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Title: 瀛涯勝覽 Author: active 1414-1451 Huan Ma Release date: December 23, 2007 [eBook #23981] Language: Chinese Credits: Produced by Jun-Bi Lai *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 瀛涯勝覽 *** Produced by Jun-Bi Lai 瀛涯勝覽 馬敬序   昔蕭何入關,惟取圖籍﹔玄齡克城,獨採人物,使民筆之,良有以也。洪惟 我朝太宗文皇帝、宣宗章皇帝,咸命太監鄭和率領豪俊,跨越海外,與諸番貨, 其人物之豐偉,舟楫之雄壯,才藝之巧妙,蓋古所未有。然也二帝之心,豈真欲 誇多鬥靡於遠方哉!蓋聲名施及蠻貊,使普天之下,含靈蠢動悉沾德化,莫不知 有其君而尊親焉。然奉命而往者,吾不知幾千萬人,而盡厥事稱厥旨者,舍吾山 陰宗道馬公其誰乎?公以才幹優裕,首膺斯選,三入海洋,遍歷番國,金帛寶貨 略不私己,而獨編次《瀛涯勝覽》一帙以歸。其載島夷地之遠近,國之沿革,疆 界之所接,城郭之所置,與夫衣服之異,食用之殊,刑禁制度,風俗出產,莫不 悉備。公之用心,蓋欲使後之人,於千載之下,知國家道同天地,化及蠻夷,有 若是之盛也。他日史氏大書,表公之心,將與蕭房同垂名於不朽,詎不偉歟!   正統甲子菊月前一日,錢唐馬敬書。 馬歡序   余昔觀《島夷志》,載天時氣候之別,地理人物之異,慨然歎曰:普天下何 若是之不同耶!永樂十一年癸巳,太宗文皇帝勑命正使太監鄭和,統領寶船往西 洋諸番開讀賞賜。余以通譯番書,亦被使末,隨其所至,鯨波浩渺,不知其幾於 萬里,歷涉諸邦,其天時氣候、地理人物、目擊而身履之。然後知《鳥夷志》所 著者不誣,而尤有大可奇怪者焉。於是採摭各國人物之醜美,壤俗之異同,與夫 土產之別,疆域之制,編次成帙,名曰《瀛涯勝覽》。俾屬目者一顧之頃,諸番 事實悉得其要,而尤見夫聖化所及,非前代之可比。第愧愚昧,一介微氓,叨陪 使節,與斯勝覽,誠千載之奇遇也。  是帙也,措意遺詞,不能文飾,但直筆 書其事而已。覽者毋以膚淺誚焉。是為序。大明永樂十四年歲次丙申黃鍾月吉旦 ,會稽山樵馬歡述     占城國   其國即釋典所謂王舍城也。在廣東海南大海之南。自福建福川府長樂縣五虎 門開船往西南行,好風十日可到。其國南連真臘,西接交趾界,東北俱臨大海。 國之東北百里有一海口,名新州港,岸有一石塔為記,諸處船隻到此艤泊登岸。 岸有一寨,番名設比奈,以二頭目為主。番人五六十家,居內以守港口。西南百 里到王居之城,番名曰占城。其城以石壘,開四門,令人把守。  國王係鎖俚 人,祟信釋教,頭戴金鈒三山玲瓏花冠,如中國副淨者所戴之樣。身穿五色線細 花番布長衣,下圍色絲手巾。跣足,出入騎象,或乘小車,以二黃牛前拽而行。 頭目所戴之冠,用茭蔁葉為之,亦如其王所戴之樣,但以金彩妝飾,內分品級高 低。所穿顏色衣衫,長不過膝,下圍各色番布手巾。王居屋宇高大,上蓋細長小 瓦,四圍牆垣用磚灰妝砌甚潔,其門以堅木雕刻獸畜之形為飾。民居房屋用茅草 蓋覆,簷高不得過三尺,出入躬身低頭,高者有罪。服色禁白衣,惟王可穿。民 下玄黃紫色並許穿,衣服白者死罪。國人男子髼頭,婦人撮髻腦後。身體俱黑, 上穿禿袖短衫,下圍色絲手巾,赤腳。  氣候暖熱,無霜雪,常如四五月之味 。草木常青,山產烏木、伽藍香、觀音竹、降真香。烏木甚潤黑,絕勝他國出者 。伽藍香惟此國一大山出產,天下再無出處,其價甚貴,以銀對換。觀音竹如細 藤棍樣,長一丈七八尺,如鐵之黑,每一寸有二三節,他所不出。  犀牛象牙 甚廣。其犀牛如水牛之形,大者有七八百斤,滿身無毛,黑色,生鱗甲,紋癩厚 皮,蹄有三跲,頭有一角,生於鼻樑之中,長者有一尺四五寸。不食草料,惟食 刺樹刺葉,並食大乾木,拋糞如染坊黃櫨楂。其馬低小如驢。水牛、黃牛、豬、 羊俱有,鵝鴨稀少。雞矮小,至大者不過二斤,腳高寸半,及二寸止。其雄雞紅 冠白耳,細腰高尾,人拿中亦啼,甚可愛也。果有梅、橘、西瓜、甘蔗、椰子、 波羅蜜、芭蕉子之類。其波羅蜜如冬瓜之樣,外皮似川荔枝,皮內有雞子大塊黃 肉,味如蜜。中有子如雞腰子樣,炒吃味如栗子。蔬菜則有冬瓜、黃瓜、葫蘆、 芥菜、蔥薑而已,其餘果菜並無。人多以漁為業,少耕種,所以稻穀不廣。土種 米粒細長多紅者。大小麥俱無。檳榔、荖葉,人不絕口而食。  男女婚姻,但 令男子先至女家,成親畢,過十日或半月,其男家父母及諸親友以鼓樂迎取夫婦 回家,則置酒作樂。其酒則以飯拌藥,封於甕中候熟。欲飲,則以長節小竹筒長 三四尺者插入酒甕中,環坐,照人數入水,輪次咂飲。吸乾再添入水而飲,至無 味則止。  其書寫無紙筆,用羊皮搥薄,或樹皮薰黑,摺成經摺,以白粉載字 為記。  國刑,罪輕者以藤條杖脊,重者截鼻。為盜者斷手,犯奸者男女烙面 成疤痕。罪甚大者,以硬木削尖立於小船樣木上,放水中令罪人坐於尖木之上, 木從口出而死,就留水上以示眾。  其日月之定無閏月,但十二月為一年,晝 夜分為十更,用鼓打記。四時以花開為春,葉落為秋。  其王年節日,用生人 膽汁調水沐浴,其各處頭目採取進納,以為貢獻之禮。其國王為王三十年,則退 位出家,令弟兄子姪權管國事。王往深山待齋受戒,或吃素。獨居一年,對天誓 曰:「我先為王,在位無道,願狼虎食我,或病死之。」若一年滿足不死,再登 其位,復管國事。國人呼為「昔唆馬哈刺劄」,此至尊至聖之稱也。  其曰屍 頭蠻者,本是人家一婦女也,但眼無瞳,人為異。夜寢則飛頭去,食人家小兒糞 尖,其兒被妖氣侵腹必死。飛頭回合其體,則如舊。若知而候頭飛去時,移體別 處,回不能合則死。於人家若有此婦不報官,除殺者,罪及一家。  再有一通 海大潭,名鱷魚潭。如人有爭訟難明之事,官不能決者,則令爭訟二人騎水牛赴 過其潭。理虧者鱷魚出而食之﹔理直者雖過十次,亦不被食。最可奇也。  其 海邊山內有野水牛,甚狠。原是人家耕牛,走入山中,自生自長,年深成群。但 見生人穿青者,必趕來抵觸而死,甚惡也。  番人甚愛其頭,或有觸其頭者, 如中國殺人之恨。  其買賣交易使用七成淡金,或銀。中國青磁、盤碗等品, 紵絲、綾絹、燒珠等物,甚愛之,則將淡金換易,常將犀角、象牙、伽藍香等物 進貢中國。 爪哇國   瓜哇國者,古名闍婆國也。其國有四處,皆無城郭。其他國船來,先至一處 名杜板。次至一處名新村,又至一處名蘇魯馬益。再至一處名滿者伯夷,國王居 之。其王之所居以磚為牆,高三丈餘,周圍約有二百餘步。其內設重門甚整潔, 房屋如樓起造,高每三四丈,即布以板,鋪細藤簟,或花草蓆,人於其上盤膝而 坐。屋上月硬木板為瓦,破縫而蓋。國人住屋以茅草蓋之。家家俱以磚砌土庫, 高三四尺,藏貯家私什物,居止坐臥於其上。國王之絆,髼頭或帶金葉花冠,身 無衣袍,下圍絲嵌手巾一二條,再用錦綺或紵絲纏之於腰,名曰壓腰。插一兩把 短刀,名不刺頭。赤腳出入,或騎象,或坐牛車。國人之絆,男子髼頭,女子椎 髻,上穿衣,下圍手巾。男子腰插不剌頭一把,三歲小兒至百歲老人皆有此刀, 皆是兔毫雪花上等鑌鐵為之。其柄用金或犀角、象牙,雕刻人形鬼面之狀,製極 細巧。  國人男婦皆惜其頭,若人以手觸摸其頭,或買賣之際錢物不明,或酒 醉顛狂,言語爭競,便拔此刀刺之,強者為勝。若戳死人,其人逃避三日而出, 則不償命。若當時捉住,隨亦戳死。國無鞭笞之刑,事無大小,即用細藤背縛兩 手,擁行數步,則將不刺頭於罪人腰眼或軟肋一二刺即死。其國風土,無日不殺 人,甚可畏也。  中國歷代銅錢通行使用。  杜板番名賭斑,地名也。此處 約千餘家,以二頭目為主。其間多有中國廣東及漳州人流居此地。雞、羊、魚、 菜甚賤。  海灘有一小池,甘淡可飲,曰是聖水。傳言大元時命將史弼、高興 征伐闍婆,經月不得登岸,船中之水已盡,軍士失措。其二將拜天祝曰:「奉命 伐蠻,天若與之則泉生﹔不與則泉無。」禱畢,奮力插輪海灘,泉水隨槍插處湧 出,水味甘淡,眾飲而得全生。此天賜之助也,至今存焉。  於杜板投東行半 日許,至新村,番名曰革兒昔。原係沙灘之地,蓋因中國之人來此創居,遂名新 村,至今村主廣東人也。約有千餘家,各處番人多到此處買賣。其金子諸般寶石 一應番貨多有賣者,民甚殷富。自新村投南船行二十餘里,到蘇魯馬益,番名蘇 兒把牙。其港口流出淡水,自此大船難進,用小船行二十餘里始至其地。亦有村 主,掌管番人千餘家,其間亦有中國人。其港口有一洲,林木森茂,有長尾猢猻 萬數聚於上。有一黑色老雄獮猴為主,卻有一老番婦隨伴在側。其國中婦人無子 嗣者,備酒飯果餅之類,往禱於老獼猴,其老猴喜,則先食其物,餘令眾猴爭食 ,食盡,隨有二猴來前交感為驗。此婦回家,即便有孕,否則無子也,甚為可怪 。  自蘇兒把牙小船行七八十里到埠頭,名章姑。登岸投西南行一日半到滿者 伯夷,即王之居處也。其處番人二三百家,頭目七八人以輔其王。天氣長熱如夏 ,田稻一年二熟,米粒細白,芝麻菉豆皆有,大小二麥絕無。土產蘇木、金剛子 、白檀香、肉豆蔲、蓽撥、斑貓、鑌鐵、龜筒、玳瑁,奇禽有白鸚鵡如母雞大, 紅綠鶯哥、五色鶯哥、鷯哥,皆能效人言語﹔珍珠雞、倒掛鳥、五色花斑鳩、孔 雀、檳榔雀、珍珠雀、綠斑鳩之類。異獸有白鹿、白猿猴等畜,其豬羊牛馬雞鴨 皆有,但無驢與鵝耳。  果有芭蕉子、椰子、甘蔗、石榴、蓮房、莽吉柿、西 瓜、郎級之類。其莽吉柿如石榴樣,皮內如橘囊樣,有白肉四塊,味甜酸,甚可 食。郎級如枇杷樣,略大,內有白肉三塊,味亦甜酸。甘蔗皮白麄大,每根長二 三丈。其餘瓜、茄、蔬菜皆有,獨無桃李韮菜。  國人坐臥無牀凳,吃食無匙 箸,男婦以檳榔荖葉聚灰不絕口,欲吃飯時,先將水嗽出口中檳榔渣,就洗兩手 乾淨,圍坐,用盤滿盛其飯,澆酥油湯汁,以手撮入口中而食。若渴則飲水,遇 賓客往來無茶,止以檳榔待之。  國有三等人:一等回回人,皆是西番各國為 商,流落此地,衣食諸事皆清致﹔一等唐人,皆是廣東、漳、泉等處人竄居是地 ,食用亦美潔,多有從回回藪門受戒待齋者﹔一等土人,形貌甚醜異,猱頭赤腳 ,祟信鬼教,佛書言鬼國其中,即此地也。人吃食甚是穢惡,如虵蟻及諸蟲蚓之 類,略以火燒微熟便吃。家畜之犬與人同器而食,夜則共寢,略無忌憚。舊傳鬼 子魔王青面紅身赤,正於此地與一罔象相合,而生子百餘,常啖血為食,人多被 食。忽一日雷震石裂,中坐一人,眾稱異之,遂推為王。即令精兵驅逐罔象等眾 而不為害,後復生齒而安焉。所以至今人好兇強。  年例有一竹輪會,但以十 月為春首。國王令妻坐一塔車於前,自坐一車於後。其塔車高丈餘,四面有窗, 下有轉軸,以馬前拽而行。至會所,兩邊擺列隊伍,各執竹輪一根。其竹輪實心 無鐵刃,但削尖而甚堅利。對手男子各攜妻奴在彼,各妻手執三尺短木棍立於其 中。聽鼓聲緊慢為號,二男子執輪進步抵戳,交鋒三合,二人之妻各持木棍格之 曰「那剌那剌」則退散。設被戳死,其王令勝者與死者家人金錢一個,死者之妻 隨勝者男子而去。如此勝負為戲。  其婚姻之禮,則男子先至女家,成親三日 後迎其婦。男家則打銅鼓銅鑼,吹椰殼筒,及打竹筒鼓并放火銃,前後短刀團牌 圍繞。其婦被裸體跣足,圍繫絲嵌手巾,項佩金珠聯絡之飾,腕帶金銀聲裝之鑼 。親朋鄰里以檳榔荖葉線紉草花之類,妝飾彩船而伴送之,以為賀喜之禮。至家 則鳴鑼擊鼓,飲酒作樂,數日而散。  凡喪葬之禮,如有父母將死,為兒女者 先問於父母,死後或犬食,或火化,或棄水。其父母隨心所願而囑之,死後即依 遺言所斷送之。若欲犬食者,即擡其屍至海邊,或野外地上,有犬十數來食盡屍 肉無遺為好﹔如食不盡,子女悲號哭泣,將遺骸棄水中而去。又有富人及頭目尊 貴之人將死,則手下親厚婢妾先與主人誓曰「死則同住」,至死後出殯之日,木 搭高棰,下垛柴堆,縱火焚棺,候燄盛之際,其原誓婢妾二三人,則滿頭帶草花 ,身披五色花手巾,登跳號哭良久,攛下火內,同主屍焚化,以為殉葬之禮。   番人殷富者甚多,買賣交易行使中國歷代銅錢。書記亦有字,如銷俚字同。無 紙筆,用茭蔁葉以尖刀刻之。亦有文法,國語甚美軟。  斤秤之法,每斤二十 兩,每兩十六錢,每錢四姑邦,每姑邦該官秤二分一釐八毫七絲五忽。每錢該官 秤八分七釐五毫,每兩該官秤一兩四錢,每斤該官秤二十八兩。升斗之法,截竹 為升,為一姑刺,該中國官升一升八合。每番鬥一鬥為一黎,該中國官鬥一鬥四 升四合。  每月至十五十六夜,月圓清明之夜,番婦二十餘人或三十餘人聚集 成隊,═婦為首,以臂膊遞相聯綰不斷,於月下徐步而行。為首者口唱番歌一句 ,眾皆齊聲和之,到親戚富貴之家門首,則贈以銅錢等物。名為步月行樂而已。   有一等人以紙畫人物鳥獸鷹蟲之類,如手卷樣,以三尺高二木為畫幹,止齊 一頭。其人蟠膝坐於地,以圖畫立地,每展出一段,朝前番語高聲解說次段來歷 。眾人圜坐而聽之,或笑或哭,便如說平話一般。  國人最喜中國青花磁器, 并麝香、銷金紵絲、燒珠之類,則用銅錢買易。國王常差頭目以船隻裝載方物進 貢中國。 舊港國   舊港,即古名三佛齊國是也。番名曰浡淋邦,屬瓜哇國所轄。東接爪哇國, 西接滿剌加國界,南距大山,北臨大海。諸處船來,先至淡港,入彭家門,繫船 於岸。岸上多磚塔。用小船入港內,則至其國。國人多是廣東、漳、泉州人逃居 此地。人甚富饒。地土甚肥,諺云「一季種穀,三季收稻」,正此地也。地方不 廣,人多操習水戰,其處水多地少。頭目之家都在岸地造屋而居,其餘民庶皆在 木筏上蓋屋居之,用樁纜拴繫在岸,水長則筏浮,不能淹沒。或欲於別處居者, 則起樁連屋移去,不勞搬徙。其港中朝暮二次暗長潮水。國人風俗婚姻死喪之禮 ,以至言語及飲食、衣服等事,亦皆與爪哇相同。  昔洪武年間,廣東人陳祖 義等全家逃於此處,充為頭目,甚是豪橫,凡有經過客人船隻,輒便刼奪財物。 至永樂五年,朝廷差太監鄭和等統領西洋大寶船到此處。有施進卿者,亦廣東人 也,來報陳祖義兇橫等情,被太監鄭和生擒陳祖義等,回朝伏誅,就賜施進卿冠 帶,歸舊港為大頭目,以主其地。本人死,位不傳子,是其女施二姐為王,一切 賞罪黜陟皆從其制。  土產鶴頂鳥、黃速香、降真香、沈香、金銀香、黃蠟之 類。金銀香中國與他國皆不出,其香如銀匠鈒銀器黑膠相似,中有一塊似白蠟一 般在內,好者白多黑少,低者黑多白少。燒其香氣味甚烈,為觸人鼻,西番并鎖 俚人甚愛此。香鶴頂鳥大如鴨,毛黑,頸長,嘴尖。其腦蓋骨厚寸餘,外紅如黃 蠟之嬌,甚可愛,謂之鶴頂,堪作腰刀靶鞘擠機之類。又出一等火雞,大如仙鶴 ,圓身簇頸,比鶴頸更長,頭上有軟紅冠,似紅帽之狀。又有二片生於頸中,嘴 尖,渾身毛如羊毛稀長,青色。腳長鐵黑,爪甚利害,亦能破人腹,腸出即死。 好吃炭,遂名火雞。用棍打碎莫能死。又山產一等神獸,名曰神鹿,如巨豬,高 三尺,前半截黑,後一段白花毛純短可愛。嘴如豬嘴不平,四蹄亦如豬蹄,卻有 三跲。止食草木,不食葷腥。其牛、羊、豬、犬、雞、鴨,并蔬菜、瓜果之類, 與爪哇一般皆有。彼處人多好博戲,如把龜、弈棋、鬥雞之類皆賭錢物。市中交 易亦使中國銅錢,并用布帛之類。國王亦每以方物進貢朝廷,逮今未絕。 暹羅國   自占城向西南船行七晝夜,順風至新門台,海口入港,才至其國。國周千里 ,外山崎嶇, 內地潮濕,土瘠少堪耕種。氣候不正,或寒或熱。其王居之屋,頗 華麗整潔。民庶房屋起造如樓,上不通板,卻用檳榔木劈開如竹片樣,密擺用藤 紮縛甚堅固,上鋪藤簟竹蓆,坐臥食息皆在其上。  王者之絆用白布纏頭,上 不穿衣,下圍絲嵌手巾,加以錦綺壓腰。出入騎象或乘轎,一人執金柄傘,茭蔁 葉做甚好。王係鎖俚人氏,崇信釋教。國人為僧為尼姑者極多。僧尼服色與中國 頗同。亦住庵觀,持齋受戒。其俗凡事皆是婦人主掌,其國王及下民若有謀議、 刑罰、輕重、買賣一應巨細之事,皆決於妻。其婦人志量果勝於男子,若有妻與 我中國人通好者,則置酒飯同飲坐寢,其夫恬不為怪,乃曰:「我妻美,為中國 人喜愛。」男子撮髻,用白頭布纏頭,身穿長衫。婦人亦椎髻,穿長衫。男子年 二十餘歲則將莖物周回之皮,如韮菜樣細刀挑開,嵌入錫珠十數顆皮內,用藥封 護,待瘡口好,才出行走。其狀累累如葡萄一般。自有一等人開鋪,專與人嵌焊 銖,以為藝業。如國王或大頭目或富人,則以金為虛珠,內安砂子一粒,嵌之行 走,玎玎有聲,乃以為美。不嵌珠之男子為下等人,此最為可怪之事。男女婚姻 ,先請僧迎男子至女家,就令僧討取童女喜紅,貼於男子之面額,名曰利市,然 後成親。過三日後,又請僧及諸親友拌檳榔彩船等物,迎其夫婦回於男家,置酒 作樂待親友。死喪之禮,凡富貴人死,則用水銀灌於腹內而葬之﹔閑下人死,擡 屍於郊外海邊,放沙際,隨有金色之鳥大如鵝者,三五十數,飛集空中下將屍肉 盡食飛去。餘骨家人號泣就棄海中而歸,謂之鳥葬,亦請僧設齋誦經禮佛而已。   國之西北去二百餘里有一市鎮,名上水,可通雲南後門。此處有番人五六百 家,諸色番貨皆有賣者,紅馬斯肯的石,此處多有賣者。此石在紅雅姑肩下,明 淨如石榴子一般。中國寶船到暹羅,亦用小船去做買賣。  其國產黃速香、羅 褐速香、降真香、沈香、花梨木、白豆蔲、大風子、血竭、藤結、蘇木、花錫、 象牙、翠毛等物。其蘇木如薪之廣,顏色絕勝他國出者。異獸有白象、獅子、貓 、白鼠。其蔬菜之類,如占城一般。酒有米酒、椰子酒、二者俱是燒酒,其價甚 賤。牛羊雞鴨等畜皆有。國語頗似廣東鄉談音韻。民俗囂淫,好習水戰。其王常 差部領討伐鄰邦。買賣以海當錢使用,不拘金艱銅錢俱使,惟中國歷代銅錢則不 使。其王每差頭目將蘇木降香等寶進貢中國。 滿剌加國   自占城向正南,好風船行八日到龍牙門。入門往西行,二日可到。此處舊不 稱國,因海有五嶼之名,遂名曰五嶼。無國王,止有頭目掌管。此地屬暹羅所轄 ,歲輸金四十兩,否則差人征伐。永樂七年己丑,上命正使太監鄭和等統〔寶船 〕齎詔勑,賜頭目雙台銀印冠帶袍服,建碑封城,遂名滿刺加國,是後暹羅莫敢 侵擾。其頭目蒙恩為王,挈妻子赴京朝謝,貢進方物,朝廷又賜與海船回國守土 。  其國東南是大海,西北是老岸連山。皆沙鹵之地,氣候朝熱暮寒,田瘦穀 薄,人少耕種。有一大溪河水,下流從王居前過入海。其王於溪上建立木橋,上 造橋亭二十餘間,諸物買賣俱在其上。  國王國人皆從回回教門,持齋受戒誦 經。其王服用以細白番布纏頭,身穿細花青布長衣,其樣如袍。腳穿皮鞋,出入 乘轎。國人男子方帕包頭,女人撮髻腦後。身體微黑,下圍白布手巾,上穿色布 短衫。風俗淳樸,房屋如樓閣之制,上不鋪板,但高四尺許之際,以椰子樹劈成 片縧,稀布於上,用藤縛定,如羊棚樣。自有層次,連牀就榻盤膝而坐,飲臥廚 灶皆在上也。  人多以漁為業,用獨木刳舟泛海取魚。  土產黃速香、烏本 、打麻兒香、花錫之類。打麻兒香本是一等樹脂,流出入土,掘出如松香瀝青之 樣,火燒即著。番人皆以此物點照當燈。番船造完,則用此物熔塗於縫,水莫能 入,甚好。彼地之人多採取此物以轉寶他國。內有明淨好者,卻似金珀一樣,名 損都盧斯。番人做成帽珠而賣,今水珀即此物也。花錫有二處山塢錫場,王命頭 目主之,差人淘煎,鑄成鬥樣,以為小塊輸官。每塊重官秤一斤八兩,或一斤四 兩,每十塊用藤縛為小把,四十塊為一大把,通市交易皆以此錫行使。  其國 人言語并書記婚姻之禮,頗與爪哇同。  山野有一等樹,名沙孤樹,鄉人以此 物之皮,如中國葛根搗浸澄濾其樹作丸,如菉豆大,曬乾而賣,其名曰沙孤米, 可以作飯契。海之洲渚岸邊生一等水草,名茭蔁葉。長如刀茅樣,似苦筍。殼厚 ,性軟,結子如荔枝樣,雞子大。人取其子釀酒,名茭蔁酒,飲之亦能醉人。鄉 人取其葉結竹細簟,止闊二尺,長丈餘,為席而賣。果有甘蔗、巴蕉子、波羅蜜 、野荔枝之類。菜蔥、薑、蒜、芥、東瓜、西瓜皆有。牛、羊、雞、鴨雖有而不 多。價亦甚貴。其水牛═頭直銀一斤以上。驢馬皆無。其海邊水內常有鼉龍傷人 。其龍高三四尺,四足,滿身鱗甲,背刺排生。龍頭撩牙,遇人即齧。山出黑虎 ,比中國黃虎略小,其毛黑,亦有暗花紋。其黃虎亦間有之,國中有虎化為人, 入市混人而行,自有識者,擒而殺之。如占城屍頭蠻,此處亦有。  凡中國寶 船到彼,則立排柵,如城垣,設四門、更鼓樓,夜則提鈴巡警,內又立重柵,如 小城。蓋造庫藏倉廒,一應錢糧頓在其內,去各國船隻回到此處取齊,打整番貨 ,裝載船內,等候南風正順,於五月中旬開洋回還。其國王亦自採辦方物,挈妻 子帶領頭目駕船跟隨寶船赴闕進貢。 啞魯國   自滿刺加國開船,好風行四晝夜可到。其國有港名淡水港一條,入港到國, 南是大山,北是大海,西連蘇門答剌國界,東有平地。堪種旱稻,米粒細小,糧 食頻有。民以耕漁為業。風俗淳樸,國內婚喪等事,皆與爪哇、滿刺加國相同。 貨用稀少,棉布名考泥,并米穀牛羊雞鴨甚廣。乳酪多有賣者。  其國王、國 人皆是回回人。  山林中出一等飛虎,如貓大,遍身毛灰色。有肉翅,如蝙蝠 一般,但前足肉翅生連後足,能飛不遠。人或有獲得者,不服家食即死。土產黃 速香、金銀香之類。乃小國也。 蘇門答刺國   蘇門答刺國,即古須文達那國是也。其處乃西洋之總路,寶船自滿刺加國向 西南,好風五晝夜,先到濱海一村,名苔魯蠻。繫船,往東南十餘里可到。其國 無城郭,有一大溪皆淡水,流出於海。一日二次潮水長落,其海口浪大,船隻常 有沈歿。其國南去有百里數之遠,是大深山﹔北是大海﹔東亦是大山,至阿魯國 界﹔正西邊大海。其山連小國二處,先至那孤兒王界,又至黎代王界。其蘇門答 刺國王,先被那孤兒花面王侵掠,戰鬥身中藥箭而死。有一子幼小,不能與父報 仇。其王之妻與眾誓曰:「有能報夫死之讎,復全其地者,吾願妻之,共主國事 。」言訖,本處有一漁翁,奮志而言:「我能報之。」遂領兵眾當先殺敗花面王 ,復雪其讎。花面王被殺,其眾想伏,不敢侵擾。王妻於是不負前盟,即與漁翁 配合,稱「為老王」,家室地賦之類,悉聽老王裁制。永樂七年,效職進貢方物 而沐天恩,永樂十年復至其國。其先王之子長成,陰與部領合謀弒義父漁翁,奪 其位管其國。漁翁有嫡子名蘇幹剌,領眾挈家逃去,鄰山自立一寨,不時率眾侵 復父讎。永樂十三年,正使太監鄭和等統領大寶船到彼,發兵擒獲蘇幹剌,赴闕 明正其罪。其王子感荷聖恩,常貢方物於朝廷。  其國四時氣候不齊,朝熱如 夏,暮寒如秋。五月七月間亦有瘴氣。山產硫黃,出於巖穴之中。其山不生草木 ,土石皆焦黃色。田土不廣,惟種旱稻,一年二熟。大小二麥皆無。其胡椒倚山 居住人家置園種之。藤蔓而生,若中國廣東甜菜樣,開花黃白色,結椒成實。生 則青,老則紅,候其半老之時,摘採曬乾貨賣。其椒粒虛大者,即此處椒也。每 官秤一百斤,彼處賣金錢八十,直銀一兩。果有芭蕉子、甘蔗、莽吉柿、波羅蜜 之類。有一等臭果,番名賭爾(烏)〔焉〕,如中國水雞頭樣,長八九寸皮,生 尖刺,熟則五六瓣裂開,若爛牛肉之臭。內有栗子大酥白肉十四五塊,甚甜美可 食,其中更皆有子,炒而食之,其味如栗。酸橘甚廣,四時常有。若洞庭獅柑、 綠橘樣,其味不酸,可以久留不爛。又一等酸子,番名俺拔。如大消梨樣,頗長 ,綠皮,其氣香烈。欲食簽去其皮,批切外肉而食,酸甜甚美。核如雞子大。其 桃李等果俱無。蔬菜有蔥、蒜、薑、芥。東瓜至廣,長久不壞。西瓜綠皮紅子, 有長二三尺者。人家廣養黃牛,乳酪多有賣者。羊皆黑毛,並無白者。雞無者, 番人不識扇雞。惟有母雞,雄雞大者七斤,略煮便軟,其味甚美,絕勝別國之雞 。鴨腳低矮,大有五六斤者。桑樹亦有,人家養蠶,不會繰絲,只會做棉。   其國風俗淳厚,言語書記婚喪穿拌衣服等事,皆與滿剌加國相同。其民之居住, 其屋如樓,高不鋪板,但用椰子檳榔二木劈成條片,以藤劄縛,再鋪藤簟,高八 尺,人居其上。高處亦鋪閣柵。  此處多有番船往來,所以國中諸般番貨多有 賣者。其國使金錢、錫錢,金錢番名底那兒,以七成淡金鑄造,每個圓徑官寸五 分,而底有紋,官秤二分三釐,一曰每四十八個重金一兩四分。錫錢番名加失, 凡買賣恒以錫錢使用,國中一應買賣交易,皆以十六兩為一斤,數論價以通行四 方。 那孤兒國   那孤兒王,又名花面王。其地在蘇門答刺西,地之界相連,止是一大山村。 但所管人民皆於面上刺三尖青花為號,所以稱為花面王。地方不廣,人民只有千 餘家,田少,人多以耕陸為生。米糧稀少,豬羊雞鴨皆有。言語動靜與蘇門答剌 國相同,土無出產,乃小國也。 黎代國   黎代之地,亦一小邦也。在那孤兒地界之西。此處南是大山,北臨大海,西 連南浡裡國為界。國人三千家,自推一人為王,以主其事,屬蘇門答剌國所轄。 土無所產,言語行用與蘇門答剌同。山有野犀牛至多,王亦差人捕獲,隨同蘇門 答剌國以進貢於中國。 南浡裡國   自蘇門苔刺往正西,好風行三晝夜可到。其國邊海,人民止有千家有餘,皆 是回回人,甚是樸實。地方東接黎代王界,西北皆臨大海,南去是山,山之南又 是大海。國王亦是回回人。王居屋處,用大木高四丈,如樓起造,樓下俱無裝飾 ,縱放牛羊牲畜在下。樓上四邊以板折落,甚潔,坐臥食處皆在其上。民居之屋 與蘇門答剌國同。  其處黃牛、水牛、山羊、雞、鴨、蔬菜皆(少)〔有〕。 魚蝦甚賤,米穀少。使用銅錢。山產降真香,此處至好,名蓮花降。并有犀牛。   國之西北海內有一大平頂峻山,半日可到,名帽山。其山之西亦皆大海,正 是西洋也,名那沒洋。西來過洋船隻收帆,俱望此山為準。其山邊二丈上下淺水 內,生海樹。彼人撈取為寶物貨賣,即珊瑚也。其樹大者高二三尺,根頭有一大 拇指大根,如墨之沈黑,如玉石之溫潤。稍上椏枝婆娑可愛。根頭大處可碾為帽 珠器物。  其帽山腳下亦有居民二三十家,各自稱為王。若問其姓名,則曰「 阿菰喇楂」,「我便是王」以答。或問其次,則曰「阿菰喇楂」,「我亦是王」 甚可笑也。其國屬南浡裡國所轄。其南浡裡王常跟寶船,將降真香等物貢於中國 。 錫蘭國(裸形國)   自帽山南放洋,好風向東北行三日,見翠藍山在海中。其山三四座,惟一山 最高大,番名按篤蠻山。彼處之人巢居穴處,男女赤體,皆無寸絲,如獸畜之形 。土不出米,惟食山芋、波羅蜜、芭蕉子之類,或海中捕魚蝦而食。人傳云:若 有寸布在身,即生爛瘡。昔釋迦佛過海,於此處登岸,脫衣入水澡浴,彼人盜藏 其衣,被釋迦咒訖,以此至今人不能穿衣,俗言出卵塢,即地也。  過此投西 ,船行七日,見鶯歌嘴山,再三兩日,到佛堂山,才到錫蘭國馬頭名別羅裡。自 此泊船,登岸陸行。此處海邊山腳光石上有一足跡,長二尺許,云是釋迦從翠藍 山來,從此處登岸,腳踏此石,故跡存焉。中有淺水不乾,人皆手蘸其水洗面拭 目,曰「佛水清淨」。左有佛寺,內有釋迦佛混身側臥,尚存不朽。其寢座用各 樣寶石妝嵌沈香木為之,甚是華麗,又有佛牙并活舍利子等物在堂。其釋迦涅盤 ,正此慮也。  又北去四五十里,才到王居之城。國王係鎖俚人氏,祟信釋教 ,尊敬象牛。人將牛糞燒灰,遍搽其體,牛不敢食,止食其乳。如有牛死,即埋 之,若私宰牛者,王法罪死,或納牛頭大金以贖其罪。王之居址,大家小戶每晨 將牛糞用水調稀,遍塗屋下地面,然後拜佛。兩手直舒於前,兩腿直伸於後,胸 腹皆貼地而為拜。  王居之側有一大山,侵雲高聳,山頂有人腳跡一個,入石 深二尺,長八尺餘。云是人祖阿聃聖人,即盤古之足跡也。此山內出紅雅姑、青 雅姑、黃雅姑、青米籃心、昔剌泥、窟沒藍等一切寶石皆有。每有大雨沖出土, 流下沙中,尋拾則有。常言寶石乃是佛祖眼淚結成。  其海中有雪白浮沙一片 ,日月照其沙,光彩瀲灩,日有珍珠螺蚌聚集沙上。其王置珠池,二三年一次令 人取螺蚌傾入池中,差人看守此池,候其壞爛,則用水淘珠,納官。亦有偷盜賣 於他國者。  其國地廣人稠,亞於爪哇。民俗饒富,男子上身赤膊,下圍色絲 手巾,加以壓腰。滿身毫毛俱剃淨,止留其,用白布纏頭。如有父母死者,其須 毛即不剃,此為孝禮。婦人撮髻腦後,下圍白布。其新生小兒則剃頭,女留胎不 剃,就養至成人。無酥油牛乳不食飯。人欲食飯,則於暗處潛食,不令人見。平 居檳榔荖葉不絕於口。  米穀、芝麻、菉豆皆有,惟無大小二麥。椰子至多, 油糖酒醬皆以此物借造而食。  人死則以火化埋骨,其喪家聚親鄰之婦,都將 兩手齊拍胸乳而叫號哭泣為禮。  果有芭蕉子、波羅蜜、甘蔗、瓜茄、蔬菜, 牛羊雞鴨皆有。  王以金為錢,通行使用,每錢一個,重官秤一分六釐。中國 麝香、紵絲、色絹、青磁片碗、銅錢、樟腦,甚喜。則將寶石珍珠換易。王常差 人賚寶石等物,隨同回洋寶船進貢中國。 小葛蘭國   自錫蘭國馬頭名別羅裡開船,往西北,好風行六晝夜可到。其國邊海,東連 大山,西是大海,南北地狹,外亦大海,連海而居。國王國人皆鎖俚人氏。祟信 釋教,尊敬象牛,婚姻喪葬等事與錫蘭國同。  土產蘇木、胡椒不多,其果菜 之類皆有。牛羊頗異他產。其羊青毛長腳,高二尺三尺者,黃牛有三四百斤者。 酥油多有賣者。人一日二飡,皆用酥油拌飯而食。王以金鑄錢,每個重官秤一分 ,通行使用。雖是一小國,其王亦將方物差人貢於中國。 柯枝國   自小葛蘭國開船,沿山投西北,好風行一晝夜,到其國港口泊船。本國東是 大山,西臨大海,南北邊海,有路可往鄰國。  其國王與民亦鎖俚人氏,頭纏 黃白布,上不穿衣,下圍紵絲手巾,再用顏色紵絲一匹纏之於腰,名曰壓腰。   其頭目及富人服用與王者頗同。民居之屋,用椰子木起造,用椰子葉編成片如 草苫樣蓋之,雨不能漏。家家用磚泥砌一土庫,止分大小,凡有細軟之物,俱放 於內,以防火盜。  國有五等人:一等名南昆,與王同類,內有剃頭掛線在頸 者,最為貴族﹔二等回回人﹔三等人名哲地,係有錢財主﹔四等人名革令,專與 人作牙保﹔五等人名木瓜,木瓜者,至低賤之人也,至今此輩在海濱居住,房簷 高不過三尺,高者有罪,其穿衣上不過臍,下不過膝,其出於途,如遇南昆、哲 地人,即伏於地,候過即起而行。木瓜之輩,專以漁樵及擡負挑擔為生,官不容 穿長衣,其經商買賣與中國漢人一般。  其國王祟信佛教,尊敬象牛,建造佛 殿,以銅鑄佛像,用青石砌座,佛座邊周圍砌成水溝,傍穿一井,每日侵晨,則 鳴鐘擊鼓,汲井水,於佛頂澆之再三,眾皆羅拜而退。  另有一等人名濁,即 道人也,亦有妻子。此輩自出母胎,不經剃,亦不梳篦,以酥油等物將搓成條縷 ,或十餘條,或七人條,披拽腦後。卻將黃牛之糞燒成白灰,遍搽其體,上下皆 不穿衣,止用如拇指大黃藤,兩轉緊縛其腰,又以白布為梢子。手拿大海螺,常 吹而行。其妻略以布遮其醜,隨夫而行。此等即出家人,倘到人家,則與錢米等 物。  其國氣候常暖如夏,無霜雪。每至二三月,日夜間則下陣頭雨一二次, 番人各整蓋房屋,備辦食用。至五六月,日夜間下滂沱大雨,街市成河,人莫能 行,大家小戶坐候雨信過。七月才晴,到八月半後晴起。到冬點雨皆無,直至次 年二三月間,又下雨。常言半年下雨半年晴,正此處也。土無他產,只出胡椒, 人多置園圃種椒為業。每年椒熟,本處自有收椒大戶收買,置倉盛貯,待各處番 商來買。論播荷說價,每一播荷該番秤二十五封剌,每一封剌該番秤十斤,計官 秤十六斤,每一播荷該官秤四百斤。賣波處金錢或一百個,或九十個,直銀五兩 。  名稱哲地者,皆是財主,專一收買下寶石珍珠香貸之類,候中國寶(石) 船或別國番船客人來買,珍珠以分數論價而買。且如珠每顆重三分半者,賣彼處 金錢一千八百個,直銀一百兩。珊瑚枝梗,其哲地論斤重買下,顧倩匠人,剪斷 車旋成珠,洗磨光淨,亦秤分量而買。  王以九成金鑄錢行使,名曰法南,重 官秤一分一釐。又以銀為錢,比海螺靨大。每個官秤四釐,名曰答兒。每金錢一 個,倒換銀錢十五個,街市行使零用,則以此錢。  國人婚喪之禮,其五等人 皆各從其類而不同。  米、粟、麻、豆、黍、稷皆有,止無大小二麥。象、馬 、牛、羊、犬、貓、雞、鴨皆有,只無驢騾與鵝爾。  國王亦差頭目隨共回洋 寶船將方物進貢中國。 古裡國   即西洋大國。從柯枝國港口開船,往西北行,三日方到。其國邊海,山之東 有五七百里,遠通坎巴夷國﹔西臨大海﹔南連柯枝國界﹔北邊相接狠奴兒地面。 西洋大國正此地也。永樂五年,朝廷命正使太監鄭和等齎詔敕賜其國王誥命銀印 給賜,升賞各頭目品級冠帶,統領大寶船到彼,起建碑庭,立石云:「其國去中 國十萬餘里,民物咸若熙皡同風,刻石於茲永示萬世。」  國王係南昆人,祟 信佛教,尊敬象牛。國人內有五等:回回人、南昆人、哲地人、革令人、木瓜人 。其國王國人皆不食牛肉,大頭目是回回人,皆不食豬肉。先是王與回回人誓定 ,爾不食牛,我不食豬,互相禁忌,至今尚然。王以銅鑄佛像,名乃納兒,起造 佛殿,以銅鑄瓦而蓋佛座。傍掘井,每日侵晨,王至汲水浴佛,拜訖,令人收取 黃牛淨糞,用水調於銅盆如糊,遍擦殿內地面牆壁。且命頭目并富家,每早亦塗 擦牛混糞。又將牛糞燒成白灰,研細,用好布為小袋盛灰,常帶在身,每日侵晨 洗面畢,取牛糞灰調水,搽塗其額,并兩股間各三次,為敬佛敬牛之誠。傳云: 昔有一聖人名某些立教化,人人知其是真天人,皆欽從,以後聖人同往他所,令 其弟名撒沒嚟掌管教人,其弟心起矯妄,鑄一金犢,曰:「此是聖主,凡叩之則 有靈驗。」教人聽命,祟敬其金牛,曰:「常糞金,人得金」,心愛而忘天道, 皆以牛為真主。後某些聖人回還,見眾人被弟撒沒嚟惑壞聖道,遂廢其牛,而欲 罪其弟,其弟騎一大象遁去。後人思之,懸望其還,且如月初,則言月中必至。 及至月中,又言月盡必至。至今望之不絕。南昆人敬象牛,由此故也。  王有 大頭目二人,掌管國事,俱是回回人,國中大半皆奉回回教門。禮拜寺有二三十 處,七日一次行禮拜。至日,舉家齋浴,諸事不幹,巳午時,大小男子到寺禮拜 ,至未時方散回家,才做買賣,幹理家事。人甚誠信,狀貌濟楚標緻。其二大頭 目受中國朝廷升賞,若寶船到彼,全憑二人主為買賣,王差頭目并哲地未訥幾計 書算於官府牙人來會,領船大人議擇某日打價,至日,先將帶去錦綺等物,逐一 議價已定,隨寫合同價數,彼此收執。其頭目哲地即與內官大人眾手相拿。其牙 人則言某月某日於眾手中拍一掌已定,或貴或賤,再不悔改。然後哲地富戶才將 寶石珍珠跚瑚等物來看議價,非一日能定,快則一月,緩則二三月,若價錢較議 已定,如買一主珍珠等物,該價若干,是原經手頸目未訥幾計算,該還紵絲等物 若干,照原打手之貨交還,毫釐無改,彼之演算法無算盤,只以兩手、兩腳并二 十指計算,毫釐無差,甚異於常。  王以六成金鑄錢行使,名吧南,每個徑面 官寸三分八釐,面底有紋,重官秤一分。又以銀為錢,名搭兒,每個約重三釐, 零用此錢。衡法每番秤一錢,該官秤八分,每番秤一兩,計十六錢,該官秤一兩 二錢八分。番秤二十兩為一斤,該官秤一斤九兩六錢。其番秤名番剌失,秤之權 釘定於衡末,稱準則活動於衡中,提起平為定盤,星稱物則移准向前,隨物輕重 而進退之。止可秤十斤,該官秤十六斤,秤香貨之類,二百斤番秤為一播荷,該 官秤三百二十斤,若稱胡椒,二百五十斤為一播荷,該官秤四百斤。凡稱一應巨 細貨物,多用天平對較。其量法,官鑄銅為升行使,番名黨戛黎,每升該官升一 升六合。  西洋布本國名撦黎布,出於鄰境坎巴夷等處。每疋闊四尺五寸,長 二丈五尺,賣彼處金錢八個或十個。國人亦將蠶絲練染各色,織間道花手巾,闊 四五尺,長一丈二三尺,每條賣金錢一百個。胡椒山鄉住人置園多種。到十月間 ,椒熟採摘曬乾而賣,自有收椒大戶來收,上官庫收貯。若有買者,官與發買, 見數計算稅錢納官。每胡椒一播荷,賣金錢二百個,其哲地多收買下各色寶石珍 珠,并做下跚硼珠等物,各處番船到彼,國王亦差頭目并寫字人等眼同而賣,就 取稅錢納官。  富家多種椰子樹,或一千株或二千三千株,為產業。其椰子有 十般使用:嫩者有漿甚甜,奸契,可釀酒﹔老者椰肉打油,做糖做飯吃﹔外包之 穰,打索,造船﹔椰殼為碗,為杯,又好燒灰打箱金銀細巧生活﹔樹好造屋,葉 好蓋屋。蔬菜有芥菜、生薑、蘿蔔、胡荽、蔥、蒜、葫蘆、茄子、菜瓜、東瓜四 時皆有。又有一等小瓜,如指大,長二寸許,如青瓜之味,其蔥紫皮,如蒜,大 頭小葉,稱斤而賣。波羅蜜、芭蕉子廣有賣者。木別子樹高十餘丈,結子如綠柿 樣,內包其子三四十個,熟則自落。其蝙蝠如鷹之大,都在此樹上倒掛而歇。米 紅白皆有。麥大小俱無。其面皆從別處販來賣。雞鴨廣有,無鵝。羊腳高灰色, 如驢駒子之樣。水牛不甚大。黃牛有三四百斤者,人不食其肉,止食其乳酪,人 無酥油不吃飯。其牛養至老死即埋之。各色海魚其價極賤。山中鹿兔亦有賣者。 人家多養孔雀,其他禽鳥則有烏鴉、蒼鷹、鷺鷥、燕子,其餘別樣大小禽鳥,則 並無有。  國人亦會彈唱,以葫蘆殼為樂器,紅銅絲為弦,唱番歌相和而彈, 音韻堪聽。民俗婚喪之禮,鎖俚人、回回人各依自家本等體例不同。其王位不傳 於子而傳於外甥。傳甥止論女腹所生為嫡族。其王若無姊妹,傳之於弟。若無弟 ,遜與有德之人。世代相仍如此。王法無鞭笞之刑,罪輕者截手斷足,重則罰金 誅戮。甚則抄沒滅族。人有犯法者,拘之到官,即伏其罪,若事情或有冤枉不伏 者,則於王前或大頭目前置一鐵鍋,盛油四五斤,煎滾,先以樹葉投試爆彈有聲 ,遂令其人以右手二指煠於油內片時,待焦方起,用布包裹封記,監留在官,二 三日後聚眾開封視之,若手爛潰,其事不枉,即加以刑,若手如舊不損,則釋之 ,頭目人等以鼓樂禮送此人回家,諸親鄰友饋禮相賀,飲酒作樂以相慶,此事最 為奇異。  使回之日,其國王欲進貢,用好赤金五十兩,令番匠抽如細金絲, 結綰成片,以各色寶石大珍珠廂成寶帶一條,差頭目乃邦進奉中國。 溜山國   自蘇門答刺開船,過小帽山投西南,好風行十日可到。其國番名牒幹,無城 郭,倚山聚居,四圍皆海,如洲渚一般,地方不廣。國之西去程途不等,海中天 生石門一座,如城闕樣。有八大處,溜各有其名:一曰沙溜,二曰人不知溜,三 曰起泉溜,四曰麻裡奇溜,五曰加半年溜,六曰加加溜,七曰安都裡溜,八曰官 瑞溜。此八處皆有所主,而通商船。再有小窄之溜,傳云三千有餘溜,此謂弱水 三千,此處是也。其間人皆巢居穴處,不識米穀,只捕魚蝦而食,不解穿衣,以 樹葉遮其前後。設遇風水不便,舟師失針舵損,船過其溜,落於瀉水,漸無力而 沈,大概行船皆宜該防此也。  牒幹國王、頭目、民庶皆是回回人。風俗純美 ,所行悉遵教門規矩。人多以漁為業,種椰子為生。男女體貌微黑,男子白布纏 頭,下圍手巾。婦人上穿短衣,下亦以闊布手巾圍之。又用闊大布手巾過頭遮蓋 ,止露其面。婚喪之禮悉依回回教門親矩而後行。  土產降真香也不多,椰子 甚廣,各處來收買往別國貨賣。有等小樣椰子殼,彼人旋做酒鍾,以花梨木為足 ,用番漆漆其口足,甚為希罕其。椰子外包之欀,打成麄細繩索,堆積在家,各 處番船上人亦來收買,賣與別國,造船等用。其造番船,皆不用釘,止鑽其孔, 皆以此索聯縛,加以木楔,然後以番瀝青塗縫,水不能漏。其龍涎香,漁者常於 溜處採得,如水浸瀝青之色,嗅之無香,火燒惟有腥氣,其價高貴,買者以銀對 易,海彼人採積如山,罨爛其肉,轉賣暹羅、榜葛剌等國,當錢使用。其馬鮫魚 切成大塊,曬乾收貯,各國亦來收販他處,名曰海溜魚而賣之。織一等絲嵌手巾 ,甚密實長闊,絕勝他處所織者。又有一等織金方帕,與男子纏頭,價有賣銀五 兩之貴者。  天之氣候,四時常熱如夏。其土地甚瘠,米少,無麥,蔬菜不廣 ,牛羊雞鴨皆有,餘無所出。王以銀鑄小錢使用。中國寶船一二隻亦到彼處,收 買龍涎香、椰子等物,乃一小邦也。 祖法兒國   自古裡國開船投西北,好風行十晝夜可到。其國邊海倚山,無城郭,東南大海 ,西北重山。國王、國人皆奉回回教門。人體長大,貌豐偉語言樸實。王者之絆, 以白細番布纏頭,身穿青花如大指大細絲嵌蓋頭,或金錦衣袍,足穿番靴,或淺面 皮鞋。出入乘轎或騎馬,前後擺列象駝、馬隊,刀牌手,吹篳篥鎖,簇擁而行。民 下所服衣冠,纏頭長衣腳穿靴鞋。如遇禮拜日,上半日市絕交易,男女長幼皆沐浴 ,既畢,即將薔薇露或沈香并抽搽面并四體,俱穿齊整新淨衣服。又以小土爐燒沈 檀俺八兒等香,立於爐上,薰其衣體,才往禮拜寺。拜畢方回,經過街市,半晌薰 香不絕。婚喪之禮,素遵回回教規而行。  土產乳香,其香乃樹脂也。其樹似榆 ,而葉尖長。彼人每砍樹取香而賣。中國寶船到彼,開讀賞賜畢,其王差頭目遍諭 國人,皆將乳香、血竭、蘆薈、沒藥、安息香、蘇合油、木別子之類,來換易紵絲 、磁器等物。此處氣候,常如八九月,不冷。米麥豆粟黍稷麻穀,及諸般蔬菜、瓜 茄、牛、羊、馬、驢、貓、犬、雞、鴨之類,亦皆不缺。山中亦有駝雞,土人間亦 捕獲來賣。其雞身匾頸長,其狀如鶴,腳高三四尺,每腳止有二指。毛如駱駝,食 綠豆等物,行似駱駝,因此名駝雞。其駱駝則有單峰者,有只峰者,人皆騎坐以適 街市。將死,則殺之賣其肉。  其王鑄金錢名倘伽,每個重官秤二錢,徑一寸五 分,一面有紋,一面人形之紋。又以紅銅鑄為小錢,約重三釐,徑四分,零用。其 國王於欽差使者回日,亦差其頭目將乳香駝雞等物,跟隨寶船以進貢於朝廷焉。 阿丹國   自古裡國開船,投正西兌位,好風行一月可到。其國邊海,離山遠。國富民饒 ,國王、國人皆奉回回教門,說阿刺壁言語。人性強梗,有馬步銳兵七八千,所以 國勢威重,鄰邦畏之。永樂十九年,欽命正使太監李 等,齎詔勑衣冠賜其王酋, 到蘇門答刺國,分內官周 領駕寶船數隻到彼。王聞其至,即率大小頭目至海濱迎 接詔敕賞賜,至王府行禮甚恭謹感伏,開讀畢,國王即諭其國人,但有珍寶許令賣 易。在彼買得重二錢許大塊貓睛石,各色雅姑等異寶,大顆珍珠,珊瑚樹高二尺者 數株,又買得珊瑚枝五櫃、金珀、薔薇露、麒麟、獅子、花福鹿、金錢豹、駝雞、 白鳩之類而還。  國王之絆,頭戴金冠,身穿黃袍,腰繫寶妝金帶。至禮拜日赴 寺禮拜,則換細白番布纏頭,上加金錦之頂,身穿白袍,坐車列隊而行。其頭目冠 服各有等第不同。國人穿絆,男子纏頭,穿撒哈喇梭幅、錦繡紵絲等衣,足著靴鞋 。婦人之絆,身穿長衣,肩項佩寶石、珍珠、纓絡,如觀音之絆,耳帶金廂寶環四 對,臂纏金寶釧鐲,足指亦帶指環。又用絲嵌手巾蓋於頂上,止露其面。  凡國 人打造鈒細金銀首飾等項生活,甚精妙,絕勝天下。又有市肆、混堂,并熟食、絲 帛、書籍、諸色什物鋪店皆有。王用赤金鑄錢行使,名甫嚕嚟,每個重官秤一錢, 底面有紋。又用紅銅鑄錢,名甫嚕斯,零使。  其地氣候溫和,常如八九月。日 月之定無閨月,惟以十二個月為一年。月無大小,若頭夜見新月,明日即月首也。 四季不定,自有陰陽人推算,如以某日為春首,後果然花草開榮。某日是初秋,果 然木葉雕落。及於日月交食、潮信早晚,并風雨寒暖,無不准驗。  人之飲食, 米粉麥面諸品皆有,多以乳酪、酥油、糖蜜製造而食。米、粟、豆、穀、大小二麥 、芝麻并諸色蔬菜俱有,果子有萬年棗、松子、把擔、乾葡萄、核桃、花紅、石榴 、桃、杏之類。象、駝、驢、騾、牛、羊、雞、鴨、貓、犬皆有,止無豬鵝。棉羊 白毛無角,頭上有黑毛二團,如中國童子頂搭。其頸下如牛袋一般,其毛短如狗, 其尾大如盤。  民居房屋皆以石砌,上以磚蓋,或土蓋。有石砌三層,高四五丈 。亦有用木起架為樓居者,其木皆土產紫檀木為之。  其地土所產草木,又有薔 薇露、簷蔔花、無核白葡萄,并花福鹿、青花白駝雞、大尾無角棉羊。其福鹿如騾 子樣,白身白面,眉心隱隱起細細青條花,起滿身至四蹄,細條如間道如畫。青花 白駝雞亦有青花,如福鹿一般。麒麟前二足高九尺餘,後兩足約高六尺,頭擡頸長 一丈六尺。首昂後低,人莫能騎。頭上有兩肉角,在耳邊,牛尾鹿身蹄有三跲,匾 口,食粟、豆、麵餅。其獅子身形似虎,黑黃無斑,頭大口闊,尾尖毛多,黑長如 纓。聲吼如雷,諸獸見之,伏不敢起,乃獸中之王也。  其國王感荷聖恩,特造 金廂寶帶二條,窟嵌珍珠寶石金冠一頂,并雅姑等各樣寶石地角二枚,金葉表文, 進貢中國。 榜葛剌國   自蘇門答刺國開船,取帽山并翠藍島,投西北上,好風行二十日,先到浙地港 泊船,用小船入港,五百餘里到地名鎖納兒港登岸,向西南行三十五站到其國。有 城郭,其王府并一應大小衙門皆在城內。  其國地方廣闊,物穰民稠,舉國皆是 回回人,民俗淳善。富家造船往諸番國經營者頗多,出外傭役者亦多。人之容體皆 黑,間有一白者。男子皆剃,以白布纏之。身服從頭套下圓領長衣,下圍各色闊手 巾,足穿淺面皮鞋。其國王并頭目之服,俱奉回回教禮,冠衣甚整麗。國語皆從榜 葛裡,自成一家言語,說吧兒西語者亦有之。國王以銀鑄錢,名倘伽,每個重官秤 三錢,徑官寸一寸二分,底面有紋。一應買賣皆以此錢論廬零用。海番名考嚟,論 個數交易。民俗冠喪祭婚姻之禮,皆依回回教門禮制。  四時氣候,常熱如夏。 稻穀一年二熟,米粟細長,多有細紅米。粟、麥、芝麻、各色豆黍、薑、芥、蔥、 蒜、瓜、茄、蔬菜皆有。果有芭蕉子。酒有三四等,椰子酒、米酒、樹酒、茭蔁酒 各色法制,多有燒酒。市賣無茶,人家以檳榔待人。街市一應鋪店、混堂、酒飯甜 食等肆都有。駝、馬、驢、騾、水牛、黃牛、山羊、棉羊、鵝、鴨、雞、豬、犬、 貓等畜皆有。果則有波羅蜜、酸子、石榴、甘蔗等類,其甜食則有沙糖、白糖、糖 霜、糖果、蜜煎、蜜薑之類。土產五六樣細布:一樣蓽布,番名卑泊,闊三尺餘, 長五丈六七尺,此布勻細如粉箋═般﹔一樣薑黑布,番名滿者提,闊四尺許,長五 丈餘,此布緊密壯實﹔一樣番名沙納巴付,闊五尺,長三丈,便如生平羅樣,即布 羅也﹔一樣番名忻白勤搭黎,闊三尺,長六丈,布眼稀勻,即布紗他,皆用此布纏 頭﹔一樣番名沙榻兒,闊二尺五六寸,長四丈餘,如好三梭布一般﹔有一樣番名驀 黑驀勒,闊四尺,長二丈餘,背面皆起絨頭,厚四五分,即兜羅綿也。桑柘蠶繭皆 有,止會作線繰絲嵌手巾并絹。不曉成綿。漆器、盤碗、鑌鐵、輪、刀、翦等器皆 有賣者。一樣白紙,亦是樹皮所造,光滑細膩如鹿皮一般。  國法有笞杖徒流等 刑。官品衙門印信行移皆有。軍亦有官管給糧餉,管軍頭目名吧斯剌兒。醫蔔陰陽 百工技藝皆有之。其行術,身穿挑黑線白布花衫,下圍色絲手巾,以各色硝子珠間 以珊瑚珠穿成纓絡,佩於肩項,又以青紅硝子燒成鐲,帶於兩臂,人家宴飲,此輩 亦來動樂,口唱番歌對舞,亦有解數。有一等人名根肖速魯奈,即樂工也。每日五 更時分,到頭目或富家門苜,一人吹銷,一人擊小鼓,一人擊大鼓,初起則慢,自 有調拍,後漸緊促而息。又至一家,如前吹擊而去,至飯時仍到各家或與酒飯,或 與錢物。撮弄把戲,諸色皆有,不甚奇異。止有一樣,一人同其妻以鐵索拴一大虎 ,在街牽拽而行,至人家演弄。即解其鐵索,令虎坐於地。其人赤體單梢,對虎跳 躍,拽拳將虎踢打。其虎性發作威,咆哮勢若撲人。其人與虎對跌數交畢,又以一 臂伸入虎口,直至其喉,虎不敢咬。其人仍銷虎頸,則伏於地討食。其家則與肉啖 之,又與其人錢物而去。日月之定,亦以十二個月為一年,無閏月。節氣早晚臨期 推。  王亦差人駕船往各番國買賣,取辦方物珍珠寶石,進貢中國。 忽魯謨廝國   自古裡國開船投西北,好風行二十五日可到。其國邊海倚山,各處番船并旱番 客商,都到此地趕集買賣,所以國民皆富。國王國人皆奉回回教門,尊謹誠信,每 日五次禮拜,沐浴齋戒。風俗淳厚,無貧苦之家。若有一家遭禍致貧者,眾皆贈以 衣食錢本,而救濟之。人之體貌清白豐偉,衣冠濟楚標緻。婚喪之禮,悉遵回回教 規。男子娶妻,先以媒妁,已通禮訖,其男家即置席請加的。加的者,掌教門規矩 之官也。及主婚人并媒人,親族之長者,兩家各通三代鄉貫來歷,寫立婚書已定, 然後擇日成親。否則官府如奸論罪。如有人死者,即用白番布為大殮小殮之衣,用 瓶盛淨水,將屍從頭至足澆洗二三次,既淨,以麝香片腦填屍口鼻,才服殮衣,貯 棺內,當即便埋。其墳以石砌,穴下鋪淨沙五六寸,擡棺至,則去其棺,止將屍放 石穴內,上以石板蓋定,加以淨土厚築墳堆,甚堅整也。人之飲食,務以酥油拌煮 而食。市中燒羊、燒雞、燒肉、薄餅、哈喇潵一應麵食皆有賣者。二三口之家多不 舉火做飯,止買熟食而契。  王以銀鑄錢,名底那兒,徑官寸六分,底面有紋, 重官秤四分,通行使用。書記皆是回回字,其市肆諸般鋪面百物皆有,止無酒館。 國法飲酒者棄市。文武醫蔔之人絕勝他處。各色技藝皆有,其撮弄把戲,皆不為奇 。惟有一樣,羊上高竿,最可笑也。其術用木一根,長一丈許,木竿頭上止可許羊 四蹄立於木。將木立豎於地,扶定,其人引一小白羝羊,拍手念誦。其羊依拍鼓舞 ,來近其竿,先以前二足搭定其木,又將後二足一縱立於竿上。又一人將木一根於 羊腳前挨之,其羊又將前兩足搭上木頂,隨將後二腳縱起。人即扶定其木,其羊立 於二木之頂,跳動似舞之狀。又將木一段趲之,連上五六段,又高丈許。俟其舞罷 ,然後立於中木,人即推倒其竿,以手接住其羊。又令臥地作死之狀,令舒前腳則 舒前,令舒後腳則舒後。又有將一大黑猴,高三尺許,演弄諸般本事了,然後令一 閒人,將巾帕重重摺疊,緊縛其猴兩眼,別令一人潛打猴頭一下,深深避之,後解 其帕,令尋打頭之人,猴於千百人中徑取原人而出,甚為怪也。  其國氣候寒暑 ,春開花,秋落葉。有霜無雪,雨少露多。有一大山,四面出四樣之物。一面如海 邊出之鹽,紅色。人用鐵鋤如打石一般鑿起一塊,有三四十斤者。又不潮濕,欲用 食,則搥碎為末而用。一面出紅土,如銀朱之紅﹔一面出白土,如石灰,可以粉牆 壁﹔一面出黃土,如薑黃色之黃。俱著頭目守管,各處自有客商來販賣為用。   土產米麥不多,皆是別處販來糶賣,其價極賤。果有核桃、把聃果、松子、石榴、 葡萄乾、桃乾、花紅、萬年棗、西瓜、菜瓜、蔥、韭、薤、蒜、蘿蔔、甜瓜等物。 其胡蘿蔔,紅色如藕大者至多。甜瓜甚大,有高二尺者。其核桃,殼薄白色,手捏 即破。松子長寸許,葡萄乾有三四樣:一樣如棗幹,紫色﹔一樣如蓮子大,無核, 結霜﹔一樣圓顆如白豆大,略白色。把聃果如核桃樣,尖長色白,內有仁,味勝核 桃肉。石榴如茶鍾大,花紅如拳大,甚香美。萬年棗亦有三樣:一樣番名垛沙布, 每個如母指大,核小結霜如沙糖,忒甜難吃﹔一樣挼爛成二三十個大塊,如好柿餅 及軟棗之味﹔一等如南棗樣略大,味頗澀,彼人將來喂牲口。  此處各番寶貨皆 有,更有青紅黃雅姑石,并紅剌、祖把碧、祖母剌、貓睛、金鋼鑽,大顆珍珠如龍 眼大,重一錢二三分,珊瑚樹珠,并枝梗、金珀、珀珠、神珠、蠟珀、黑珀,番名 撤白值。各色美玉器皿、水晶器皿,十樣錦翦絨花單,其絨起一二分,長二丈,闊 一丈,各色梭幅,撤哈喇氊、氁羅氁紗、各番青紅絲嵌手巾等類皆有賣者。  駝 馬、騾、牛、羊廣有。其羊有四樣:一等大尾棉羊,每個有七八十斤,其尾闊一尺 餘,拖著地,重二十餘斤﹔一等狗尾羊,如山羊樣,其尾長二尺餘﹔一等鬥羊,高 二尺七八寸,前半截毛長拖地,後半截皆翦淨,其頭面頸額似棉羊。角彎轉向前, 上帶小鐵牌,行動有聲。此羊性怏鬥,好事之人餵養於家,與人鬥賭錢物為戲。又 出一等獸,名草上飛,番名昔稚鍋失,如大貓大,渾身儼似玳瑁斑貓樣,兩耳尖黑 ,性純不惡。若獅豹等項猛獸,見他即俯伏於地,乃獸中之王也。  其國王亦將 船隻載獅子、麒麟、馬疋、珠子、寶石等物并金葉表文,差其頭目人等,跟隨欽差 西洋回還寶船,赴闕進貢。 天方國   此國即默伽國也。自古裡國開船,投西南申位,船行三個月方到本國馬頭,番 名秩達。有大頭目主守。自秩達往西行一日,到王居之城,名默伽國。奉回回教門 ,聖人始於此國闡揚教法,至今國人悉遵教規行事,纖毫不敢違犯。其國人物魁偉 ,體貌紫膛色。男子纏頭,穿長衣,足著皮鞋。婦人俱戴蓋頭,莫能見其面。說阿 剌畢言語。國法禁酒。民風和美,無貧難之家。悉遵教規,犯法者少,誠為極樂之 界。婚喪之禮皆依教門體例而行。   自此再行大半日之程,到天堂禮拜寺,其堂番名愷阿白。外周垣城,其城有四 百六十六門,門之兩傍皆用白玉石為柱,其柱共有四百六十七個,前九十九個,後 一百一個,左邊一百三十二個,右邊一百三十五個。其堂以五色石疊砌,四方平頂 樣。內用沈香大木五條為梁,以黃金為閣。滿堂內牆壁皆是薔薇露龍涎香和土為之 ,馨香不絕。上用皂紵絲為罩罩之。蓄二黑獅子守其門。每年至十二月十日,各番 回回人,甚至一二年遠路的,也到堂內禮拜,皆將所罩紵絲割取一塊為記驗而去。 剜割既盡,其王則又預織一罩,復罩於上,仍復年年不絕。堂之左有司馬儀聖人之 墓,其墳壠俱是綠撒不泥寶石為之,長一丈二尺,高三尺,闊五尺,其圍墳之牆, 以紺黃玉疊砌,高五尺餘。城內四角造四堆塔,每禮拜即登此塔喝班唱禮。左右兩 傍有各祖師傳法之堂,亦以石頭疊造,整飾極華麗。  其處氣候四時常熱如夏, 並無雨電霜雪。夜露甚重,草木皆馮露水滋養。夜放一空碗,盛至天明,其露水有 三分在碗。土產米穀僅少,皆種粟麥黑黍瓜菜之類。西瓜、甜瓜每個用二人擡一個 者亦有。又有一種(纏)綿花樹,如中國大桑樹,高一二丈,其花一年二放,長生 不枯。果有蘿蔔、萬年棗、石榴、花紅、大梨子,桃子有重四五斤者。其駝、馬、 驢、騾、牛、羊、貓、犬、雞、鵝、鴨、鴿亦廣。雞、鴨有重十斤以上者。土產薔 薇露、俺八兒香、麒麟、獅子、駝、雞、羚羊、草上飛,并各色寶石、珍珠、珊瑚 、琥珀等物。其王以金鑄錢,名倘加行使,每個徑七分,重官秤一錢,比中國金有 十二成色。  又往西行一日,到一城,名驀底納。其馬哈嘛聖人陵寢正在城內, 至今墓頂豪光日夜侵雲而起。墓後有一井,泉水清甜,名阿必糝糝。下番之人取其 水藏於船邊,海中倘遇颶風,即以此水灑之,風浪頓息。  宣德五年,欽蒙聖朝 差正使太監內官鄭和等往各番國開讀賞賜。分到古裡國時,內官太監洪 見本國差 人往彼,就選差通事等七人,齎帶麝香、磁器等物,附本國船隻到彼。往回一年, 買到各色奇貨異寶,麒麟、獅子、駝雞等物,并畫天堂圓真本回京。其默伽國王亦 差使臣,將方物跟同原去通事七人獻齎於朝廷。  景泰辛未秋月望日會稽山樵馬 歡述。 後序   余少時觀《異域志》,而知天下輿圖之廣,風俗之殊,人物之妍媸,物類之出 產,可驚可喜,可愛可愕,尚疑好事者為之,而竊意其無是埋也。今觀馬君宗道、 郭君祟禮所紀經歷諸番之事實,始有以見夫《異城志》之所載信不誣矣。祟禮乃杭 之仁和人,宗道乃越之會稽人,皆西域天方教,實奇邁之士也。昔太宗皇帝勑令太 監鄭和統率寶船往西洋諸番開讀賞勞,而二君善通譯番語,遂膺斯選,三隨軿軺, 跋涉萬里。自閩之五虎發跡,首入占城,次爪哇、暹羅,又次之舊港、阿魯、蘇門 、南浡、錫蘭、柯枝,極而遠造夫阿丹、天方,凡二十餘國。每國寄往非一日,於 輿圖之廣者,紀之以別遠近﹔風俗之殊者,紀之以別得失﹔與夫人物之妍媸,紀之 以別美惡﹔土地之出產,紀之以別輕重,皆錄之於筆,畢而成帙,其用心亦勤矣。 二君既事竣歸鄉里,恒出以示人,使人皆得以知異城之事,亦有以見聖朝威德之所 及若是其遠也。祟禮尚慮不能使人之盡知,欲鋟梓以廣其傳,因其友陸廷用徵序於 予,遂錄其梗概於後云。   是歲監察御史古樸劇弘書。 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 瀛涯勝覽 *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. 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