped,

In war under the water dar'd I the work

Full hard to be worked, and well-nigh there was

The sundering of strife, save that me God had shielded.

So it is that in battle naught might I with Hrunting

1660

One whit do the work, though the weapon be doughty;

But to me then he granted, the Wielder of men,

That on wall I beheld there all beauteous hanging

An ancient sword, might-endow'd (often he leadeth right

The friendless of men); so forth drew I that weapon.

In that onset I slew there, as hap then appaid me,

The herd of the house; then that bill of the host,

The broider'd sword, burn'd up, and that blood sprang forth

The hottest of battle-sweats; but the hilts thereof thenceforth

From the foemen I ferry'd. I wreaked the foul deeds,

1670

The death-quelling of Danes, e'en as duly behoved.

Now this I behote thee, that here in Hart mayst thou

Sleep sorrowless henceforth with the host of thy men

And the thanes every one that are of thy people

Of doughty and young; that for them need thou dread not,

O high lord of Scyldings, on that behalf soothly

Life-bale for the earls as erst thou hast done.

Then was the hilt golden to the ancient of warriors,

The hoary of host-leaders, into hand given,

The old work of giants; it turn'd to the owning,

1680

After fall of the Devils, of the lord of the Danes,

That work of the wonder-smith, syth gave up the world

The fierce-hearted groom, the foeman of God,

The murder-beguilted, and there eke his mother;

Unto the wielding of world-kings it turned,

The best that there be betwixt of the sea-floods

Of them that in Scaney dealt out the scat.

Now spake out Hrothgar, as he look'd on the hilts there,

The old heir-loom whereon was writ the beginning

Of the strife of the old time, whenas the flood slew,

1690

The ocean a-gushing, that kin of the giants

As fiercely they fared. That was a folk alien

To the Lord everlasting; so to them a last guerdon

Through the welling of waters the Wielder did give.

So was on the sword-guards all of the sheer gold

By dint of the rune-staves rightly bemarked,

Set down and said for whom first was that sword wrought,

And the choice of all irons erst had been done,

Wreath-hilted and worm-adorn'd. Then spake the wise one,

Healfdene's son, and all were gone silent:

1700

Lo that may he say, who the right and the soothfast

Amid the folk frameth, and far back all remembers,

The old country's warden, that as for this earl here

Born better was he. Uprear'd is the fame-blast

Through wide ways far yonder, O Beowulf, friend mine,

Of thee o'er all peoples. Thou hold'st all with patience,

Thy might with mood-wisdom; I shall make thee my love good,

As we twain at first spake it. For a comfort thou shalt be

Granted long while and long unto thy people,

For a help unto heroes. Naught such became Heremod

1710

To Ecgwela's offspring, the honourful Scyldings;

For their welfare naught wax'd he, but for felling in slaughter,

For the quelling of death to the folk of the Danes.

Mood-swollen he brake there his board-fellows soothly,

His shoulder-friends, until he sunder'd him lonely,

That mighty of princes, from the mirth of all men-folk.

Though him God the mighty in the joyance of might,

In main strength, exalted high over all-men,

And framed him forth, yet fast in his heart grew

A breast-hoard blood-fierce; none of fair rings he gave

1720

To the Danes as due doom would. Unmerry he dured

So that yet of that strife the trouble he suffer'd.

A folk-bale so longsome. By such do thou learn thee,

Get thee hold of man-valour: this tale for thy teaching

Old in winters I tell thee. 'Tis wonder to say it,

How the high God almighty to the kindred of mankind

Through his mind the wide-fashion'd deals wisdom about,

Home and earlship; he owneth the wielding of all.

At whiles unto love he letteth to turn

The mood-thought of a man that Is mighty of kindred,

1730

And in his land giveth him joyance of earth,

And to have and to hold the high ward-burg of men,

And sets so 'neath his wielding the deals of the world,

Dominion wide reaching, that he himself may not

In all his unwisdom of the ending bethink him.

He wonneth well-faring, nothing him wasteth

Sickness nor eld, nor the foe-sorrow to him

Dark in mind waxeth, nor strife any where,

The edge-hate, appeareth; but all the world for him

Wends as he willeth, and the worse naught he wotteth.

XXVI. MORE CONVERSE OF HROTHGAR AND BEOWULF: THE GEATS MAKE THEM READY FOR DEPARTURE.

1740

UNTIL that within him a deal of o'erthink-ing

Waxeth and groweth while sleepeth the warder,

The soul's herdsman; that slumber too fast is forsooth,

Fast bounden by troubles, the banesman all nigh,

E'en he that from arrow-bow evilly shooteth.

Then he in his heart under helm is besmitten

With a bitter shaft; not a whit then may he ward him

From the wry wonder-biddings of the ghost the all-wicked.

Too little he deems that which long he hath hold.

Wrath-greedy he covets; nor e'en for boast-sake gives

1750

The rings fair beplated; and the forth-coming doom

Forgetteth, forheedeth, for that God gave him erewhile,

The Wielder of glory, a deal of the worship.

At the ending-stave then it after befalleth

That the shell of his body sinks fleeting away,

And falleth all fey; and another one fetcheth,

E'en one that undolefully dealeth the treasure,

The earl's gains of aforetime, and fear never heedeth.

From the bale-envy ward thee, lief Beowulf, therefore,

Thou best of all men, and choose thee the better,

1760

The redes everlasting; to o'erthinkirig turn not,

O mighty of champions! for now thy might breatheth

For a short while of time; but eft-soon it shall be

That sickness or edges from thy strength thee shall sunder,

Or the hold of the fire, or the welling of floods,

Or the grip of the sword-blade, or flight of the spear,

Or eld the all-evil: or the beaming of eyen

Shall fail and shall dim: then shall it be forthright

That thee, lordly man, the death over-masters.

E'en so I the Ring-Danes for an hundred of seasons

1770

Did wield under the welkin and lock'd them by war

From many a kindred the Middle-Garth over

With ash-spears and edges, in such wise that not ever

Under the sky's run of my foemen I reckoned.

What! to me in my land came a shifting of that,

Came grief after game, sithence Grendel befell,

My foeman of old, mine ingoer soothly.

I from that onfall bore ever unceasing

Mickle mood-care; herefor be thanks to the Maker,

To the Lord everlasting, that in life I abided,

1780

Yea, that I on that head all sword-gory there,

Now the old strife is over, with eyen should stare.

Go fare thou to settle, the feast-joyance dree thou,

O war-worshipp'd! unto us twain yet there will be

Mickle treasure in common when come is the morning.

Glad of mood then the Geat was, and speedy he gat him

To go see the settle, as the sage one commanded.

Then was after as erst, that they of the might-fame,

The floor-sitters, fairly the feasting bedight them

All newly. The helm of the night loured over

1790

Dark over the host-men. Uprose all the doughty,

For he, the hoar-blended, would wend to his bed,

That old man of the Scyldings. The Geat without measure,

The mighty shield-warrior, now willed him rest.

And soon now the hall-thane him of way-faring weary,

From far away come, forth show'd him the road,

E'en he who for courtesy cared for all things

Of the needs of the thane, e'en such as on that day

The farers o'er ocean would fainly have had.

Rested then the wide-hearted; high up the house tower'd

1800

Wide-gaping all gold-dight; within slept the guest;

Until the black raven, the blithe-hearted, boded

The heavens' joy: then was come thither a-hastening

The bright sun o'er the plains, and hastened the scathers,

The athelings once more aback to their people

All fain to be faring; and far away thence

Would the comer high-hearted go visit his keel.

Bade then the hard one Hrunting to bear,

The Ecglaf's son bade to take him his sword,

The iron well-lov'd; gave him thanks for the lending,

1810

Quoth he that the war-friend for worthy he told,

Full of craft in the war; nor with word he aught

The edge of the sword. Hah! the high-hearted warrior.

So whenas all way-forward, yare in their war-gear,

Were the warriors, the dear one then went to the Danes,

To the high seat went the Atheling, whereas was the other;

The battle-bold warrior gave greeting to Hrothgar.

XXVII. BEOWULF BIDS HROTHGAR FAREWELL: THE GEATS FARE TO SHIP.

OUT then spake Beowulf, Ecgtheow's bairn:

As now we sea-farers have will to be saying,

We from afar come, that now are we fainest

1820

Of seeking to Hygelac. Here well erst were we

Serv'd as our wills would, and well thine avail was.

If I on the earth then, be it e'en but a little,

Of the love of thy mood may yet more be an-earning,

O lord of the men-folk, than heretofore might I,

Of the works of the battle yare then soon shall I be.

If I should be learning, I over the flood's run,

That the sitters about thee beset thee with dread,

Even thee hating as otherwhile did they;

Then thousands to theeward of thanes shall I bring

1830

For the helping of heroes. Of Hygelac wot I,

The lord of the Geat-folk, though he be but a youngling,

That shepherd of folk, that me will he further

By words and by works, that well may I ward thee,

And unto thine helping the spear-holt may bear,

A main-staying mighty, whenas men thou art needing.

And if therewith Hrethric in the courts of the Geat-house,

The King's bairn, take hosting, then may he a many

Of friends find him soothly: far countries shall be

Better sought to by him who for himself is doughty.

1840

Out then spake Hrothgar in answer to himward:

Thy word-saying soothly the Lord of all wisdom

Hath sent into thy mind; never heard I more sagely

In a life that so young was a man word be laying;

Strong of might and main art thou and sage of thy mood,

Wise the words of thy framing. Tell I this for a weening,

If it so come to pass that the spear yet shall take,

Or the battle all sword-grim, the son of that Hrethel,

Or sickness or iron thine Alderman have,

Thy shepherd of folk, and thou fast to life hold thee,

1850

Then no better than thee may the Sea-Geats be having

To choose for themselves, no one of the kings,

Hoard-warden of heroes, if then thou wilt hold

Thy kinsman's own kingdom. Me liketh thy mood-heart,

The longer the better, O Beowulf the lief;

In such wise hast thou fared, that unto the folks now,

The folk of the Geats and the Gar-Danes withal,

In common shall peace be, and strife rest appeased

And the hatreds the doleful which erst they have dreed;

Shall become, whiles I wield it, this wide realm of ours,

1860

Treasures common to either folk: many a one other

With good things shall greet o'er the bath of the gannet;

And the ring'd bark withal over sea shall be bringing

The gifts and love-tokens. The twain folks I know

Toward foeman toward friend fast-fashion'd together,

In every way blameless as in the old wise.

Then the refuge of warriors, he gave him withal,

Gave Healfdene's son of treasures yet twelve;

And he bade him with those gifts to go his own people

To seek in all soundness, and swiftly come back.

1870

Then kissed the king, he of noble kin gotten,

The lord of the Scyldings, that best of the thanes,

By the halse then he took him; from him fell the tears

From the blended of hoar hair. Of both things was there hoping

To the old, the old wise one; yet most of the other,

To wit, that they sithence each each might be seeing,

The high-heart in council. To him so lief was he

That he his breast-welling might nowise forbear,

But there in his bosom, bound fast in his heart-bonds,

After that dear man a longing dim-hidden

1880

Burn'd against blood-tie. So Beowulf thenceforth,

The gold-proud of warriors, trod the mould grassy,

Exulting in gold-store. The sea-ganger bided

Its owning-lord whereas at anchor it rode.

Then was there in going the gift of King Hrothgar

Oft highly accounted; yea, that was a king

In every wise blameless, till eld took from him eftsoon

The joyance of might, as it oft scathes a many.

XXVIII. BEOWULF COMES BACK TO HIS LAND. OF THE TALE OF THRYTHO.

CAME a many to flood then all mighty of mood,

Of the bachelors were they, and ring-nets they bore,

1890

The limb-sarks belocked. The land-warden noted

The earls' aback-faring, as erst he beheld them;

Then nowise with harm from the nose of the cliff

The guests there he greeted, but rode unto themward,

And quoth that full welcome to the folk of the Weders

The bright-coated warriors were wending to ship.

Then was on the sand there the bark the wide-sided

With war-weed beladen, the ring-stemm'd as she lay there

With mares and with treasure; uptower'd the mast

High over Hrothgar's wealth of the hoards.

1900

He then to the boat-warden handsel'd a gold-bounden

Sword, so that sithence was he on mead-bench

Worthy'd the more for that very same wealth,

The heirloom. Sithence in the ship he departed

To stir the deep water; the Dane-land he left.

Then was by the mast there one of the sea-rails,

A sail, with rope made fast; thunder'd the sound-wood.

Not there the wave-floater did the wind o'er the billows

Waft off from its ways; the sea-wender fared,

Floated the foamy-neck'd forth o'er the waves,

1910

The bounden-stemm'd over the streams of the sea;

Till the cliffs of the Geats there they gat them to wit,

The nesses well kenned. Throng'd up the keel then

Driven hard by the lift, and stood on the land.

Then speedy at holm was the hythe-warden yare,

E'en he who a long while after the lief men

Eager at stream's side far off had looked.

To the sand thereon bound he the wide-fathom'd ship

With anchor-bands fast, lest from them the waves' might

The wood that was winsome should drive thence awayward.

1920

Thereon bade he upbear the athelings' treasures,

The fretwork and wrought gold. Not far from them thenceforth

To seek to the giver of treasures it was,

E'en Hygelac, Hrethel's son, where at home wonneth

Himself and his fellows hard by the sea-wall.

Brave was the builded house, bold king the lord was,

High were the walls, Hygd very young,

Wise and well-thriven, though few of winters

Under the burg-locks had she abided,

The daughter of Hæreth; naught was she dastard;

1930

Nowise niggard of gifts to the folk of the Geats,

Of wealth of the treasures. But wrath Thrytho bore,

The folk-queen the fierce, wrought the crime-deed full fearful.

No one there durst it, the bold one, to dare,

Of the comrades beloved, save only her lord,

That on her by day with eyen he stare,

But if to him death-bonds predestin'd he count on,

Hand-wreathed; thereafter all rathely it was

After the hand-grip the sword-blade appointed,

That the cunning-wrought sword should show forth the deed,

1940

Make known the murder-bale. Naught is such queenlike

For a woman to handle, though peerless she be,

That a weaver of peace the life should waylay,

For a shame that was lying, of a lief man of men;

But the kinsman of Hemming, he hinder'd it surely.

Yet the drinkers of ale otherwise said they;

That folk-bales, which were lesser, she framed forsooth,

Lesser enmity-malice, since thence erst she was

Given gold-deck'd to the young one of champions,

She the dear of her lineage, since Offa's floor

1950

Over the fallow flood by the lore of her father

She sought in her wayfaring. Well was she sithence

There on the man-throne mighty with good;

Her shaping of life well brooked she living;

High love she held toward the lord of the heroes;

Of all kindred of men by the hearsay of me

The best of all was he the twain seas beside,

Of the measureless kindred; thereof Offa was

For gifts and for war, the spear-keen of men,

Full widely beworthy'd, with wisdom he held

1960

The land of his heritage. Thence awoke Eomær

For a help unto heroes, the kinsman of Hemming,

The grandson of Garmund, the crafty in war-strife.

XXIX. BEOWULF TELLS HYGELAC OF HROTHGAR: ALSO OF FREAWARU HIS DAUGHTER.

WENT his ways then the hard one, and he with his hand-shoal,

Himself over the sand the sea-plain a-treading,

The warths wide away; shone the world's candle,

The sun slop'd from the southward; so dreed they their journey,

And went their ways stoutly unto where the earls' refuge,

The banesman of Ongentheow all in his burgs there,

The young king of war, the good, as they heard it.

1970

Was dealing the rings. Aright unto Hygelac

Was Beowulf's speeding made knowen full swiftly,

That there into the house-place that hedge of the warriors,

His mate of the linden-board, living was come,

Hale from the battle-play home to him houseward.

Then rathe was beroomed, as the rich one was bidding,

For the guests a-foot going the floor all withinward.

Then sat in the face of him he from the fight sav'd,

Kinsman by kinsman, whenas his man-lord

In fair-sounding speech had greeted the faithful

1980

With mightyful words. With mead-skinking turned

Through the high house adown the daughter of Hæreth:

The people she loved: the wine-bucket bare she

To the hands of the men. But now fell to Hygelac

His very house-fellow in that hall the high

To question full fairly, for wit-lust to-brake him,

Of what like were the journeys the Sea-Geats had wended:

How befell you the sea-lode, O Beowulf lief,

When thou on a sudden bethoughtst thee afar

Over the salt water the strife to be seeking,

1990

The battle in Hart? or for Hrothgar forsooth

The wide-kenned woe some whit didst thou mend,

For that mighty of lords? I therefore the mood-care

In woe-wellings seethed; trow'd not in the wending

Of thee the lief man. A long while did I pray thee

That thou the death-guest there should greet not a whit;

Wouldst let those same South-Danes their own selves to settle

The war-tide with Grendel. Now to God say I thank

That thee, and thee sound, now may I see.

Out then spake Beowulf, Ecgtheow's bairn:

2000

All undark it is, O Hygelac lord,

That meeting the mighty, to a many of men;

Of what like was the meeting of Grendel and me

On that field of the deed, where he many a deal

For the Victory-Scyldings of sorrow had framed,

And misery for ever; but all that I awreaked,

So that needeth not boast any kinsman of Grendel

Any one upon earth of that uproar of dawn-dusk,

Nay not who lives longest of that kindred the loathly

Encompass'd of fenland. Thither first did I come

2010

Unto that ring-hall Hrothgar to greet;

Soon unto me the great Healfdene's son,

So soon as my heart he was wotting forsooth.

Right against his own son a settle there showed.

All that throng was in joy, nor life-long saw I ever

Under vault of the heavens amidst any hall-sitters

More mirth of the mead. There the mighty Queen whiles,

Peace-sib of the folk, went all over the floor,

To the young sons bade heart up; oft she there the ring-wreath

Gave unto a man ere to settle she wended.

2020

At whiles fore the doughty the daughter of Hrothgar

To the earls at the end the ale-bucket bore;

E'en she whom Freawaru the floor-sitters thereat

Heard I to name; where she the nail'd treasure

Gave to the warriors. She was behight then

Youngling and gold-dight to the glad son of Froda.

This hath seemed fair to the friend of the Scyldings,

The herd of the realm, and good rede he accounts it,

That he with that wife of death-feuds a deal

And of strifes should allay. Oft unseldom eachwhere

2030

After a lord's fall e'en but for a little

Bows down the bane-spear, though doughty the bride be.

XXX. BEOWULF FOREBODES ILL FROM THE WEDDING OF FREAWARU: HE TELLS OF GRENDEL AND HIS DAM.

ILL-LIKING this may be to the lord of the Heathobards,

And to each of the thanes of that same people.

When he with fair bride on the floor of hall wendeth,

That the Dane's noble bairn his doughty should wait on,

As on him glisten there the heirlooms of the aged,

Hard and with rings bedight, Heathobards' treasure,

Whileas the weapons yet they might wield;

Till astray did they lead there at the lind-play

2040

Their own fellows belov'd and their very own lives.

For then saith at the beer, he who seeth the ring,

An ancient ash-warrior who mindeth of all

The spear-death of men; grim is he of mind;

Sad of mood he beginneth to tell the young champion.

Through the thought of his heart his mind there to try,

The war-bale to waken, and sayeth this word:

Mayest thou, friend mine, wot of the war-sword,

That which thy father bore in the fight

Under the war-mask e'en on the last time,

2050

That the dear iron, whereas the Danes slew him,

Wielded the death-field, since Withergyld lay,

After fall of the heroes, the keen-hearted Scyldings?

Now here of those banesmen the son, whoseso he be,

All merry in fretwork forth on floor fareth;

Of the murder he boasteth, and that jewel he beareth,

E'en that which of right thou shouldest arede.

Thus he mindeth and maketh word every of times,

With sore words he telleth, until the time cometh

That the thane of the fair bride for the deeds of his father

2060

After bite of the bill sleepeth all blood-stain'd,

All forfeit of life; but thenceforth the other

Escapeth alive; the land well he kenneth;

Then will be broken on both sides forsooth

The oath-swearing of earls, whenas unto Ingeld

Well up the death-hatreds, and the wife-loves of him

Because of the care-wellings cooler become.

Therefore the Heathobards' faith I account not,

Their deal of the folk-peace, unguileful to Danes,

Their fast-bounden friendship. Henceforth must I speak on

2070

Again about Grendel, that thou get well to know it,

O treasure-out-dealer, how sithence betided

The hand-race of heroes: sithence heaven's gem

All over the grounds glided, came the wroth guest,

The dire night-angry one us to go look on,

Whereas we all sound were warding the hall.

There then for Handshoe was battle abiding,

Life-bale to the fey; he first lay alow,

The war-champion girded; unto him became Grendel,

To the great thane of kindreds, a banesman of mouth,

2080

Of the man well-beloved the body he swallow'd;

Nor the sooner therefor out empty-handed

The bloody-tooth'd banesman, of bales all bemindful,

Out from that gold-hall yet would he get him;

But he, mighty of main, made trial of me,

And gripp'd ready-handed. His glove hung aloft,

Wondrous and wide, in wily bands fast,

With cunning wiles was it begeared forsooth,

With crafts of the devils and fells of the dragons;

He me withinwards there, me the unsinning,

2090

The doer of big deeds would do me to be

As one of the many; but naught so it might be,

Sithence in mine anger upright I stood.

'Tis over-long telling how I to the folkscather

For each one of evils out paid the hand-gild.

There I, O my lord king, them thy leal people

Worthy'd with works: but away he gat loosed

Out thence for a little while, brooked yet life-joys;

But his right hand held ward of his track howsoever,

High upon Hart-hall, and thence away humble

2100

He sad of his mood to the mere-ground fell downward.

Me for that slaughter-race the friend of the Scyldings

With gold that beplated was mickle deal paid,

With a many of treasures, sithence came the morning,

And we to the feast-tide had sat us adown;

Song was and glee there; the elder of Scyldings,

Asking of many things, told of things o'erpast;

Whiles hath the battle-deer there the harp's joy,

The wood of mirth greeted; whiles the lay said he

Soothfast and sorrowful; whiles a spell seldom told

2110

Told he by right, the king roomy-hearted;

Whiles began afterward he by eld bounden,

The aged hoar warrior, of his youth to bewail him,

Its might of the battle; his breast well'd within him,

When he, wont in winters, of many now minded.

So we there withinward the livelong day's wearing

Took pleasure amongst us, till came upon men

Another of nights; then eftsoons again

Was yare for the harm-wreak the mother of Grendel:

All sorry she wended, for her son death had taken,

2120

The war-hate of the Weders: that monster of women

Awreaked her bairn, and quelled a warrior

In manner all mighty. Then was there from Aeschere,

The wise man of old, life waning away;

Nor him might they even when come was the morning,

That death-weary wight, the folk of the Danes

Burn up with the brand, nor lade on the bale

The man well-belov'd, for his body she bare off

In her fathom the fiendly all under the fell-stream.

That was unto Hrothgar of sorrows the heaviest

2130

Of them which the folk-chieftain long had befallen.

Then me did the lord king, and e'en by thy life,

Mood-heavy beseech me that I in the holm-throng

Should do after earlship, my life to adventure,

And frame me main-greatness, and meed he behight me.

Then I of the welling flood, which is well kenned,

The grim and the grisly ground-herder did find.

There to us for a while was the blending of hands;

The holm welled with gore, and the head I becarved

In that hall of the ground from the Mother of Grendel

2140

With the all-eked edges; unsoftly out thence

My life forth I ferry'd, for not yet was I fey.

But the earls' burg to me was giving thereafter

Much sort of the treasures, e'en Healfdene's son.

XXXI. BEOWULF GIVES HROTHGAR’S GIFTS TO HYGELAC, AND BY HIM IS REWARDED. OF THE DEATH OF HYGELAC AND OF HEARDRED HIS SON, AND HOW BEOWULF IS KING OF THE GEATS: THE WORM IS FIRST TOLD OF.

SO therewith the folk-king far'd, living full seemly;

By those wages forsooth ne'er a whit had I lost,

By the meed of my main, but to me treasure gave he,

The Healfdene's son, to the doom of myself;

Which to thee, king of bold ones, will I be a-bringing,

And gladly will give thee; for of thee is all gotten

2150

Of favours along, and but little have I

Of head-kinsmen forsooth, saving, Hygelac, thee.

Then he bade them bear in the boar-shape, the head-sign,

The battle-steep war-helm, the byrny all hoary,

The sword stately-good, and spell after he said:

This raiment of war Hrothgar gave to my hand,

The wise of the kings, and therewithal bade me,

That I first of all of his favour should flit thee;

He quoth that first had it King Heorogar of old,

The king of the Scyldings, a long while of time;

2160

But no sooner would he give it unto his son,

Heoroward the well-whet, though kind to him were he,

This weed of the breast. Do thou brook it full well.

On these fretworks, so heard I, four horses therewith,

All alike, close followed after the track,

Steeds apple-fallow. Fair grace he gave him

Of horses and treasures. E'en thus shall do kinsman,

And nowise a wile-net shall weave for another

With craft of the darkness, or do unto death

His very hand-fellow. But now unto Hygelac

2170

The bold in the battle was his nephew full faithful,

And either to other of good deeds was mindful.

I heard that the neck-ring to Hygd did he give,

E'en the wonder-gem well-wrought, that Wealh-theow gave him,

The king's daughter; gave he three steeds therewithal

Slender, and saddle-bright; sithence to her was,

After the ring-gift, the breast well beworthy'd.

Thus boldly he bore him, the Ecgtheow's bairn,

The groom kenned in battle, in good deeds a-doing;

After due doom he did, and ne'er slew he the drunken

2180

Hearth-fellows of him: naught rough was his heart;

But of all men of mankind with the greatest of might

The gift fully and fast set, which had God to him given,

That war-deer did hold. Long was he contemned,

While the bairns of the Geats naught told him for good,

Nor him on the mead-bench worthy of mickle

The lord of the war-hosts would be a-making.

Weened they strongly that he were but slack then,

An atheling unkeen; then came about change

To the fame-happy man for every foul harm.

2190

Bade then the earls' burg in to be bringing,

The king battle-famed, the leaving of Hrethel,

All geared with gold; was not 'mid the Geats then

A treasure-gem better of them of the sword-kind,

That which then on Beowulf's harm there he laid;

And gave to him there seven thousand in gift,

A built house and king-stool; to both them together

Was in that folkship land that was kindly,

Father-right, home; to the other one rather

A wide realm, to him who was there the better.

2200

But thereafter it went so in days later worn

Through the din of the battle, sithence Hygelac lay low

And unto Heardred swords of the battle

Under the war-board were for a bane;

When fell on him midst of this victory-folk

The hard battle-wolves, the Scyldings of war,

And by war overwhelmed the nephew of Hereric;

That sithence unto Beowulf turned the broad realm

All into his hand. Well then did he hold it

For a fifty of winters; then was he an old king,

2210

An old fatherland's warder; until one began

Through the dark of the night-tide, a drake, to hold sway.

In a howe high aloft watched over an hoard,

A stone-burg full steep; thereunder a path sty'd

Unknown unto men, and therewithin wended

Who of men do I know not; for his lust there took he,

From the hoard of the heathen his hand took away

A hall-bowl gem-flecked, nowise back did he give it

Though the herd of the hoard him sleeping beguil'd he

With thief-craft; and this then found out the king,

2220

The best of folk-heroes, that wrath-bollen was he.

XXXII. HOW THE WORM CAME TO THE HOWE, AND HOW HE WAS ROBBED OF A CUP; AND HOW HE FELL ON THE FOLK.

NOT at all with self-wielding the craft of the worm-hoards

He sought of his own will, who sore himself harmed;

But for threat of oppression a thrall, of I wot not

Which bairn of mankind, from blows wrathful fled,

House-needy forsooth, and hied him therein,

A man by guilt troubled. Then soon it betided

That therein to the guest there stood grisly terror;

However the wretched, of every hope waning

········

The ill-shapen wight, whenas the fear gat him,

2230

The treasure-vat saw; of such there was a many

Up in that earth-house of treasures of old,

As them in the yore-days, though what man I know not,

The huge leavings and loom of a kindred of high ones,

Well thinking of thoughts there had hidden away.

Dear treasures. But all them had death borne away

In the times of erewhile; and the one at the last

Of the doughty of that folk that there longest lived,

There waxed he friend-sad, yet ween'd he to tarry,

That he for a little those treasures the longsome

2240

Might brook for himself. But a burg now all ready

Wonn'd on the plain nigh the waves of the water,

New by a ness, by narrow-crafts fasten'd;

Within there then bare of the treasures of earls

That herd of the rings a deal hard to carry,

Of gold fair beplated, and few words he quoth:

Hold thou, O earth, now, since heroes may hold not,

The owning of earls. What! it erst within thee

Good men did get to them; now war-death hath gotten,

Life-bale the fearful, each man and every

2250

Of my folk; e'en of them who forwent the life:

The hall-joy had they seen. No man to wear sword

I own, none to brighten the beaker beplated,

The dear drink-vat; the doughty have sought to else-whither.

Now shall the hard war-helm bedight with the gold

Be bereft of its plating; its polishers sleep,

They that the battle-mask erewhile should burnish:

Likewise the war-byrny, which abode in the battle

O'er break of the war-boards the bite of the irons,

Crumbles after the warrior; nor may the ring'd byrny

2260

After the war-leader fare wide afield

On behalf of the heroes: nor joy of the harp is,

No game of the glee-wood; no goodly hawk now

Through the hall swingeth; no more the swift horse

Beateth the burg-stead. Now hath bale-quelling

A many of life-kin forth away sent.

Suchwise sad-moody moaned in sorrow

One after all, unblithely bemoaning

By day and by night, till the welling of death

Touch'd at his heart. The old twilight-scather

2270

Found the hoard's joyance standing all open,

E'en he that, burning, seeketh to burgs,

The evil drake, naked, that flieth a night-tide,

With fire encompass'd; of him the earth-dwellers

Are strongly adrad; wont is he to seek to

The hoard in the earth, where he the gold heathen

Winter-old wardeth; nor a whit him it betters.

So then the folk-scather for three hundred winters

Held in the earth a one of hoard-houses

All-eked of craft, until him there anger'd

2280

A man in his mood, who bare to his man-lord

A beaker beplated, and bade him peace-warding

Of his lord: then was lightly the hoard searched over,

And the ring-hoard off borne; and the boon it was granted

To that wretched-wrought man. There then the lord saw

That work of men foregone the first time of times.

Then awaken'd the Worm, and anew the strife was;

Along the stone stank he, the stout-hearted found

The foot-track of the foe; he had stept forth o'er-far

With dark craft, over-nigh to the head of the drake.

2290

So may the man unfey full easily outlive

The woe and the wrack-journey, he whom the Wielder's

Own grace is holding. Now sought the hoard-warden

Eager over the ground; for the groom he would find

Who unto him sleeping had wrought out the sore:

Hot and rough-moody oft he turn'd round the howe

All on the outward; but never was any man

On the waste; but however in war he rejoiced,

In battle-work. Whiles he turn'd back to his howe

And sought to his treasure-vat; soon he found this,

2300

That one of the grooms had proven the gold,

The high treasures; then the hoard-warden abided,

But hardly forsooth, until come was the even,

And all anger-bollen was then the burg-warden,

And full much would the loath one with the fire-flame pay back

For his drink-vat the dear. Then day was departed

E'en at will to the Worm, and within wall no longer

Would he bide, but awayward with burning he fared,

All dight with the fire: it was fearful beginning

To the folk in the land, and all swiftly it fell

2310

On their giver of treasure full grievously ended.

XXXIII. THE WORM BURNS BEOWULF’S HOUSE, AND BEOWULF GETS READY TO GO AGAINST HIM. BEOWULF’S EARLY DEEDS IN BATTLE WITH THE HETWARE TOLD OF.

BEGAN then the guest to spew forth of gleeds,

The bright dwellings to burn; stood the beam of the burning

For a mischief to menfolk; now nothing that quick was

The loathly lift-flier would leave there forsooth;

The war of the Worm was wide to be seen there,

The narrowing foe's hatred anigh and afar,

How he, the fight-scather, the folk of the Geats

Hated and harm'd; shot he back to the hoard,

His dark lordly hall, ere yet was the day's while;

2320

The land-dwellers had he in the light low encompass'd

With bale and with brand; in his burg yet he trusted,

His war-might and his wall: but his weening bewray'd him.

Then Beowulf was done to wit of the terror

Full swiftly forsooth, that the house of himself,

Best of buildings, was molten in wellings of fire,

The gift-stool of the Geats. To the good one was that

A grief unto heart; of mind-sorrows the greatest.

Weened the wise one, that Him, e'en the Wielder,

The Lord everlasting, against the old rights

2330

He had bitterly anger'd; the breast boil'd within him

With dark thoughts, that to him were naught duly wonted.

Now had the fire-drake the own fastness of folk,

The water-land outward, that ward of the earth,

With gleeds to ground wasted; so therefore the war-king,

The lord of the Weder-folk, learned him vengeance.

Then he bade be work'd for him, that fence of the warriors,

And that all of iron, the lord of the earls,

A war-board all glorious, for wissed he yarely

That the holt-wood hereto might help him no whit,

2340

The linden 'gainst fire-flame. Of fleeting days now

The Atheling exceeding good end should abide,

The end of the world's life, and the Worm with him also,

Though long he had holden the weal of the hoard.

Forsooth scorned then the lord of the rings

That he that wide-flier with war-band should seek,

With a wide host; he fear'd not that war for himself,

Nor for himself the Worm's war accounted one whit,

His might and his valour, for that he erst a many

Strait-daring of battles had bided, and liv'd,

2350

Clashings huge of the battle, sithence he of Hrothgar,

He, the man victory-happy, had cleansed the hall,

And in war-tide had gripped the kindred of Grendel,

The loathly of kindreds; nor was that the least

Of hand-meetings, wherein erst was Hygelac slain,

Sithence the Geats' king in the onrush of battle,

The lord-friend of the folks, down away in the Frieslands,

The offspring of Hrethel, died, drunken of sword-drinks,

All beaten of bill. Thence Beowulf came forth

By his own craft forsooth, dreed the work of the swimming;

2360

He had on his arm, he all alone, thirty

Of war-gears, when he to the holm went adown.

Then nowise the Hetware needed to joy them

Over the foot-war, wherein forth against him

They bore the war-linden: few went back again

From that wolf of the battle to wend to their homes.

O'erswam then the waters' round Ecgtheow's son,

Came all wretched and byrd-alone back to his people,

Whereas offer'd him Hygd then the kingdom and hoard,

The rings and the king-stool: trowed naught in the child,

2370

That he 'gainst folks outland the fatherland-seats

Might can how to hold, now was Hygelac dead:

Yet no sooner therefor might the poor folk prevail

To gain from the Atheling in any of ways

That he unto Heardred would be for a lord,

Or eke that that kingdom henceforward should choose;

Yet him midst of the folk with friend-lore he held,

All kindly with honour till older he waxed

And wielded the Weder-Geats. To him men-waifs thereafter

Sought from over the sea, the sons they of Ohthere,

2380

For they erst had withstood the helm of the Scylfings,

E'en him that was best of the kings of the sea,

Of them that in Swede-realm dealt out the treasure,

The mighty of princes. Unto him 'twas a life-mark;

To him without food there was fated the life-wound,

That Hygelac's son, by the swinging of swords;

And him back departed Ongentheow's bairn,

To go seek to his house, sithence Heardred lay dead,

And let Beowulf hold the high seat of the king

And wield there the Geats. Yea, good was that king.

XXXIV. BEOWULF GOES AGAINST THE WORM. HE TELLS OF HEREBEALD AND HÆTHCYN.

2390

OF that fall of the folk-king he minded the payment

In days that came after: unto Eadgils he was

A friend to him wretched; with folk he upheld him

Over the wide sea, that same son of Ohthere,

With warriors and weapons. Sithence had he wreaking

With cold journeys of care: from the king took he life.

Now each one of hates thus had he outlived,

And of perilous slaughters, that Ecgtheow's son,

All works that be doughty, until that one day

When he with the Worm should wend him to deal.

2400

So twelvesome he set forth all swollen with anger,

The lord of the Geats, the drake to go look on.

Aright had he learnt then whence risen the feud was,

The bale-hate against men-folk: to his barm then had come

The treasure-vat famous by the hand of the finder;

He was in that troop of men the thirteenth

Who the first of that battle had set upon foot,

The thrall, the sad-minded; in shame must he thenceforth

Wise the way to the plain; and against his will went he

Thereunto, where the earth-hall the one there he wist,

2410

The howe under earth anigh the holm's welling,

The wave-strife: there was it now full all within

With gems and with wires; the monster, the warden,

The yare war-wolf, he held him therein the hoard golden,

The old under the earth: it was no easy cheaping

To go and to gain for any of grooms.

Sat then on the ness there the strife-hardy king

While farewell he bade to his fellows of hearth,

The gold-friend of the Geats; sad was gotten his soul,

Wavering, death-minded; weird nigh beyond measure,

2420

Which him old of years gotten now needs must be greeting,

Must seek his soul's hoard and asunder must deal

His life from his body: no long while now was

The life of the Atheling in flesh all bewounden.

Now spake out Beowulf, Ecgtheow's bairn:

Many a one in my youth of war-onsets I outliv'd,

And the whiles of the battle: all that I remember.

Seven winters had I when the wielder of treasures,

The lord-friend of folk, from my father me took,

Held me and had me Hrethel the king,

2430

Gave me treasure and feast, and remember'd the friendship.

For life thence I was not to him a whit loather,

A berne in his burgs than his bairns were, or each one,

Herebeald, or Hæthcyn, or Hygelac mine.

For the eldest there was in unseemly wise

By the mere deed of kinsman a murder-bed strawen,

Whenas him did Hæthcyn from out of his horn-bow,

His lord and his friend, with shaft lay alow:

His mark he miss'd shooting, and shot down his kinsman,

One brother another with shaft all bebloody'd;

2440

That was fight feeless by fearful crime sinned,

Soul-weary to heart, yet natheless then had

The atheling from life all unwreak'd to be ceasing.

So sad-like it is for a carle that is aged

To be biding the while that his boy shall be riding

Yet young on the gallows; then a lay should he utter,

A sorrowful song whenas hangeth his son

A gain unto ravens, and naught good of avail

May he, old and exceeding old, anywise frame.

Ever will he be minded on every each morning

2450

Of his son's faring otherwhere; nothing he heedeth

Of abiding another withinward his burgs,

An heritage-warder, then whenas the one

By the very death's need hath found out the ill.

Sorrow-careful he seeth within his son's bower

The waste wine-hall, the resting-place now of the winds,

All bereft of the revel; the riders are sleeping,

The heroes in grave, and no voice of the harp is,

No game in the garths such as erewhile was gotten.

XXXV. BEOWULF TELLS OF PAST FEUDS, AND BIDS FAREWELL TO HIS FELLOWS: HE FALLS ON THE WORM, AND THE BATTLE OF THEM BEGINS.

THEN to sleeping-stead wendeth he, singeth he sorrow,

2460 The one for the other; o'er-roomy all seem'd him

The meads and the wick-stead. So the helm of the Weders

For Herebeald's sake the sorrow of heart

All welling yet bore, and in nowise might he

On the banesman of that life the feud be a-booting;

Nor ever the sooner that warrior might hate

With deeds loathly, though he to him nothing was lief.

He then with the sorrow wherewith that sore beset him

Man's joy-tide gave up, and chose him God's light.

To his offspring he left, e'en as wealthy man doeth,

2470

His land and his folk-burgs when he from life wended.

Then sin was and striving of Swedes and of Geats,

Over the wide water war-tide in common,

The hard horde-hate to wit sithence Hrethel perish'd;

And to them ever were the Ongentheow's sons

Doughty and host-whetting, nowise then would friendship

Hold over the waters; but round about Hreosnaburgh

The fierce fray of foeman was oftentimes fram'd.

Kin of friends that mine were, there they awreaked

The feud and the evil deed, e'en as was famed;

2480

Although he, the other, with his own life he bought it,

A cheaping full hard: unto Hæthcyn it was,

To the lord of the Geat-folk, a life-fateful war.

Learned I that the morrow one brother the other

With the bills' edges wreaked the death on the banesman,

Whereas Ongentheow is a-seeking of Eofor:

Glode the war-helm asunder, the aged of Scylfings

Fell, sword-bleak; e'en so remember'd the hand

Feud enough; nor e'en then did the life-stroke withhold.

I to him for the treasure which erewhile he gave me

2490

Repaid it in warring, as was to me granted,

With my light-gleaming sword. To me gave he land,

The hearth and the home-bliss: unto him was no need

That unto the Gifthas or unto the Spear-Danes

Or into the Swede-realm he needs must go seeking

A worse wolf of war for a worth to be cheaping;

For in the host ever would I be before him

Alone in the fore-front, and so life-long shall I

Be a-framing of strife, whileas tholeth the sword,

Which early and late hath bestead me full often,

2500

Sithence was I by doughtiness unto Day-raven

The hand-bane erst waxen, to the champion of Hug-folk;

He nowise the fretwork to the king of the Frisians,

The breast-worship to wit, might bring any more,

But cringed in battle that herd of the banner,

The Atheling in might: the edge naught was his bane,

But for him did the war-grip the heart-wellings of him

Break, the house of the bones. Now shall the bill's edge,

The hand and hard sword, about the hoard battle.

So word uttered Beowulf, spake out the boast word

2510

For the last while as now: Many wars dared I

In the days of my youth, and now will I yet,

The old warder of folk, seek to the feud,

Full gloriously frame, if the scather of foul-deed

From the hall of the earth me out shall be seeking.

Greeted he then each one of the grooms,

The keen wearers of helms, for the last while of whiles,

His own fellows the dear: No sword would I fare with,

No weapon against the Worm, wist I but how

'Gainst the monster of evil in otherwise might I

2520

Uphold me my boast, as erst did I with Grendel;

But there fire of the war-tide full hot do I ween me,

And the breath, and the venom; I shall bear on me therefore

Both the board and the byrny; nor the burg's warden shall I

Overflee for a foot's-breadth, but unto us twain

It shall be at the wall as to us twain Weird willeth,

The Maker of each man. Of mood am I eager;

So that 'gainst that war-flier from boast I withhold me.

Abide ye upon burg with your byrnies bewarded,

Ye men in your battle-gear, which may the better

2530

After the slaughter-race save us from wounding

Of the twain of us. Naught is it yours to take over,

Nor the measure of any man save alone me,

That he on the monster should mete out his might,

Or work out the earlship: but I with my main might

Shall gain me the gold, or else gets me the battle,

The perilous life-bale, e'en me your own lord.

Arose then by war-round the warrior renowned

Hard under helm, and the sword-sark he bare

Under the stone-cliffs: in the strength then he trowed

2540

Of one man alone; no dastard's way such is.

Then he saw by the wall (e'en he, who so many,

The good of man-bounties, of battles had out-liv'd,

Of crashes of battle whenas hosts were blended)

A stone-bow a-standing, and from out thence a stream

Breaking forth from the burg; was that burn's outwelling

All hot with the war-fire; and none nigh to the hoard then

Might ever unburning any while bide,

Live out through the deep for the flame of the drake.

Out then from his breast, for as bollen as was he,

2550

Let the Weder-Geats' chief the words be out faring;

The stout-hearted storm'd and the stave of him enter'd

Battle-bright sounding in under the hoar stone.

Then uproused was hate, and the hoard-warden wotted

The speech of man's word, and no more while there was

Friendship to fetch. Then forth came there first

The breath of the evil beast out from the stone,

The hot sweat of battle, and dinn'd then the earth.

The warrior beneath the burg swung up his war-round

Against that grisly guest, the lord of the Geats;

2560

Then the heart of the ring-bow'd grew eager therewith

To seek to the strife. His sword ere had he drawn,

That good lord of the battle, the leaving of old,

The undull of edges: there was unto either

Of the bale-minded ones the fear of the other.

All steadfast of mind stood against his steep shield

The lord of the friends, when the Worm was a-bowing

Together all swiftly, in war-gear he bided;

Then boune was the burning one, bow'd in his going,

To the fate of him faring. The shield was well warding

2570

The life and the lyke of the mighty lord king

For a lesser of whiles than his will would have had it,

If he at that frist on the first of the day

Was to wield him, as weird for him never will'd it,

The high-day of battle. His hand he up braided,

The lord of the Geats, and the grisly-fleck'd smote he

With the leaving of Ing, in such wise that the edge fail'd,

The brown blade on the bone, and less mightily bit

Than the king of the nation had need in that stour,

With troubles beset. But then the burg-warden

2580

After the war-swing all wood of his mood

Cast forth the slaughter-flame, sprung thereon widely

The battle-gleams: nowise of victory he boasted,

The gold-friend of the Geats; his war-bill had falter'd,

All naked in war, in such wise as it should not,

The iron exceeding good. Naught was it easy

For him there, the mighty-great offspring of Ecgtheow,

That he now that earth-plain should give up for ever;

But against his will needs must he dwell in the wick

Of the otherwhere country; as ever must each man

2590

Let go of his loan-days. Not long was it thenceforth

Ere the fell ones of fight fell together again.

The hoard-warden up-hearten'd him, welled his breast

With breathing anew. Then narrow need bore he,

Encompass'd with fire, who erst the folk wielded;

Nowise in a heap his hand-fellows there,

The bairns of the athelings, stood all about him

In valour of battle; but they to holt bow'd them;

Their dear life they warded; but in one of them welled

His soul with all sorrow. So sib-ship may never

2600

Turn aside any whit to the one that well thinketh.

XXXVI. WIGLAF SON OF WEOHSTAN GOES TO THE HELP OF BEOWULF: NÆGLING, BEOWULF’S SWORD, IS BROKEN ON THE WORM.

WIGLAF so hight he, the son of Weohstan,

Lief linden-warrior, and lord of Scylfings,

The kinsman of Aelfhere: and he saw his man-lord

Under his host-mask tholing the heat;

He had mind of the honour that to him gave he erewhile.

The wick-stead the wealthy of them, the Wægmundings,

And the folk-rights each one which his father had owned.

Then he might not withhold him, his hand gripp'd the round,

Yellow linden; he tugg'd out withal the old sword,

2610

That was known among men for the heirloom of Eanmund,

Ohthere's son, unto whom in the strife did become,

To the exile unfriended, Weohstan for the bane

With the sword-edge, and unto his kinsmen bare off

The helm the brown-brindled, the byrny beringed,

And the old eoten-sword that erst Onela gave him;

Were they his kinsman's weed of the war,

Host-fight-gear all ready. Of the feud nothing spake he.

Though he of his brother the bairn had o'er-thrown.

But the host-gear befretted he held many seasons,

2620

The bill and the byrny, until his own boy might

Do him the earlship as did his ere-father.

Amidst of the Geats then he gave him the war-weed

Of all kinds unnumber'd, whenas he from life wended

Old on the forth-way. Then was the first time

For that champion the young that he the war-race

With his high lord the famed e'er he should frame:

Naught melted his mood, naught the loom of his kinsman

Weaken'd in war-tide; that found out the Worm

When they two together had gotten to come.

2630

Now spake out Wiglaf many words rightwise,

And said to his fellows: all sad was his soul:

I remember that while when we gat us the mead,

And whenas we behight to the high lord of us

In the beer-hall, e'en he who gave us these rings,

That we for the war-gear one while would pay,

If unto him thislike need e'er should befall,

For these helms and hard swords. So he chose us from host

To this faring of war by his very own will,

Of glories he minded us, and gave me these gems here,

2640

Whereas us of gar-warriors he counted for good,

And bold bearers of helms. Though our lord e'en for us

This work of all might was of mind all alone

Himself to be framing, the herd of the folk,

Whereas most of all men he hath mightiness framed.

Of deeds of all daring, yet now is the day come

Whereon to our man-lord behoveth the main

Of good battle-warriors; so thereunto wend we,

And help we the host-chief, whiles that the heat be,

The gleed-terror grim. Now of me wotteth God

2650

That to me is much liefer that that, my lyke-body,

With my giver of gold the gleed should engrip.

Unmeet it methinketh that we shields should bear

Back unto our own home, unless we may erst

The foe fell adown and the life-days defend

Of the king of the Weders. Well wot I hereof

That his old deserts naught such were, that he only

Of all doughty of Geats the grief should be bearing.

Sink at strife. Unto us shall one sword be, one helm,

One byrny and shield, to both of us common.

2660

Through the slaughter-reek waded he then, bare his war-helm

To the finding his lord, and few words he quoth:

O Beowulf the dear, now do thee all well,

As thou in thy youthful life quothest of yore,

That naught wouldst thou let, while still thou wert living,

Thy glory fade out. Now shalt thou of deeds famed,

The atheling of single heart, with all thy main deal

For the warding thy life, and to stay thee I will.

Then after these words all wroth came the Worm,

The dire guest foesome, that second of whiles

2670

With fire-wellings flecked, his foes to go look on,

The loath men. With flame was lightly then burnt up

The board to the boss, and might not the byrny

To the warrior the young frame any help yet.

But so the young man under shield of his kinsman

Went onward with valour, whenas his own was

All undone with gleeds; then again the war-king

Remember'd his glories, and smote with mainmight

With his battle-bill, so that it stood in the head

Need-driven by war-hate. Then asunder burst Nægling,

2680

Waxed weak in the war-tide, e'en Beowulf's sword,

The old and grey-marked; to him was not given

That to him any whit might the edges of irons

Be helpful in battle; over-strong was the hand

Which every of swords, by the hearsay of me,

With its swing over-wrought, when he bare unto strife

A wondrous hard weapon; naught it was to him better.

Then was the folk-scather for the third of times yet,

The fierce fire-drake, all mindful of feud;

He rac'd on that strong one, when was room to him given,

2690

Hot and battle-grim; he all the halse of him gripped

With bitter-keen bones; all bebloody'd he waxed

With the gore of his soul. Well'd in waves then the war-sweat.

XXXVII. THEY TWO SLAY THE WORM. BEOWULF IS WOUNDED DEADLY: HE BIDDETH WIGLAF BEAR OUT THE TREASURE.

THEN heard I that at need of the high king of folk

The upright earl made well manifest might,

His craft and his keenness as kind was to him;

The head there he heeded not (but the hand burned

Of that man of high mood when he helped his kinsman),

Whereas he now the hate-guest smote yet a deal nether,

That warrior in war-gear, whereby the sword dived,

2700

The plated, of fair hue, and thereby fell the flame

To minish thereafter, and once more the king's self

Wielded his wit, and his slaying-sax drew out,

The bitter and battle-sharp, borne on his byrny;

Asunder the Weder's helm smote the Worm midmost;

They felled the fiend, and force drave the life out,

And they twain together had gotten him ending,

Those athelings sib. E'en such should a man be,

A thane good at need. Now that to the king was

The last victory-while, by the deeds of himself,

2710

Of his work of the world. Sithence fell the wound,

That the earth-drake to him had wrought but erewhile.

To swell and to sweal; and this soon he found out,

That down in the breast of him bale-evil welled,

The venom withinward; then the Atheling wended,

So that he by the wall, bethinking him wisdom.

Sat on seat there and saw on the works of the giants,

How that the stone-bows fast stood on pillars,

The earth-house everlasting upheld withinward.

Then with his hand him the sword-gory,

2720

That great king his thane, the good beyond measure,

His friend-lord with water washed full well,

The sated of battle, and unspanned his war-helm.

Forth then spake Beowulf, and over his wound said,

His wound piteous deadly; wist he full well,

That now of his day-whiles all had he dreed,

Of the joy of the earth; all was shaken asunder

The tale of his days; death without measure nigh:

Unto my son now should I be giving

My gear of the battle, if to me it were granted

2730

Any ward of the heritage after my days

To my body belonging. This folk have I holden

Fifty winters; forsooth was never a folk-king

Of the sitters around, no one of them soothly,

Who me with the war-friends durst wend him to greet

And bear down with the terror. In home have I abided

The shapings of whiles, and held mine own well.

No wily hates sought I; for myself swore not many

Of oaths in unright. For all this may I,

Sick with the life-wounds, soothly have joy.

2740

Therefore naught need wyte me the Wielder of men

With kin murder-bale, when breaketh asunder

My life from my lyke. And now lightly go thou

To look on the hoard under the hoar stone,

Wiglaf mine lief, now that lieth the Worm

And sleepeth sore wounded, beshorn of his treasure;

And be hasty that I now the wealth of old time,

The gold-having may look on, and yarely behold

The bright cunning gems, that the softlier may I

After the treasure-weal let go away

2750

My life, and the folk-ship that long I have held.

XXXVIII. BEOWULF BEHOLDETH THE TREASURE AND PASSETH AWAY.

THEN heard I that swiftly the son of that Weohstan

After this word-say his lord the sore wounded,

Battle-sick, there obeyed, and bare forth his ring-net,

His battle-sark woven, in under the burg-roof;

Saw then victory-glad as by the seat went he,

The kindred-thane moody, sun-jewels a many,

Much glistering gold lying down on the ground,

Many wonders on wall, and the den of the Worm,

The old twilight-flier; there were flagons a-standing,

2760

The vats of men bygone, of brighteners bereft,

And maim'd of adornment; was many an helm

Rusty and old, and of arm-rings a many

Full cunningly twined. All lightly may treasure,

The gold in the ground, every one of mankind

Befool with o'erweening, hide it who will.

Likewise he saw standing a sign there all-golden

High over the hoard, the most of hand-wonders,

With limb-craft belocked, whence light a ray gleamed.

Whereby the den's ground-plain gat he to look on,

2770

The fair works scan throughly. Not of the Worm there

Was aught to be seen now, but the edge had undone him.

Heard I then that in howe of the hoard was bereaving,

The old work of the giants, but one man alone,

Into his barm laded beakers and dishes

At his very own doom; and the sign eke he took,

The brightest of beacons. But the bill of the old lord

(The edge was of iron) erewhile it scathed

Him who of that treasure hand-bearer was

A long while, and fared a-bearing the flame-dread

2780

Before the hoard hot, and welling of fierceness

In the midnights, until that by murder he died.

In haste was the messenger, eager of back-fare,

Further'd with fretted gems. Him longing fordid

To wot whether the bold man he quick there shall meet

In that mead-stead, e'en he the king of the Weders,

All sick of his might, whereas he erst Itft him.

He fetching the treasure then found the king mighty,

His own lord, yet there, and him ever all gory

At end of his life; and he yet once again

2790

Fell the water to warp o'er him, till the word's point

Brake through the breast-hoard, and Beowulf spake out.

The aged, in grief as he gaz'd on the gold:

Now I for these fretworks to the Lord of all thanking,

To the King of all glory, in words am yet saying,

To the Lord ever living, for that which I look on;

Whereas such I might for the people of mine,

Ere ever my death-day, get me to own.

Now that for the treasure-hoard here have I sold

My life and laid down the same, frame still then ever

2800

The folk-need, for here never longer I may be.

So bid ye the war-mighty work me a howe

Bright after the bale-fire at the sea's nose,

Which for a remembrance to the people of me

Aloft shall uplift him at Whale-ness for ever,

That it the sea-goers sithence may hote

Beowulf's Howe, e'en they that the high-ships

Over the flood-mists drive from afar.

Did off from his halse then a ring was all golden,

The king the great-hearted, and gave to his thane,

2810

To the spear-warrior young his war-helm gold-brindled,

The ring and the byrny, and bade him well brook them:

Thou art the end-leaving of all of our kindred,

The Wægmundings; Weird now hath swept all away

Of my kinsmen, and unto the doom of the Maker

The earls in their might; now after them shall I.

That was to the aged lord youngest of words

Of his breast-thoughts, ere ever he chose him the bale,

The hot battle-wellings; from his heart now departed

His soul, to seek out the doom of the soothfast.

XXXIX. WIGLAF CASTETH SHAME ON THOSE FLEERS.

2820

BUT gone was it then with the unaged man

Full hard that there he beheld on the earth

The liefest of friends at the ending of life,

Of bearing most piteous. And likewise lay his bane

The Earth-drake, the loathly fear, reft of his life,

By bale laid undone: the ring-hoards no longer

The Worm, the crook-bowed, ever might wield;

For soothly the edges of the irons him bare off,

The hard battle-sharded leavings of hammers,

So that the wide-flier stilled with wounding

2830

Fell onto earth anigh to his hoard-hall,

Nor along the lift ever more playing he turned

At middle-nights, proud of the owning of treasure,

Show'd the face of him forth, but to earth there he fell

Because of the host-leader's work of the hand.

This forsooth on the land hath thriven to few,

Of men might and main bearing, by hearsay of mine,

Though in each of all deeds full daring he were,

That against venom-scather's fell breathing he set on,

Or the hall of his rings with hand be a-stirring,

2840

If so be that he waking the warder had found

Abiding in burg. By Beowulf was

His deal of the king-treasure paid for by death;

There either had they fared on to the end

Of this loaned life. Long it was not until

Those laggards of battle the holt were a-leaving,

Unwarlike troth-liars, the ten there together,

Who durst not e'en now with darts to be playing

E'en in their man-lord's most mickle need.

But shamefully now their shields were they bearing,

2850

Their weed of the battle, there where lay the aged;

They gazed on Wiglaf where weary'd he sat,

The foot-champion, hard by his very lord's shoulder,

And wak'd him with water: but no whit it sped him;

Never might he on earth howsoe'er well he will'd it

In that leader of spears hold the life any more,

Nor the will of the Wielder change ever a whit;

But still should God's doom of deeds rule the rede

For each man of men, as yet ever it doth.

Then from out of the youngling an answer full grim

2860

Easy got was for him who had lost heart erewhile,

And word gave out Wiglaf, Weohstan's son

The sorrowful-soul'd man: on those unlief he saw:

Lo that may he say who sooth would be saying,

That the man-lord who dealt you the gift of those dear things,

The gear of the war-host wherein there ye stand,

Whereas he on the ale-bench full oft was a-giving

Unto the hall-sitters war-helm and byrny,

The king to his thanes, e'en such as he choicest

Anywhere, far or near, ever might find:

2870

That he utterly wrongsome those weeds of the war

Had cast away, then when the war overtook him.

Surely never the folk-king of his fellows in battle

Had need to be boastful; howsoever God gave him,

The Victory-wielder, that he himself wreaked him

Alone with the edge, when to him need of might was.

Unto him of life-warding but little might I

Give there in the war-tide; and yet I began

Above measure of my might my kinsman to help;

Ever worse was the Worm then when I with sword

2880

Smote the life-foe, and ever the fire less strongly

Welled out from his wit. Of warders o'er little

Throng'd about the king when him the battle befell.

Now shall taking of treasures and giving of swords

And all joy of your country-home fail from your kindred,

All hope wane away; of the land-right moreover

May each of the men of that kinsman's burg ever

Roam lacking; sithence that the athelings eft-soons

From afar shall have heard of your faring in flight,

Your gloryless deed. Yea, death shall be better

2890

For each of the earls than a life ever ill-fam'd.

XL. WIGLAF SENDETH TIDING TO THE HOST: THE WORDS OF THE MESSENGER.

THEN he bade them that war-work give out at the barriers

Up over the sea-cliff, whereas then the earl-host

The morning-long day sat sad of their mood,

The bearers of war-boards, in weening of both things,

Either the end-day, or else the back-coming

Of the lief man. Forsooth he little was silent

Of the new-fallen tidings who over the ness rode,

But soothly he said over all there a-sitting:

Now is the will-giver of the folk of the Weders,

2900

The lord of the Geats, fast laid in the death-bed,

In the slaughter-rest wonneth he by the Worm's doings.

And beside him yet lieth his very life-winner

All sick with the sax-wounds; with sword might he never

On the monster, the fell one, in any of manners

Work wounding at all. There yet sitteth Wiglaf,

Weohstan's own boy, over Beowulf king,

One earl over the other, over him the unliving;

With heart-honours holdeth he head-ward withal

Over lief, over loath. But to folk is a weening

2910

Of war-tide as now, so soon as unhidden

To Franks and to Frisians the fall of the king

Is become over widely. Once was the strife shapen

Hard 'gainst the Hugs, sithence Hygelac came

Faring with float-host to Frisian land,

Whereas him the Hetware vanquish'd in war,

With might gat the gain, with o'er-mickle main;

The warrior bebyrny'd he needs must bow down:

He fell in the host, and no fretted war-gear

Gave that lord to the doughty, but to us was aye sithence

2920

The mercy ungranted that was of the Merwing.

Nor do I from the Swede folk of peace or good faith

Ween ever a whit. For widely 'twas wotted

That Ongentheow erst had undone the life

Of Hæthcyn the Hrethel's son hard by the Raven-wood,

Then when in their pride the Scylfings of war

Erst gat them to seek to the folk of the Geats.

Unto him soon the old one, the father of Ohthere,

The ancient and fearful gave back the hand-stroke,

Brake up the sea-wise one, rescued his bride.

2930

The aged his spouse erst, bereft of the gold,

Mother of Onela, yea and of Ohthere;

And follow'd up thereon his foemen the deadly,

Until they betook them and sorrowfully therewith

Unto the Raven-holt, reft of their lord.

With huge host then beset he the leaving of swords

All weary with wounds, and woe he behight them,

That lot of the wretched, the livelong night through;

Quoth he that the morrow's morn with the swords' edges

He would do them to death, hang some on the gallows

2940

For a game unto fowl. But again befell comfort

To the sorry of mood with the morrow-day early;

Whereas they of Hygelac's war-horn and trumpet

The voice wotted, whenas the good king his ways came

Faring on in the track of his folk's doughty men.

XLI. MORE WORDS OF THE MESSENGER. HOW HE FEARS THE SWEDES WHEN THEY WOT OF BEOWULF DEAD.

WAS the track of the war-sweat of Swedes and of Geats,

The men's slaughter-race, right wide to be seen,

How those folks amongst them were waking the feud.

Departed that good one, and went with his fellows,

Old and exceeding sad, fastness to seek;

2950

The earl Ongentheow upward returned;

Of Hygelac's battle-might oft had he heard,

The war-craft of the proud one; in withstanding he trow'd not,

That he to the sea-folk in fight might debate,

Or against the sea-farers defend him his hoard,

His bairns and his bride. He bow'd him aback thence,

The old under the earth-wall. Then was the chase bidden

To the Swede-folk, and Hygelac's sign was upreared,

And the plain of the peace forth on o'er-pass'd they,

After the Hrethlings onto the hedge throng'd.

2960

There then was Ongentheow by the swords' edges,

The blent-hair'd, the hoary one, driven to biding,

So that the folk-king fain must he take

Sole doom of Eofor. Him in his wrath then

Wulf the Wonreding reach'd with his weapon,

So that from the stroke sprang the war-sweat in streams

Forth from under his hair; yet naught fearsome was he,

The aged, the Scylfing, but paid aback rathely

With chaffer that worse was that war-crash of slaughter,

Sithence the folk-king turned him thither;

2970

And nowise might the brisk one that son was of Wonred

Unto the old carle give back the hand-slaying,

For that he on Wulf's head the helm erst had sheared,

So that all with the blood stained needs must he bow,

And fell on the field; but not yet was he fey,

But he warp'd himself up, though the wound had touch'd nigh.

But thereon the hard Hygelac's thane there,

Whenas down lay his brother, let the broad blade,

The old sword of eotens, that helm giant-fashion'd

Break over the board-wall, and down the king bowed,

2980

The herd of the folk unto fair life was smitten.

There were many about there who bound up his kinsman,

Upraised him swiftly when room there was made them,

That the slaughter-stead there at the stour they might wield,

That while when was reaving one warrior the other:

From Ongentheow took he the iron-wrought byrny,

The hard-hilted sword, with his helm all together:

The hoary one's harness to Hygelac bare he;

The fret war-gear then took he, and fairly behight him

Before the folk due gifts, and even so did it;

2990

Gild he gave for that war-race, the lord of the Geats,

The own son of Hrethel, when home was he come,

To Eofor and Wulf gave he over-much treasure,

To them either he gave an hundred of thousands,

Land and lock'd rings. Of the gift none needed to wyte him

Of mid earth, since the glory they gained by battle.

Then to Eofor he gave his one only daughter,

An home-worship soothly, for pledge of his good will.

That is the feud and the foeship full soothly,

The dead-hate of men, e'en as I have a weening,

3000

Wherefor the Swede people against us shall seek,

Sithence they have learned that lieth our lord

All lifeless; e'en he that erewhile hath held

Against all the haters the hoard and the realm;

Who after the heroes' fall held the fierce Scylfings,

Framed the folk-rede, and further thereto

Did earlship-deeds. Now is haste best of all

That we now the folk-king should fare to be seeing,

And then that we bring him who gave us the rings

On his way to the bale: nor shall somewhat alone

3010

With the moody be molten; but manifold hoard is,

Gold untold of by tale that grimly is cheapened,

And now at the last by this one's own life

Are rings bought, and all these the brand now shall fret,

The flame thatch them over: no earl shall bear off

One gem in remembrance; nor any fair maiden

Shall have on her halse a ring-honour thereof,

But in grief of mood henceforth, bereaved of gold,

Shall oft, and not once alone, alien earth tread,

Now that the host-learn'd hath laid aside laughter,

3020

The game and the glee-joy. Therefore shall the spear,

Full many a morn-cold, of hands be bewounden,

Uphoven in hand; and no swough of the harp

Shall waken the warriors; but the wan raven rather

Fain over the fey many tales shall tell forth,

And say to the erne how it sped him at eating,

While he with the wolf was a-spoiling the slain.

So was the keen-whetted a-saying this while

Spells of speech loathly; he lied not much

Of weirds or of words. Then uprose all the war-band,

3030

And unblithe they wended under the Ernes-ness,

All welling of tears, the wonder to look on.

Found they then on the sand, now lacking of soul,

Holding his bed, him that gave them the rings

In time erewhile gone by. But then was the end-day

Gone for the good one; since the king of the battle,

The lord of the Weders, in wonder-death died.

But erst there they saw a more seldom-seen sight,

The Worm on the lea-land over against him

Down lying there loathly; there was the fire-drake,

3040

The grim of the terrors, with gleeds all beswealed.

He was of fifty feet of his measure

Long of his lying. Lift-joyance held he

In the whiles of the night, but down again wended

To visit his den. Now fast was he in death,

He had of the earth-dens the last end enjoyed.

There by him now stood the beakers and bowls,

There lay the dishes and dearly-wrought swords,

Rusty, through-eaten they, as in earth's bosom

A thousand of winters there they had wonned.

3050

For that heritage there was, all craftily eked,

Gold of the yore men, in wizardry wounden;

So that that ring-hall might none reach thereto,

Not any of mankind but if God his own self,

Sooth king of victories, gave unto whom he would

(He is holder of men) to open that hoard,

E'en to whichso of mankind should seem to him meet.

XLII. THEY GO TO LOOK ON THE FIELD OF DEED.

THEN it was to be seen that throve not the way

To him that unrightly had hidden within there

The fair gear 'neath the wall. The warder erst slew

3060

Some few of folk, and the feud then became

Wrothfully wreaked. A wonder whenas

A valour-strong earl may reach on the ending

Of the fashion of life, when he longer in nowise

One man with his kinsmen may dwell in the mead-hall!

So to Beowulf was it when the burg's ward he sought.

For the hate of the weapons: he himself knew not

Wherethrough forsooth his world's sundering should be.

So until Doomsday they cursed it deeply,

Those princes the dread, who erst there had done it,

3070

That that man should be of sins never sackless,

A-hoppled in shrines, in hell-bonds fast set,

With plague-spots be punish'd, who that plain should plunder.

But naught gold-greedy was he, more gladly had he

The grace of the Owner erst gotten to see.

Now spake out Wiglaf, that son was of Weohstan:

Oft shall many an earl for the will but of one

Dree the wrack, as to us even now is befallen:

Nowise might we learn the lief lord of us,

The herd of the realm, any of rede,

3080

That he should not go greet that warder of gold,

But let him live yet, whereas long he was lying,

And wonne in his wicks until the world's ending;

But he held to high weird and the hoard hath been seen,

Grimly gotten: o'er hard forsooth was that giving,

That the king of the folk e'en thither enticed.

Lo! I was therein, and I look'd it all over,

The gear of the house, when for me room was gotten,

But I lightly in nowise had leave for the passage

In under the earth-wall; in haste I gat hold

3090

Forsooth with my hands of a mickle main burden

Of hoard-treasures, and hither then out did I bear them,

Out unto my king, and then quick was he yet,

Wise, and wit-holding: a many things spake he,

That aged in grief-care, and bade me to greet you,

And prayed ye would do e'en after your friend's deeds

Aloft in the bale-stead a howe builded high,

Most mickle and mighty, as he amongst men was

The worthfullest warrior wide over the world,

While he the burg-weal erewhile might brook.

3100

Then so let us hasten this second of whiles

To see and to seek the throng of things strange,

The wonder 'neath wall; I shall wise you the way,

So that ye from a-near may look on enough

Of rings and broad gold; and be the bier swiftly

All yare thereunto, whenas out we shall fare.

Then let us so ferry the lord that was ours,

The lief man of men, to where long shall he

In the All-Wielder's keeping full patiently wait.

Bade then to bid the bairn of that Weohstan,

3110

The deer of the battle, to a many of warriors,

The house-owning wights, that the wood of the bale

They should ferry from far, e'en the folk-owning men,

Toward the good one. And now shall the gleed fret away,

The wan flame a-waxing, the strong one of warriors,

Him who oft-times abided the shower of iron

When the storm of the shafts driven on by the strings

Shook over the shield-wall, and the shaft held its service,

And eager with feather-gear follow'd the barb.

Now then the wise one, that son was of Weohstan,

3120

Forth from the throng then call'd of the king's thanes

A seven together, the best to be gotten,

And himself went the eighth in under the foe-roof;

One man of the battlers in hand there he bare

A gleam of the fire, of the first went he inward.

It was nowise allotted who that hoard should despoil,

Sithence without warden some deal that there was

The men now beheld in the hall there a-wonning,

Lying there fleeting; little mourn'd any,

That they in all haste outward should ferry

3130

The dear treasures. But forthwith the drake did they shove,

The Worm, o'er the cliff-wall, and let the wave take him,

The flood fathom about the fretted works' herd.

There then was wounden gold on the wain laden

Untold of each kind, and the Atheling borne,

The hoary of warriors, out on to Whale-ness.

XLIII. OF THE BURIAL OF BEOWULF.

FOR him then they geared, the folk of the Geats,

A pile on the earth all unweaklike that was,

With war-helms behung, and with boards of the battle,

And bright byrnies, e'en after the boon that he bade.

3140

Laid down then amidmost their king mighty-famous

The warriors lamenting, the lief lord of them.

Began on the burg of bale-fires the biggest

The warriors to waken: the wood-reek went up

Swart over the smoky glow, sound of the flame

Bewound with the weeping (the wind-blending stilled),

Until it at last the bone-house had broken

Hot at the heart. All unglad of mind

With mood-care they mourned their own liege lord's quelling.

Likewise a sad lay the wife of aforetime

3150

For Beowulf the king, with her hair all upbounden,

Sang sorrow-careful; said oft and over

That harm-days for herself in hard wise she dreaded,

The slaughter-falls many, much fear of the warrior,

The shaming and bondage. Heaven swallow'd the reek.

Wrought there and fashion'd the folk of the Weders

A howe on the lithe, that high was and broad.

Unto the wave-farers wide to be seen:

Then it they betimber'd in time of ten days,

The battle-strong's beacon; the brands' very-leavings

3160

They bewrought with a wall in the worthiest of ways,

That men of all wisdom might find how to work.

Into burg then they did the rings and bright sun-gems,

And all such adornments as in the hoard there

The war-minded men had taken e'en now;

The earls' treasures let they the earth to be holding,

Gold in the grit, wherein yet it liveth,

As useless to men-folk as ever it erst was.

Then round the howe rode the deer of the battle,

The bairns of the athelings, twelve were they in all.

3170

Their care would they mourn, and bemoan them their king,

The word-lay would they utter and over the man speak:

They accounted his earlship and mighty deeds done,

And doughtily deem'd them; as due as it is

That each one his friend-lord with words should belaud,

And love in his heart, whenas forth shall he

Away from the body be fleeting at last.

In such wise they grieved, the folk of the Geats,

For the fall of their lord, e'en they his hearth-fellows;

Quoth they that he was a world-king forsooth,

3180

The mildest of all men, unto men kindest,

To his folk the most gentlest, most yearning of fame.

PERSONS AND PLACES

(Numbers refer to Pages)

In this and the following section, links lead directly to the name or word cited. Series of pages were printed in the form "167-9"; they have been expanded here to "167-169". The names "Dayraven" and "Ravenwood" are hyphenated in the body text.

BEANSTAN, father of Breca (31).

Beowulf the Dane (not Beowulf the Geat, the hero of the poem) was the grandfather of Hrothgar (2, 4).

Beowulf the Geat. See the Argument.

Breca (30), who contended with Beowulf in swimming, was a chief of the Brondings (31).

Brisings' neck-gear (70). "This necklace is the Brisinga-men, the costly necklace of Freyja, which she won from the dwarfs and which was stolen from her by Loki, as is told in the Edda" (Kemble). In our poem, it is said that Hama carried off this necklace when he fled from Eormenric, king of the Ostrogoths.

DAYRAVEN (143), a brave warrior of the Hugs, and probably the slayer of Hygelac, whom, in that case, Beowulf avenged.

EADGILS, Eanmund (136, 137), "sons of Ohthere," and nephews of the Swedish King Onela, by whom they were banished from their native land for rebellion. They took refuge at the court of the Geat King Heardred, and Onela, "Ongentheow's bairn," enraged at their finding an asylum with his hereditary foes, invaded Geatland, and slew Heardred. At a later time Beowulf, when king of the Geats, balanced the feud by supporting Eadgils in an invasion of Sweden, in which King Onela was slain.

Eanmund (149), while in exile at the court of the Geats, was slain by Weohstan, father of Wiglaf, and stripped of the armour given him by his uncle, the Swedish King Onela. Weohstan "spake not about the feud, although he had slain Onela's brother's son," probably because he was not proud of having slain an "exile unfriended" in a private quarrel.

Ecglaf, father of Unferth, Hrothgar's spokesman (29).

Ecgtheow (22), father of Beowulf the Geat, by the only daughter of Hrethel, king of the Geats. Having slain Heatholaf, a warrior of the Wylfings, Ecgtheow sought protection at the court of the Danish King Hrothgar, who accepted his fealty and settled the feud by a money-payment (27). Hence the heartiness of Beowulf's welcome at Hrothgar's hands.

Ecgwela. The Scyldings or Danes are once called "Ecgwela's offspring" (99). He may have been the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings which ended with Heremod.

Eofor (142, 167-169), a Geat warrior, brother of Wulf. He came to the aid of his brother in his single combat with the Swedish King Ongentheow, and slew the king, being rewarded by Hygelac with the hand of his only daughter.

Eotens (61, 62, 66) are the people of Finn, king of Friesland. In other passages, it is merely a name for a race of monsters.

FINN (61-67). The somewhat obscure Finn episode in Beowulf appears to be part of a Finn epic, of which only the merest fragment, called the Fight at Finnsburg, is extant. The following conjectured outline of the whole story is based on this fragment and on the Beowulf episode; Finn, king of the Frisians, had carried off Hildeburh, daughter of Hoc, probably with her consent. Her father, Hoc, seems to have pursued the fugitives, and to have been slain in the fight which ensued on his overtaking them. After the lapse of some twenty years Hoc's sons, Hnæf and Hengest, are old enough to undertake the duty of avenging their father's death. They make an inroad into Finn's country, and a battle takes place in which many warriors, among them Hnæf and a son of Finn, are killed. Peace is then solemnly concluded, and the slain warriors are burnt. As the year is too far advanced for Hengest to return home, he and those of his men who survive remain for the winter in the Frisian country with Finn. But Hengest's thoughts dwell constantly on the death of his brother Hnæf, and he would gladly welcome any excuse to break the peace which had been sworn by both parties. His ill-concealed desire for revenge is noticed by the Frisians, who anticipate it by themselves attacking Hengest and his men whilst they are sleeping in the hall. This is the night attack described in the Fight at Finnsburg. It would seem that after a brave and desperate resistance Hengest himself falls in this fight at the hands of the son of Hunlaf (66), but two of his retainers, Guthlaf and Oslaf, succeed in cutting their way through their enemies and in escaping to their own land. They return with fresh troops, attack and slay Finn, and carry his queen Hildeburh back to the Daneland.

Folkwalda (62), father of Finn.

Franks (70, 165). Hygelac, king of the Geats, was defeated and slain early in the sixth century, in his historical invasion of the Netherlands, by a combined army of Frisians, Franks, and Hugs.

Freawaru (116), daughter of Hrothgar and Wealhtheow. Beowulf tells Hygelac that her father has betrothed her to Ingeld, prince of the Heathobards, in the hope of settling the feud between the two peoples. But he prophesies that the hope will prove vain: for an old Heathobard warrior, seeing a Danish chieftain accompany Freawaru to their court laden with Heathobard spoils, will incite the son of the former owner of the plundered treasure to revenge, until blood is shed, and the feud is renewed. That this was what afterwards befell, we learn from the Old English poem Widsith. See also ll. 83-85.

Friesland (65), the land of the North Frisians.

Frieslands (135), Frisian land (165), the home of the West Frisians.

Frisians. Two tribes are to be distinguished: 1. The North Frisians (61, 63), the people of Finn. 2. The West Frisians (143, 165), who combined with the Franks and Hugs and defeated Hygelac, between 512 and 520 A.D.

Froda (117), father of Ingeld. See Freawaru.

GUTHLAF and Oslaf (66). See Finn.

HÆRETH (112, 114), father of Hygd, wife of Hygelac.

Hæthcyn (139, 142, 165), second son of Hrethel, king of the Geats, and thus elder brother of Hygelac. He accidentally killed his elder brother Herebeald with a bow-shot, to the inconsolable grief of Hrethel. He succeeded to the throne at his father's death, but fell in battle at Ravenwood (165) by the hand of the Swedish King Ongentheow.

Half-Danes (61), the tribe to which Hnæf belongs. See Finn.

Hama (69). See Brisings.

Healfdene (4), king of the Danes, son of Beowulf the Scylding, and father of Hrothgar, "Healfdene's son" (16).

Heardred (126, 136-137), son of Hygelac and Hygd. While still under age he succeeds his father as king of the Geats, Beowulf, who has refused the throne himself, being his counsellor and protector. He is slain by "Ongentheow's bairn" (137), Onela, king of the Swedes.

Heathobards, Lombards, the tribe of Ingeld, the betrothed of Freawaru, Hrothgar's daughter (117).

Heatholaf (27). See Ecgtheow.

Helmings. "The Dame of the Helmings" (36) is Hrothgar's queen, Wealhtheow.

Hemming. "The Kinsman of Hemming" is a name for Offa (112) and for his son Eomær (113).

Hengest (62-65). See Finn.

Heorogar (5), elder brother of Hrothgar (27), did not leave his armour to his son Heoroward (124); but Hrothgar gives it to Beowulf, and Beowulf gives it to Hygelac.

Herebeald (139, 141), eldest son of the Geat King Hrethel, was accidentally shot dead with an arrow by his brother Hæthcyn.

Heremod (53, 99) is twice spoken of as a bad and cruel Danish king. In the end he is betrayed into the hands of his foes.

Hereric may have been brother of Hygd, Hygelac's queen, for their son Heardred is spoken of as "the nephew of Hereric" (126).

Here-Scyldings (64), Army-Scyldings, a name of the Danes.

Hetware (135, 165), the Hattuarii of the Historia Francorum of Gregory of Tours and of the Gesta Regum Francorum, were the tribe against which Hygelac was raiding when he was defeated and slain by an army of Frisians, Franks, and Hugs.

Hildeburh (61, 64). See Finn.

Hnæf (61, 64). See Finn.

Hoc (62). See Finn.

Hrethel, a former king of the Geats; son of Swerting (70), father of Hygelac and grandfather of Beowulf (22), to whom he left his coat of mail (26). He died of grief at the loss of his eldest son Herebeald (139-142), who was accidentally slain by his brother Hæthcyn.

Page 70 text (line 1202) reads "Hygelac ... grandson of Swerting." Hrethel is not named.

Hrethlings (167), the people of Hrethel, the Geats.

Hrethmen (26), Triumph-men, the Danes.

Hrethric (69, 106), elder son of Hrothgar and Wealhtheow.

Hrothgar. See the Argument.

Hrothulf (59, 68), probably the son of Hrothgar's younger brother Halga (5). He lives at the Danish court. Wealhtheow hopes that, if he survives Hrothgar, he will be good to their children in return for their kindness to him. It would seem that this hope was not to be fulfilled ("yet of kindred unsunder'd," 67).

Hygd, daughter of Hæreth, wife of Hygelac, the king of the Geats, and mother of Heardred. She may well be "the wife of aforetime" (177).

Hygelac, third son of Hrethel (139) and uncle to Beowulf, is the reigning king of the Geats during the greater part of the action of the poem. When his brother Hæthcyn was defeated and slain by Ongentheow at Ravenwood (165), Hygelac quickly went in pursuit and put Ongentheow to flight; but although, as leader of the attack, he is called "the banesman of Ongentheow" (114), the actual slayer was Eofor (142, 167), whom Hygelac rewarded with the hand of his only daughter (169). Hygelac came by his death between 512 and 520 A.D., in his historical invasion of the Netherlands, which is referred to in the poem four times (70, 135, 143, 165).

ING (147). See Ingwines.

Ingeld (119). See Freawaru.

Ingwines (60, 77), "friends of Ing," the Danes. Ing, according to the Old English Rune-Poem, "was first seen by men amid the East Danes"; he has been identified with Frea.

MERWING, The (165), the Merovingian king of the Franks.

OFFA (113). See Thrytho.

Ohthere (136-137, 165), son of the Swedish King Ongentheow, and father of Eanmund and Eadgils (q.v.).

Onela, "Ongentheow's bairn" (137) and elder brother of Ohthere, is king of Sweden ("the helm of the Scylfings," 136) at the time of the rebellion of Eanmund and Eadgils. He invades the land of the Geats, which has harboured the rebels, slays Heardred, son of Hygelac, and then retreats before Beowulf. At a later time Beowulf avenges the death of Heardred by supporting Eadgils, "son of Ohthere" (137), in an invasion of Sweden, in which Onela is slain. See also Eadgils; and compare the slaying of Ali by Athils on the ice of Lake Wener in the Icelandic "Heimskringla."

Ongentheow, father of Onela and Ohthere, was a former king of the Swedes. The earlier strife between the Swedes and the Geats, in which he is the chief figure, is fully related by the messenger (164) who brings the tidings of Beowulf's death. In retaliation for the marauding invasions of Onela and Ohthere (142), Hæthcyn invaded Sweden, and took Ongentheow's queen prisoner. Ongentheow in return invaded the land of her captor, whom he slew, and rescued his wife (165); but in his hour of triumph he was attacked in his turn by Hygelac near Ravenwood, and fell by the hand of Eofor (168).

SCANEY (97), Scede-lands (2), the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danes; used in our poem for the whole Danish kingdom.

Scyld (1), son of Sheaf, was the mythical founder of the royal Danish dynasty of Scyldings.

Scyldings, descendants of Scyld, properly the name of the reigning Danish dynasty, is commonly extended to include the Danish people (3).

Scylfing: "the Scylfing" (167), "the aged of Scylfings" (142), is Ongentheow.

Scylfings (136), the name of the reigning Swedish dynasty, was extended to the Swedish people in the same way as "Scyldings" to the Danes. Beowulf's kinsman Wiglaf is called "lord of Scylfings" (149), and in another passage the name is apparently applied to the Geats (170); this seems to point to a common ancestry of Swedes and Geats, or it may be that Beowulf's father Ecgtheow was a "Scylfing."

THRYTHO (112), wife of the Angle King Offa and mother of Eomær, is mentioned in contrast to Hygd, just as Heremod is a foil to Beowulf. She is at first the type of a cruel, unwomanly queen. But by her marriage with Offa, who seems to be her second husband, she is subdued and changed until her fame even adds glory to his.

UNFERTH, son of Ecglaf, is the spokesman of Hrothgar, at whose feet he sits. He is of a jealous disposition, and is twice spoken of as the murderer of his own brothers (34, 67). Taunting Beowulf with defeat in his swimming-match with Breca, he is silenced by the hero's reply, and more effectually still by the issue of the struggle with Grendel (57). Afterwards, however, he lends his sword Hrunting for Beowulf's encounter with Grendel's mother (85, 104).

WÆGMUNDINGS (149, 160), the family to which both Beowulf and Wiglaf belong. Their fathers, Ecgtheow and Weohstan, may have been sons of Wægmund.

Wedermark (17), the land of the Weder-Geats, i.e. the Geats.

Weders, Weder-Geats (13, 86, 122), Geats.

Weland (26), the Völund of the Edda, the famous smith of Teutonic legend, was the maker of Beowulf's coat of mail. See the figured casket in the British Museum; and compare "Wayland Smith's Cave" near the White Horse, in Berkshire.

Weohstan was the father of Beowulf's kinsman and faithful henchman Wiglaf, and the slayer of Eanmund (149).

Wonred, father of "Wulf the Wonreding" (167), and of Eofor.

Wulf (167). See Eofor.

Wulfgar, "a lord of the Wendels" (20), is an official of Hrothgar's court, where he is the first to greet Beowulf and his Geats, and introduces them to Hrothgar.

Wythergyld (118) is a warrior of the Heathobards.

THE MEANING OF SOME WORDS

NOT COMMONLY USED NOW

(Numbers refer to Pages)

In this and the preceding section, links lead directly to the name or word cited.

A-banning, the work was (5), orders for the work were given.

Arede (119), possess.

Atheling, prince, noble, noble warrior.

Barm, lap, bosom.

Behalsed (5), embraced by the neck.

Berne, man, warrior, hero.

Bestead (143), served.

Beswealed, scorched, burnt.

Beswinked, sweated.

Birlers, cup-bearers.

Board, shield.

Bode, announce.

Bollen, swollen, angry.

Boot (9), compensation.

Boun (18), made ready.

Braided (147), drew, lifted.

Brim, sea.

Brook, use, enjoy.

Burg, fortified place, stronghold, mount, barrow; protection; protector; family (163).

Byrny, coat of mail.

Devil-dray, nest of devils. Cf. squirrel's-dray, common in Berks; used by Cowper.

Dreary, bloody.

Dree, do, accomplish, suffer, enjoy, spend (155).

Ealdor, chief, lord.

Eme, uncle.

Eoten, giant, monster, enemy.

Fathom, embrace.

Feeless, not to be atoned for with money.

Ferry, bring, carry.

Fifel, monster.

Flyting, contending, scolding.

Fold, the earth.

Forheed, disregard.

Forwritten, proscribed.

Frist, space of time, delay.

Gar, spear.

Graithly, readily, well.

Halse, neck.

Hand-shoal, band of warriors.

Hery, praise.

Hild-play, battle.

Holm, ocean, sea.

Holm-throng, eddy of the sea.

Holt, wood.

Hote, call.

Howe, mound, burial-mound.

Hythe, ferry, haven.

Kemp, champion, fighter.

Lithe, slope.

Loom, heirloom.

Low (133), flame.

Lyke, body.

Moody, brave, proud.

Nicors, sea-monsters.

Nithing (12), spite, malice.

O'erthinking, overweening, arrogance.

Rail, railings, coat, armour.

Rimed, counted, reckoned.

Sea-lode, sea-voyage.

Sin, malice, hatred, hostility.

Skinked, poured out.

Slot, track.

Staple, threshold.

Stone-bow, arch of stone.

Sty, stride, ascend, descend.

Sweal, burn.

Through-witting, understanding.

Undern, from 9 o'clock till 12 o'clock; "at undren and at middai," O.E. Miscellany.

Warths, shores, still in use at Wick St. Lawrence, in Somerset.

Wick, dwelling.

Wick-stead, dwelling-place.

Wise, direct, show.

Wit-lust, curiosity.

Worth, shall be.

Wreak, utter.

Wyte, blame, charge with.

Yare, ready.

Yode, went.

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Table of Contents

THE TALE OF BEOWULF SOMETIME KING OF THE FOLK OF THE WEDER GEATS TRANSLATED BY WILLIAM MORRIS AND A. J. WYATT

Contents

ARGUMENT

THE STORY OF BEOWULF

I. AND FIRST OF THE KINDRED OF HROTHGAR.

II. CONCERNING HROTHGAR, AND HOW HE BUILT THE HOUSE CALLED HART. ALSO GRENDEL IS TOLD OF.

III. HOW GRENDEL FELL UPON HART AND WASTED IT.

IV. NOW COMES BEOWULF ECGTHEOW’S SON TO THE LAND OF THE DANES, AND THE WALL-WARDEN SPEAKETH WITH HIM.

V. HERE BEOWULF MAKES ANSWER TO THE LAND-WARDEN, WHO SHOWETH HIM THE WAY TO THE KING’S ABODE.

VI. BEOWULF AND THE GEATS COME INTO HART.

VII. BEOWULF SPEAKETH WITH HROTHGAR, AND TELLETH HOW HE WILL MEET GRENDEL.

VIII. HROTHGAR ANSWERETH BEOWULF AND BIDDETH HIM SIT TO THE FEAST.

IX. UNFERTH CONTENDETH IN WORDS WITH BEOWULF.

X. BEOWULF MAKES AN END OF HIS TALE OF THE SWIMMING. WEALHTHEOW, HROTHGAR’S QUEEN, GREETS HIM; AND HROTHGAR DELIVERS TO HIM THE WARDING OF THE HALL.

XI. NOW IS BEOWULF LEFT IN THE HALL ALONE WITH HIS MEN.

XII. GRENDEL COMETH INTO HART: OF THE STRIFE BETWIXT HIM AND BEOWULF.

XIII. BEOWULF HATH THE VICTORY: GRENDEL IS HURT DEADLY AND LEAVETH HAND AND ARM IN THE HALL.

XIV. THE DANES REJOICE; THEY GO TO LOOK ON THE SLOT OF GRENDEL, AND COME BACK TO HART, AND ON THE WAY MAKE MERRY WITH RACING AND THE TELLING OF TALES.

XV. KING HROTHGAR AND HIS THANES LOOK ON THE ARM OF GRENDEL. CONVERSE BETWIXT HROTHGAR AND BEOWULF CONCERNING THE BATTLE.

XVI. HROTHGAR GIVETH GIFTS TO BEOWULF.

XVII. THEY FEAST IN HART. THE GLEEMAN SINGS OF FINN AND HENGEST.

XVIII. THE ENDING OF THE TALE OF FINN.

XIX. MORE GIFTS ARE GIVEN TO BEOWULF. THE BRISING COLLAR TOLD OF.

XX. GRENDEL’S DAM BREAKS INTO HART AND BEARS OFF AESCHERE.

XXI. HROTHGAR LAMENTS THE SLAYING OF AESCHERE, AND TELLS OF GRENDEL’S MOTHER AND HER DEN.

XXII. THEY FOLLOW GRENDEL’S DAM TO HER LAIR.

XXIII. BEOWULF REACHETH THE MERE-BOTTOM IN A DAY’S WHILE, AND CONTENDS WITH GRENDEL’S DAM.

XXIV. BEOWULF SLAYETH GRENDEL’S DAM, SMITETH OFF GRENDEL’S HEAD, AND COMETH BACK WITH HIS THANES TO HART.

XXV. CONVERSE OF HROTHGAR WITH BEOWULF.

XXVI. MORE CONVERSE OF HROTHGAR AND BEOWULF: THE GEATS MAKE THEM READY FOR DEPARTURE.

XXVII. BEOWULF BIDS HROTHGAR FAREWELL: THE GEATS FARE TO SHIP.

XXVIII. BEOWULF COMES BACK TO HIS LAND. OF THE TALE OF THRYTHO.

XXIX. BEOWULF TELLS HYGELAC OF HROTHGAR: ALSO OF FREAWARU HIS DAUGHTER.

XXX. BEOWULF FOREBODES ILL FROM THE WEDDING OF FREAWARU: HE TELLS OF GRENDEL AND HIS DAM.

XXXI. BEOWULF GIVES HROTHGAR’S GIFTS TO HYGELAC, AND BY HIM IS REWARDED. OF THE DEATH OF HYGELAC AND OF HEARDRED HIS SON, AND HOW BEOWULF IS KING OF THE GEATS: THE WORM IS FIRST TOLD OF.

XXXII. HOW THE WORM CAME TO THE HOWE, AND HOW HE WAS ROBBED OF A CUP; AND HOW HE FELL ON THE FOLK.

XXXIII. THE WORM BURNS BEOWULF’S HOUSE, AND BEOWULF GETS READY TO GO AGAINST HIM. BEOWULF’S EARLY DEEDS IN BATTLE WITH THE HETWARE TOLD OF.

XXXIV. BEOWULF GOES AGAINST THE WORM. HE TELLS OF HEREBEALD AND HÆTHCYN.

XXXV. BEOWULF TELLS OF PAST FEUDS, AND BIDS FAREWELL TO HIS FELLOWS: HE FALLS ON THE WORM, AND THE BATTLE OF THEM BEGINS.

XXXVI. WIGLAF SON OF WEOHSTAN GOES TO THE HELP OF BEOWULF: NÆGLING, BEOWULF’S SWORD, IS BROKEN ON THE WORM.

XXXVII. THEY TWO SLAY THE WORM. BEOWULF IS WOUNDED DEADLY: HE BIDDETH WIGLAF BEAR OUT THE TREASURE.

XXXVIII. BEOWULF BEHOLDETH THE TREASURE AND PASSETH AWAY.

XXXIX. WIGLAF CASTETH SHAME ON THOSE FLEERS.

XL. WIGLAF SENDETH TIDING TO THE HOST: THE WORDS OF THE MESSENGER.

XLI. MORE WORDS OF THE MESSENGER. HOW HE FEARS THE SWEDES WHEN THEY WOT OF BEOWULF DEAD.

XLII. THEY GO TO LOOK ON THE FIELD OF DEED.

XLIII. OF THE BURIAL OF BEOWULF.

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