QUANTITY COOKERY

MENU PLANNING AND COOKING FOR LARGE NUMBERS

BY

LENORE RICHARDS, B.A. and NOLA TREAT, B.S.

ASSISTANT PROFESSORS OF INSTITUTION MANAGEMENT
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

BOSTON

LITTLE, BROWN, AND COMPANY

1922

Copyright, 1922,

By Little, Brown, and Company.

All rights reserved

Published April, 1922

Printed in the United States of America

PREFACE

This book has been written in response to the many requests for practical help in the planning of menus and for the recipes in use in the cafeteria under the management of the authors.

This book is designed primarily to assist the managers of food departments in institutions. However, it is hoped that the chapters on menu planning, the recipes, and the list of weights and their approximate measures may prove useful as a text for those teachers of institution management who have the problem of teaching large quantity cookery and menu planning.

CONTENTS

QUANTITY COOKERY

CHAPTER I

PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING THE PLANNING OF MENUS FOR LARGE NUMBERS

[Pg 1] Well-balanced and appropriate menus are absolutely necessary to the success of any establishment serving food. Given the best of raw materials and the most competent cooks, the institutional manager will fail to please his patrons if his menus show lack of careful planning. The truth of this assertion is verified by the analysis of many failures.

On the other hand successful menu planning is not especially difficult. Like any other art it requires careful study and observance of a few simple rules.

Of course, it is impossible to formulate one set of rules that will apply to all situations. Each manager must make his own rules based on the conditions he has to meet. There are, however, certain basic principles to be recognized and followed. If the ensuing chapters succeed in explaining these principles and in emphasizing their importance, the authors' purpose will have been served.

In planning menus for an institution the manager must:

Keep in mind the nature of the institution; its purpose; the character of its patronage.

Follow certain dietetic principles.

Maintain constant variety in the food.

[Pg 2] Keep menus appropriate to the temperature; the weather; the season; occasional holidays.

Recognize the limitations imposed by equipment; amount and kind of help; range of cost permitted; left-over foods to be used; form of service.

The first point to consider in planning a menu is the type of institution to be served. For reasons that are obvious, the purpose of the high school cafeteria is very different from that of the metropolitan hotel, while neither of these has the same object as the municipal tuberculosis sanitarium.

The age, sex, nationality, economic condition and occupation of the patrons must be kept in mind. The adult demands a freedom of choice which may be denied children. For this reason the content of the grade school lunch may be fixed in an arbitrary way, while this will not do when one is dealing with adults of any class. For instance, grade school children are satisfied with the morning bowl of bread and milk and the noon lunch of bread and soup. Adults, even in a charitable home, would undoubtedly complain of the simplicity of such meals. The high school lunchroom may eliminate coffee from its menu and have frequent "pieless" days. Any such attempts to regulate the diet of adults, except for patriotic reasons such as were the incentive to denial during the war, are highly inadvisable.

As far as the food elements are concerned, the same kinds of food may be served to boys and girls or to men and women. But, practically, they will not eat the same foods with equal satisfaction, and this should influence the planning of menus in different institutions.

School lunch managers and social service workers have found that in order to accomplish their aims they have to recognize racial food tastes.

[Pg 3] The economic condition of the group to be served may limit variety in the menu, on the one hand, or may permit of maximum variety on the other. The eight-page menu of the fashionable tea room as definitely reflects the ability of the patrons to pay as does the simple meal of three or four dishes served the immigrants at Ellis Island.

The occupation of the patrons, whether active or sedentary, determines to a large extent the kind of food served to them, from the dietetic standpoint and from the commercial standpoint as well. The lumberjacks of the north woods require a diet very different in quality and quantity from that of the telephone operators in a city exchange.

In institutions serving set menus, with little or no choice, special attention should be given to dietetic principles. Examples of such institutions are college dining halls or dormitories, hospitals, benevolent "homes," boarding houses, fraternities and clubs.

For those who have had little or no training in dietetics and who yet have the responsibility of planning menus, it may be said that if ample variety is provided, with emphasis on fruits and vegetables, the dietetic requirements will probably be met.

The sequence of foods in the menu is important. Where several courses are to be served, and it is the aim of those planning the menu to keep the appetite stimulated, acids, meat extractives and warm foods should be served first. Cloying foods such as sweets, very cold foods and foods which are satisfying tend to depress the appetite and hence have no place in the first course of a meal, except for luncheon where the menu may be very simple. In institutions which have fixed menus, it is especially desirable that the meal, no matter how simple, be so planned that it may be served in courses. [Pg 4] Children especially are likely to hurry through their meals, and the serving of food in courses prevents too rapid eating. It is true, of course, that extra service requires more labor, and so may not prove possible, even though desirable.

The responsibility for maintaining a constant variety in food calls for the continued exercise of initiative, the determination to avoid monotonous repetition, a mind open to new foods and new methods of preparation and systematic marketing trips in order to keep in touch with seasonal changes. Perhaps the most frequent criticism of institutions is on the lack of variety in meals. Hotels, clubs and tea rooms can draw trade by serving out-of-season foods when they first appear in the market. Institutions whose purchases are limited by a budget should make the most of seasonal foods when the market is at its height and the food is cheapest. Such institutions should avoid serving foods that are not actually in season. Serving berries or melons before the height of the season dulls the appetite of the patron for these foods so that by the time they have become economical to serve he has tired of them.

Variety should be introduced not only in the kinds of food but in the preparation, garnish and service. Even in charitable homes and other institutions where the aim is to serve at a minimum cost, the menus can be made attractive through variety in preparation. Corn meal and cottage cheese, two of the least expensive foods we have, can be utilized in a wide variety of ways. There should be no hesitation about serving new dishes, for maximum variety is essential to a happy patronage whether in the tea room or the benevolent institution. The point to be kept in mind, where the guest has the privilege of selection, is that all the variety should not come within the day or meal but within the week or month. [Pg 5] Surprise always helps to induce appetite and this fact is as applicable to the menu in the children's home as to that of the tea room.

It is good business practice as well as good dietetic practice to plan meals according to the weather and the time of year. Hot, heavy foods sell best in cold weather. Cool, crisp, fresh foods sell best on the hottest days. The public is very susceptible to weather conditions. Holidays give a popularity to certain foods which they enjoy at no other time of the year. It is good business to make the most of these foods by serving them on appropriate days.

There are definite relations between the menu and the equipment available for its execution. For instance, a menu which calls for oven cooking to the exclusion of the use of the top of the stove or supplementary steamers will be impossible to carry out. The menu should be planned in order that the cooking may be divided between all the available equipment, such as ovens, steamers and top space on stoves. In the kitchen, as in the industrial plant, it is good management to give space only to efficient equipment and to use that equipment to its maximum capacity.

Again, incomplete equipment may have to be considered in planning the menu. If there is no power machinery the amount of hand work or heavy physical preparation called for may have to be cut down in accordance with the equipment at hand. In serving large numbers power machinery will often pay for itself in a few months through the saving in labor. It will not only do the work better and more humanely but will allow a much greater variety of food. In the matter of equipment the institution must get away from the idea that it is a large home, with working [Pg 6] conditions as they have been in the average home. It should consider itself an industrial plant where one of the aims is maximum production with minimum labor; and it should realize that proper equipment and proper working conditions are necessary in the accomplishment of this aim. Even though the labor supply may be adequate, efficient planning of menus demands that there be an adjustment between those foods requiring much labor and those requiring little, so that proper balance may be maintained.

In discussing the limitations in menu making the element of cost has come up again and again. It becomes a definite restriction in institutions that work on a budget, or where the group to be served demands good wholesome food at the lowest price. As examples of such institutions there are the factory cafeteria, the school lunch and the college cafeteria.

Though menus must be made out in advance of the day when they are to be used, they should be sufficiently elastic to allow for proper utilization of left-overs. Using left-overs may mean very little change and substitution, or may require complete revision of the day's meals. Left-overs must be used, for it is only by constant care that the food cost can be kept down to a minimum. That this is true of all institutions, whether great or small, is shown by the extreme care exercised in the largest hotels to the end that no food shall be wasted. Where there is family service, rather than plate service from the kitchen, there will probably be a large amount of left-over food. It requires a good deal of ingenuity to use these left-overs in some other form so as to maintain variety and that element of surprise which is so essential. In the cafeteria or other institution using à la carte service the left-over problem is not so serious. [Pg 7] It is very nicely taken care of in tea rooms and hotels which serve a club luncheon, the menu for which may be chiefly made up from the left-overs.

It is obvious that the form of service may influence the kind and extent of the menu. That is, the cafeteria can serve a large variety of dishes because the patrons wait on themselves. A similar choice or variety is impracticable where there is table service, except in hotels, restaurants and tea rooms where cost is not so great a factor.

CHAPTER II

STANDARDS FOR JUDGING MEALS

[Pg 8] Provided the principles of good nutrition have not been violated, the main basis for judging any meal is palatability. Palatability depends upon appearance and quality. Appearance in turn depends upon quantity, color, form and service upon the plate. Quality is determined by odor, flavor, temperature, texture and consistency. Reduced to outline form, the elements of palatability are:

Commercially and aesthetically it is unwise to make servings too large. Every one has had the experience of being served with more food than can be eaten with relish and without waste. The effect is to surfeit the appetite and to limit the variety which a patron may have, unless he is able financially to order the variety; in which case he is obliged to leave some food uneaten. In any institution which serves à la carte, it is better to adjust portions and prices to the end that the patron [Pg 9] may have some variety in his meal without prohibitive expense.

Color is important in inducing appetite. The cafeteria counter displaying a buff-colored pie, snow pudding, rice custard and yellow cake does not tempt patrons to buy. A basket of fruit, a bright-colored gelatin dessert or attractive garnishes may transform a drab meal into a most interesting one. Particularly in all kinds of plate service, attention must be paid to color, for while clashing color combinations must be avoided, some color must be used to give the food an appetizing appearance. A great deal of our food is very neutral in color and admits of a liberal use of garnishes of one kind or another.

As a rule articles of food served together should be of diverse shapes. One may enjoy a croquette, a stuffed baked potato, peas in timbales and a roll in the same meal, but it is usually unwise to serve them on the same plate.

The necessity for neatness and orderly arrangement of servings is obvious. At large parties where there is plate service it is wise to make up a sample plate before the time of serving in order to determine the best arrangement of food and in order actually to show those who are to dish up the food how each plate must look when it is placed before the guest. One who is inexperienced in planning menus, especially for parties, should accustom himself to visualizing the meal as it will appear when written upon the menu card and as it will appear upon the plate. A menu which has seemed very good when planned will often be unsatisfactory when actually served because some of the above points have been overlooked.

Odor and temperature are important factors in quality. It would seem superfluous to say that hot things must be served hot and cold things [Pg 10] must be served cold, yet in serving large numbers the strict observance of these rules is one of the difficult problems to be solved. It can be solved, however, with efficient equipment properly arranged, a carefully thought out organization of service and unceasing care.

Repetition of texture and consistency should also be avoided. That is to say, there should be the maximum variety in preparation of food in order that no meal shall contain two or more creamed dishes, fried foods, foods with custard basis or foods with bread foundation.

If a score card were made out for judging a meal, flavor would perhaps be given the most importance. Here again care must be taken to avoid duplicating flavors. Too many strong flavors or too many bland flavors are undesirable. While strong flavors stimulate the appetite it is unwise to employ them continually, especially where the same group of people is being served day after day. A more blandly flavored diet is likely to be less palling and more constantly inviting.

In serving the public, whether it be in the hospital, the college dormitory or the commercial restaurant, the aim should always be to have the food better than that to which the patrons are accustomed.

In almost any kind of food work, and especially in institutional food work, visiting trips to the best hotels, tea rooms, inns, cafeterias and restaurants are invaluable, since they impart a knowledge of the way things are done, which in turn creates a confidence and assurance that nothing else can give.

CHAPTER III

TYPES OF MENUS

CAFETERIA MENUS

[Pg 11] Though it may be necessary to offer slightly more choice in foods in the commercial cafeteria, some cafeterias offer such a wide variety of choice that the patron is confused and has difficulty in choosing his meal. Furthermore too much variety makes for sameness from day to day. In all cafeterias where the same group is served each day, and where there is little or no competition, a simpler menu may be used. The following menu outline is suggested for use in the average cafeteria.

Thirty Days' Menus for a Cafeteria

The careful manager spends a great deal of time in menu planning. If some systematic method of menu making can be adopted and used with a mind constantly alert to seasonal changes in foods, new and attractive dishes and variety in serving, the plan may result in saving much of this time.

A set of menus for thirty days has been worked out, with the idea that they may be repeated at the end of that time without too monotonous repetition. No Sunday meals are included since the majority of cafeterias are closed on that day. The Friday menus occur on the fifth day and every sixth day thereafter. No menu is shown for Saturday night when, if a meal is served, it may consist of popular dishes such as chicken in some form, waffles or steaks, along with such left-overs as it may be desirable to use.

The menus are intended to serve as a foundation to which may be added new dishes and seasonable fruits and vegetables, a suggestive list of which is given elsewhere (see pages 57-59). From these foundation menus may be eliminated such dishes as are unpopular or out of season, or which for any reason it is impractical to serve. Commercial cafeterias may find it necessary to add other choices to these menus. Very small [Pg 14] cafeterias may offer fewer choices. The majority of establishments, however, will find this variety ample, the idea being to serve the maximum variety within the week rather than within the day or meal.

A star has been used to indicate those dishes in which left-overs may be used to particular advantage.

CAFETERIA MENUS

** Indicates dishes in which left-overs may be used to advantage.

TEA-ROOM MENUS

The tea-room menu is characterized by daintiness and excellence in food, garnish and service. Large tea rooms serve a variety such as is found in large [Pg 37] hotels, with practically no changes in their menus from day to day. They are open to the same criticism as are the cafeterias that serve everything in the market at every meal, and so make their menu monotonous. Smaller tea rooms offer limited choices,--soups, relishes, hot dishes, vegetables, salads, breads and beverages. To add choices to a menu beyond the number which will satisfy the patrons is not economy. The longer the menu list, the more labor, equipment, food wastage and spoilage. Therefore the tea-room menu list should be as simple as is consistent with the demands of those to be served. The menus shown below are of the type which are changed from day to day. The first is a very good example of this type, embodying a moderate degree of choice. It is suitable for a tea room serving perhaps six hundred or more people daily.

Luncheon[1]

Soup

Meats, Fish, Etc.

Vegetables [Pg 38]

Breads

Salads

Frozen Desserts, Pastry, Etc.

[Footnote 1: Courtesy of The Lazarus Tea Room, Columbus, Ohio.]

Less choice is shown in the following menus which would be suitable to a tea room serving from two hundred to six hundred daily. [Pg 39]

TEA-ROOM MENU[2]

[Footnote 2: Courtesy of Glass Block Tea Room, Duluth, Minnesota.]

[Pg 40] Still less choice is offered in the menus printed below, yet they are entirely satisfactory for a very small tea room serving not more than one hundred daily.

Tea-Room Menus

CHAPTER IV

SUGGESTIVE CHARTS AND LISTS TO BE USED IN MENU PLANNING

LIST OF FOODS [Pg 42]

SEASONAL CHART OF FOODS

(Spaces are left for additions) [Pg 57]

POPULAR FOOD COMBINATIONS

Since it is customary to plan the menu, using the meat as a basis, and since custom and good usage make certain combinations popular, a list of such combinations is given below with the idea that others may be added as desired. [Pg 60]

SUGGESTIVE AND POPULAR FOOD COMBINATIONS

WAYS OF USING LEFT-OVER FOODS

Garnishes

Clever use of garnishes will do a great deal to make servings attractive, to develop surprise and stimulate appetite. [Pg 63]

A list of garnishes appropriate to different kinds of food appears below. Of course there are many others, and the number of different ways in which ordinary garnishes can be used effectively is surprisingly large. The alert manager will observe what others in his field are doing, and will discover many ingenious ideas by reading food journals and women's magazines.

The garnishes used for soups are practically the same whether for cream or clear soups.

Some meat garnishes can be used at all times; others are especially adapted to certain kinds of meat.

There are certain garnishes which it is customary to use with salads, especially with chicken salad.

Very often where sandwiches are ordered they will serve as the main dish of the luncheon meal. They [Pg 65] should be made as appetizing as possible by the use of suitable garnishes.

Desserts by their very nature, require some garnish to make them the perfect and satisfying last course which they should be. Candied fruit, marshmallows, slices of fresh orange or strawberries in season, whipped cream and bright candies add the needed bit of color. Here the use of paper doilies, glasses and attractively shaped china dishes is a great factor in appearance.

CHAPTER V

FORMS

THE IMPORTANCE AND USE OF FORMS

[Pg 66] Printed forms or other practical aids which may help to reduce menu planning to a systematic routine are invaluable. Forms such as the party engagement blanks, shown elsewhere, and the meat order blank and menu blanks below tend to a desirable standardization. Since meat orders for the week are usually made out first and the menus planned around the meats, a form similar to the one shown below, with adaptations for the particular institution, may be helpful.

The lists of foods and the list of seasonal changes and garnishes contained in this book will save mental effort and tedium in planning by suggesting new combinations and variety.

Probably no single device will serve different kinds of institutions, but the principle of using appropriate printed forms to help in remembering details holds good for all institutions.

MEAT ORDER

MENU FORM
MENUS UNIVERSITY FARM AND SHEVLIN CAFETERIAS

AN OUTLINE FORM FOR SPECIAL DINNERS

[Pg 70] The efficiency of an organization is judged by the degree of routine which each phase of the work assumes. In most institutions the serving of special dinners is quite apart from the ordinary routine of business. If this service is to be handled simply and efficiently, all of its various steps must be listed and taken up in an orderly fashion with the end in view of perfecting an emergency organization as efficient as that which regulates the daily tasks.

First of all, arrangements made with those who are giving the dinner should be definite and complete. In order to prevent misunderstandings, a printed blank such as that shown below (with any adaptations found necessary) will prove helpful. This may be made out in duplicate, one copy being retained by the manager and one by those engaging the services.

Reduced to their simplest form, the steps to be followed in organizing this work are outlined below.

CHAPTER VI

RECIPES

[Pg 73] In the pages that follow are some two hundred recipes for use in institutions. It will be noted that throughout these recipes, measures are used rather than weights. This for two main reasons. First, cooks, except for highly trained professionals, use measures more easily and with greater success than weights. Second, most institutions cannot afford an adequate number of accurate scales; and scales that are not accurate are worse than useless. Measures, on the other hand, are inexpensive and always available. It may be said that because of the amounts and the size of the measures used in large quantity cookery there is not the degree of inaccuracy which is found in measuring small quantities.

It is hoped the form of the recipes with the spaces for figuring costs and calories will be of value from the commercial and classroom standpoint.

Stars indicate those recipes in which left-overs may be used to particular advantage.

SOUPS

BOUILLON

[Pg 74] Cut the meat in cubes and soak two thirds of it in the cold water for about three fourths of an hour. Sear the remainder and add to the meat which is soaking. Heat the meat, veal bone and water to boiling and let simmer for four or five hours. Add the seasonings and the vegetables and cook until the vegetables are soft. Pour the whole through a colander and cool. When the fat has set, remove and clear by mixing the cold stock with the shells and slightly beaten whites of eggs. Bring the mixture to a boil, stirring constantly. Let simmer 15 to 20 minutes. Strain through two or three thicknesses of cheese cloth.

Number of servings 64-96
Amount of one serving ⅓ to ½ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CHICKEN SOUP

Add the chopped onions, green peppers, rice, salt and celery salt to the chicken stock and cook until the rice is tender.

Number of servings 85
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______[Pg 75]

NOODLE SOUP

To make the noodles, beat the eggs lightly and add the flour and salt. This makes a very stiff mixture. Put the mixture on a board and roll as thin as possible. Sprinkle the dough with flour and roll it into a tight roll. From this, slice the noodles. Shake out and let dry. Heat the stock to boiling, add the seasonings and the noodles and cook until done. Noodles may be made up and kept for some time in the refrigerator.

Number of servings 96
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

TOMATO RICE SOUP

Chop the onions, carrots and green peppers and add to the boiling salted stock and tomatoes. Add the rice and cook until the rice is tender. Melt the fat, stir in the flour and add to the hot liquid to thicken. [Pg 76]

Number of servings 115
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

**VEGETABLE SOUP

Add the seasonings to the boiling stock, tomatoes and water. When the vegetables have become softened, add the rice and cook for 15 to 20 minutes. Do not strain.

Number of servings 96
Amount of one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CREAM OF CELERY SOUP

Make a celery stock by cooking the leaves and outside stalks in water to cover. Rub through a sieve. [Pg 77] Cook finely chopped onion with the required amount of stock. Melt the fat, stir in the flour and add the hot milk to make a white sauce. Combine purée and white sauce. Add paprika, red pepper and salt just before serving.

Number of servings 60
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CREAM OF CORN SOUP

Cook the corn with the water and chopped onion and rub through a sieve. Melt the fat, stir in the flour and add the hot milk to make a white sauce. Combine white sauce with purée. Add salt and paprika just before serving.

Number of servings 64
Amount of one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CREAM OF LIMA BEAN SOUP

[Pg 78] Cook the lima beans with the onion until soft and rub through a purée sieve. Melt the fat, stir in the flour and add hot milk to make a white sauce. Combine the purée and white sauce and add the salt just before serving.

Number of servings 50
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CREAM OF PEA SOUP

Cook the peas, together with their juice from the cans, and the onion and bay leaf until the peas are soft. Rub through a purée sieve. Melt the fat, stir in the flour and add the hot milk to make a white sauce. Combine purée with white sauce. Add salt just before serving.

Number of servings 38
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CREAM OF SPINACH SOUP

[Pg 79] Chop the onion and add to one half of a #10 can of spinach and cook until the onions are tender. Scald the milk. Melt the fat and add the flour. When thoroughly mixed add to the hot milk, stirring constantly. When the spinach is seasoned, drain, rubbing lightly through a purée sieve until you obtain one cup of spinach juice. Add the spinach juice to the thickened milk and season.

Number of servings 35
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CREAM OF TOMATO SOUP

Cook the tomatoes with the bay leaves and onion. Rub through a purée sieve and add the sugar and soda. Melt fat, stir in the flour and add hot milk to make a white sauce. Combine purée and white sauce by pouring purée into white sauce. Add salt just before serving.

Number of servings 36
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______[Pg 80]

OYSTER STEW

Scald the milk and add the butter substitute, paprika and oysters. Cook until the edges of the oysters begin to curl. Add the salt just before serving. If the soup must stand some time before all is used, the oysters should be combined with the milk only as needed.

Number of servings 64
Amount of one serving 1 c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

PEANUT BUTTER SOUP

Add the water to the peanut butter and mix to a smooth paste. Heat the milk and celery stock, reserving sufficient liquid to make a paste of the flour. When the liquid is hot add the flour paste. When thickened add the peanut butter mixture and the salt.

Number of servings 100
Amount of one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______ [Pg 81]

MEATS

BEEF À LA MODE

Place the meat in a roasting pan in a hot oven to sear. When well seared, cover with water and continue cooking in a medium oven for from four to five hours. About an hour and a half before serving add the chopped carrots, peppers, onions and tomatoes, and salt. Just before serving thicken the stock with the flour mixed to a paste with water. The vegetables should be served with the meat.

Number of servings 200
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

**CORNED BEEF HASH

Soak and cook the corned beef until tender. Grind or chop the beef, potatoes and onion and mix with corned [Pg 82] beef stock or gravy. Bake in a hot oven until brown. Serve with tartare sauce.

Number of servings 70
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CREAMED DRIED BEEF ON TOAST

Shred the dried beef in small pieces. Melt the fat and sauté the dried beef in it. Add to this one cup of flour and let brown with the beef. Follow the usual manipulation for white sauce, and when cooked combine with the beef and serve on toast.

Number of servings 80
Amount in one serving ½ c. and ½ slice of bread
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

**HAMBURG BALLS

Mix the meat well with crumbs, seasoning and milk. Shape in balls or cakes and bake in well-greased pans.

Number of servings 50
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______[Pg 83]

**HASH

Chop or grind the meat and potatoes. Mix with the onions and salt and moisten with the gravy or meat stock. Put in shallow pans and bake in the oven until brown.

Number of servings 60
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

**MEAT CROQUETTES

Cook the rice in the boiling salted water to which the onions have been added, until the rice is tender. Add the chopped or cubed meat and if necessary additional stock to moisten. Using a dipper measuring half a cup per serving, mold the mixture into croquettes. Put the sifted crumbs on a board, roll the croquettes in the crumbs, dip in a dipping mixture made of eggs and milk, roll again in the crumbs and fry in deep fat. If desired, one gallon of cooked potatoes may be substituted [Pg 84] for the rice, in which case the water also would be omitted.

Number of servings 50
Amount in one serving ½ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

**MEAT LOAF

Mix the salt, bread crumbs and onions with the meat. Beat the eggs slightly and add to the milk. Combine with the meat and mix thoroughly. Weigh out into loaf pans which have been well greased. Be careful to press the meat well into the corners of the pan and avoid having the center of the meat higher than the edges. Bake in a medium hot oven until the meat is done. This makes nine five-pound loaves, cutting twenty-four slices each.

Number of servings 216
Amount in one serving 1 slice
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

**MEAT LOAF WITH TOMATO AND CELERY

[Pg 85] Add the crumbs, tomatoes, chopped celery, salt and onions to the meat and mix well. Beat the eggs slightly, add the milk and mix with the meat. Weigh out into well-greased loaf pans and bake in a medium oven. In order to make the loaves uniform be careful to press the meat well into the corners of the pans and avoid having the center of the loaf higher than the sides. One pound of hamburg steak, as purchased, will make nine servings when the other ingredients that go into the loaf have been added.

Number of servings 180
Amount in one serving ⅕ pound, after cooking
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

MEAT PIE

Cut the meat in one-inch cubes and cover with boiling water. Cook just below the boiling point. When the meat is almost tender add the salt, onions and potatoes. Mix the flour to a paste with water and thicken the stock just before serving. Serve one half cup of stew with one biscuit. The biscuit may be baked separately or the stew may be poured into baking pans, covered with biscuits and the biscuits baked in the oven.

Number of servings 100
Amount in one serving ½ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

**MEAT PIE WITH DRESSING

Cut left-over meat into one-inch cubes and heat in a gravy made of the seasoned and thickened stock. Line a baking pan with dressing, leaving a well in the center. Fill this with the meat and gravy and cover with the buttered crumbs. Bake in a hot oven until brown. When serving, both meat and dressing should be given.

Number of servings 50
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______ [Pg 86]

MEAT STEW

Cover the cubed meat with boiling water and cook just below the boiling point until tender. About one hour before serving time add the onions, carrots and salt. The potatoes may be added later, since they require less cooking. Mix the flour to a paste with [Pg 87] water and thicken the stew after the vegetables are tender.

Number of servings 96
Amount in one serving ¾ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

RIB ROAST OF BEEF

Place the meat in a roasting pan and sear in a hot oven. When brown, add the salt and water and continue the roasting. Baste or turn as is necessary. Mix the flour to a paste with water and use in making the gravy.

Number of servings 125
Amount in one serving ⅖ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

SWISS STEAK

Trim the steak. Mix the flour and salt and pound into the steak. Sear the steak in a pan on the top of the stove, put into a roasting pan, cover with water and cook slowly for from three to four hours.

Number of servings 45
Amount in one serving ⅖ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______ [Pg 88]

WEINERS

Wash the weiners and cut the links apart. Put them in boiling water and cook until they swell and start to burst. Drain and serve.

Number of servings 40-42
Amount in one serving 2
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CHICKEN AND BISCUIT

Heat the stock and season with the onion, salt and celery salt. Thicken with the flour mixed to a paste with some of the cold stock which has been reserved. Add the chicken meat, and serve with baking-powder biscuits or on toast. In ordering chicken for the above recipe, three and a half to four pounds of chicken, New York dressed, must be ordered for every pound of cooked chicken meat which is desired. In cooking chicken care should be taken to cool the chicken and stock as quickly as possible and then put into the refrigerator. The chicken should be cooled out of the stock. From fifty pounds of chicken, New York [Pg 89] dressed, approximately five gallons of stock may be obtained.

Number of servings 150
Amount in one serving ½ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CHICKEN À LA KING

Heat the stock with the onion. Melt the chicken fat, add the flour, and when well mixed add to the boiling stock, stirring rapidly. Add the scalded milk, the green peppers, pimentos and cubed chicken. Sauté the mushrooms in the butter and add. Beat the yolks and add them with the salt, last. Serve on toast, in bread cases or patty shells.

Number of servings 150
Amount in one serving ½ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CHICKEN CROQUETTES

Wash the rice and add to the boiling chicken stock to which has been added all of the seasonings. Make a thick white sauce, using the one quart of the chicken stock and the flour. Combine with the rice, white sauce, and add the cubed chicken meat and cool. Form the mixture into croquettes, dip into sifted crumbs, then into a dipping mixture made of the eggs and milk and then in crumbs and fry in deep fat.

Number of servings 50
Amount in one serving ½ c.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

ROAST LAMB

Wash the lamb, put in a roasting pan and sear in a hot oven. When brown, add the salt and water [Pg 91] and continue the roasting. Mix the flour to a paste with water and use in making the gravy.

Number of servings 125-150
Amount in one serving ⅓ to ⅖ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

BAKED HAM

Put the hams in a kettle, cover with water and bring to a boil. Simmer for three to four hours or until they are done. When tender remove from water, peel off the skin and place in a baking pan. Stick the cloves into the hams and pour over them a syrup made of the vinegar and brown sugar. Sprinkle them with crumbs and brown in a hot oven.

Number of servings 175
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

BREADED PORK CHOPS

Make a dipping mixture of the eggs and milk. Add to this the salt. Dip the chops in the mixture, then in the crumbs and place in a well-greased pan and cook the [Pg 92] chops in a medium hot oven. Pork should be well cooked.

Number of servings 80-85
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

PORK CHOPS WITH DRESSING

Place the pork chops in a well-greased baking pan. Sprinkle with salt, and in the center of each put a quarter of a cup of dressing. Bake in a medium hot oven until the pork is well cooked. To make the dressing, melt the fat and add to it the finely chopped onions. When brown pour over the broken bread. Add the salt and hot water sufficient to moisten. Avoid getting the dressing too wet.

Number of servings 80
Amount in one serving ¼ lb. and ¼ c. dressing
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

ROAST PORK

Put the pork in a roasting pan in a hot oven and cook until well seared and brown. Add the salt [Pg 93] and water and continue cooking, turning the meat or basting as is necessary. When the meat is almost tender add the chopped onions to the stock to flavor. When tender remove the meat from the pan and thicken the stock on top of the stove with the flour mixed to a thin paste with water. The gravy must be strained to remove the chopped onion.

Number of servings 125
Amount in one serving ⅖ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

SAUSAGE

Mix the sausage, bread crumbs and salt and mold into flattened balls. There should be four servings to the pound. An ice-cream dipper of the right size may be used to keep the balls uniform in size.

Number of servings 44
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

BREADED VEAL

Trim the steak and cut into pieces the size of one serving. Beat the eggs, add the salt and the milk. Dip the meat in the milk and egg mixture, then into the crumbs, put into a well-greased roasting pan and [Pg 94] cook in a moderate oven. Turn as is necessary. Veal should be thoroughly cooked.

Number of servings 80
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

BREADED VEAL HEARTS

Wash and slice the hearts. Make a dipping mixture of the eggs, milk and salt. Dip the hearts in this mixture, then in the crumbs. Place in a well-greased roasting pan and cook in a moderate oven until brown and tender. Turn as is necessary. Veal should be thoroughly cooked.

Number of servings 80
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

ROAST VEAL

Wash or wipe the meat and place in a roasting pan in a hot oven. When seared, add the salt and water and continue roasting, basting and turning frequently until the meat is tender. Remove the meat from the pan, add the onion and cook. Additional water may [Pg 95] be added to the stock. Thicken with the flour mixed to a paste with water.

Number of servings 200
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

VEAL BIRDS

Trim the veal and cut in pieces about four to five inches long and two and one half inches wide. The scraps of meat that are trimmed off may be added to the dressing. Salt the meat, cover with dressing, roll, and fasten with toothpicks. Melt the fat in a skillet on top of the stove and sear until brown. Put the birds into a baking pan and pour the milk and water around them. Bake in a moderate oven until tender. Four birds may be obtained from one pound of meat.

Number of servings 80
Amount in one serving ¼ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

VEAL HEARTS EN CASSEROLE

[Pg 96] Wash and slice the hearts, dredge in flour and salt and brown in the bacon fat. Put the hearts into a roasting pan, pour the stock over them and add the remaining seasonings and cook in a slow oven until the heart is tender.

Number of servings 50
Amount in one serving ⅖ lb.
Calories in one serving______
Cost of one serving______

CREAMED SWEETBREADS