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Title: The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman, Volume 1

Author: William Langland

Editor: Thomas Wright

Release date: September 7, 2013 [eBook #43660]

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Language: English

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THE VISION AND CREED

OF

PIERS PLOUGHMAN.

EDITED,

FROM A CONTEMPORARY MANUSCRIPT,

WITH A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION,

NOTES, AND A GLOSSARY,

BY THOMAS WRIGHT, M.A. F.S.A. &c.

Corresponding Member of the Imperial Institute of France,

Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.

IN TWO VOLUMES.

VOL. I.

SECOND AND REVISED EDITION.

LONDON:

REEVES AND TURNER, 196 STRAND.

1887.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

T is now thirteen years since the first edition of the following text of this important poem was published by the late Mr. Pickering, during which time the study of our old literature and history has undergone considerable development, and it is believed that a reprint at a more moderate price would be acceptable to the public. Holding still the same opinion which he has always held with regard to the superior character of the manuscript from which this text was taken, the editor has done no more than carefully reprint it, but, in order to make it as useful as he could, he has revised and made additions to both the Notes and the Glossary.

The remarkable poem of The Vision of Piers Ploughman is not only so interesting a monument of the English language and literature, but it is also so important an illustration of the political history of our country during the fourteenth century, that it deserves to be read far more generally than it has been, and the editor will rejoice sincerely if he should have contributed by this new edition to render it more popular, and place it within the reach of a greater number of readers. Independent of its historical and literary importance, it contains many beauties which will fully repay the slight labour required to master its partially obsolete language, and, as one of the purest works in the English tongue as it existed during the century in which it was composed, it is to be hoped that, when the time shall at length arrive when English antiquities and English philology and literary history are at length to be made a part of the studies in our universities and in the higher classes of our schools, the work of the Monk of Malvern, as a link between the poetry and language of the Anglo-Saxon and those of modern England, will be made a prominent text-book.

THOMAS WRIGHT.

14, SYDNEY STREET, BROMPTON,

Nov. 1855.

INTRODUCTION.

HE History of the Middle Ages in England, as in other countries, represents to us a series of great consecutive political movements, coexistent with a similar series of intellectual revolutions in the mass of the people. The vast mental development caused by the universities in the twelfth century led the way for the struggle to obtain religious and political liberty in the thirteenth. The numerous political songs of that period which have escaped the hand of time, and above all the mass of satirical ballads against the Church of Rome, which commonly go under the name of Walter Mapes, are remarkable monuments of the intellectual history of our forefathers. Those ballads are written in Latin; for it was the most learned class of the community which made the first great stand against the encroachments and corruptions of the papacy and the increasing influence of the monks. We know that the struggle alluded to was historically unsuccessful. The baronial wars ended in the entire destruction of the popular leaders; but their cause did not expire at Evesham; they had laid foundations which no storm could overthrow, not placed hastily on the uncertain surface of popular favour, but fixed deeply in the public mind. The barons, who had fought so often and so staunchly for the great charter, had lost their power; even the learning of the universities had faded under the withering grasp of monachism; but the remembrance of the old contest remained, and what was more, its literature was left, the songs which had spread abroad the principles for which, or against which, Englishmen had fought, carried them down (a precious legacy) to their posterity. Society itself had undergone an important change; it was no longer a feudal aristocracy which held the destinies of the country in its iron hand. The plant which had been cut off took root again in another (a healthier) soil; and the intelligence which had lost its force in the higher ranks of society began to spread itself among the commons. Even in the thirteenth century, before the close of the baronial wars, the complaints so vigorously expressed in the Latin songs, had begun, both in England and France, to appear in the language of the people. Many of the satirical poems of Rutebeuf and other contemporary writers against the monks, are little more than translations of the Latin poems which go under the name of Walter Mapes.

During the successive reigns of the first three Edwards, the public mind in England was in a state of constant fermentation. On the one hand, the monks, supported by the popish church, had become an incubus upon the country. Their corruptness and immorality were notorious: the description of their vices given in the satirical writings of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries exceeds even the bitterest calumnies of the age of Rabelais or the reports of the commissioners of Henry the Eighth.[1] The populace, held in awe by the imposing appearance of the popish church, and by the religious belief which had been instilled into them from their infancy, were opposed to the monks and clergy by a multitude of personal griefs and jealousies: these frequently led to open hostility, and in the chronicles of those days we read of the slaughter of monks, and the burning of abbeys, by the insurgent towns-people or peasantry. At the same time, while the monks in revenge treated the commons with contempt, there were numerous people who, under the name of Lollards and other such appellations,—led sometimes by the love of mischief and disorder, but more frequently by religious enthusiasm,—whose doctrines were simple and reasonable (although the church would fain have branded them all with the title of heretics),—went abroad among the people preaching not only against the corruptions of the monks, but against the most vital doctrines of the church of Rome, and, as might be expected, they found abundance of listeners. On the other hand, a new political system, and the embarrassments of a continued series of foreign wars, were adding to the general ferment. Instead of merely calling together the great feudal barons to lead their retainers to battle, the king was now obliged to appeal more directly to the people; and at the same time the latter began to feel the weight of taxation, and consequently they began to talk of the defects and the corruptions of the government, and to raise the cries, which have since so often been heard, against the king's "evil advisers." These cries were justified by many real and great oppressions under which the commons, and more particularly the peasantry, suffered; and (as the king and aristocracy were too much interested in the continuance of the abuses complained of to be easily induced to agree to an effective remedy), the commons began to feel that their own interests were equally opposed to those of the church, of the aristocracy, and of the crown, and amidst the other popular doctrines none were more loudly or more violently espoused than those of levellers and democrats. These, though comparatively few, aggravated the evil, by affording a pretence for persecution. The history of England during the fourteenth century is a stirring picture; its dark side is the increasing corruption of the popish church; its bright side, the general spread of popular intelligence, and the firm stand made by the commons in the defence of their liberties, and in the determination to obtain a redress of grievances.

Under these circumstances appeared PIERS PLOUGHMAN. It is not to be supposed that all the other classes of society were hostile to the commons. The people, with the characteristic attachment of the Anglo-Saxons to the family of their princes, wished to believe that their king was always their friend, when not actuated by the counsels of his "evil advisers;"[2] several of the most powerful barons stood forward as the champions of popular liberty; and many of the monks quitted their monasteries to advocate the cause of the reformation. It appears to be generally agreed that a monk was the author of the poem of Piers Ploughman; but the question, one perhaps but of secondary importance, as to its true writer, is involved in much obscurity.[3] Several local allusions and other circumstances seem to prove that it was composed on the borders of Wales, where had originated most of the great political struggles, and we can hardly doubt that its author resided in the neighbourhood of "Malverne hilles." We have less difficulty in ascertaining its date. At ll. 1735-1782, we have, without doubt, an allusion to the treaty of Bretigny, in 1360, and to the events which preceded it: in the earlier part of this passage there is an allusion to the sufferings of the English army in the previous winter campaign, to the retreat which followed, and the want of provisions which accompanied it, and to the tempest which they encountered near Chartres (the "dym cloude" of the poem). The "pestilences" mentioned at l. 2497 were the great plague which happened in 1348-9 (and which had previously been alluded to in the opening of the poem, l. 168), and that of 1361-2,—the first two of the three great pestilences which devastated our island in the fourteenth century. The south-western wind, mentioned in l. 2500, occurred on the fifteenth day of January 1362. It is probable that the poem of Piers Ploughman was composed in the latter part of this year, when the effects of the great wind were fresh in people's memory, and when the treaty of Bretigny had become a subject of popular discontent.[4]

The poem was given to the world under a name which could not fail to draw the attention of the people. Amid the oppressive injustice of the great and the vices of their idle retainers, the corruptions of the clergy, and the dishonesty which too frequently characterised the dealings of merchants and traders, the simple unsophisticated heart of the ploughman is held forth as the dwelling of virtue and truth. It was the ploughman, and not the pope with his proud hierarchy, who represented on earth the Saviour who had descended into this world as the son of the carpenter, who had lived a life of humility, who had wandered on foot or ridden on an ass. "While God wandered on earth," says one of the political songs of the beginning of the fourteenth century,[5] "what was the reason that he would not ride?" The answer expresses the whole force of the popular sentiment of the age: "because he would not have a retinue of greedy attendants by his side, in the shape of grooms and servants, to insult and oppress the peasantry."

At the period when this poem was first published, England, in common with the rest of Europe, had been struck with a succession of calamities. Little more than twelve years had passed since a terrible pestilence had swept away perhaps not less than one-half of the population.[6] The lower classes, ill fed and neglected, perished by thousands, while the higher ranks—the proud and pampered nobility—escaped; "he who was ill nourished with unsubstantial food," says a contemporary writer, "fell before the slightest breath of the destroyer; to the poor, death was welcome, for life is to them more cruel than death. But death respected princes, nobles, knights, judges, gentlemen; of these few die, because their life is one of enjoyment."[7] It was the general belief that this fearful visitation had been sent by God as a punishment for the sins which had more particularly characterised the higher orders of society; yet instead of profiting by the warning, they became, during the years which followed, prouder, more cruel and oppressive, and more licentious, than before. Another pestilence came, which visited the classes that had before escaped, and at the same time a tempest such as had seldom been witnessed seemed to announce the vengeance of heaven. The streets and roads were filled with zealots who preached and prophesied of other misfortunes, to people who had scarcely recovered from the terror of those which were past. At this moment the satirist stepped forth, and laid open with unsparing knife the sins and corruptions which provoked them.

From what has been said, it will be seen that the Latin poems attributed to Walter Mapes, and the Collection of Political Songs, form an introduction to the Vision of Piers Ploughman. It seems clear that the writer was well acquainted with the former, and that he not unfrequently imitates them. The Poem on the Evil Times of Edward II. already alluded to (in the Political Songs) contains within a small compass all his chief points of accusation against the different orders of society. But a new mode of composition had been brought into fashion since the appearance of the famous "Roman de la Rose," and the author makes his attacks less directly, under an allegorical clothing. The condition of society is revealed to the writer in a dream, as in the singular poem just mentioned, and as in the still older satire, the Apocalypsis Goliæ; but in Piers Ploughman the allegory follows no systematic plot, it is rather a succession of pictures in which the allegorical painting sometimes disappears altogether, than a whole like the Roman de la Rose, and it is on that account less tedious to the modern reader, while the vigorous descriptions, the picturesque ideas, and numerous other beauties of different kinds, cause us to lose sight of the general defects of this class of writings.

Piers Ploughman is, in fact, rather a succession of dreams, than one simple vision. The dreamer, weary of the world, falls asleep beside a stream amid the beautiful scenery of Malvern Hills. In his vision, the people of the world are represented to him by a vast multitude assembled in a fair meadow; on one side stands the tower of Truth, elevated on a mountain, the right aim of man's pilgrimage, while on the other side is the dungeon of Care, the dwelling place of Wrong. In the first sections (passus) of the poem are pictured the origin of society, the foundation and dignity of kingly power, and the separation into different classes and orders. In the midst of his astonishment at what he sees, a fair lady, the personification of "holy church," approaches, to instruct the dreamer. She explains to him the meaning of the different objects which had presented themselves to his view, and shows by exhortations and examples the merit of content and moderation, the danger of disobedience (exemplified in the story of Lucifer's fall), and the efficacy of love and charity. In the midst of his conversation with his instructor, a lady makes her appearance on the scene. This is lady Mede, the personification of that mistaken object at which so large a portion of mankind direct their aim—the origin of most of the corruptions and evil deeds in the world—not the just remuneration of our actions which we look forward to in a future life, but the reward which is sought by those who set all their hopes on the present. Holy Church now quits the dreamer, who is left to observe what is taking place amid the crowd in the field. (Passus II.) They all pay their court to lady Mede, who, by the intermediation of Cyvyle, or the law, is betrothed in marriage to Falsehood. The marriage is forbidden by Theology, and Cyvyle agrees to carry the cause to London for judgment, contrary to the desire of Simony. Falsehood and Flattery bribe the lawyers to aid the former in his suit, but their designs are baffled by Conscience, at whose suggestion the king takes the lady into his own custody, and drives away Falsehood and his greedy followers. Mede soon finds favour at court (Passus III.), and especially with the friars, who are ready to absolve her of all her sins for a proper consideration. The king proposes to marry her to Conscience; who, however, declines the match, and as a reason for his refusal gives a very unfavourable picture of the lady's previous life and private character. Mede defends herself, and accuses Conscience of thwarting and opposing the will and designs of kings and great people. The dispute becoming hot, the king interferes and orders Mede and Conscience to be reconciled and kiss each other. (Passus IV.) This Conscience refuses to do, unless by the advice of Reason; on whose arrival, Peace comes into the parliament to make his complaint against the cruel oppressions of Wrong. Wrong is condemned, but Mede and the lawyers attempt to get him off with the payment of a sum of money. The king, however, allows himself to be guided by Reason and Conscience, expresses his dissatisfaction that law is influenced by Mede, and his determination to govern his realm by the counsel of Reason.

In a second vision (Passus V.), the dreamer is again carried to the "field full of folk," where Reason has taken upon himself the character of a preacher, and, fortified with the king's authority, induces the various classes of sinners to confess and repent. The personification of the different sins forms perhaps the most remarkable part of the whole poem. The multitude being thus converted from their evil courses, are persuaded by Repentance and Hope to set out on a pilgrimage in search of Truth. In their ignorance of the path which they must follow in this search, they apply to a palmer who had wandered over a large portion of the world in search of different saints; but they find him as little acquainted with the way as themselves. They are helped out of this dilemma by Piers the Ploughman, who, seeing them terrified by the difficulties of the road, offers to be their guide, if they will wait till he has sown his half acre. (Passus VI.) In the mean time all the pilgrims who have strength and skill, are employed on some useful works, except the knight, who undertakes, in return for the support which he is to derive from the ploughman's labours, to watch and protect him against plunderers and foreign enemies. The peace of the labourers is first disturbed by Waster, who refuses to perform the conditions by which the others are bound: the aid of the knight being found inefficient against this turbulent gentleman, the Ploughman is obliged to send for Hunger, who effectually humbles him. This section of the poem is a continued allusion to the effects of the famine and pestilence, and a satire upon the luxurious and extravagant life of our forefathers in the fourteenth century. (Passus VII.) Truth, hearing of the intentions of Piers the Ploughman to leave his labours in order to serve as a guide to the pilgrims in their journey, sends him a messenger, exhorting him to remain at home and continue his labours, and giving him a "pardon" which was to embrace all those who aided him honestly, by their works, and who should carry on their various avocations in purity of heart. The writer here takes occasion to sneer at the "pardons" of the pope, then so much in vogue; a priest questions the legitimacy of Piers' bull of pardon, and the altercation between them becomes so loud that the dreamer awakes. The pardon of Piers Ploughman is granted to those who do good works: the dreamer is lost in the speculation on the question as to what the good works are, and he becomes engaged in a new pilgrimage, in search of a person who has not appeared before,—Do-well.

(Passus VIII.) All his inquiries after Do-well are fruitless: even the friars, to whom he addresses himself, give but a confused account; and, weary with wandering about, the dreamer is again overtaken by slumber. Thought now appears to him, and recommends him to Wit, who describes to him the residence of Do-well, Do-better, and Do-best, and enumerates their companions and attendants. (Passus IX.) The Castle of Do-well is an allegorical representation of man (the individual), in which lady Anima (the soul) is placed for safety, and guarded by a keeper named Kynde (nature). With Do-well, the representative of those who live according to truth in honest wedlock, are contrasted the people who live in lust and wickedness, the descendants of the murderer Cain, who was begotten by Adam in an evil hour. (Passus X.) Wit has a wife named lady Study, who is angry that her spouse should lay open his high truths to those who are uninitiated—it is no better than "throwing pearls to swine, which would rather have hawes." Wit is daunted by his wife's long lecture, and leaves the dreamer to pursue his own suit. This he does with so much meekness and humility, that the wrath of dame Study is appeased, and she sends him to Clergy, with a token of recommendation from herself. Clergy receives the pilgrim, and entertains him with a long declamation on the character of Do-well, Do-better, and Do-best, and on the corruptions of the church and the monkish orders, in the course of which is uttered the remarkable prophecy of the king who was to "confess and beat" the monks, and give them an "incurable knock," which was after less than two centuries so exactly fulfilled in the dissolution of the monasteries. The wanderer confesses himself "little the wiser" for Clergy's lecture, and by his pertness of reply merits a reproof from Scripture. (Passus XI.) In another vision the dreamer is exposed to the seductions of Fortune, whose two fair damsels, Concupiscentia-carnis and Covetousness-of-the-Eyes, persuade him to enjoy the present moment, and lead him entirely from his previous pursuit. He is only recalled from his error by the approach of Old Age, and then he falls into the contemplation of a series of subjects, the covetousness of the friars who gave absolution from motives of personal interest, predestination, &c. Then Kynde, or Nature, came and carried him to a mountain, which represented the world, and there showed him how all other animals but man followed Reason; and Imaginative came after, and told him that all his present doubt and anxiety had been brought upon him for contending with Reason and suffering himself to be led astray by Fortune. (Passus XII.) The whole of the next section of the poem is occupied with a long exhortation by Imaginative, concerning God's chastisements, the merits of Charity and Mercy, the greater responsibility before God of those who are learned and cannot sin ignorantly, the difficulty for the rich man to enter heaven.

(Passus XIII.) In another vision, Conscience meets with the dreamer, and takes him to dine with Clergy. Patience comes to the feast in beggar's weeds, but is seated in the most honourable place at the table. A doctor of the church is of the party, and distinguishes himself by his gluttony; and by discussing theological questions after dinner. At length Conscience and Patience go on a pilgrimage. In their way they meet with a minstrel, named Activa Vita, or Haukyn the Active-man, with a coat covered with spots of dirt, whom they question on his mode of life. (Passus XIV.) Haukyn the Active-man, the representative of that class of people who neglect their souls for their worldly affairs, excuses the dirtiness of his apparel on the ground that he has none to change, and that he has too many occupations to allow him time to have it cleaned. Conscience and Patience teach him a method to clean his coat, inform him where charity is to be found, and recommend patient poverty to him, showing him the advantage of poverty over riches. Haukyn's repentance and lamentation for the neglect of his duties awake the dreamer.

(Passus XV.) Amid his anxiety to know something more certain of Do-well, the dreamer has another vision, in which Soul appears to him, and enters into a long relation of the corruptions and negligence of the clergy. (Passus XVI.) Soul finally sends him to Piers the Ploughman, who possesses the garden in which the tree of Charity grows, and which is rented under him by Free-will. Piers explains to him the nature of the tree, and of the props which support it; and shakes down some of the fruit for him. The allegory then changes, and we are introduced to the birth and passion of the Saviour, as arising out of the fruit of Charity. At this moment the dreamer awakes, and therewith loses sight of Piers the Ploughman; in his anxiety to find Piers, he meets with Faith, in the garb of Abraham, who was in search of God, now incarnate, and who waited for his passion in order to be delivered from hell. (Passus XVII.) Then comes Spes, or Hope, who also was in search of the knight that was to vanquish the evil one. As they go along the way towards Jerusalem to the "justes," discoursing on the obligations of the old and new law and the abrogation of the former, they meet with a man who had been left helpless by thieves, wounded and naked: Faith and Hope passed by without helping him, but the Samaritan, who was also riding to the "justes," descended from his horse, bound his wounds, and deposited him in an inn at the grange named Lex Christi. The Samaritan gives the dreamer a singular explanation of the mysteries of the Trinity; and, after having represented to him the heinousness of sins against the different persons, and the necessity of making reparation, he pursues his way to Jerusalem.

(Passus XVIII.) The vision which forms the eighteenth section or passus, and in which the character of Piers the Ploughman is identified with that of the Saviour, is entirely occupied with an allegorical description of Christ's Passion, and his descent into Hell. (Passus XIX.) In the next section the history of Christ's passion and victory, and his figurative representative Piers the Ploughman, is continued. Grace, through Piers the Ploughman, descends upon the people, and lays the foundation of the Church, which is cultivated by Piers with his four oxen (the four Evangelists). Piers is attacked by Pride, who gathers a great host to assail the Church. Conscience advises the people who follow Piers (the Church), to take shelter in the stronghold of Unity, and make preparations for their defence. By the counsel of Kind-wit and Conscience they dig a great ditch around Unity. The measures of Surety are embarrassed by the unreasonable opposition of some members or parts of the community, who oppose Pier's doctrine of restitution—the brewer will not repent of the tricks which he puts on his customers, the vicar adheres to his simony, the lord will continue to oppress his tenants, and the king will not be restrained by his laws. (Passus XX.) In the last section of the poem, the dreamer, after having been accosted by Need, who preaches on the virtues of temperance, has a vision of Antichrist, who comes to attack the Castle of Unity. It must be remembered that at this period many people supposed that Antichrist was already on the earth, and that he was the cause of all the evils with which mankind was then visited, so that this last notion brought the allegory home to people's feelings. The standard-bearer of Antichrist was Pride. Conscience called Kynde, or Nature, to his aid, who brought an army of diseases and pestilences. Death, one of his chief soldiers, made terrible havoc. At length Kynde ceased his ravages; and a horde of enemies immediately arose against Conscience, such as Fortune, Lechery, Covetousness, Simony. Life, with his mistress Fortune, indulged in all kinds of excess, until he was visited by Age and Despair, who treated him very roughly. The dreamer, forsaken by Fortune, and participating in the misfortunes of Life, by the advice of Kynde takes shelter with Conscience in the castle of Unity, which is threatened by an army of priests and monks. At length this stronghold is endangered by the entrance of Flattery, who is admitted in the disguise of a Physician. Conscience, unable to retain possession, embarks upon another pilgrimage in search of Piers the Ploughman, and the dreamer awakes. This is the conclusion of the poem. Whitaker thought that it should have had a more consoling end; but it must be remembered that the writer of Piers Ploughman designed to paint the world as it was, and to describe the numerous obstacles which lay in the way of the improvement and amelioration of mankind when he wrote.

While one member of the monastic order was thus contributing by his satirical pen towards producing a reform among his countrymen, another monk was beginning to preach in a still bolder manner against the popish system. This was John Wycliffe, under whom the despised lollards became an important sect. This attempt at religious reformation only formed part of the great movement of the fourteenth century, which soon afterwards broke out in the popular commotions of the reign of Richard II. The writer of Piers Ploughman was neither a sower of sedition, nor one who would be characterised by his contemporaries as a heretic. The doctrines inculcated throughout the book are so far from democratic, that he constantly preaches the Christian doctrine of obedience to rulers. Yet its tendency to debase the great, and to raise the commons in public consideration, must have rendered it popular among the latter: and, although no single important doctrine of the popish religion is attacked, yet the unsparing manner in which the vices and corruptions of the church are laid open, must have helped in no small degree the cause of the Reformation. Of the ancient popularity of Piers Ploughman we have a proof in the great number of copies which still exist, most of them written in the latter part of the fourteenth century; and the circumstance that the manuscripts are seldom executed in a superior style of writing, and scarcely ever ornamented with painted initial letters, may perhaps be taken as a proof that they were not written for the higher classes of society. From the time when it was published, the name of Piers Ploughman became a favourite among the popular reformers.[8] The earliest instance of the adoption of that name for another satirical work is found in the Creed of Piers Ploughman, printed also in the present volume, and in which even the form of verse of the Vision is imitated.

In this latter poem, which was undoubtedly written by a Wycliffite, Piers Ploughman is no longer an allegorical personage—he is the simple representative of the peasant rising up to judge and act for himself—the English sans-culotte of the fourteenth century, if we may be allowed the comparison. When it was written, a period of great excitement had passed since the age of Langlande, the reputed author of the Vision—a period characterised by the turbulence of the peasantry—which had witnessed in France the fearful insurrection of the Jacquerie, and in England the rebellion of Wat Tyler and Jack Straw.[9]

In Piers Ploughman's Creed it is the church simply, and not the state, which is the object of attack. The clergy—and more particularly the monks—are accused of having falsified religion, and of being actuated solely by worldly passions—pride, covetousness, self-love. The writer, placing himself in the position of one who has just learnt the first grounds of religious knowledge, is anxious to find a person capable of instructing him in his creed, and with this object he addresses himself to the different orders of friars. He applies first to the Minorites, who abuse the Carmelites, and pride themselves in their own holiness. Disgusted with their jealousies and self-sufficiency, the inquirer seeks the Preachers, or Dominicans; amid their stately buildings, and under their sleek and well filled skins, he finds the same want of Christian charity: their pride drives him to the order of St. Austin. The Austin Friars, as well as the Carmelites, will only instruct him for money, and, shocked at their covetousness, he continues his wanderings, until at last he meets with a poor Ploughman, in whom he finds the charity and knowledge after which he has been seeking. The Ploughman enters into a bitter attack on the vices of all the four orders of friars: he describes their spirit of persecution, exemplified in the case of Wycliffe and others, and their simony; speaks of Wycliffe and Walter Brute as preachers of the truth; and finishes by teaching the inquirer his simple creed.

The Creed of Piers Ploughman was written by one who approved the opinions of Wycliffe, and it seems to have been carefully proscribed. There does not appear to exist any manuscript older than the first printed edition.

The great popularity of the Vision of Piers Ploughman in the fourteenth century, and its political influence, are proved by another close imitation, which was composed immediately after the capture, and previous to the deposition, of king Richard II. This poem also appears to have been proscribed, and we have only a fragment left, which was printed from an unique manuscript for the Camden Society. It also is composed in alliterative verse, and its meaning is rendered obscure by a confused allegorical style. It was evidently written towards the Welsh Border, perhaps at Bristol, which is mentioned in the opening lines; and it appears to have been intended as a continuation of, or as a sequel to, Piers Ploughman, which it immediately follows in the only manuscript in which it is preserved.

Another early poem, of which the Ploughman is the hero, was inserted in the works of Chaucer under the title of the Ploughman's Tale. This, like the Creed, is free from allegory; and it differs from the others also in being written in rhyme, and not in alliterative verse. The Ploughman's Tale was probably written in the earlier half of the fifteenth century.[10] It is a coarse attack on the different orders of the clergy, for their pride, covetousness, and other vices. Its versification has little merit; and there appears to be no good reason for inserting it among the Canterbury Tales.

The vision of Piers Ploughman appears to have continued to enjoy a wide popularity down to the middle of the fifteenth century. We hear nothing of it from that period to the middle of the sixteenth, when it was printed by the reformers, and received with so much favour, that no less than three editions, or rather three impressions, are said to have been sold in the course of one year. Another edition was printed at the beginning of the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and it appears to have been much read in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and even at the beginning of the seventeenth. The name of Piers Ploughman is not uncommon in the political tracts of that period.[11]

The Poem of Piers Ploughman is peculiarly a national work. It is the most remarkable monument of the public spirit of our forefathers in the middle, or, as they are often termed, dark ages. It is a pure specimen of the English language at a period when it had sustained few of the corruptions which have disfigured it since we have had writers of "Grammars;" and in it we may study with advantage many of the difficulties of the language which these writers have misunderstood. It is, moreover, the finest example left of the kind of versification which was purely English, inasmuch as it had been the only one in use among our Anglo-Saxon progenitors, in common with the other people of the North. To many readers it will be perhaps necessary to explain that rhyming verse was not in use among the Anglo-Saxons. In place of rhyme, they had a system of verse of which the characteristic was a very regular alliteration, so arranged that, in every couplet, there should be two principal words in the first line beginning with the same letter, which letter must also be the initial of the first word on which the stress of the voice falls in the second line. There has, as yet, been discovered no system of foot-measure in Anglo-Saxon verse, but the common metre consists apparently in having two rises and two falls of the voice in each line. These characteristics are accurately preserved in the verse of Piers Ploughman; and the measure appears to be the same, if we make allowance for the change of the slow and impressive pronunciation of the Anglo-Saxon for the quicker pronunciation of Middle English, which therefore required a greater number of syllables to fill up the same space of time.

We can trace the history of alliterative verse in England with tolerable certainty. The Anglo-Normans first brought in rhymes, which they employed in their own poetry. The adoption of this new system into the English language was gradual, but it appears to have commenced in the first half of the twelfth century. It was, at first, mixed with alliterative couplets: that is, in the same poem were used sometimes rhyming couplets, which were suddenly changed for alliterative couplets, and then, after awhile, rhyme was again brought in, and so on. Of this kind of poetry we have four very remarkable examples, the Proverbs of King Alfred, a poem which was certainly in existence in the first half of the twelfth century;[12] the Early English Bestiary;[13] the Poem on the Debate between the Body and the Soul;[14] and the grand work of Layamon.[15] The following lines from the Bestiary may serve as a specimen of the manner in which the two systems are intermixed; they form part of the account of the spider:—

"ðanne renneð ge rapelike,

for ge is ai redi,

nimeð anon to ðe net,

and nimeð hem ðere,

bitterlike ge hem bit

and here bane wurðeð,

drepeð and drinkeð hire blod,

doð ge hire non oðer god,

bute fret hire fille,

and dareð siðen stille."

.      .      .      .      .      .

"Cethegrande is a fis

ðe moste ðat in water is;

ðat tu wuldes seien get,

gef ðu it soge wan it flet," etc.

This kind of poetry appears to have been common until the middle of the thirteenth century; after which period we only find alliteration in songs, not used in simple alliterative couplets, but mixed up in the same lines with rhyme in an irregular and playful manner.[16] But there appears little room for doubting that during the whole of this time the pure alliterative poetry was in use among the lower classes of society; and its revival towards the middle of the fourteenth century appears to have been a part of the political movement which then took place. In this point of view, the poem of Piers Ploughman becomes still more worthy of attention as a document of contemporary literary history. The old alliterative verse came so much into fashion at this period that it was adopted for the composition of long romances, of which several still remain.[17] The use of this kind of verse was continued in the fifteenth century, and was imitated in Scotland as late as the time of Dunbar, but the later writers were evidently unacquainted with the strict rules of this species of composition.

The Anglo-Saxons, who used this kind of verse only, wrote their poetry invariably as prose. But the scribe was in the habit of indicating the division of the lines by a dot. Among modern scholars a question has arisen as to the propriety of printing the alliterative couplet in two short lines, or in one long one. It appears to me that the mode in which the dot is used in the manuscripts decides the question in favour of the short lines. The manner in which the alliterative couplet is intermixed with the rhyming couplet in the poems of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (which also are written in the manuscripts in the same form as prose), seems to me a strong confirmation of this opinion; at least in these last-mentioned cases, the verse must have been considered as written in short lines. As the scribes quitted the custom of writing poetry in their manuscripts as prose, with the divisions of lines indicated by dots, to adopt that of arranging them in lines as we do at present, these short lines were found very inconvenient because they were obliged either to waste a great deal of parchment, or to write in several narrow columns. To remedy this, they fell perhaps gradually into the custom of writing the two parts of the alliterative couplet in one line, always, however, marking the division by a dot. They followed the same method with the shorter rhyming lines, as is the case with the old English Metrical Romance of Horn in a manuscript in the Harleian Collection.[18] All the alliterative poetry of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is found written in these long lines, with the dot of division in the middle. In the fifteenth century the meaning of this dot appears to have been forgotten, and the system of alliteration so far misunderstood, that the writers thought it only necessary to have at least three alliterative words in a long line, without any consideration of their position in the line. I say at least, because they not unfrequently inserted four or five alliterative words in the same line, which would certainly have been considered a defect in the earlier writers. It is my opinion, that a modern editor is wrong in printing the verses of Piers Ploughman in long lines, as they stand in the manuscripts, unless he profess to give them as a fac-simile of the manuscripts themselves, or he plead the same excuse of convenience from the shape of his book. In either case, he must carefully preserve the dots of separation in the middle of the lines, which are more inconvenient than the length of the lines, because they interfere with the punctuation of the modern editor. If, as appears to be the case, these dots are merely marks to indicate the division of the couplet, their purpose is much better served by printing the lines in couplets. The construction of the earlier Anglo-Saxon verse, the analogy of the mixed rhyming and alliterative verses of the semi-Saxon poems, and the use of these dots in the middle of the lines in the manuscripts of Piers Ploughman, appear to me convincing proofs that it ought to be printed so. I think moreover that the alliterative verse reads much more harmoniously in the short couplets than in the long lines.

The manuscripts of the Vision of Piers Ploughman are extremely numerous both in public and in private collections. There are at least eight in the British Museum: there are ten or twelve in the Cambridge Libraries; and they are not less numerous at Oxford. As might be expected in a popular work like this, the manuscripts are in general full of variations; but there are two classes of manuscripts which give two texts that are widely different from each other, those variations commencing even with the first lines of the poem. One of these texts, which was adopted in the early printed editions, is given in the present volumes; the other text was selected for publication by Dr. Whitaker. The following extract, comprising the first lines of the poem,[19] will show how each text begins, and will enable those who possess manuscripts of Piers Ploughman to ascertain at once to which text they belong:—

T  EXT I.

T  EXT II.

In a somer seson

Whan softe was the sonne,

I shop me into shroudes

As I a sheep weere,

In habite as an heremite

Unholy of werkes,

Wente wide in this world

Wonders to here,

Ac on a May morwenynge

On Malverne hilles

Me bifel a ferly,

Of fairye me thoghte.

I was wery for-wandred,

And wente me to reste

Under a broode bank

By a bournes syde,

And as I lay and lenede,

And loked on the watres,

I slombred into a slepyng,

It sweyed so murye.

Thanne gan I meten

A merveillous swevene,

That I was in a wildernesse

Wiste I nevere where;

And as I biheld in to the eest

An heigh to the sonne,

I seigh a tour on a toft, etc.

In a somè seyson,

Whan softe was the sonne,

Y shop into shrobbis

As y shepherde were.

In abit az an ermite

Unholy of werkes,

That wente forthe in the worle

Wondres to hure,

And sawe meny cellis

And selcouthe thynges.

Ac on a May morwenyng

On Malverne hulles

Me by-fel for to slepe,

For weyrynesse of wandryng,

And in a lande as ich lay

Lenede ich and slepte,

And merveylously me mette,

As ich may yow telle.

Al the welthe of this wordle,

And the woo bothe,

Wynkyng as it were

Wyterly ich saw hyt,

Of truyth and of tricherye,

Of tresoun and of gyle,

Al ich saw slepyng,

As ich shal yow telle.

Esteward ich behulde

After the sonne,

And sawe a tour as ich trowede, etc

Besides such variations as appear in the foregoing specimen, there are in the second text many considerable additions, omissions, and transpositions. It would not be easy to account for the existence of two texts differing so much; but it is my impression that the first was the one published by the author, and that the variations were made by some other person, who was perhaps induced by his own political sentiments to modify passages, and was gradually led on to publish a revision of the whole. It is certain that in some parts of Text II. the strong sentiments or expressions of the first text are softened down. We may give as an example of this, the statement of the popular opinion of the origin and purpose of kingly government:—

T  EXT I.

T  EXT II.

Thanne kam ther a kyng,

Knyghthod hym ladde,

Might of the communes

Made hym to regne.

And thanne cam kynde wit,

And clerkes he made,

For to counseillen the kyng,

And the commune save.

The kyng and knyghthod,

And clergie bothe,

Casten that the commune

Sholde hem self fynde.

The commune contreved

Of kynde wit craftes,

And for profit of al the peple

Plowmen ordeyned,

To tilie and to travaille,

As trewe lif asketh.

The kyng and the commune,

And kynde wit the thridde,

Shopen lawe and leauté,

Ech man to knowe his owene.

Thanne cam ther a kyng,

Knyghtod hym ladde,

The meche myghte of the men

Made hym to regne.

And thanne cam a kynde witte,

And clerkus he made,

And concience and kynde wit,

And knyghthod to-gederes,

Caste that the comune

Sholde hure comunes fynde.

Kynde wit and the comune

Contrevede alle craftes,

And for most profitable to the puple,

A plouh thei gonne make,

Wit leil labour to lyve,

Wyl lyve and londe lasteth.

Nobody, I think, can deny that in this instance the doctrine is stated far more distinctly and far more boldly in the first text than in the second. In general the first text is the best, whether we look at the mode in which the sentiments are stated, or at the poetry and language.

As far as I have been able to examine the remaining manuscripts of Piers Ploughman, at London and in the Universities, I think that nearly two-thirds of those which remain are of the fourteenth century; and the greater number, particularly of those written in the fourteenth century, present what I have distinguished as the first text, that given in the present volumes. I am by no means inclined to coincide in the reasons which led Dr. Whitaker to prefer the second text; if I were disposed to admit, as barely possible (the supposition is quite a gratuitous one), "that the first edition of this work appeared when its author was a young man, and that he lived and continued in the habit of transcribing to extreme old age" (Pref.), I cannot agree with an editor in adopting a copy which he believes to be "a faithful representation of the work as it came first from the author," and which not only abounds in words and idioms which he afterwards altered, but which contains also "many original passages which the greater maturity of the author's judgment induced him to expunge."

I know only of two manuscripts of the Creed of Piers Ploughman, one in the British Museum (MS. Reg. 18, B. XVII.), the other in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, both on paper, and written long after the date of the printed editions, from which they appear to have been copied.

The first printed edition of the Vision was that of Robert Crowley, in 1550; and it was so favourably received, that there is reason for believing that no less than three editions (or rather three impressions[20]) were sold in the course of the year. It is clear that Crowley had obtained an excellent manuscript; the printer has changed the orthography at will, and has evidently altered a word at times, but on the whole this printed text differs very little from the one we now publish.

Three years after the appearance of the Vision, another printer, Reynold Wolfe, published the first edition of the Creed, in the same form as Crowley's edition of the Vision.[21]

After the stormy reign of Mary was past, in the beginning of that of Elizabeth, the call for a new edition, and perhaps the destruction of many copies of the old one, led the well-known printer Owen Rogers to reprint the Vision and the Creed together.[22] The impression was probably large, for it is still by no means a rare book. It was evidently much read during the reign of Elizabeth, and is not unfrequently alluded to by the writers of that age.

No other edition of this popular poem appeared, until it was published by Dr. Whitaker, in 1813,[23] from a manuscript then in the possession of Mr. Heber,[24] which contained the second text, written in a rather broad provincial dialect. This edition was printed in black-letter, in a very large and expensive form. In 1814, a reprint of the old edition of the Creed was published in the same form, as a companion to the Vision. It is not generally known that Dr. Whitaker projected an edition of the same text and paraphrase which are given in his 4to edition, in 8vo, with Roman type instead of black-letter. After a few sheets had been composed, the design was abandoned, as it is said, in favour of the larger form. A copy of the proof sheets, formerly belonging to Mr. Haslewood, is now in the possession of Sir Frederick Madden. I am told that a rival edition was also begun, but not persevered in.

An attempt at a modernization, or rather a translation, of Piers Ploughman, was made in the earlier years of the present century, but only a few specimens appear to have been executed. The following lines, which possess some merit (though not very literal or correct), are the modern version the author proposed to give of ll. 2847-2870 of the poem. They were communicated to me by Sir Henry Ellis.

"Next AVARICE came: but how he look'd, to say,

Words do I want that rightly shall portray:

Like leathern purse his shrivell'd cheeks did shew,

Thick lipp'd, with two blear eyes and beetle brow:

In a torn threadbare tabard was he clad,

Which twelve whole winters now in wear he had;

French scarlet 'twas, its colour well it kept,

So smooth that louse upon its surface crept."

It will be necessary, in conclusion, to say a few words on the edition now offered to the public. Without taking into consideration the inaccuracies and imperfections of Whitaker's edition, its inconvenient size and high price made it altogether inaccessible to the general reader; and there appeared to be a wish for one in a more convenient and less expensive form. At the same time it was desired that a good text of a work so important for the history of our language and literature should be selected. Dr. Whitaker was not well qualified for this undertaking; he also laboured under many disadvantages; he had access to only three manuscripts, and those not very good ones; and he has not chosen the best text even of those. Unless he had some reason to believe that the book was originally written in a particular dialect, he ought to have given a preference to that among the oldest manuscripts which presents the purest language; but we cannot allow that manuscript to be chosen on a ground so capricious as "that the orthography and dialect in which it is written approach very near to that semi-Saxon jargon in the midst of which the editor was brought up, and which he continues to hear daily spoken on the confines of Lancashire, and the West Riding of the county of York." (Pref.) This could not have been the language employed by a monk of Malvern.

The present editor has endeavoured, in the leisure moments which he has been able to snatch from other employments, to supply the deficiency as well, and in as unassuming manner, as he could. He has chosen for his text a manuscript belonging to the valuable library of Trinity College, Cambridge (where its shelf-mark is B. 15, 17), because it appears to him to be the best and oldest manuscript now in existence. It is a fine folio manuscript, on vellum, written in a large hand, undoubtedly contemporary with the author of the poem, and in remarkably pure English, with ornamented initial letters. His object has been to give the poem as popular a form as is consistent with philological correctness. He has added a few notes which occurred to him in the course of editing the text, and which he hopes may render the meaning and allusions sometimes clearer to the general reader, for whom more especially they are intended. They might have been enlarged and rendered more complete, if he had been master of sufficient leisure to enable him to undertake extensive researches. But there are allusions, as well as words, in both poems to which it would be difficult at present to give any certain explanation. It has been thought advisable to give in the notes the important variations of the second text, from Dr. Whitaker's edition; and a few readings are added from a second manuscript in Trinity College Library (R. 3, 14). The editor has hoped to add to the utility of the book by a copious glossary. He has been unwillingly obliged to leave a few words without explanation; all our early alliterative poetry abounds in difficult words. In this point he has to acknowledge the kind assistance of Sir Frederick Madden, whom no person equals in profound knowledge of English glossography, and than whom no one is more generous to advise and assist those who are in need of his aid. To Sir Henry Ellis, who kindly lent him his own manuscript notes on Piers Ploughman, the editor also owes his grateful acknowledgments; and he regrets that at the time he received them the notes were already so far printed as to hinder him from making as much use of them as he could have wished.

London, June 1, 1842.

THE VISION OF PIERS

PLOUGHMAN

THE VISION OF

PIERS PLOUGHMAN.

1

N a somer seson,

Whan softe was the sonne,

I shoop me into shroudes

As I a sheep weere,

In habite as an heremite

Unholy of werkes,

Wente wide in this world

Wondres to here;

Ac on a May morwenynge

10

On Malverne hilles

Me bifel a ferly,

Of fairye me thoghte.

I was wery for-wandred,

And wente me to reste

Under a brood bank

By a bournes syde;

And as I lay and lenede,

And loked on the watres,

I slombred into a slepyng,

20

It sweyed so murye.

Thanne gan I meten

A merveillous swevene,

That I was in a wildernesse,

Wiste I nevere where,

And as I biheeld into the eest

An heigh to the sonne,

I seigh a tour on a toft

Trieliche y-maked,

A deep dale bynethe,

30

A dongeon therinne,

With depe diches and derke

And dredfulle of sighte.

A fair feeld ful of folk

Fond I ther bitwene,

Of alle manere of men,

The meene and the riche,

Werchynge and wandrynge,

As the world asketh.

Some putten hem to the plough,

40

Pleiden ful selde,

In settynge and sowynge

Swonken ful harde,

And wonnen that wastours

With glotonye destruyeth.

And somme putten hem to pride,

Apparailed hem therafter,

In contenaunce of clothynge

Comen degised.

In preires and penaunces

50

Putten hem manye,

Al for the love of oure Lord

Lyveden ful streyte,

In hope to have after

Hevene riche blisse;

As ancres and heremites

That holden hem in hire selles,

And coveiten noght in contree

To carien aboute,

For no likerous liflode

60

Hire likame to plese.

And somme chosen chaffare;

Thei cheveden the bettre,

As it semeth to our sight

That swiche men thryveth.

And somme murthes to make,

As mynstralles konne,

And geten gold with hire glee,

Giltles, I leeve.

Ac japeres and jangeleres,

70

Judas children,

Feynen hem fantasies,

And fooles hem maketh,

And han hire wit at wille

To werken, if thei wolde.

That Poul precheth of hem

I wol nat preve it here;

But Qui loquitur turpiloquium

Is Luciferes hyne.

Bidderes and beggeres

80

Faste aboute yede,

With hire belies and hire bagges

Of breed ful y-crammed;

Faiteden for hire foode,

Foughten at the ale.

In glotonye, God woot,

Go thei to bedde,

And risen with ribaudie,

Tho Roberdes knaves;

Sleep and sory sleuthe

90

Seweth hem evere.

Pilgrymes and palmeres

Plighten hem togidere,

For to seken seint Jame,

And seintes at Rome.

They wenten forth in hire wey,

With many wise tales,

And hadden leve to lyen

Al hire lif after.

I seigh somme that seiden

100

Thei hadde y-sought seintes;

To ech a tale that thei tolde

Hire tonge was tempred to lye,

Moore than to seye sooth,

It semed bi hire speche.

Heremytes on an heep

With hoked staves

Wenten to Walsyngham,

And hire wenches after,

Grete lobies and longe

110

That lothe were to swynke;

Clothed hem in copes,

To ben knowen from othere;

And shopen hem heremytes,

Hire ese to have.

I fond there freres,

Alle the foure ordres,

Prechynge the peple

For profit of hemselve;

Glosed the gospel,

120

As hem good liked;

For coveitise of copes,

Construwed it as thei wolde.

Many of thise maistre freres

Now clothen hem at likyng,

For hire moneie and hire marchaundize

Marchen togideres.

For sith charité hath ben chapman,

And chief to shryve lordes,

Manye ferlies han fallen

130

In a fewe yeres;

But holy chirche and hii

Holde bettre togidres,

The mooste meschief on molde

Is mountynge wel faste.

Ther preched a pardoner,

As he a preest were;

Broughte forth a bulle

With many bisshopes seles,

And seide that hymself myghte

140

Assoillen hem alle,

Of falshede, of fastynge,

Of avowes y-broken.

Lewed men leved it wel,

And liked hise wordes;

Comen up knelynge

To kissen hise bulles.

He bouched hem with his brevet,

And blered hire eighen,

And raughte with his rageman

150

Rynges and broches.

Thus thei gyven hire gold

Glotons to kepe,

And leveth in swiche losels

As leccherie haunten.

Were the bisshope y-blessed,

And worth bothe hise eris,

His seel sholde noght be sent

To deceyve the peple.

Ac it is noght by the bisshope

160

That the boy precheth;

For the parisshe preest and the pardoner

Parten the silver,

That the poraille of the parisshe

Sholde have, if thei ne were.

Parsons and parisshe preestes

Pleyned hem to the bisshope,

That hire parisshes weren povere

Sith the pestilence tyme,

To have a licence and leve

170

At London to dwelle,

And syngen ther for symonie;

For silver is swete.

Bisshopes and bachelers,

Bothe maistres and doctours,

That han cure under Crist,

And crownynge in tokene

And signe that thei sholden

Shryven hire parisshens,

Prechen and praye for hem,

180

And the povere fede,

Liggen at Londone

In Lenten and ellis.

Somme serven the kyng,

And his silver tellen

In cheker and in chauncelrie,

Chalangen hise dettes

Of wardes and of wardemotes,

Weyves and streyves.

And somme serven as servauntz

190

Lordes and ladies,

And in stede of stywardes

Sitten and demen;

Hire messe and hire matyns

And many of hire houres

Arn doon un-devoutliche;

Drede is at the laste,

Lest Crist in consistorie

A-corse ful manye.

I perceyved of the power

200

That Peter hadde to kepe,

To bynden and unbynden,

As the book telleth;

How he it lefte with love,

As oure Lord highte,

Amonges foure vertues,

The beste of alle vertues,

That cardinals ben called,

And closynge yates.

There is Crist in his kingdom

210

To close and to shette,

And to opene it to hem,

And hevene blisse shewe.

Ac of the cardinals at court

That kaughte of that name,

And power presumed in hem

A pope to make,

To han that power that Peter hadde,

Impugnen I nelle;

For in love and in lettrure

220

The election bilongeth,

For-thi I kan and kan naught

Of court speke moore.

Thanne kam ther a kyng,

Knyghthod hym ladde,

Might of the communes

Made hym to regne.

And thanne cam kynde wit,

And clerkes he made,

For to counseillen the kyng,

230

And the commune save.

The kyng and knyghthod,

And clergie bothe,

Casten that the commune

Sholde hemself fynde.

The commune contreved

Of kynde wit craftes,

And for profit of al the peple

Plowmen ordeyned,

To tilie and to travaille,

240

As trewe lif asketh.

The kyng and the commune,

And kynde wit the thridde,

Shopen lawe and leauté,

Ech man to knowe his owene.

Thanne loked up a lunatik,

A leene thyng with-alle,

And, knelynge to the kyng,

Clergially he seide:

"Crist kepe thee, sire kyng!

250

And thi kyng-ryche,

And lene thee lede thi lond,

So leauté thee lovye,

And for thi rightful rulyng

Be rewarded in hevene."

And sithen in the eyr an heigh

An aungel of hevene

Lowed to speke in Latyn,

For lewed men ne koude

Jangle ne jugge,

260

That justifie hem sholde,

But suffren and serven;

For-thi seide the aungel:

Sum rex, sum princeps,

Neutrum fortasse deinceps;

O qui jura regis

Christi specialia regis,

Hoc quod agas melius,

Justus es, esto pius.

Nudum jus a te

270

Vestiri vult pietate;

Qualia vis metere,

Talia grana sere.

Si jus nudatur,

Nudo de jure metatur;

Si seritur pietas,

De pietate metas.

Thanne greved hym a goliardeis,

A gloton of wordes,

And to the aungel an heigh

280

Answerde after:

Dum rex a regere

Dicatur nomen habere;

Nomen habet sine re,

Nisi studet jura tenere.

Thanne gan al the commune

Crye in vers of Latyn,

To the kynges counseil;

Construe who so wolde:

Præcepta regis

290

Sunt nobis vincula legis.

With that ran ther a route

Of ratons at ones,

And smale mees myd hem

Mo than a thousand,

And comen to a counseil

For the commune profit;

For a cat of a contree

Cam whan hym liked,

And overleep hem lightliche,

300

And laughte hem at his wille,

And pleide with hem perillousli,

And possed aboute.

"For doute of diverse dredes,

We dar noght wel loke;

And if we grucche of his gamen,

He wol greven us alle,

Cracchen us or clawen us,

And in hise clouches holde,

That us lotheth the lif

310

Er he late us passe.

Mighte we with any wit

His wille withstonde,

We mighte be lordes o-lofte,

And lyven at oure ese."

A raton of renoun,

Moost renable of tonge,

Seide for a sovereyn

Help to hymselve:

"I have y-seyen segges," quod he

320

"In the cité of Londone,

Beren beighes ful brighte

Abouten hire nekkes,

And somme colers of crafty werk;

Uncoupled thei wenten

Bothe in wareyne and in waast

Where hemself liked.

And outher while thei arn ellis-where,

As I here telle;

Were ther a belle on hire beighe,

330

By Jhesu, as me thynketh,

Men myghte witen wher thei wente,

And awey renne!"

"And right so," quod that raton,

"Reson me sheweth,

To bugge a belle of bras,

Or of bright silver,

And knytten it on a coler

For oure commune profit,

Wher he ryt or rest,

340

Or renneth to pleye;

And if hym list for to laike,

Thanne loke we mowen,

And peeren in his presence

The while him pleye liketh:

And, if hym wratheth, be war,

And his way shonye."

Al this route of ratons

To this reson thei assented.

Ac tho the belle was y-brought,

350

And on the beighe hanged,

Ther ne was raton in al the route,

For al the reaume of Fraunce,

That dorste have bounden the belle

About the cattes nekke,

Ne hangen it aboute the cattes hals,

Al Engelond to wynne.

Alle helden hem un-hardy,

And hir counseil feble;

And leten hire labour lost

360

And al hire longe studie.

A mous that muche good

Kouthe, as me thoughte,

Strook forth sternely,

And stood bifore hem alle,

And to the route of ratons

Reherced thise wordes:

"Though we killen the cat,

Yet sholde ther come another

To cacchen us and al oure kynde,

370

Though we cropen under benches.

For-thi I counseille al the commune

To late the cat worthe;

And be we nevere bolde

The belle hym to shewe;

For I herde my sire seyn,

Is seven yeer y-passed,

Ther the cat is a kitone

The court is ful elenge;

That witnesseth holy writ,

380

Who so wole it rede:

Væ terræ ubi puer rex est! etc.

For may no renk ther reste have

For ratons by nyghte;

The while he caccheth conynges,

He coveiteth noght youre caroyne,

But fedeth hym al with venyson:

Defame we hym nevere.

For better is a litel los

Than a long sorwe,

390

The maze among us alle,

Theigh we mysse a sherewe;

For many mennes malt

We mees wolde destruye,

And also ye route of ratons

Rende mennes clothes,

Nere the cat of that court

That can yow over-lepe;

For hadde ye rattes youre wille,

Ye kouthe noght rule yow selve."

400

"I seye for me," quod the mous,

"I se so muchel after,

Shal nevere the cat ne the kiton

By my counseil be greved,

Thorugh carpynge of this coler

That costed me nevere

And though it hadde costned me catel,

Bi-knowen it I nolde,

But suffren, as hymself wolde,

To doon as hym liketh,

410

Coupled and uncoupled

To cacche what thei mowe.

For-thi ech a wis wight I warne,

Wite wel his owene."

What this metels by-meneth,

Ye men that ben murye

Devyne ye, for I ne dar,

By deere God in hevene.

Yet hoved ther an hundred

In howves of selk,

420

Sergeantz it bi-semed

That serveden at the barre,

Pleteden for penyes

And poundes the lawe;

And noght for love of our Lord

Unclose hire lippes ones.

Thow myghtest bettre meete myst

On Malverne hilles,

Than gete a mom of hire mouth,

Til moneie be shewed.

430

Barons and burgeises,

And bonde-men als,

I seigh in this assemblee,

As ye shul here after:

Baksteres and brewesteres,

And bochiers manye;

Wollen webbesters,

And weveres of lynnen,

Taillours and tynkers,

And tollers in markettes,

440

Masons and mynours,

And many othere craftes.

Of alle kynne lybbynge laborers

Lopen forth somme,

As dikeres and delveres,

That doon hire dedes ille,

And dryveth forth the longe day

With Dieu save dame Emme.

Cokes and hire knaves

Cryden, "Hote pies, hote!

450

Goode gees and grys!

Gowe, dyne, gowe!"

Taverners until hem

Trewely tolden the same,

Whit wyn of Oseye,

And reed wyn of Gascoigne,

Of the Ryn and of the Rochel,

The roost to defie.

[Al this I saugh slepynge,

459

And seve sithes more.]

Passus Primus de Visione.

460

HAT this mountaigne by-meneth

And the merke dale,

And the feld ful of folk,

I shal yow faire shewe.

A lovely lady of leere,

In lynnen y-clothed,

Cam doun from a castel

And called me faire,

And seide, "Sone, slepestow?

Sestow this peple,

470

How bisie thei ben

Alle aboute the maze?

The mooste partie of this peple

That passeth on this erthe,

Have thei worship in this world,

Thei wilne no bettre;

Of oother hevene than here

Holde thei no tale."

I was a-fered of hire face,

Theigh she fair weere,

480

And seide, "Mercy, madame,

What is this to meene?"

"The tour on the toft," quod she,

"Truthe is therinne;

And wolde that ye wroughte,

As his word techeth!

For he is fader of feith,

And formed yow alle

Bothe with fel and with face,

And yaf yow fyve wittes,

490

For to worshipe hym therwith,

While that ye ben here.

And therfore he highte the erthe

To helpe yow echone,

Of wollene, of lynnen,

Of liflode at nede,

In mesurable manere

To make yow at ese;

And comaunded of his curteisie

In commune three thynges,

500

Are none nedfulle but tho,

And nempne hem I thynke,

And rekene hem by reson;

Reherce thow hem after.

"That oon vesture,

From cold thee to save;

And mete at meel

For mysese of thiselve;

And drynke whan thow driest;

Ac do noght out of reson,

510

That thow worthe the wers

Whan thow werche sholdest.

"For Lot in hise lif-dayes,

For likynge of drynke,

Dide by hise doughtres

That the devel liked,

Delited hym in drynke

As the devel wolde,

And leccherie hym laughte,

And lay by hem bothe,

520

And al he witte it the wyn

That wikked dede.

Inebriamus eum vino, dormiamusque

cum eo, ut servare possimus de

patre nostro semen.

Thorugh wyn and thorugh wommen

Ther was Loth acombred,

And there gat in glotonie

Gerles that were cherles.

"For-thi dred delitable drynke,

530

And thow shalt do the bettre.

Mesure is medicine,

Though thow muchel yerne.

It is nought al good to the goost

That the gut asketh,

Ne liflode to thi likame;

For a liere hym techeth,

That is the wrecched world

Wolde thee bitraye.

For the fend and thi flesshe

540

Folwen togidere.

This and that seeth thi soule,

And seith it in thin herte;

And for thow sholdest ben y-war,

I wisse thee the beste."

"Madame, mercy!" quod I,

"Me liketh wel youre wordes;

Ac the moneie of this molde

That men so faste holdeth,

Tel me to whom, madame,

550

That tresour appendeth."

"Go to the gospel," quod she,

"That God seide hymselven;

Tho the poeple hym apposede

With a peny in the temple,

Wheither thei sholde therwith

Worshipe the kyng Cesar.

"And God asked of hym,

Of whom spak the lettre,

And the ymage was lik

560

That therinne stondeth.

"'Cesares,' thei seiden,

'We seen it wel echone.'

"'Reddite Cæsari,' quod God,

'That Cæsari bifalleth,

Et quæ sunt Dei Deo,'

Or ellis ye don ille;

For rightfully reson

Sholde rule yow alle,

And kynde wit be wardeyn

570

Youre welthe to kepe,

And tutour of youre tresor,

And take it yow at nede,

For housbondrie and hii

Holden togidres."

Thanne I frayned hire faire,

For hym that me made,

"That dongeon in the dale,

That dredful is of sighte,

What may it be to meene,

580

Madame, I yow biseche?"

"That is the castel of Care;

Who so comth therinne

May banne that he born was,

To bodi or to soule.

Therinne wonyeth a wight

That Wrong is y-hote,

Fader of falshede,

And founded it hymselve.

Adam and Eve

590

He egged to ille;

Counseilled Kaym

To killen his brother;

Judas he japed

With Jewen silver,

And sithen on an eller

Hanged hymselve.

He is lettere of love,

And lieth hem alle

That trusten on his tresour;

600

Bitrayeth he hem sonnest."

Thanne hadde I wonder in my wit

What womman it weere,

That swiche wise wordes

Of holy writ shewed;

And asked hire on the heighe name,

Er she thennes yede,

What she were witterly

That wissed me so faire.

"Holi chirche I am," quod she,

610

"Thow oughtest me to knowe;

I underfeng thee first,

And the feith taughte;

And broughtest me borwes

My biddyng to fulfille,

And to loven me leelly

The while thi lif dureth."

Thanne I courbed on my knees,

And cried hire of grace;

And preide hire pitously

620

Preye for my sinnes,

And also kenne me kyndely

On Crist to bi-leve,

That I myghte werchen his wille

That wroghte me to man.

"Teche me to no tresor,

But tel me this ilke,

How I may save my soule,

That seint art y-holden."

"Whan alle tresors arn tried," quod she,

630

"Treuthe is the beste;

I do it on Deus caritas,

To deme the sothe,

It is as dereworthe a drury

As deere God hymselven.

"Who is trewe of his tonge,

And telleth noon oother,

And dooth the werkes therwith,

And wilneth no man ille,

He is a God by the gospel

640

A-grounde and o-lofte,

And y-lik to oure Lord,

By seint Lukes wordes.

The clerkes that knowen this,

Sholde kennen it aboute,

For cristen and un-cristen

Cleymeth it echone.

"Kynges and knyghtes

Sholde kepen it by reson,

Riden and rappen doun

650

In reaumes aboute,

And taken transgressores,

And tyen hem faste,

Til treuthe hadde y-termyned

Hire trespas to the ende.

And that is profession apertli

That apendeth to knyghtes;

And naught to fasten o friday

In fyve score wynter,

But holden with hym and with here

660

That wolden alle truthe,

And nevere leve hem for love

Ne for lacchynge of silver.

For David in hise dayes

Dubbed knyghtes,

And dide hem sweren on hir swerdes

To serven truthe evere;

And who so passed that point

Was apostata in the ordre.

"But Crist kyngene kyng

670

Knyghted ten,

Cherubyn and seraphyn,

Swiche sevene and othere

And yaf hem myght in his majestee,

The murier hem thoughte,

And over his meene meynee

Made hem archangeles;

Taughte hem by the Trinitee

Treuthe to knowe;

To be buxom at his biddyng,

680

He bad hem nought ellis.

"Lucifer with legions

Lerned it in hevene;

But for he brak buxomnesse

His blisse gan he tyne,

And fel fro that felawshipe

In a fendes liknesse,

Into a deep derk helle,

To dwelle there for evere;

And mo thousandes myd hym

690

Than man kouthe nombre

Lopen out with Lucifer

In lothliche forme,

For thei leveden upon hym

That lyed in this manere:

=

Ponam pedem in aquilone, et similis ero altissimo.

"And alle that hoped it myghte be so,

Noon hevene myghte hem holde,

But fellen out in fendes liknesse

700

Nyne dayes togideres,

Til God of his goodnesse

Gan stablisse and stynte,

And garte the hevene to stekie

And stonden in quiete.

"Whan thise wikkede wenten out,

In wonder wise thei fellen;

Somme in the eyr, somme in erthe,

And somme in helle depe;

Ac Lucifer lowest lith

710

Yet of hem alle,

For pride that he putte out,

His peyne hath noon ende.

And alle that werchen with wrong,

Wende thei shulle,

After hir deth day

And dwelle with that sherewe.

"And tho that werche wel,

As holy writ telleth,

And enden as I er seide

720

In truthe, that is the beste,

Mowe be siker that hire soules

Shul wende to hevene,

Ther treuthe is in trinitee,

And troneth hem alle.

For-thi I seye, as I seyde er,

By sighte of thise textes,

Whan alle tresors arn tried,

Truthe is the beste;

Lereth it thise lewed men,

730

For lettred men it knoweth,

That treuthe is tresor

The trieste on erthe."

"Yet have I no kynde knowyng." quod I,

"Ye mote kenne me bettre,

By what craft in my cors

It comseth, and where."

"Thow doted daffe," quod she,

"Dulle are thi wittes;

To litel Latyn thow lernedest,

740

Leode, in thi youthe."

=

Heu michi! quia sterilem duxi vitam juvenilem.

"It is a kynde knowyng," quod she,

"That kenneth in thyn herte,

For to loven thi Lord

Levere than thiselve,

No dedly synne to do,

Deye theigh thow sholdest;

This I trowe be truthe.

750

Who kan teche thee bettre,

Loke thow suffre hym to seye,

And sithen lere it after;

For truthe telleth that love

Is triacle of hevene.

May no synne be on hym seene,

That useth that spice,

And alle hise werkes be wroughte

With love as hym liste;

And lered it Moyses for the leveste thyng,

760

And moost lik to hevene,

And al so the plentee of pees

Moost precious of vertues;

For hevene myghte nat holden it,

It was so hevy of hymself,

Til it hadde of the erthe

Eten his fille.

"And whan it hadde of this fold

Flesshe and blood taken,

Was nevere leef upon lynde

770

Lighter therafter,

And portatif and persaunt

As the point of a nedle,

That myghte noon armure it lette,

Ne none heighe walles.

"For-thi is love ledere

Of the Lordes folk of hevene,

And a meene, as the mair is

Bitwene the kyng and the commune;

Right so is love a ledere,

780

And the law shapeth,

Upon man for hise mysdedes

The mercyment he taxeth.

And for to knowen it kyndely

It comseth by myght,

And in the herte there is the heed

And the heighe welle;

For in kynde knowynge in herte,

Ther a myght bigynneth;

And that falleth to the fader

790

That formed us alle,

Loked on us with love,

And leet his sone dye

Mekely for oure mysdedes,

To amenden us alle.

And yet wolde he hem no wo

That wroughte hym that peyne,

But mekely with mouthe

Mercy bisoughte,

To have pité of that peple

800

That peyned hym to dethe.

"There myghtow sen ensample

In hymself oone,

That he was myghtful and meke,

And mercy gan graunte

To hem that hengen hym on heigh

And his herte thirled.

"For-thi I rede yow, riche,

Haveth ruthe of the povere;

Though ye be myghtful to mote,

810

Beeth meke in youre werkes,

For the same mesures that ye mete,

Amys outher ellis,

Ye shulle ben weyen therwith

Whan ye wenden hennes.

=

Eadem mensura qua mensi fueritis, remetietur vobis.

"For though ye be trewe of youre tonge

And treweliche wynne,

And as chaste as a child

820

That in chirche wepeth,

But if ye loven leelly

And lene the povere,

Swich good as God yow sent

Goodliche parteth,

Ye ne have namoore merite

In masse nor in houres,

Than Malkyn of hire maydenhede

That no man desireth.

"For James the gentile

830

Jugged in hise bokes,

That feith withouten the feet

Is right no thyng worthi,

And as deed as a dore-tree,

But if the dedes folwe.

Fides sine operibus mortua est, etc.

"For-thi chastité withouten charité

Worth cheyned in helle;

It is as lewed as a lampe

That no light is inne.

840

Manye chapeleyns arn chaste,

Ac charité is aweye;

Are no men avarouser than hii

Whan thei ben avaunced,

Unkynde to hire kyn,

And to alle cristene

Chewen hire charité,

And chiden after moore;

Swiche chastité withouten charité

Worth cheyned in helle.

850

"Manye curatours kepen hem

Clene of hire bodies;

Thei ben acombred with coveitise,

Thei konne noght doon it from hem,

So harde hath avarice

Y-hasped hem togideres;

And that is no truthe of the Trinité,

But tricherie of helle,

And lernynge to lewed men

The latter for to deele.

860

For-thi thise wordes

Ben writen in the gospel,

Date, et dabitur vobis,

For I deele yow alle,

And that is the lok of love,

And leteth out my grace,

To conforten the carefulle

A-combred with synne.

"Love is leche of lif,

And next oure Lord selve,

870

And also the graithe gate

That goth into hevene;

For-thi I seye, as I seide

Er by the textes,

Whan alle tresors ben tried,

Treuthe is the beste.

"Now have I told thee what truthe is,

That no tresor is bettre;

I may no lenger lenge thee with,

879

Now loke thee oure Lorde."

Passus Secundus de Visione, ut supra.

880

ET I courbed on my knees,

And cried hire of grace,

And seide, "Mercy, madame,

For Marie love of hevene,

That bar that blisful barn

That boughte us on the rode,

Kenne me by som craft

To knowe the false."

"Loke up on thi left half,

And lo where he stondeth!

890

Bothe Fals and Favel,

And hire feeres manye."

I loked on my left half,

As the lady me taughte,

And was war of a womman

Worthiliche y-clothed,

Purfiled with pelure

The fyneste upon erthe,

Y-corouned with a coroune,

The kyng hath noon bettre;

900

Fetisliche hire fyngres

Were fretted with gold wyr,

And theron rede rubies

As rede as any gleede,

And diamaundes of derrest pris,

And double manere saphires,

Orientals and ewages,

Envenymes to destroye.

Hire robe was ful riche,

Of reed scarlet engreyned,

910

With ribanes of reed gold

And of riche stones.

Hire array me ravysshed,

Swich richesse saugh I nevere;

I hadde wonder what she was,

And whos wif she were.

"What is this womman," quod I,

"So worthili atired?"

"That is Mede the mayde," quod she,

"Hath noyed me ful ofte,

920

And y-lakked my lemman

That Leautee is hoten,

And bi-lowen hire to lordes

That lawes han to kepe.

"In the popes paleis

She is pryvee as myselve;

But soothnesse wolde noght so,

For she is a bastarde;

For fals was hire fader

That hath a fikel tonge,

930

And nevere sooth seide

Sithen he com to erthe;

And Mede is manered after hym,

Right as kynde asketh

Qualis pater talis filius.

Bonus arbor bonum fructum facit.

"I oughte ben hyere than she,

I kam of a bettre;

My fader the grete God is

And ground of alle graces,

940

So God withouten gynnyng,

And I his goode doughter,

And hath yeven me mercy

To marie with myselve,

And what man be merciful

And leelly me love,

Shal be my lord and I his leef

In the heighe hevene.

"And what man taketh Mede,

Myn heed dar I legge,

950

That he shal lese for hire love

A lappe of caritatis.

"How construeth David the king

Of men that taketh Mede,

And men of this moolde

That maynteneth truthe,

And how ye shul save yourself,

The sauter bereth witnesse:

=

Domine, quis habitabit in tabernaculo tuo, etc.

960

"And now worth this Mede y-maried

Unto a mansed sherewe,

To oon fals fikel tonge,

A fendes biyete;

Favel thorugh his faire speche

Hath this folk enchaunted,

And al is Lieres ledynge,

That she is thus y-wedded.

"To-morwe worth y-maked

The maydenes bridale,

970

And there myghtow witen, if thow wilt,

Whiche thei ben alle

That longen to that lordshipe,

The lasse and the moore.

Knowe hem there, if thow kanst,

And kepe thow thi tonge,

And lakke hem noght, but lat hem worthe

Till leauté be justice,

And have power to punysshe hem,

Thanne put forth thi reson.

980

Now I bikenne thee Crist," quod she,

"And his clene moder,

And lat no conscience acombre thee

For coveitise of Mede."

Thus lefte me that lady

Liggynge a-slepe;

And how Mede was y-maried

In metels me thoughte,

That al the riche retenaunce

That regneth with the false,

990

Were boden to the bridale

On bothe two sides,

Of alle manere of men

The meene and the riche;

To marien this mayde

Were many men assembled,

As of knyghtes and of clerkes,

And oother commune peple,

As sisours and somonours,

Sherreves and hire clerkes,

1000

Bedelles and baillifs,

And brocours of chaffare,

Forgoers and vitaillers,

And advokettes of the arches;

I kan noght rekene the route

That ran aboute Mede.

Ac Symonie and Cyvylle,

And sisours of courtes,

Were moost pryvee with Mede

Of any men, me thoughte.

1010

Ac Favel was the firste

That fette hire out of boure,

And as a brocour broughte hire

To be with Fals enjoyned.

Whan Symonye and Cyvylle

Seighe hir bothe wille,

Thei assented, for silver,

To seye as bothe wolde.

Thanne leep Liere forth, and seide,

"Lo here a chartre!"

1020

That Gile with hise grete othes

Gaf hem togidere,

And preide Cyvylle to see,

And Symonye to rede it.

Thanne Symonye and Cyvylle

Stonden forth bothe,

And unfoldeth the feffement

That Fals hath y-maked,

And thus bigynnen thise gomes

To greden ful heighe:

1030

Sciant præsentes et futuri, etc.

Witeth and witnesseth,

That wonieth upon this erthe,

That Mede is y-maried

Moore for hire goodes

Than for any vertue or fairnesse,

Or any free kynde.

Falsnesse is fayn of hire,

For he woot hire riche;

And Favel with his fikel speche

1040

Feffeth by this chartre,

To be princes in pride

And poverte to despise,

To bakbite and to bosten,

And bere fals witnesse,

To scorne and to scolde,

And sclaundre to make,

Unbuxome and bolde

To breke the ten hestes.

And the erldom of Envye

1050

And Wrathe togideres,

With the chastilet of Cheste,

And Chaterynge out of reson.

The countee of Coveitise,

And alle the costes aboute,

That is Usure and Avarice,

Al I hem graunte,

In bargaynes and in brocages,

With al the burghe of Thefte,

And al the lordshipe of Leccherie

1060

In lengthe and in brede,

As in werkes and in wordes,

And in waitynges with eighes,

And in wedes and in wisshynges,

And with ydel thoughtes,

There as wil wolde

And werkmanshipe fayleth.

Glotonye he gaf hem ek,

And grete othes togidere,

And al day to drynken

1070

At diverse tavernes,

And there to jangle and jape,

And jugge hir even cristen;

And in fastynge dayes to frete

Er ful tyme were,

And thanne to sitten and soupen

Til sleep hem assaille;

And breden as burghe swyn,

And bedden hem esily,

Til sleuthe and sleep

1080

Sliken hise sydes,

And thanne wanhope to awaken hem so

With no wil to amende,

For he leveth be lost,

This is hir laste ende.

And thei to have and to holde,

And hire heires after,

A dwellynge with the devel,

And dampned be for evere,

=

With alle the appurtinaunces of purgatorie

1091

Into the pyne of helle.

Yeldynge for this thyng,

At one dayes tyme,

Hire soules to Sathan,

To suffre with hym peynes,

And with hym to wonye with wo

While God is in hevene.

In witnesse of which thyng,

Wrong was the firste,

1100

And Piers the pardoner

Of Paulynes doctrine,

Bette the bedel

Of Bokyngham shire,

Reynald the reve

Of Rutland sokene,

Maude the millere,

And many mo othere.

In the date of the devel

This dede I ensele,

1110

By sighte of Sire Symonie

And Cyvyles leeve.

Thanne tened hym Theologie,

Whan he this tale herde;

And seide unto Cyvyle,

"Now sorwe mote thow have,

Swiche weddynges to werche,

To wrathe with truthe;

And er this weddynge be wroght,

Wo thee bitide!

1120

"For Mede is muliere

Of Amendes engendred,

And God graunteth to gyve

Mede to Truthe;

And thow hast gyven hire to a gilour;

Now God gyve thee sorwe!

Thi text telleth thee noght so,

Truthe woot the sothe;

For Dignus est operarius

His hire to have,

1130

And thow hast fest hire to Fals,

Fy on thi lawe!

For al bi lesynges thow lyvest

And lecherouse werkes.

Symonye and thiself

Shenden holi chirche;

The notaries and ye

Noyen the peple;

Ye shul a-biggen it bothe,

By God that me made!

1140

"Wel ye witen, wernardes,

But if youre wit faille,

That Fals is feithlees

And fikel in hise werkes,

And was a bastarde y-bore

Of Belsabubbes kynne;

And Mede is muliere,

A maiden of goode,

And myghte kisse the kyng

For cosyn, and she wolde.

1150

"For-thi wercheth by wisdom,

And by wit also;

And ledeth hire to Londone,

There it is y-shewed,

If any lawe wol loke

Thei ligge togideres;

And though justices juggen hire

To be joyned to Fals,

Yet be war of weddynge;

For witty is Truthe,

1160

And Conscience is of his counseil,

And knoweth yow echone,

And if he fynde yow in defaute

And with the false holde,

It shal bi-sitte youre soules

Ful soure at the laste."

Herto assenteth Cyvyle,

Ac Symonye ne wolde,

Til he hadde silver for his service,

And also the notaries.

1170

Thanne fette Favel forth

Floryns ynowe,

And bad Gile to gyven

Gold al aboute,

And namely to the notaries

That hem noon ne faille,

And feffe false witnesses

With floryns ynowe,

"For thei may Mede a-maistrye,

And maken at my wille."

1180

Tho this gold was y-gyve,

Gret was the thonkyng

To Fals and to Favel

For hire faire giftes,

And comen to conforten

From care the false,

And seiden, "Certes, sire,

Cessen shul we nevere,

Til Mede be thi wedded wif

Thorugh wittes of us alle;

1190

For we have Mede a-maistried

With oure murie speche,

That she graunteth to goon,

With a good wille,

To London, to loken

If the lawe wolde

Juggen yow joyntly

In joie for evere."

Thanne was Falsnesse fayn,

And Favel as blithe,

1200

And leten somone alle segges

In shires aboute,

And bad hem alle be bown,

Beggers and othere,

To wenden with hem to Westmynstre

To witnesse this dede.

Ac thanne cared thei for caples

To carien hem thider,

And Favel fette forth thanne

Foles ynowe,

1210

And sette Mede upon a sherreve

Shoed al newe.

And Fals sat on a sisour,

That softeli trotted;

And Favel on a flaterere

Fetisly atired.

Tho hadde notaries none,

Anoyed thei were,

For Symonye and Cyvylle

Sholde on hire feet gange.

1220

Ac thanne swoor Symonye,

And Cyvylle bothe,

That somonours sholde be sadeled

And serven hem echone,

And late apparaille thise provisours

In palfreyes wise,

Sire Symonye hymself

Shal sitte upon hir bakkes.

"Denes and southdenes,

Drawe yow togideres,

1230

Erchdekenes and officials,

And alle youre registrers,

Lat sadle hem with silver

Oure synne to suffre,

As avoutrye and divorses,

And derne usurie,

To bere bisshopes aboute

A-brood in visitynge.

"Paulynes pryvees

For pleintes in consistorie,

1240

Shul serven myself

That Cyvyle is nempned.

"And cart-sadle the commissarie,

Oure cart shal he lede,

And fecchen us vitailles.

At Fornicatores.

And maketh of Lyere a lang cart

To leden alle thise othere,

As freres and faitours,

That on hire feet rennen."

1250

And thus Fals and Favel

Fareth forth togideres,

And Mede in the middes,

And alle thise men after.

I have no tome to telle

The tail that hire folwed;

Ac Gyle was for-goer,

And gyed hem alle.

Sothnesse seigh hem wel,

And seide but litel,

1260

And priked his palfrey,

And passed hem alle,

And com to the kynges court,

And Conscience it tolde;

And Conscience to the kyng

Carped it after.

"Now, by Crist," quod the kyng,

"And I cacche myghte

Fals or Favel,

Or any of hise feeris,

1270

I wolde be wroken of tho wrecches

That wercheth so ille,

And doon hem hange by the hals,

And alle that hem maynteneth;

Shal nevere man of this molde

Meynprise the leeste,

But right as the lawe wol loke,

Lat falle on hem alle."

And comaunded a constable

That com at the firste,

1280

To attachen tho tyrauntz,

"For any thyng I hote,

And fettreth faste Falsnesse,

For any kynnes giftes,

And girdeth of Gyles heed,

And lat hym go no ferther;

And if ye lacche Lyere,

Lat hym noght ascapen

Er he be put on the pillory,

For any preyere, I hote;

1290

And bryngeth Mede to me

Maugree hem alle."

Drede at the dore stood,

And the doom herde,

And how the kyng comaunded

Constables and sergeauntz

Falsnesse and his felawshipe

To fettren and to bynden.

Thanne Drede wente wyghtliche,

And warned the False,

1300

And bad hym fle for fere,

And hise felawes alle.

Falsnesse for fere thanne

Fleigh to the ffreres,

And Gyle dooth hym to go,

A-gast for to dye;

Ac marchauntz metten with hym

And made hym abide,

And bi-shetten hym in hire shoppes

To shewen hire ware,

1310

Apparailed hym as apprentice

The peple to serve.

Lightliche Lyere

Leep awey thanne,

Lurkynge thorugh lanes,

To-lugged of manye.

He was nowher welcome,

For his manye tales,

Over al y-honted,

And y-hote trusse,

1320

Til pardoners hadde pité,

And pulled hym into house.

They wesshen hym and wiped hym.

And wounden hym in cloutes,

And senten hym with seles

On Sondayes to chirches,

And yeven pardoun for pens

Pounde-mele aboute.

Thanne lourede leches,

And lettres thei sente,

1330

That he sholde wonye with hem

Watres to loke.

Spycers speken with hym,

To spien hire ware;

For he kouthe of hir craft,

And knewe manye gommes.

And mynstrales and messagers

Mette with hym ones,

And helden hym an half-yeer

And ellevene dayes.

1340

Freres with fair speche

Fetten hym pennes,

And for knowynge of comeres

Coped hym as a frere;

Ac he hath leve to lepen out,

As ofte as hym liketh,

And is welcome whan he wile,

And woneth with hem ofte.

Alle fledden for fere,

And flowen into hernes;

1350

Save Mede the mayde,

Na-mo dorste abide.

Ac trewely to telle,

She trembled for drede,

And ek wepte and wrong,

1355

Whan she was attached.

Passus Tertius de Visione, ut supra.

1356

OW is Mede the mayde,

And na-mo of hem alle,

With bedeles and with baillies

Brought bifore the kyng.

1360

The kyng called a clerk,

Kan I noght his name,

To take Mede the maide

And maken hire at ese.

"I shal assayen hire myself,

And soothliche appose,

What man of this moolde

That hire were levest.

And if she werche bi wit,

And my wil folwe,

1370

I wol forgyven hire this gilt,

So me God helpe!"

Curteisly the clerk thanne,

As the kyng highte,

Took Mede bi the myddel

And broghte hire into chambre;

And ther was murthe and mynstralcie,

Mede to plese.

=

They that wonyeth in Westmynstre

1380

Worshipeth hire alle,

Gentilliche with joye;

The justices somme

Busked hem to the bour

Ther the burde dwellede,

To conforten hire kyndely,

By clergies leve;

And seiden, "Mourne noght, Mede,

Ne make thow no sorwe;

For we wol wisse the kyng,

1390

And thi wey shape,

To be wedded at thi wille,

And wher thee leef liketh,

For al Consciences cast

Or craft, as I trowe."

Mildely Mede thanne

Merciede hem alle

Of hire grete goodnesse,

And gaf hem echone

Coupes of clene gold,

1400

And coppes of silver,

Rynges with rubies,

And richesses manye;

The leeste man of hire meynee

A moton of golde.

Than laughte thei leve

Thise lordes at Mede.

With that comen clerkes

To conforten hire the same,

And beden hire be blithe;

1410

"For we beth thyne owene,

For to werche thi wille,

The while thow myght laste."

Hendiliche heo thanne

Bi-highte hem the same,

To loven hem lelly,

And lordes to make,

And in the consistorie at the court

Do callen hire names;

"Shal no lewednesse lette

1420

The leode that I lovye,

That he ne worth first avaunced;

For I am bi-knowen,

There konnynge clerkes

Shul clokke bi-hynde."

Thanne cam ther a confessour,

Coped as a frere;

To Mede the mayde

He meved thise wordes,

And seide ful softely,

1430

In shrift as it were,

"Theigh lewed men and lered men

Hadde leyen by thee bothe,

And Falsnesse hadde y-folwed thee

Alle thise fifty wynter,

I shal assoille thee myself

For a seem of whete,

And also be thi bedeman,

And bere wel thi message

Amonges knyghtes and clerkes,

1440

Conscience to torne."

Thanne Mede for hire mysdedes

To that man kneled,

And shrof hire of hire sherewednesse,

Shamelees, I trowe;

Tolde hym a tale,

And took hym a noble,

For to ben hire bedeman

And hire brocour als.

Thanne he assoiled hire soone,

1450

And sithen he seide,

"We have a wyndow in werchynge

Wole sitten us ful hye,

Woldestow glaze that gable

And grave therinne thy name,

Syker sholde thi soule be

Hevene to have."

"Wiste I that," quod that womman,

"I wolde noght spare

For to be youre frend, frere,

1460

And faile yow nevere,

While ye love lordes

That lecherie haunten,

And lakketh noght ladies

That loven wel the same.

It is freletee of flesshe,

Ye fynden it in bokes,

And a cours of kynde

Wherof we comen alle.

Who may scape sclaundre,

1470

The scathe is soone amended;

It is synne of the sevene

Sonnest relessed.

"Have mercy," quod Mede,

"Of men that it haunteth,

And I shal covere youre kirk,

Youre cloistre do maken,

Wowes do whiten,

And wyndowes glazen,

Do peynten and portraye,

1480

And paie for the makynge,

That every segge shal seye

I am suster of youre house."

Ac God to alle good folk

Swich gravynge defendeth,

To writen in wyndowes

Of hir wel dedes,

An aventure pride be peynted there,

And pomp of the world;

For Crist knoweth thi conscience,

1490

And thi kynde wille,

And thi cost and thi coveitise,

And who the catel oughte.

For-thi I lere yow, lordes,

Leveth swiche werkes;

To writen in wyndowes

Of youre wel dedes,

Or to greden after Goddes men

Whan ye dele doles,

On aventure ye have youre hire here,

1500

And youre hevene als.

Nesciat sinistra quid faciat dextra.

Lat noght thi left half

Late ne rathe

Wite what thow werchest

With thi right syde;

For thus by the gospel

Goode men doon hir almesse.

Maires and maceres,

That menes ben bitwene

1510

The kyng and the comune

To kepe the lawes,

To punysshe on pillories

And pynynge-stooles,

Brewesters and baksters,

Bochiers and cokes,

For thise are men on this molde

That moost harm wercheth

To the povere peple

That percel-mele buggen;

1520

For thei enpoisone the peple

Pryveliche and ofte,

Thei richen thorugh regratrie,

And rentes hem biggen,

With that the povere peple

Sholde putte in hire wombe.

For toke thei on trewely,

Thei tymbred nought so heighe,

Ne boughte none burgages,

Be ye ful certeyne.

1530

Ac Mede the mayde

The mair hath bi-sought

Of alle swiche selleris

Silver to take,

Or presentz withouten pens,

As pieces of silver,

Rynges or oother richesse,

The regratiers to mayntene;

"For my love," quod that lady,

"Love hem echone,

1540

And suffre hem to selle

Som del ayeins reson."

Salomon the sage

A sermon he made,

For to amenden maires

And men that kepen lawes;

And tolde hem this teme,

That I telle thynke,

Ignis devorabit tabernacula eorum

qui libenter accipiunt munera,

1550

etc.

Among thise lettrede leodes

This Latyn is to mene,

That fir shal falle and brenne

Al to bloo askes

The houses and homes

Of hem that desireth

Yiftes or yeres-yeves

By cause of hire offices.

The kyng fro the conseil cam,

1560

And called after Mede,

And of sente hire as swithe

With sergeauntz manye,

And broughte hire to boure

With blisse and with joye.

Curteisly the kyng thanne

Comsed to telle,

To Mede the mayde

He meveth thise wordes,

"Unwittily, womman,

1570

Wroght hastow ofte,

Ac worse wroghtestow nevere

Than tho thow Fals toke.

But I forgyve thee that gilt,

And graunte thee my grace;

Hennes to thi deeth day

Do so na-moore.

"I have a knyght Conscience,

Cam late fro biyonde;

If he wilneth thee to wif,

1580

Wiltow hym have?"

"Ye, lord," quod that lady,

"Lord forbede it ellis!

But I be holly at youre heste,

Lat hange me soone."

And thanne was Conscience called

To come and appere

Bifore the kyng and his conseil,

As clerkes and othere.

Knelynge Conscience

1590

To the kyng louted,

To wite what his wille were,

And what he do wolde.

"Woltow wedde this womman," quod the kyng,

"If I wole assente?

For she is fayn of thi felaweshipe,

For to be thi make."

Quod Conscience to the kyng,

"Crist it me forbede!

Er I wedde swich a wif,

1600

Wo me bitide!

For she is frele of hire feith,

Fikel of hire speche,

And maketh men mysdo

Many score tymes;

Trust of hire tresor

Bitrayeth ful manye.

"Wyves and widewes

Wantonnes she techeth,

And lereth hem lecherie

1610

That loveth hire giftes.

Youre fader she felled

Thorugh false biheste,

And hath enpoisoned popes,

And peired holy chirche.

Is noght a bettre baude,

By hym that me made!

Bitwene hevene and helle,

In erthe though men soughte.

For she is tikel of hire tail,

1620

And tale-wis of hire tonge;

As commune as a cartwey

To ech a knave that walketh,

To monkes, to mynstrales,

To meseles in hegges.

"Sisours and somonours,

Swiche men hire preiseth;

Sherreves of shires

Were shent if she ne were;

For she dooth men lese hire lond

1630

And hire lif bothe;

She leteth passe prisoners,

And paieth for hem ofte,

And gyveth the gailers gold

And grotes togidres,

To unfettre the fals

Fle where hym liketh;

And taketh the trewe bi the top

And tieth hem faste,

And hangeth hem for hatrede

1640

That harm dide nevere.

"To be corsed in consistorie

She counteth noght a bene;

For she copeth the commissarie,

And coteth hise clerkes.

She is assoiled as soone

As hireself liketh;

And may neigh as muche do

In a monthe one,

As youre secret seel

1650

In sixe score dayes.

For she is pryvee with the pope,

Provisours it knoweth;

For sire Symonie and hirselve

Seleth hire bulles.

"She blesseth thise bisshopes,

Theigh thei be lewed;

Provendreth persones,

And preestes maynteneth,

To have lemmans and lotebies

1660

Alle hire lif daies,

And bryngeth forth barnes

Ayein forbode lawes.

Ther she is wel with the kyng,

Wo is the reaume;

For she is favourable to fals,

And de-fouleth truthe ofte.

"By Jhesus! with hire jeweles

Youre justices she shendeth,

And lith ayein the lawe,

1670

And letteth hym the gate,

That feith may noght have his forth,

Hire floryns go so thikke.

She ledeth the lawe as hire list,

And love-daies maketh,

And doth men lese thorugh hire love,

That lawe myghte wynne

The maze for a mene man,

Though he mote hire evere.

Lawe is so lordlich

1680

And looth to maken ende,

Withouten presentz or pens

She pleseth wel fewe.

"Barons and burgeises

She bryngeth in sorwe,

And al the comune in care

That coveiten lyve in truthe;

For clergie and coveitise

She coupleth togidres.

This is the lif of that lady;

1690

Now Lord gyve hire sorwe!

And alle that maynteneth hire men,

Meschaunce hem bitide!

For povere men may have no power

To pleyne hem, though thei smerte.

Swich a maister is Mede

Among men of goode."

Thanne mournede Mede,

And mened hire to the kynge

To have space to speke,

1700

Spede if she myghte.

The kyng graunted hire grace,

With a good wille,

"Excuse thee, if thow kanst;

I kan na-moore seggen.

For Conscience accuseth thee,

To congeien thee for evere."

"Nay, lord," quod that lady,

"Leveth hym the werse,

Whan ye witen witterly

1710

Wher the wrong liggeth.

Ther that meschief is gret,

Mede may helpe.

And thow knowest, Conscience,

I kam noght to chide

Ne deprave thi persone,

With a proud herte.

Wel thow woost, wernarde,

But if thow wolt gabbe,

Thow hast hanged on myn half

1720

Ellevene tymes,

And also griped my gold,

Gyve it where thee liked;

And whi thow wrathest thee now,

Wonder me thynketh.

Yet I may as I myghte

Menske thee with giftes,

And mayntene thi manhode

Moore than thow knowest.

"Ac thow hast famed me foule

1730

Bifore the kyng here;

For killed I nevere no kyng

Ne counseiled therafter,

Ne dide as thow demest

I do it on the kynge.

"In Normandie was he noght

Noyed for my sake;

Ac thow thiself soothly

Shamedest hym ofte,

Crope into a cabane

1740

For cold of thi nayles,

Wendest that wynter

Wolde han y-lasted evere,

And dreddest to be ded

For a dym cloude,

And hyedest homward

For hunger of thi wombe.

"Withouten pité, pilour,

Povere men thow robbedest;

And bere hire bras at thi bak

1750

To Caleis to selle,

Ther I lafte with my lord,

His lif for to save.

I made his men murye,

And mournynge lette;

I batred hem on the bak,

And boldede hire hertes,

And dide hem hoppe for hope

To have me at wille.

Hadde I ben marchal of his men,

1760

By Marie of hevene!

I dorste have leyd my lif,

And no lasse wedde,

He sholde have be lord of that lond

In lengthe and in brede,

And also kyng of that kith

His kyn for to helpe,

The leeste brol of his blood

A barones piere.

"Cowardly thow, Conscience,

1770

Conseiledest hym thennes,

To leven his lordshipe

For a litel silver,

That is the richeste reaume

That reyn over-hoveth.

"It bi-cometh to a kyng

That kepeth a reaume,

To yeve mede to men,

That mekely hym serveth,

To aliens and to alle men,

1780

To honouren hem with giftes;

Mede maketh hym bi-loved

And for a man holden.

"Emperours and erles,

And alle manere lordes,

For giftes han yonge men

To renne and to ryde.

"The pope and alle the prelates

Presentz underfongen,

And medeth men hemselven

1790

To mayntene hir lawes.

"Sergeauntz for hire servyce,

We seeth wel the sothe,

Taken mede of hir maistres,

As thei mowe acorde.

"Beggeres for hir biddynge,

Bidden men mede.

"Mynstrales for hir myrthe,

Mede thei aske.

"The kyng hath mede of his men,

1800

To make pees in londe.

"Men that teche children,

Craven after mede.

"Preestes that prechen the peple

To goode, asken mede,

And massepens and hire mete

At the meel-tymes.

"Alle kynne craftes men

Craven mede for hir prentices.

"Marchauntz and Mede

1810

Mote nede go togideres.

No wight, as I wene,

Withouten mede may libbe."

Quod the kyng to Conscience,

"By Crist! as me thynketh,

Mede is well worthi

The maistrie to have."

"Nay," quod Conscience to the kyng,

And kneled to the erthe,

"Ther are two manere of medes,

1820

My lord, with youre leve.

"That oon God of his grace

Graunteth in his blisse

To tho that wel werchen,

While thei ben here;

The prophete precheth therof,

And putte it in the Sauter,

=

Domine, quis habitabit in tabernaculo tuo?

"Lord, who shal wonye in thi wones,

1830

And with thyne holy seintes,

Or resten in thyne holy hilles?

This asketh David;

And David assoileth it hymself,

As the Sauter telleth.

=

Qui ingreditur sine macula et operatur justitiam.

"Tho that entren of o colour,

And of one wille,

And han y-wroght werkes

1840

With right and with reson;

And he that useth noght

The lyf of usurie,

And enformeth povere men,

And pursueth truthe.

Qui pecuniam suam non dedit ad

=

usuram, et munera super innoc. etc.

"And alle that helpen the innocent,

And holden with the rightfulle,

1850

Withouten mede doth hem good,

And the truthe helpeth,

Swiche manere men, my lord,

Shul have this firste mede

Of God at a gret nede,

Whan thei gon hennes.

"Ther is another mede mesurelees,

That maistres desireth,

To mayntene mysdoers

Mede thei take,

1860

And therof seith the Sauter

In a salmes ende,

In quorum manibus iniquitates

sunt, dextra eorum repleta est

muneribus.

"And he that gripeth hir gold,

So me God helpe!

Shal abien it bittre,

Or the book lieth.

"Preestes and persons

1870

That plesynge desireth,

That taken mede and moneie

For masses that thei syngeth,

Taken hire mede here,

As Mathew us techeth.

=

Amen, Amen, recipiebant mercede suam.

"That laborers and lowe folk

Taken of hire maistres,

It is no manere mede,

1880

But a mesurable hire.

"In marchaundise is no mede,

I may it wel avowe,

It is a permutacion apertly,

A penyworth for another.

"Ac reddestow nevere Regum?

Thow recrayed Mede,

Whi the vengeaunce fel

On Saul and on his children?

God sente to Saul

1890

By Samuel the prophete,

That Agag of Amalec,

And al his peple after,

Sholden deye for a dede

That doon hadde hire eldres.

"For-thi seide Samuel to Saul,

'God hymself hoteth

Thee be buxom at his biddynge,

His wil to fulfille;

Weend to Amalec with thyn oost,

1900

And what thow fyndest there sle it,

Burnes and beestes

Bren hem to dethe,

Widwes and wyves,

Wommen and children,

Moebles and un-moebles,

And al thow myght fynde,

Bren it, bere it noght awey,

Be it never so riche,

For mede ne for monee,

1910

Loke thow destruye it,

Spille it and spare it noght,

Thow shalt spede the bettre.'

"And for he coveited hir catel,

And the kyng spared,

Forbar hym and his beestes bothe,

As the Bible witnesseth,

Oother wise than he was

Warned of the prophete,

God seide to Samuel

1920

That Saul sholde deye,

And al his seed for that synne

Shenfulliche ende.

Swich a meschief Mede made

Saul the kyng to have,

That God hated hym for evere,

And alle hise heires after.

"The culorum of this cas

Kepe I noght to telle,

On aventure it noyed men,

1930

Noon ende wol I make,

For so is this world went

With hem that han power,

That who so seith hem sothest

Is sonnest y-blamed.

"Conscience knowe this,

For kynde wit it me taughte,

That Reson shal regne

And reaumes governe,

And right as Agag hadde,

1940

Happe shul somme,

Samuel shal sleen hym,

And Saul shal be blamed,

And David shal be diademed,

And daunten hem alle;

And oon cristene kyng

Kepen hem alle.

Shal na-moore Mede

Be maister, as she is nouthe;

Ac love and lowenesse

1950

And leautee togideres,

Thise shul ben maistres on moolde,

Truthe to save.

"And who so trespaseth ayein truthe,

Or taketh ayein his wille,

Leauté shal don hym lawe,

And no lif ellis;

Shall no sergeaunt for his service

Were a silk howve,

Ne no pelure in his cloke

1960

For pledynge at the barre.

Mede of mysdoeres

Maketh manye lordes,

And over lordes lawes

Ruleth the reaumes.

"Ac kynde love shal come yit,

And conscience togideres,

And make of lawe a laborer;

Swich love shal arise,

And swich a pees among the peple,

1970

And a perfit truthe,

That Jewes shul wene in hire wit,

And wexen wonder glade,

That Moyses or Messie

Be come into this erthe,

And have wonder in hire hertes

That men beth so trewe.

"Alle that beren baselarde,

Brood swerd or launce,

Ax outher hachet,

1980

Or any wepene ellis,

Shal be demed to the deeth,

But if he do it smythye

Into sikel or to sithe,

To shaar or to kultour;

=

Conflabunt gladios suos in vomeres, etc.

"Ech man to pleye with a plow,

Pykoise or spade,

Spynne or sprede donge,

1990

Or spille hymself with sleuthe.

"Preestes and persons

With Placebo to hunte,

And dyngen upon David

Eche day til eve.

Huntynge or haukynge

If any of hem use,

His boost of his benefice

Worth by-nomen hym after.

Shal neither kyng ne knyght,

2000

Constable ne meire,

Overlede the commune,

Ne to the court sompne,

Ne putte hem in panel

To doon hem plighte hir truthe;

But after the dede that is doon

Oon doom shal rewarde,

Mercy or no mercy,

As truthe wole acorde.

"Kynges court and commune court,

2010

Consistorie and chapitle,

Al shal be but oon court,

And oon baron be justice.

Thanne worth Trewe-tonge a tidy man

That tened me nevere;

Batailles shul none be,

Ne no man bere wepene;

And what smyth that any smytheth,

Be smyte therwith to dethe.

Non levabit gens contra gentem

2020

gladium, etc.

"And er this fortune falle,

Fynde men shul the worste,

By sixe sonnes and a shipe,

And half a shef of arwes,

And the myddel of a moone,

Shal make the Jewes to torne,

And Sarzynes for that sighte

Shul synge Gloria in excelsis, etc.

For Makometh and Mede

2030

Mys-happe shul that tyme,

=

For melius est bonum nomen quam divitiæ multæ."

Al so wroth as the wynd

Weex Mede in a while,

"I kan no Latyn," quod she,

"Clerkes wite the sothe;

Se what Salomon seith

In Sapience bokes,

That thei that gyven giftes

2040

The victorie wynneth,

And moost worshipe hadde therwith

As holy writ telleth:

=

Honorem adquiret qui dat munera, etc.

"Leve wel, lady," quod Conscience,

"That thi Latyn be trewe;

Ac thow art lik a lady

That radde a lesson ones,

Was omnia probate,

2050

And that plesed hire herte;

For that lyne was no lenger

At the leves ende.

Hadde she loked that oother half,

And the leef torned,

She sholde have founden fele wordes

Folwynge therafter,

Quod bonum est tenete;

Truthe that text made.

And so ferde ye, madame,

2060

Ye kouthe na-moore fynde,

Tho ye loked on Sapience

Sittynge in youre studie.

This text that ye han told

Were good for lordes;

Ac yow fayled a konnynge clerk

That kouthe the leef han torned.

And if ye seche Sapience eft,

Fynde shul ye that folweth,

A ful teneful text

2070

To hem that taketh mede;

=

And that is animam autem aufert accipientium, etc.,

And that is the tail of the text;

Of that that she shewed,

That theigh we wynne worshipe,

And with mede have victorie,

The soule that the sonde taketh

2078

By so muche is bounde."

Passus Quartus de Visione, ut supra.

"

2079

ESSETH," seith the kyng,

"I suffre yow no lenger;

Ye shul saughtne for sothe,

And serve me bothe.

Kis hire," quod the kyng,

"Conscience, I hote."

"Nay, by Crist!" quod Conscience,

"Congeye me er for evere,

But Reson rede me therto,

Rather wol I deye."

"And I comaunde thee," quod the kyng,

2090

To Conscience thanne,

"Rape thee to ryde,

And Reson thow fecche;

Comaunde hym that he come

My counseil to here,

For he shal rule my reaume

And rede me the beste,

And acounte with thee, Conscience,

So me Crist helpe!

How thow lernest the peple,

2100

The lered and the lewed."

"I am fayn of that foreward,"

Seide the freke thanne,

And ryt right to Reson,

And rouneth in his ere,

And seide as the kyng bad,

And sithen took his leve.

"I shal arraye me to ryde," quod Reson,

"Reste thee a while."

And called Caton his knave,

2110

Curteis of speche,

And also Tomme Trewe-tonge,—

"Tel me no tales,

Ne lesynge to laughen of,

For I loved hem nevere;

And set my sadel upon Suffre,

Til I se my tyme,

And lat warroke hym wel

With witty-wordes gerthes,

And hange on hym the hevy brydel

2120

To holde his heed lowe,

For he wol make 'wehee!'

Twies er he be there."

Thanne Conscience upon his capul

Carieth forth faste,

And Reson with hym ryt,

Rownynge togideres,

Whiche maistries Mede

Maketh on this erthe.

Oon Waryn Wisdom,

2130

And Witty his feere,

Folwed hym faste,

For thei hadde to doone

In th'escheker and in the chauncerye,

To ben descharged of thynges;

And riden faste, for Reson sholde

Rede hem the beste,

For to save hem for silver

From shame and from harmes.

And Conscience knew hem wel,

2140

Thei loved coveitise;

And bad Reson ryde faste,

And recche of hir neither.

"Ther are wiles in hire wordes,

And with Mede thei dwelleth;

Ther as wrathe and wranglynge is,

Ther wynne thei silver;

Ac where is love and leautee,

Thei wol noght come there.

Contritio et infelicitas in viis eorum,

2150

etc.

"Thei ne yeveth noght of God

One goose wynge.

=

Non est timor Dei ante oculos eorum, etc.

"For woot God thei wolde do moore

For a dozeyne chicknes,

Or as manye capons,

Or for a seem of otes,

Than for the love of oure Lord,

2160

Or alle hise leeve seintes.

For-thi Reson lat hem ride,

Tho riche by hemselve,

For Conscience knoweth hem noght,

Ne Crist, as I trowe."

And thanne Reson rood faste

The righte heighe gate,

As Conscience hym kenned,

Til thei come to the kynge.

Curteisly the kyng thanne

2170

Com ayeins Reson,

And bitwene hymself and his sone

Sette hym on benche;

And wordeden wel wisely

A gret while togideres.

And thanne com Pees into parlement,

And putte forth a bille,

How Wrong ayeins his wille

Hadde his wif taken,

And how he ravysshede Rose

2180

Reginaldes loove,

And Margrete of hir maydenhede

Maugree hire chekes.

"Bothe my gees and my grys

Hise gadelynges feccheth,

I dar noght for fere of hem

Fighte ne chide.

He borwed of me Bayard,

He broughte hym hom nevere,

Ne no ferthyng therfore,

2190

For ought I koude plede.

He maynteneth hise men

To murthere myne hewen,

Forstalleth my feires,

And fighteth in my chepyng,

And breketh up my bernes dore,

And bereth awey my whete,

And taketh me but a taillé

For ten quarters of otes;

And yet he beteth me therto,

2200

And lyth by my mayde.

I am noght hardy for hym

Unnethe to loke."

The kyng knew he seide sooth,

For Conscience hym tolde

That Wrong was a wikked luft,

And wroghte muche sorwe.

Wrong was afered thanne,

And Wisdom he soughte,

To maken pees with hise pens;

2210

And profred hym manye,

And seide, "Hadde I love of my lord the kyng,

Litel wolde I recche,

Theigh Pees and his power

Pleyned hym evere."

Tho wente Wisdom

And sire Waryn the Witty,

For that Wrong hadde y-wroght

So wikked a dede,

And warnede Wrong tho

2220

With swich a wis tale,

"Who so wercheth by wille,

Wrathe maketh ofte;

I sey it by myself,

Thow shalt it wel fynde;

But if Mede it make,

Thi meschief is uppe,

For bothe thi lif and thi lond

Lyth in his grace."

Thanne wowede Wrong

2230

Wisdom ful yerne,

To maken pees with his pens,

Handy dandy payed.

Wisdom and Wit thanne

Wenten togidres,

And token Mede myd hem

Mercy to wynne.

Pees putte forth his heed,

And his panne blody,

"Withouten gilt, God it woot,

2240

Gat I this scathe;

Conscience and the commune

Knowen the sothe."

Ac Wisdom and Wit

Were aboute faste,

To overcomen the kyng

With catel, if thei myghte.

The kyng swor by Crist,

And by his crowne bothe,

That Wrong for hise werkes

2250

Sholde wo tholie;

And comaundede a constable

To casten hym in irens,

And lete hym noght thise seven yer

Seen his feet ones.

"God woot," quod Wisdom,

"That were noght the beste;

And he amendes nowe make,

Lat maynprise hym have,

And be borgh for his bale,

2260

And buggen hym boote,

And so amenden that is mys-do

And evere moore the bettre."

Wit acorded therwith,

And seide the same,

"Bettre is that boote

Bale a-doun brynge,

Than bale be y-bet,

And boote never the bettre."

And thanne gan Mede to mengen hire,

2270

And mercy she bi-soughte,

And profrede Pees a present

Al of pure golde:

"Have this, man, of me," quod she,

"To amenden thi scathe,

For I wol wage for Wrong

He wol do so na-moore."

Pitously Pees thanne

Preyde to the kynge,

To have mercy on that man

2280

That mys-dide hym so ofte;

"For he hath waged me wel,

As Wisdom hym taughte,

And I forgyve hym that gilt

With a good wille,

So that the kyng assente,

I kan seye no bettre;

For Mede hath me amendes maad,

I may na-moore axe."

"Nay," quod the kyng tho,

2290

"So me Crist helpe!

Wrong wendeth noght so a-wey,

Erst wole I wite moore.

For lope he so lightly,

Laughen he wolde;

And eft the boldere be

To bete myne hewen;

But Reson have ruthe on hym,

He shal reste in my stokkes;

And that as longe as he lyveth,

2300

But lownesse hym borwe."

Som men radde Reson tho

To have ruthe on that shrewe,

And for to counseille the kyng,

And Conscience after;

That Mede moste be maynpernour

Reson thei bi-soughte.

"Reed me noght," quod Reson,

"No ruthe to have,

Til lordes and ladies

2310

Loven alle truthe,

And haten alle harlotrie,

To heren or to mouthen it.

"Til Parnelles purfille

Be put in hire hucche,

And childrene cherissynge

Be chastynge with yerdes,

And harlottes holynesse

Be holden for an hyne.

"Til clerkene coveitise be

2320

To clothe the povere and fede,

And religiouse romeris

Recordare in hir cloistres,

As seynt Beneyt hem bad,

Bernard and Fraunceis,

And til prechours prechynge

Be preved on hemselve.

"Til the kynges counseil

Be the commune profit,

Til bisshopes bayardes

2330

Ben beggeris chaumbres,

Hire haukes and hire houndes

Help to povere religious.

"And til seint James be sought

There I shal assigne,

That no man go to Galis

But if he go for evere;—

And alle Rome renneres,

For robberes biyonde,

Bere no silver over see

2340

That signe of kyng sheweth,

Neither grave ne ungrave,

Gold neither silver,

Upon forfeture of that fee,

Who so fynt it at Dovere,

But if he be marchaunt or his man,

Or messager with lettres,

Provysour or preest,

Or penaunt for hise synnes.

"And yet," quod Reson, "by the Rode!

2350

I shal no ruthe have,

While Mede hath the maistrie

In this moot-halle.

Ac I may shewe ensamples,

As I se outher while,

I seye it by myself," quod he,

"And it so were

That I were kyng with coroune

To kepen a reaume,

Sholde nevere Wrong in this world,

2360

That I wite myghte,

Ben unpunysshed in my power,

For peril of my soule,

Ne gete my grace for giftes,

So me God save!

Ne for no mede have mercy,

But mekenesse it make;

For nullum malum the man

Mette with inpunitum,

And bad nullum bonum

2370

Be irremuneratum.

"Lat youre confessour, sire kyng,

Construe this unglosed;

And if ye werchen it in werk,

I wedde myne eris,

That lawe shal ben a laborer

And lede a-feld donge,

And love shal lede thi lond,

As the leef liketh."

Clerkes that were confessours

2380

Coupled hem togideres,

Al to construe this clause,

And for the kynges profit,

Ac noght for confort of the commune,

Ne for the kynges soule;

For I seigh Mede in the moot-halle

On men of lawe wynke,

And thei laughynge lope to hire,

And left Reson manye.

Waryn Wisdom

2390

Wynked upon Mede,

And seide, "Madame, I am youre man,

What so my mouth jangle;

I falle in floryns," quod that freke,

"And faile speche ofte."

Alle rightfulle recordede

That Reson truthe tolde;

And Wit acorded therwith,

And comendede hise wordes,

And the mooste peple in the halle,

2400

And manye of the grete,

And leten Mekenesse a maister,

And Mede a mansed sherewe.

Love leet of hire light,

And leauté yet lasse,

And seiden it so heighe

That al the halle it herde,

"Who so wilneth hire to wif,

For welthe of hire goodes,

But he be knowe for a cokewold,

2410

Kut of my nose."

Mede mornede tho,

And made hevy chere,

For the mooste commune of that court

Called hire an hore.

Ac a sisour and a somonour

Sued hire faste,

And a sherreves clerk

Bisherewed at the route;

"For ofte have I," quod he,

2420

"Holpen yow at the barre,

And yet yeve ye me nevere

The worth of a risshe."

The kyng callede Conscience,

And afterward Reson,

And recordede that Reson

Hadde rightfully shewed;

And modiliche upon Mede

With myght the kyng loked;

And gan wexe wroth with lawe,

2430

For Mede almoost hadde shent it;

And seide, "thorugh lawe, as I leve!

I lese manye eschetes;

Mede overmaistreth lawe,

And muche Truthe letteth.

Ac Reson shal rekene with yow,

If I regne any while,

And deme yow bi this day,

As ye han deserved.

Mede shal noght maynprise yow,

2440

By the Marie of hevene!

I wole have leauté in lawe,

And lete be al youre janglyng;

And as moost folk witnesseth wel,

Wrong shal be demed."

Quod Conscience to the kyng,

"But the commune wole assente,

It is ful hard, by myn heed!

Hertoo to brynge it,

Alle youre lige leodes

2450

To lede thus evene."

"By hym that raughte on the rode!"

Quod Reson to the kynge,

"But if I rule thus youre reaume,

Rende out my guttes,

If ye bidden buxomnesse

Be of myn assent."

"And I assente," seith the kyng,

"By seinte Marie my lady!

By my counseil commune,

2460

Of clerkes and of erles;

Ac redily, Reson,

Thow shalt noght ride fro me,

For, as longe as I lyve,

Lete thee I nelle."

"I am al redy," quod Reson,

"To reste with yow evere;

So Conscience be of oure counseil,

I kepe no bettre."

"And I graunte," quod the kyng,

"Goddes forbode ellis!

Als longe as oure lyf lasteth,

2472

Lyve we togideres."

Passus Quintus de Visione, ut supra.

2473

HE kyng and hise knyghtes

To the kirke wente,

To here matyns of the day

And the masse after.

Thanne waked I of my wynkyng,

And wo was withalle,

That I ne hadde slept sadder,

2480

And y-seighen moore.

Ac er I hadde faren a furlong,

Feyntise me hente,

That I ne myghte ferther a foot

For defaute of slepynge,

And sat softely a-doun,

And seide my bileve,

And so I bablede on my bedes,

Thei broughte me a-slepe.

And thanne saugh I muche moore

2490

Than I bifore of tolde,

For I seigh the feld ful of folk,

That I bifore of seide,

And how Reson gan arayen hym

Al the reaume to preche,

And with a cros afore the kyng

Comsede thus to techen.

He preved that thise pestilences

Were for pure synne,

And the south-westrene wynd

2500

On Saterday at even

Was pertliche for pure pride,

And for no point ellis;

Pyries and plum-trees

Were puffed to the erthe,

In ensaumple that the segges

Sholden do the bettre;

Beches and brode okes

Were blowen to the grounde,

Turned upward hire tailes,

2510

In tokenynge of drede

That dedly synne er domes-day

Shal for-doon hem alle.

Of this matere I myghte

Mamelen ful longe;

Ac I shal seye as I saugh,

So me God helpe!

How pertly afore the peple

Reson bigan to preche.

He bad Wastour go werche,

2520

What he best kouthe,

And wynnen his wastyng

With som maner crafte.

He preide Pernele

Hir purfil to lete,

And kepe it in hire cofre

For catel at hire nede.

Tomme Stowne he taughte

To take two staves,

And fecche Felice hom

2530

Fro the wynen pyne.

He warnede Watte

His wif was to blame,

For hire heed was worth half marc,

And his hood noght worth a grote;

And bad Bette kutte

A bough outher tweye,

And bete Beton therwith,

But if she wolde werche.

And thanne he chargede chapmen

2540

To chastizen hir children,

Late no wynnyng hem for-wanye

While thei be yonge,

Ne for no poustee of pestilence

Plese hem noght out of reson.

"My sire seide so to me,

And so dide my dame,

That the levere child

The moore loore bihoveth;

And Salomon seide the same,

2550

That Sapience made,

Qui parcit virgæ, odit filium.

The Englissh of this Latyn is,

Who so wole it knowe

Who so spareth the spring,

Spilleth hise children."

And sithen he prechede prelates

And preestes togideres,

"That ye prechen to the peple,

Preve it on yowselve,

2560

And dooth it in dede,

It shal drawe yow to goode;

If ye leven as ye leren us,

We shul leve yow the bettre."

And sithen he radde Religion

Hir rule to holde;

"Lest the kyng and his conseil

Youre comunes apeire,

And be stywardes of youre stedes,

Til ye be ruled bettre."

2570

And sithen he counseiled the kyng

His commune to lovye;

"It is thi trewe tresor,

And tryacle at thy nede."

And sithen he preide the pope

Have pité on holy chirche,

And er he gyve any grace,

Governe first hymselve.

"And ye that han lawes to kepe,

Lat truthe be youre coveitise,

2580

Moore than gold outher giftes,

If ye wol God plese;

For who so contrarieth Truthe,

He telleth in the gospel,

That God knoweth hym noght,

Ne no seynt of hevene.

Amen dico vobis, nescio vos.

"And ye that seke seynt James,

And seyntes of Rome,

Seketh seynt Truthe,

2590

For he may save yow alle;

Qui cum patre et filio,

That faire hem bi-falle

That seweth my sermon."

And thus seyde Reson.

Thanne ran Repentaunce,

And reherced his teme:

And garte Wille to wepe

Water with hise eighen.

Pernele Proud-herte

2600

Platte hire to the erthe,

And lay longe er she loked,

And "Lord, mercy!" cryde,

And bi-highte to hym

That us alle made,

She sholde unsowen hir serk,

And sette there an heyre,

To affaiten hire flesshe

That fiers was to synne.

"Shal nevere heigh herte me hente,

2610

But holde I wole me lowe

And suffre to be mys-seyd,

And so dide I nevere;

And now I wole meke me,

And mercy biseche,

For al this I have

Hated in myn herte."

Thanne Lechour seide, "Allas!"

And on oure Lady he cryde,

To maken mercy for hise mys-dedes

2620

Bitwene God and his soule;

With that he sholde the Saterday,

Seven yer therafter,

Drynke but myd the doke,

And dyne but ones.

Envye with hevy herte

Asked after shrifte,

And carefully mea culpa

He comsed to shewe.

He was as pale as a pelet,

2630

In the palsy he semed;

And clothed in a kaurymaury,

I kouthe it nought discryve,

In kirtel and courtepy,

And a knyf by his syde;

Of a freres frokke

Were the fore-sleves;

And as a leek that hadde y-leye

Longe in the sonne,

So loked he with lene chekes

2640

Lourynge foule.

His body was to-bollen for wrathe,

That he boot hise lippes;

And wryngynge he yede with the fust,

To wreke hymself he thoughte

With werkes or with wordes,

Whan he seyghe his tyme.

Ech a word that he warpe

Was of a neddres tonge;

Of chidynge and of chalangynge

2650

Was his chief liflode,

With bakbitynge and bismere,

And berynge of fals witnesse.

"I wolde ben y-shryve," quod this sherewe,

"And I for shame dorste;

I wolde be gladder, by God!

That Gybbe hadde meschaunce,

Than though I hadde this wouke y-wonne

A weye of Essex chese.

"I have a neghebore by me,

2660

I have anoyed hym ofte,

And lowen on hym to lordes

To doon hym lese his silver,

And maad his frendes be his foon

Thorugh my false tonge;

His grace and his goode happes

Greven me ful soore.

"Bitwene manye and manye

I make debate ofte,

That bothe lif and lyme

2670

Is lost thorugh my speche.

And whan I mete hym in market

That I moost hate,

I hailse hym hendely,

As I his frend were;

For he is doughtier than I,

I dar do noon oother;

Ac hadde I maistrie and myght,

God woot my wille!

"And whan I come to the kirk,

2680

And sholde knele to the roode,

And preye for the peple

As the preest techeth,

For pilgrymes and for palmeres,

For al the peple after,

Thanne I crye on my knees

That Crist gyve hem sorwe,

That beren awey my bolle

And my broke shete.

"Awey fro the auter thanne

2690

Turne I myne eighen,

And bi-holde Eleyne

Hath a newe cote;

I wisshe thanne it were myn,

And al the web after.

"And of mennes lesynge I laughe,

That liketh myn herte;

And for hir wynnynge I wepe,

And waille the tyme;

And deme that thei doon ille,

2700

There I do wel werse.

Who so under-nymeth me hero

I hate hym dedly after;

I wolde that ech a wight

Were my knave,

For who so hath moore than I,

Than angreth me soore.

And thus I lyve love-lees,

Lik a luther dogge;

That al my body bolneth,

2710

For bitter of my galle.

"I myghte noght ete many yeres

As a man oughte,

For envye and yvel wil

Is yvel to defie.

May no sugre ne swete thyng

Aswage my swellyng?

Ne no diapenidion

Dryve it fro myn herte?

Ne neither shrifte ne shame,

2720

But who so shrape my mawe?"

"Yis redily," quod Repentaunce,

And radde hym to the beste,

"Sorwe of synnes

Is savacion of soules."

"I am sory," quod that segge,

"I am but selde oother,

And that maketh me thus megre,

For I ne may me venge.

"Amonges burgeises have I be

2730

Dwellyng at Londone,

And gart bakbityng be a brocour

To blame mennes ware;

Whan he solde and I nought,

Thanne was I redy

To lye and to loure on my neghebore,

And to lakke his chaffare;

I wole amende this, if I may,

Thorugh myght of God almyghty."

Now awaketh Wrathe,

2740

With two white eighen;

And nevelynge with the nose,

And his nekke hangyng.

"I am Wrathe," quod he,

"I was som tyme a frere,

And the coventes gardyner

For to graffen impes;

On lymitours and listres

Lesynges I ymped,

Til thei beere leves of lowe speche,

2750

Lordes to plese,

And sithen thei blosmede a-brood

In boure to here shriftes;

And now is fallen therof a fruyt,

That folk han wel levere

Shewen hire shriftes to hem,

Than shryve hem to hir persons.

"And now persons han perceyved

That freres parte with hem,

Thise possessioners preche

2760

And deprave freres.

"And freres fyndeth hem in defaute,

As folk bereth witnesse,

That whan thei preche the peple

In many places aboute,

I Wrathe walke with hem,

And wisse hem of my bokes.

Thus thei speken of my spiritualté,

That either despiseth oother,

Til thei be bothe beggers

2770

And by my spiritualté libben,

Or ellis al riche

And ryden aboute.

I Wrathe reste nevere,

That I ne moste folwe

This wikked folk,

For swich is my grace.

"I have an aunte to nonne,

And an abbesse bothe;

Hir hadde levere swowe or swelte,

2780

Than suffre any peyne,

"I have be cook in hir kichene,

And the covent served

Manye monthes with hem,

And with monkes bothe.

I was the prioresse potager,

And othere povere ladies,

And maad hem joutes of janglyng,

That dame Johane was a bastard,

And dame Clarice a knyghtes doughter,

2790

Ac a cokewold was hir sire;

And dame Pernele a preestes fyle,

Prioresse worth she nevere,

For she hadde child in chirie-tyme,

Al our chapitre it wiste.

"Of wikkede wordes

I Wrathe hire wortes made,

Til 'thow lixt' and 'thow lixt'

Lopen out at ones,

And either hite oother

2800

Under the cheke;

Hadde thei had knyves, by Crist

Hir either hadde kild oother.

"Seint Gregory was a good pope,

And hadde a good forwit,

That no prioresse were preest,

For that he ordeyned;

They hadde thanne ben infames the firste day,

Thei kan so yvele hele conseil.

"Among monkes I myghte be,

2810

Ac many tyme I shonye it;

For there ben manye felle frekes

My feeris to aspie,

Bothe priour and suppriour

And oure pater abbas;

And if I telle any tales,

Thei taken hem togideres,

And doon me faste frydayes

To breed and to watre,

And am chalanged in the chapitre hous

2820

As I a child were,

And baleised on the bare ers,

And no brech bitwene.

For-thi have I no likyng

With tho leodes to wonye.

I ete there unthende fisshe,

And feble ale drynke;

Ac outher while whan wyn cometh,

Thanne I drynke wyn at eve,

And have a flux of a foul mouth

2830

Wel fyve dayes after.

Al the wikkednesse that I woot

By any of oure bretheren,

I couthe it in oure cloistre,

That al oure covent woot it."

"Now repente thee," quod Repentaunce,

"And reherce thow nevere

Counseil that thow knowest

By contenaunce ne by right;

And drynk nat over delicatly,

2840

Ne to depe neither,

That thi wille by cause therof

To wrathe myghte turne.

Esto sobrius," he seide,

And assoiled me after,

And bad me wilne to wepe

My wikkednesse to amende.

And thanne cam Coveitise,

Kan I hym naght discryve,

So hungrily and holwe

2850

Sire Hervy hym loked.

He was bitel-browed,

And baber-lipped also,

With two blered eighen

As a blynd hagge;

And as a letheren purs

Lolled hise chekes,

Wel sidder than his chyn

Thei chyveled for elde;

And as a bonde-man of his bacon

2860

His berd was bi-draveled,

With an hood on his heed,

A lousy hat above,

And in a tawny tabard

Of twelf wynter age,

Al so torn and baudy,

And ful of lys crepyng,

But if that a lous couthe

Han lopen the bettre,

She sholde noght han walked on that welthe,

2870

So was it thred-bare.

"I have ben coveitous," quod this caytif,

"I bi-knowe it here,

For som tyme I served

Symme-atte-Style,

And was his prentice y-plight

His profit to wayte.

"First I lerned to lye,

A leef outher tweyne;

Wikkedly to weye

2880

Was my firste lesson;

To Wy and to Wynchestre

I wente to the feyre,

With many manere marchaundise,

As my maister me highte.

Ne hadde the grace of gyle y-go

Amonges my chaffare,

It hadde ben unsold this seven yer,

So me God helpe!

"Thanne drough I me among drapiers,

2890

My donet to lerne,

To drawe the liser along,

The lenger it semed;

Among the riche rayes

I rendred a lesson,

To broche hem with a pak-nedle,

And playte hem togideres,

And putte hem in a presse,

And pyne hem therinne,

Til ten yerdes or twelve

2900

Hadde tolled out thrittene.

"My wif was a webbe,

And wollen cloth made;

She spak to spynnesteres

To spynnen it oute,

Ac the pound that she paied by

Peised a quatron moore

Than myn owene auncer,

Who so weyed truthe.

"I boughte hire barly-malt,

2910

She brew it to selle,

Peny ale and puddyng ale

She poured togideres,

For laborers and for lowe folk

That lay by hymselve.

"The beste ale lay in my bour,

Or in my bed-chambre;

And who so bummed therof,

Boughte it therafter,

A galon for a grote,

2920

God woot, no lesse!

And yet it cam in cuppe-mele,

This craft my wif used.

Rose the Regrater

Was hire righte name;

She hath holden hukkerye

Al hire lif tyme.

Ac I swere now, so thee ik!

That synne wol I lete,

And nevere wikkedly weye,

2930

Ne wikke chaffare use;

But wenden to Walsyngham,

And my wif als,

And bidde the Roode of Bromholm

Brynge me out of dette."

"Repentedestow evere?" quod Repentaunce,

"Or restitucion madest."

"Yis, ones I was y-herberwed," quod he,

"With an heep of chapmen,

I roos whan thei were a-reste

2940

And riflede hire males."

"That was no restitucion," quod Repentaunce,

"But a robberis thefte;

Thow haddest be the bettre worthi

Ben hanged therfore,

Than for al that

That thow hast here shewed."

"I wende riflynge were restitucion," quod he,

"For I lerned nevere rede on boke;

And I kan no Frensshe, in feith,

2950

But of the fertheste ende of Northfolk."

"Usedestow evere usurie?" quod Repentaunce,

"In al thi lif tyme."

"Nay sothly," he seide,

"Save in my youthe

I lerned among Lumbardes

And Jewes a lesson,

To weye pens with a peis,

And pare the hevyeste,

And lene it for love of the cros,

2960

To legge a wed and lese it.

Swiche dedes I dide write,

If he his day breke,

I have mo manoirs thorugh rerages,

Than thorugh miseretur et commodat.

"I have lent lordes

And ladies my chaffare,

And ben hire brocour after,

And bought it myselve;

Eschaunges and chevysaunces

2970

With swich chaffare I dele,

And lene folk that lese wole

A lippe at every noble,

And with Lumbardes lettres

I ladde gold to Rome,

And took it by tale here,

And tolde hem there lasse."

"Lentestow evere lordes,

For love of hire mayntenaunce?"

"Ye, I have lent to lordes,

2980

Loved me nevere after,

And have y-maad many a knyght

Bothe mercer and draper,

That payed nevere for his prentishode

Noght a peire gloves."

"Hastow pité on povere men,

That mote nedes borwe?"

"I have as muche pité of povere men,

As pedlere hath of cattes,

That wolde kille hem, if he cacche hem myghte,

2990

For coveitise of hir skynnes."

"Artow manlich among thi neghebores

Of thi mete and drynke?"

"I am holden," quod he, "as hende

As hound is in kichene,

Amonges my neghebores, namely,

Swiche a name ich have."

"Now God lene thee nevere," quod Repentaunce,

"But thow repente the rather,

The grace on this grounde

3000

Thi good wel to bi-sette,

Ne thyne heires after thee

Have joie of that thow wynnest,

Ne thyne executours wel bi-sette

The silver that thow hem levest;

And that was wonne with wrong

With wikked men be despended.

For were I frere of that hous

Ther good feith and charité is,

I nolde cope us with thi catel,

3010

Ne oure kirk amende,

Ne have a peny to my pitaunce,

So God my soule save!

For the beste book in oure hous,

Theigh brent gold were the leves,

And I wiste witterly

Thow were swich as thow tellest.

Servus es alterius,

Dum fercula pinguia quæris;

Pane tuo potius

3020

Vescere, liber eris.

"Thow art an unkynde creature,

I kan thee noght assoille,

Til thow make restitucion

And rekene with hem alle;

And sithen that Reson rolle it

In the registre of hevene,

That thow hast maad ech man good,

I may thee noght assoile.

Non dimittitur peccatum, donec restituatur

3030

oblatum.

"For alle that han of thi good,

Have God my trouthe!

Ben holden at the heighe doom

To helpe thee to restitue;

And who so leveth noght this be sooth,

Loke in the Sauter glose,

In Miserere mei, Deus,

Wher I mene truthe;

Ecce enim veritatem dilexisti, etc.

3040

Shal nevere werkman in this world

Thryve with that thow wynnest.

Cum sancto sanctus eris;

Construwe me this on Englisshe."

Thanne weex that sherewe in wanhope,

And wolde han hanged hym;

Ne hadde Repentaunce the rather

Reconforted hym in this manere.

"Have mercy in thi mynde,

And with thi mouth biseche it;

3050

For Goddes mercy is moore

Than alle hise othere werkes.

And al the wikkednesse in this world

That man myghte werche or thynke,

Nis na-moore to the mercy of God,

Than in the see a gleede.

Omnis iniquitas quantum ad misericordiam

Dei, est quasi scintilla

in medio maris.

"For-thi have mercy in thy mynde,

3060

And marchaundise leve it;

For thow hast no good ground

To gete thee with a wastel,

But if it were with thi tonge,

Or ellis with thi two hondes.

For the good that thow hast geten

Bigan al with falshede,

And as longe as thow lyvest therwith,

Thow yeldest noght, but borwest.

"And if thow wite nevere to whiche,

3070

Ne whom to restitue,

Ber it to the bisshope,

And bid hym of his grace

Bi-sette it hymself,

As best is for thi soule;

For he shal answere for thee

At the heighe dome,

For thee and for many mo

That man shal yeve a rekenyng,

What he lerned yow in Lente,

3080

Leve thow noon oother,

And what he lente yow of oure Lordes good

To lette yow fro synne."

Now bi-gynneth Gloton

For to go to shrifte,

And karieth hym to kirke-warde

His coupe to shewe;

And Beton the brewestere

Bad hym good morwe,

And asked at hym with that,

3090

Whider-ward he wolde.

"To holy chirche," quod he,

"For to here masse,

And sithen I wole be shryven,

And synne na-moore."

"I have good ale, gossib," quod she,

"Gloton, woltow assaye?"

"Hastow ought in thi purs?" quod he,

"Any hote spices?"

"I have pepir and piones," quod she,

3100

"And a pound of garleek,

And a ferthyng-worth of fenel-seed

For fastynge dayes."

Thanne goth Glotin in,

And grete othes after.

Cesse the souteresse

Sat on the benche;

Watte the warner,

And his wif bothe;

Tymme the tynkere,

3110

And tweyne of his prentices;

Hikke the hakeney-man,

And Hughe the nedlere;

Clarice of Cokkeslane,

And the clerk of the chirche;

Dawe the dykere,

And a dozeyne othere.

Sire Piers of Pridie,

And Pernele of Flaundres;

A ribibour, a ratoner,

3120

A rakiere of Chepe,

A ropere, a redyng-kyng,

And Rose the dyssheres;

Godefray of Garlekhithe,

And Griffyn the Walshe;

And upholderes an heep,

Erly by the morwe,

Geve Gloton with glad chere

Good ale to hanselle.

Clement the Cobelere

3130

Caste of his cloke,

And at the newe feire

He nempned it to selle,

Hikke the hakeney-man

Hitte his hood after,

And bad Bette the bocher

Ben on his syde.

Ther were chapmen y-chose

This chaffare to preise,

That who so hadde the hood

3140

Sholde han amendes of the cloke.

Two risen up in rape,

And rouned togideres,

And preised thise peny-worthes

A-part by hemselve;

Thei kouthe noght by hir conscience

Acorden in truthe,

Til Robyn the ropere

Aroos by the southe,

And nempned hym for a nounpere,

3150

That no debat nere.

Hikke the hostiler

Hadde the cloke,

In covenaunt that Clement

Sholde the cuppe fille,

And have Hikkes hood hostiler,

And holden hym y-served.

And who so repented rathest

Sholde aryse after,

And greten sire Gloton

3160

With a galon ale.

There was laughynge and lourynge,

And "lat go the cuppe;"

And seten so till even-song,

And songen umwhile,

Til Gloton hadde y-glubbed

A galon and a gille.

Hise guttes bigonne to gothelen

As two gredy sowes;

He pissed a potel

3170

In a pater-noster while,

And blew his rounde ruwet

At his rugge-bones ende,

That alle that herde that horn

Held hir noses after,

And wisshed it hadde been wexed

With a wispe of firses.

He myghte neither steppe ne stonde,

Er he his staf hadde;

And thanne gan he to go

3180

Like a gle-mannes bicche,

Som tyme aside,

And som tyme arere,

As who so leith lynes

For to lacche foweles.

And whan he drough to the dore,

Thanne dymmed his eighen;

He stumbled on the thresshfold,

And threw to the erthe.

Clement the cobelere

3190

Kaughte hym by the myddel,

For to liften hym o-lofte;

And leyde hym on his knowes.

Ac Gloton was a gret cherl,

And a grym in the liftyng,

And koughed up a cawdel

In Clementes lappe;

Is noon so hungry hound

In Hertford shire

Dorste lape of that levynges,

3200

So un-lovely thei smaughte.

With al the wo of this world,

His wif and his wenche

Baren hym hom to his bed,

And broughte hym therinne;

And after al this excesse

He hadde an accidie,

That he sleep Saterday and Sonday,

Til sonne yede to reste.

Thanne waked he of his wynkyng,

3210

And wiped hise eighen;

The firste word that he warpe

Was "where is the bolle?"

His wif gan edwyte hym tho,

How wikkedly he lyvede;

And Repentaunce right so

Rebuked hym that tyme,

"As thow with wordes and werkes

Has wroght yvele in thi lyve,

Shryve thee, and be shamed therof,

3220

And shewe it with thi mouthe."

"I Gloton," quod the grom,

"Gilty me yelde,

That I have trespased with my tonge,

I kan noght telle how ofte;

Sworen Goddes soule,

And so me God helpe!

There no nede was,

Nyne hundred tymes.

"And over-seyen me at my soper,

3230

And som tyme at nones,

That I Gloton girte it up

Er I hadde gon a myle,

An y-spilt that myghte be spared

And spended on som hungry;

Over delicatly on fastyng-dayes

Dronken and eten bothe,

And sat som tyme so longe there,

That I sleep and eet at ones.

For love of tales in tavernes

3240

And for drynke, the moore I dyned;

And hyed to the mete er noon,

Whan fastyng-days were."

"This shewynge shrift," quod Repentaunce,

"Shal be meryt to the."

And thanne gan Gloton greete,

And gret doel to make,

For his luther lif

That he lyved hadde;

And avowed to faste,

3250

"For hunger or for thurste,

Shal nevere fyssh on Fryday

Defyen in my wombe,

Til abstinence myn aunte

Have gyve me leeve;

And yet have I hated hire

Al my lif tyme."

Thanne cam Sleuthe al bi-slabered,

With two slymy eighen;

"I moste sitte," seide the segge,

3260

"Or ellis sholde I nappe.

I may noght stonde ne stoupe,

Ne withoute a stool knele;

Were I brought a-bedde,

But if my tail-ende it made,

Sholde no ryngynge do me ryse

Er I were ripe to dyne."

He bigan Benedicite with a bolk,

And his brest knokked,

And raxed and rored,

3270

And rutte at the laste.

"What, awake, renk!" quod Repentaunce,

"And rape thee to shryfte."

"If I sholde deye bi this day,

Me list nought to loke;

I kan noght parfitly my pater-noster,

As the preest it syngeth;

But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood,

And Randolf erl of Chestre;

Ac neither of oure Lord ne of oure Lady

3280

The leeste that evere was maked.

"I have maad avowes fourty,

And foryete hem on the morwe;

I perfournede nevere penaunce

As the preest me highte;

Ne right sory for my synnes

Yet was I nevere.

And if I bidde any bedes,

But if it be in wrathe,

That I telle with my tonge

3290

Is two myle fro myn herte.

I am ocupied eche day,

Haly-day and oother,

With ydel tales at the ale,

And outher while at chirche;

Goddes peyne and his passion

Ful selde thenke I on it.

"I visited nevere feble men,

Ne fettred folk in puttes;

I have levere here an harlotrye,

3300

Or a somer game of souters,

Or lesynge to laughen at

And bi-lye my neghebores,

Than al that evere Marc made,

Mathew, Johan, and Lucas.

And vigilies and fastyng-dayes,

Alle thise late I passe;

And ligge a-bedde in Lenten,

And my lemman in myne armes,

Til matyns and masse be do,

3310

And thanne go to the freres.

Come I to Ite, missa est,

I holde me y-served;

I nam noght shryven som tyme,

But if siknesse it make,

Nought twyes in two yer,

And thanne up gesse I shryve me.

"I have be preest and parson

Passynge thritty wynter,

And yet can I neyther solne ne synge,

3320

Ne seintes lyves rede;

But I kan fynden in a feld,

Or in a furlang, an hare,

Bettre than in Beatus vir,

Or in Beati omnes,

Construe oon clause wel

And kenne it to my parisshens.

I kan holde love-dayes,

And here a reves rekenyng;

Ac in canon nor in decretals

3330

I kan noght rede a lyne.

"If I bigge and borwe aught,

But if it be y-tailed,

I foryete it as yerne;

And if men me it axe

Sixe sithes or sevene,

I forsake it with othes;

And thus tene I trewe men

Ten hundred tymes.

"And my servauntz som tyme

3340

Hir salarie is bi-hynde;

Ruthe it is to here the rekenyng,

Whan we shul rede acountes.

So with wikked wil and wrathe,

My werkmen I paye.

"If any man dooth me a bienfait,

Or helpeth me at nede,

I am unkynde ayeins curteisie,

And kan nought understounden it;

For I have and have had

3350

Som del haukes maneres,

I am noght lured with love,

But ther ligge aught under the thombe.

"The kyndenesse that myn even cristene

Kidde me fernyere,

Sixty sithes I Sleuthe

Have foryete it siththe.

In speche and in sparynge of speche

Y-spilt many a tyme

Bothe flessh and fissh,

3360

And manye othere vitailles,

Both bred and ale,

Buttre, melk, and chese,

For-sleuthed in my service

Til it myghte serve no man.

"I ran aboute in youthe,

And yaf me naught to lerne,

And evere siththe have I be beggere

For my foule sleuthe.

Heu michi! quia sterilem vitam duxi

3370

juvenilem."

"Repentedestow noght?" quod Repentaunce;

And right with that he swowned,

Til Vigilate the veille

Fette water at hise eighen,

And flatte it on his face,

And faste on hym cryde,

And seide, "Ware thee, for Wanhope

Wolde thee bi-traye,

'I am sory for my synnes'

3380

Seye to thiselve,

And beet thiself on the brest,

And bidde hym of grace;

For is ne gilt here so gret

That his goodnesse nys moore."

Thanne sat Sleuthe up,

And seyned hym swithe,

And made a vow to-fore God

For his foule sleuthe.

"Shal no Sonday be this seven yer,

3390

But siknesse it lette,

That I ne shal do me er day

To the deere chirche;

And here matyns and masse,

As I a monk were,

Shal noon ale after mete

Holde me thennes,

Til I have even-song herd,

I bi-hote to the roode!

And yet wole I yelde ayein,

3400

If I so much have,

Al that I wikkedly wan

Sithen I wit hadde.

"And though my liflode lakke,

Leten I nelle,

That ech man ne shal have his,

Er I hennes wende;

And with the residue and the remenaunt,

Bi the Rode of Chestre!

I shal seken Truthe erst

3410

Er I se Rome."

Roberd the robbere

On Reddite loked,

And for ther was noght wherof,

He wepte swithe soore;

Ac yet the synfulle sherewe

Seide to hymselve,

"Crist, that on Calvarie

Upon the cros deidest,

Tho Dysmas my brother

3420

Bi-soughte yow of grace,

And haddest mercy on that man

For memento sake,

So rewe on this robbere

That reddere ne have,

Ne nevere wene to wynne

With craft that I owe;

But for thi muchel mercy

Mitigacion I bi-seche,

Ne dampne me noght at domes-day

3430

For that I dide so ille."

What bi-fel of this feloun

I kan noght faire shewe;

Wel I woot he wepte faste

Water with bothe hise eighen,

And knoweliched his gilt

To Crist yet eft soones,

That Pœnetentia his pik

He sholde polshe newe,

And lepe with hym over lond

3440

Al his lif tyme,

For he hadde leyen by Latro

Luciferis aunte.

And thanne hadde Repentaunce ruthe,

And redde hem alle to knele;

"For I shal bi-seche for alle synfulle

Our Saveour of grace,

To amenden us of oure mysdedes,

And do mercy to us alle."

"Now God," quod he, "that of thi goodnesse

3450

Bi-gonne the world to make,

And of naught madest aught, and man

Moost lik to thiselve,

And sithen suffredest for to synne,

A siknesse to us alle,

And al for the beste, as I bi-leve,

What evere the book telleth.

=

O felix culpa! O necessarium peccatum Adæ! etc.

"For thorugh that synne thi sone

3460

Sent was to this erthe,

And bicam man of a maide,

Mankynde to save:

And madest thiself with thi sone

And us synfulle y-liche

Faciamus hominem ad imaginem

nostram. Et alibi. Qui manet

in caritate, in Deo manet, et

Deus in eo.

"And siththe with thi selve sone

3470

In oure secte deidest,

On Good-Fryday, for mannes sake,

At ful tyme of the daye,

Ther thiself ne thi sone

No sorwe in deeth feledest,

But in oure secte was the sorwe,

And thi sone it ladde.

Captivam duxit captivitatem.

"The sonne for sorwe therof

Lees light of a tyme,

3480

Aboute mydday whan moost light is,

And meel-tyme of seintes,

Feddest with thi fresshe blood

Oure fore-fadres in derknesse.

Populus qui ambulabat in tenebris,

vidit lucem magnam.

"And thorugh the light that lepe out of thee

Lucifer was blent.

And blewe alle thi blessed

Into the blisse of paradys.

3490

"The thridde day after

Thow yedest in oure sute,

A synful Marie the seigh,

Er seynte Marie thi dame;

And al to solace synfulle

Thow suffredest it so were.

Non veni vocare justos sed peccatores

ad pœnitentiam.

"And al that Marc hath y-maad,

Mathew, Johan, and Lucas,

3500

Of thyne doughty dedes

Was doon in oure armes.

=

Verbum caro factum est, et habitavit in nobis.

"And by so muche me semeth

The sikerer we mowe

Bidde and bi-seche,

If it be thi wille,

That art oure fader and oure brother,

Be merciable to us,

3510

And have ruthe on thise ribaudes

That repenten hem here soore,

That evere thei wrathed thee in this world,

In word, thought, or dedes."

Thanne hent Hope an horn

Of Deus, tu conversus vivificabis,

And blew it with Beati quorum

Remissæ sunt iniquitates,

That alle seintes in hevene

Songen at ones.

3520

Homines et jumenta salvabis, quemadmodum

=

multiplicasti misericordiam tuam.

A thousand of men tho

Thrungen togideres,

Cride upward to Crist,

And to his clene moder,

To have grace to go with hem

Truthe to seke.

Ac there was wight noon so wys

3530

The wey thider kouthe,

But blustreden forth as beestes

Over bankes and hilles;

Til late was and longe

That thei a leode mette,

Apparailled as a paynym

In pilgrymes wise.

He bar a burdoun y-bounde

With a brood liste,

In a withwynde wise

3540

Y-wounden aboute;

A bolle and a bagge

He bar by his syde,

And hundred of ampulles

On his hat seten,

Signes of Synay,

And shelles of Galice,

And many a crouche on his cloke,

And keyes of Rome,

And the vernycle bi-fore,

3550

For men sholde knowe

And se bi hise signes

Whom he sought hadde.

This folk frayned hym first,

Fro whennes he come.

"Fram Syny," he seide,

"And fram oure Lordes sepulcre;

In Bethlem and in Babiloyne,

I have ben in bothe;

In Armonye and Alisaundre,

3560

In manye othere places.

Ye may se by my signes,

That sitten on myn hatte,

That I have walked ful wide

In weet and in drye,

And sought goode seintes

For my soules helthe."

"Knowestow aught a corsaint,

That men calle Truthe?

Koudestow aught wissen us the wey,

3570

Wher that wye dwelleth?"

"Nay, so me God helpe!"

Seide the gome thanne,

"I seigh nevere palmere,

With pyk ne with scrippe,

Asken after hym er

Til now in this place."

"Peter!" quod a plowman,

And putte forth his hed,

"I knowe hym as kyndely

3580

As clerk doth hise bokes;

Conscience and kynde wit

Kenned me to his place,

And diden me suren hym sikerly

To serven hym for evere,

Bothe to sowe and to sette,

The while I swynke myghte.

I have ben his folwere

Al this fifty wynter,

Bothe y-sowen his seed,

3590

And suwed hise beestes,

Withinne and withouten

Waited his profit.

I dyke and I delve,

I do that Truthe hoteth;

Som tyme I sowe,

And som tyme I thresshe;

In taillours craft and tynkeris craft,

What Truthe kan devyse,

I weve and I wynde,

3600

And do what Truthe hoteth,

For though I seye it myselfe,

I serve hym to paye;

I have myn hire wel,

And outher whiles moore.

He is the presteste paiere

That povere men knoweth;

He ne withhalt noon hewe his hire,

That he ne hath it at even;

He is as lowe as a lomb,

3610

And lovelich of speche;

And if ye wilneth to wite

Where that he dwelleth,

I shal wisse you witterly

The wey to his place."

"Ye, leve Piers," quod thise pilgrimes,

And profred hym huyre,

For to wende with hem

To Truthes dwellyng-place.

"Nay, by my soules helpe!" quod Piers,

3620

And gan for to swere,

"I nolde fange a ferthyng.

For seint Thomas shryne;

Truthe wolde love me the lasse

A long tyme therafter;

Ac if yow wilneth to wende wel,

This is the wey thider.

"Ye moten go thorugh Mekenesse,

Both men and wyves,

Til ye come into Conscience,

3630

That Crist wite the sothe

That ye loven oure Lord God

Levest of alle thynges,

And thanne youre neghebores next

In none wise apeire,

Other wise than thow woldest

He wroughte to thiselve.

"And so boweth forth by a brook,

Beth-buxom-of-speche,

Til he fynden a ford,

3640

Youre-fadres-honoureth,

Honora patrem et matrem, etc.

Wadeth in that water,

And wasshe yow wel therinne,

And ye shul lepe the lightloker

Al youre lif tyme;

And so shaltow se Swere-noght,-

But-if-it-be-for-nede,-

And-nameliche-on-ydel-

The-name-of-God-almyghty.

3650

"Thanne shaltow come by a croft,

But come thow noght therinne;

That croft hatte Coveite-noght-

Mennes-catel-ne-hire-wyves,-

Ne-noon-of-hire-servauntz-

That-noyen-hem-myghte;

Loke ye breke no bowes there,

But if it be youre owene.

"Two stokkes ther stondeth,

Ac stynte ye noght there,

3660

Thei highte Stele-noght and Sle-noght,

Strik forth by bothe,

And leve hem on thi lift half,

And loke noght therafter,

And hold wel thyn hali-day

Heighe til even.

"Thanne shaltow blenche at a bergh,

Bere-no-fals-witnesse,

He is frythed in with floryns

And othere fees manye;

3670

Loke thow plukke no plaunte there,

For peril of thi soule;

Thanne shul ye see Seye-sooth,-

So-it-be-to-doone,-

In-good-manere,-ellis-noght-

For-no-mannes-biddyng.

"Thanne shaltow come to a court

As cler as the sonne;

The moot is of Mercy

The manoir aboute,

3680

And alle the walles ben of Wit,

To holden Wil oute,

And kerneled wit Cristendom,

Mankynde to save,

Botrased with Bileef-so,-

Or-thow-beest-noght-saved.

"And alle the houses ben hiled,

Halles and chambres,

With no leed but with love,

And lowe speche as bretheren;

3690

The brugg is of Bidde-wel,-

The-bet-may-thow-spede;

Ech piler is of penaunce,

Of preieres to seyntes;

Of almes-dedes are the hokes

That the gates hangen on.

"Grace hatte the gatewarde,

A good man for sothe;

His man hatte Amende-yow,

For many men hym knoweth;

3700

Telleth hym this tokene,

That Truthe wite the sothe;

'I perfourned the penaunce

That the preest me enjoyned,

And am ful sory for my synnes,

And so I shal evere,

Whan I thynke theron,

Theigh I were a pope.'

"Biddeth Amende-yow meke hym

Til his maister ones,

3710

To wayven up the wiket

That the womman shette,

Tho Adam and Eve

Eten apples un-rosted.

Per Evam cunctis clausa est, et per

Mariam virginem patefacta est.

"For he hath the keye and the cliket,

Though the kyng slepe.

And if grace graunte thee

To go in this wise,

3720

Thow shalt see in thiselve

Truthe in thyn herte,

In a cheyne of charité

As thow a child were,

To suffren hym and segge noght

Ayein thi sires wille.

"And be war thanne of Wrathe-thee,

That is a wikked sherewe;

He hath envye to hym

That in thyn herte sitteth,

3730

And poketh forth pride

To preise thiselven.

The boldnesse of thi bienfetes

Maketh thee blynd thanne;

And thanne worstow dryven out as dew,

And the dore closed,

Keyed and cliketted,

To kepe thee withouten;

Happily an hundred wynter

Er thow eft entre.

3740

Thus myghtestow lesen his love

To lete wel by thiselve,

And nevere happily eft entre,

But grace thow have.

"And ther are seven sustren

That serven Truthe evere,

And arn porters of the posternes

That to the place longeth.

"That oon hatte Abstinence,

And Humilité another;

3750

Charité and Chastité

Ben hise chief maydenes;

Pacience and Pees

Muche peple thei helpeth;

Largenesse the lady,

She let in ful manye,

Heo hath holpe a thousand out

Of the develes punfolde;

And who is sib to thise sevene,

So me God helpe!

3760

He is wonderly welcome,

And faire underfongen.

And but if ye be sibbe

To some of thise sevene,

It is ful hard, by myn heed!" quod Piers,

"For any of yow alle

To geten in-going at any gate there,

But grace be the moore."

"Now by Crist!" quod a kutte-purs

"I have no kyn there."

3770

"Nor I," quod an ape-ward,

"By aught that I kan knowe."

"Wite God!" quod a wafrestere,

"Wiste I this for sothe,

Sholde I nevere ferther a foot,

For no freres prechyng."

"Yis," quod Piers the Plowman,

And poked hem alle to goode,

"Mercy is a maiden there

Hath myght over alle;

3780

And she is sib to alle synfulle,

And hire sone also,

And thorugh the help of hem two

Hope thow noon oother,

Thow myght gete grace there,

So thow go bi-tyme."

"Bi seint Poul!" quod a pardoner,

"Peraventure I be noght knowe there;

I wol go fecche my box with my brevettes,

And a bulle with bisshopes lettres."

"By Crist!" quod a commune womman,

"Thi compaignie wol I folwe;

Thow shalt seye I am thi suster,

3793

I ne woot where thei bicome."

Passus Sextus de Visione, ut supra.

"

3794

HIS were a wikkede wey,

But who so hadde a gyde,

That wolde folwen us ech a foot;"

Thus this folke hem mened.

Quod Perkyn the Plowman,

"By seint Peter of Rome!

3800

I have an half acre to erie

By the heighe weye;

Hadde I eryed this half acre,

And sowen it after,

I wolde wende with yow,

And the wey teche."

"This were a long lettyng,"

Quod a lady in scleyre,

"What sholde we wommen

Werche the while?"

3810

"Somme shul sowe the sak," quod Piers,

"For shedyng of the whete;

And ye, lovely ladies,

With youre longe fyngres,

That ye have silk and sandel

To sowe, whan tyme is;

Chesibles for chapeleyns,

Chirches to honoure.

"Wyves and widewes,

Wolle and flex spynneth;

3820

Maketh cloth, I counseille yow,

And kenneth so youre doughtres;

The nedy and the naked,

Nymeth hede how thei liggeth,

And casteth hem clothes,

For so comaundeth Truthe.

For I shal leven hem liflode,

But if the lond faille,

Flesshe and breed bothe

To riche and to poore,

3830

As long as I lyve,

For the Lordes love of hevene;

And alle manere of men

That thorugh mete and drynke libbeth,

Helpeth hym to werche wightliche,

That wynneth youre foode."

"By Crist!" quod a knyght thoo,

"He kenneth us the beste;

Ac on the teme, trewely,

Taught was I nevere;

3840

But kenne me," quod the knyght,

"And by Crist I wole assaye!"

"By seint Poul!" quod Perkyn,

"Ye profre yow so faire,

That I shal swynke and swete,

And sowe for us bothe,

And othere labours do for thi love

Al my lif tyme,

In covenaunt that thow kepe

Holy kirke and myselve

3850

Fro wastours and fro wikked men

That this world destruyeth.

And go hunte hardiliche

To hares and to foxes,

To bores and to brokkes

That breken doun myne hegges;

And so affaite thi faucons

Wilde foweles to kille;

For swiche cometh to my croft,

And croppeth my whete."

3860

Curteisly the knyght thanne

Comsed thise wordes;

"By my power, Piers!" quod he,

"I plighte thee my trouthe,

To fulfille this forwarde,

Though I fighte sholde;

Als longe as I lyve

I shal thee mayntene."

"Ye, and yet a point," quod Piers,

"I preye yow of moore,

3870

Loke ye tene no tenaunt,

But Truthe wole assente;

And though ye mowe amercy hem,

Lat mercy be taxour,

And mekenesse thi maister,

Maugree Medes chekes.

And though povere men profre yow

Presentes and giftes,

Nyme it noght, an aventure

Ye mowe it noght deserve;

3880

For thow shalt yelde it ayein

At one yeres tyme,

In a ful perilous place,

Purgatorie it hatte.

"And mys-bede noght thi bonde-men,

The bettre may thow spede;

Though he be thyn underlyng here,

Wel may happe in hevene

That he worth worthier set,

And with moore blisse.

3890

Amice, ascende superius.

For in charnel at chirche

Cherles ben yvel to knowe,

Or a knyght from a knave there,

Knowe this in thyn herte.

And that thow be trewe of thi tonge,

And tales that thow hatie,

But if thei ben of wisdom or of wit

Thi werkmen to chaste.

Hold with none harlotes,

3900

Ne here noght hir tales,

And namely at the mete

Swiche men eschuwe;

For it ben the develes disours,

I do the to understonde."

"I assente, by seint Jame!"

Seide the knyght thanne,

"For to werche by thi wordes

The while my lif dureth."

"And I shal apparaille me," quod Perkyn,

3910

"In pilgrymes wise,

And wende with yow I wile,

Til we fynde Truthe;

And caste on my clothes

Y-clouted and hole,

My cokeres and my coffes,

For cold of my nailes;

And hange myn hoper at myn hals

In stede of a scryppe.

A busshel of bred corn

3920

Brynge me therinne;

For I wol sowe it myself,

And sithenes wol I wende

To pilgrymage, as palmeres doon,

Pardon for to have.

And who so helpeth me to erie

And sowen here er I wende,

Shal have leve, by oure Lorde!

To lese here in hervest,

And make hem murie thermyd,

3930

Maugree who so bi-gruccheth it.

And alle kynne crafty-men,

That konne lyven in truthe,

I shal fynden hem fode,

That feithfulliche libbeth.

"Save Jagge the jogelour,

And Jonette of the stuwes,

And Danyel the dees-pleyere,

And Denote the baude,

And frere the faitour,

3940

And folk of hire ordre,

And Robyn the ribaudour

For hise rusty wordes.

Truthe tolde me ones,

And bad me telle it after,

Deleantur de libro viventium,

I sholde noght dele with hem,

For holy chirche is hote of hem

No tithe to take;

Qui cum justis non scribantur;

3950

They ben ascaped good aventure,

God hem amende!"

Dame Werch-whan-tyme-is

Piers wif highte;

His doughter highte Do-right-so,-

Or-thi-dame-shal-thee-bete;

His sone highte Suffre-thi-sovereyns-

To-haven-hir-wille,-

Deme-hem-noght,-for-if-thow-doost,-

Thow-shalt-it-deere-abugge.

3960

Lat God y-worthe with al,

For so his word techeth;

For now I am old and hoor,

And have of myn owene,

To penaunce and to pilgrimage

I wol passe with thise othere.

"For-thi I wole er I wende

Do write my biqueste,

In Dei nomine, Amen,

I make it myselve;

3970

He shal have my soule,

That best hath deserved it;

And fro the fend it defende,

For so I bileve,

Til I come to hise acountes,

As my Credo me telleth,

To have a relees and a remission,

On that rental I leve.

"The kirke shal have my caroyne,

And kepe my bones;

3980

For of my corn and catel

She craved the tithe;

I paide it ful prestly,

For peril of my soule.

For-thi is he holden I hope

To have me in his masse,

And mengen in his memorie

Amonges alle cristene.

"My wif shal have of that I wan

With truthe, and na-moore,

3990

And dele among my doughtres,

And my deere children;

For though I deye to day,

My dettes are quyte;

I bar hom that I borwed,

Er I to bedde yede.

"And with the residue and the remenaunt,

By the Rode of Lukes!

I wol worshipe therwith

Truthe by my lyve,

4000

And ben his pilgrym atte plow,

For povere mennes sake.

My plow-foot shall be my pikstaf,

And picche a-two the rotes,

And helpe my cultour to kerve

And clense the furwes."

Now is Perkyn and hise pilgrimes

To the plow faren;

To erie his half acre

Holpen hym manye;

4010

Dikeres and delveres

Digged up the balkes.

Therwith was Perkyn a-payed,

And preised hem faste.

Othere werkmen ther were

That wroghten ful yerne;

Ech man in his manere

Made hymself to doone,

And somme to plese Perkyn

Piked up the wedes.

4020

At heigh prime Piers

Leet the plowgh stonde,

To over-sen hem hymself,

And who so best wroghte

He sholde be hired therafter,

Whan hervest tyme come.

And thanne seten somme,

And songen atte nale,

And holpen ere this half acre

With "How, trolly lolly."

4030

"Now, by the peril of my soule!" quod Piers,

All in pure tene,

"But ye arise the rather

And rape yow to werche,

Shal no greyn that groweth

Glade yow at nede,

And though ye deye for doel,

The devel have that reccheth."

Tho were faitours a-fered,

And feyned hem blynde;

4040

Somme leide hir legges a-liry,

As swiche losels konneth,

And made hir mone to Piers,

And preide hym of grace;

"For we have no lymes to laboure with,

Lord, y-graced be the;

Ac we preie for yow, Piers,

And for youre plowgh bothe,

That God of his grace

Youre greyn multiplie,

4050

And yelde yow for youre almesse

That ye gyve us here;

For we may noght swynke ne swete,

Swich siknesse us eyleth."

"If it be sooth," quod Piers, "that ye seyn,

I shal it soone aspie.

Ye ben wastours, I woot wel,

And Truthe woot the sothe;

And I am his olde hyne,

And highte hym to warne,

4060

Whiche thei were in this world

Hise werkmen apeired.

Ye wasten that men wynnen

With travaille and with tene;

Ac Truthe shal teche yow

His teme to dryve,

Or ye shul eten barley breed,

And of the broke drynke.

"But if he be blynd or broke-legged,

Or bolted with irens,

4070

He shall ete whete breed,

And drynke with myselve,

Til God of his goodnesse

Amendement hym sende.

Ac ye myghte travaille, as Truthe wolde,

And take mete and hyre,

To kepe kyen in the feld,

The corn fro the beestes,

Diken or delven,

Or dyngen upon sheves,

4080

Or helpe make morter,

Or bere muk a-feld.

"In lecherie and in losengerie

Ye lyven, and in sleuthe;

And al is thorugh suffraunce,

That vengeaunce yow ne taketh.

"Ac ancres and heremites

That eten noght but at nones,

And na-moore er the morwe,

Myn almesse shul thei have,

4090

And of catel to kepe hem with,

That han cloistres and chirches.

"Ac Robert Renaboute

Shal noght have of myne,

Ne postles, but thei preche konne

And have power of the bisshope;

Thei shul have payn and potage,

And make hemself at ese,

For it is an unreasonable religion

That hath right noght of certein."

4100

And thanne gan Wastour to wrathen hym,

And wolde have y-foughte;

And to Piers the Plowman

He profrede his glove;

A bretoner, a braggere,

A-bosted Piers als,

And bad hym go pissen with his plowgh,

"For-pynede sherewe!

Wiltow or neltow,

We wol have oure wille

4110

Of thi flour and of thi flesshe,

Fecche whanne us liketh;

And maken us murye thermyde,

Maugree thi chekes."

Thanne Piers the Plowman

Pleyned hym to the knyghte,

To kepen hym as covenaunt was

Fro cursede sherewes,

And fro thise wastours wolves-kynnes

That maketh the world deere;

4120

"For tho wasten and wynnen noght,

And that ilke while

Worth nevere plentee among the peple,

The while my plowgh liggeth."

Curteisly the knyght thanne,

As his kynde wolde,

Warnede Wastour,

And wissed hym bettre,

"Or thow shalt abigge by the lawe,

By the ordre that I bere!"

4130

"I was noght wont to werche," quod Wastour,

"And now wol I noght bigynne;"

And leet light of the lawe,

And lasse of the knyghte;

And sette Piers at a pese,

And his plowgh bothe;

And manaced Piers and his men,

If thei mette eft soone.

"Now, by the peril of my soule!" quod Piers,

"I shal apeire yow alle;"

4140

And houped after Hunger,

That herde hym at the firste,

"A-wreke me of thise wastours," quod he,

"That this world shendeth."

Hunger in haste thoo

Hente Wastour by the wombe,

And wrong him so by the wombe,

That bothe hise eighen watrede.

He buffeted the bretoner

Aboute the chekes,

4150

That he loked lik a lanterne

Al his lif after.

He bette hem so bothe,

He brast ner hire guttes;

Ne hadde Piers with a pese loof

Preyed Hunger to cesse,

They hadde be dolven,

Ne deme thow noon oother.

"Suffre hem lyve," he seide,

"And lat hem ete with hogges,

4160

Or ellis benes or bren

Y-baken togideres,

Or ellis melk and mene ale;"

Thus preied Piers for hem.

Faitours for fere herof

Flowen into bernes,

And flapten on with flailes

Fro morwe til even;

That Hunger was noght so hardy

On hem for to loke,

4170

For a potful of peses

That Piers hadde y-maked.

An heep of heremytes

Henten hem spades,

And kitten hir copes,

And courtepies hem maked,

And wente as werkmen

With spades and with shoveles

And dolven and dikeden,

To dryve awey hunger.

4180

Blynde and bed-reden

Were bootned a thousande,

That seten to begge silver,

Soone were thei heeled;

For that was bake for bayarde,

Was boote for many hungry;

And many a beggere for benes

Buxum was to swynke;

And eche a povere man wel a-paied

To have pesen for his hyre,

4190

And what Piers preide hem to do,

As prest as a sperhauk;

And therof was Piers proud,

And putte hem to werke,

And yaf hem mete as he myghte aforthe,

And mesurable hyre.

Thanne had Piers pité,

And preide Hunger to wende

Hoom unto his owene yerd,

And holden hym there;

4200

"For I am wel a-wroke

Of wastours, thorugh thy myghte.

Ac I preie thee, er thow passe,"

Quod Piers to Hunger,

"Of beggeris and of bidderis

What best be to doone.

For I woot wel, be thow went,

Thei wol werche ful ille;

For meschief it maketh

Thei be so meke nouthe,

4210

And for defaute of hire foode

This folk is at my wille.

"Thei are my blody bretheren," quod Piers,

"For God boughte us alle.

Truthe taughte me ones

To loven hem echone;

And to helpen hem of alle thyng

Ay as hem nedeth.

And now wolde I wite of thee

What were the beste;

4220

And how I myghte a-maistren hem,

And make hem to werche."

"Here now," quod Hunger,

"And hoold it for a wisdom;

Bolde beggeris and bigge

That mowe hir breed bi-swynke,

With houndes breed and horse breed

Hoold up hir hertes;

A-bate hem with benes,

For bollynge of hir wombes;

4230

And if the gomes grucche,

Bidde hem go swynke,

And he shal soupe swetter

Whan he it hath deserved.

"And if thow fynde any freke

That fortune hath apeired,

Or any manere false men,

Fonde thow swiche to knowe;

Conforte hym with thi catel,

For Cristes love of hevene;

4240

Love hem and leve hem,

So lawe of God techeth,

Alter alterius onera portare.

"And alle manere of men

That thow myght aspie,

That nedy ben and noughty,

Help hem with thi goodes;

Love hem and lakke hem noght,

Lat God take the vengeaunce;

Theigh thei doon yvele,

4250

Lat God y-worthe.

Mihi vindictam, et ego retribuam.

"And if thow wilt be gracious to God,

Do as the gospel techeth,

And bi-love thee amonges lewed men,

So shaltow lacche grace;

=

Facite vos amicos de Mammone iniquitatis."

"I wolde noght greve God," quod Piers,

"For al the good on grounde.

4260

Mighte I synne-lees do as thow seist?"

Seide Piers thanne.

"Ye, I bi-hote thee," quod Hunger,

"Or ellis the Bible lieth;

Go to Genesis the geaunt,

The engendrour of us alle:

In sudore and swynk

Thow shalt thi mete tilie,

And laboure for thi liflode,

And so oure Lorde highte.

4270

And Sapience seith the same,

I seigh it in the Bible,

Piger præ frigore

No feeld nolde tilie,

And therfore he shal begge and bidde,

And no man bete his hunger.

"Mathew with mannes face

Mouthed thise wordes,

That servus nequam hadde a mnam,

And for he wolde noght chaffare,

4280

He hadde maugree of his maister

Evere moore after,

And by-nam hym his mnam,

For he ne wolde werche,

And yaf that mnam to hym

That ten mnames hadde;

And with that he seide,

That holy chirche it herde,

He that hath shal have

And helpe there it nedeth;

4290

And he that noght hath shal noght have,

And no man hym helpe,

And that he weneth wel to have

I wole it hym bi-reve.

Kynde wit wolde

That ech a wight wroghte,

Or in dikynge or in delvynge,

Or travaillynge in preieres;

Contemplatif lif or actif lif

Crist wolde thei wroghte.

4300

The Sauter seith in the Psalme

Of Beati omnes,

The freke that fedeth hymself

With his feithful labour,

He is blessed by the book

In body and in soule."

Labores manuum tuarum, etc.

"Yet I preie yow," quod Piers,

"Par charité, and ye konne

Any leef of leche-craft,

4310

Lere it me, my deere;

For some of my servauntz,

And myself bothe,

Of al a wike werche noght,

So oure wombe aketh."

"I woot wel," quod Hunger,

"What siknesse yow eyleth;

Ye han manged over muche,

And that maketh yow grone.

Ac I hote thee," quod Hunger,

4320

"As thow thyn hele wilnest,

That thow drynke no day

Er thow dyne som what.

Ete noght, I hote thee,

Er hunger thee take,

And sende thee of his sauce

To savore with thi lippes;

And keep som til soper-tyme,

And sitte noght to longe,

And rys up er appetit

4330

Have eten his fille.

Lat noght sire Surfet

Sitten at thi borde.

Leve hym noght, for he is lecherous,

And likerous of tunge,

And after many maner metes

His mawe is a-fyngred.

"And if thow diete thee thus,

I dar legge myne eris,

That Phisik shal hise furred hodes

4340

For his fode selle,

And his cloke of Calabre,

With alle the knappes of golde,

And be fayn, by my feith!

His phisik to lete,

And lerne to laboure with lond,

For liflode is swete.

For murthereris are manye leches,

Lord hem amende!

They do men deye thorugh hir drynkes,

4350

Er destynee it wolde."

"By seint Poul!" quod Piers,

"Thise arn profitable wordes!

Wend now, Hunger, whan thow wolt,

That wel be thow evere!

For this is a lovely lesson,

Lord it thee for-yelde!"

"Bi-hote God!" quod Hunger,

"Hennes ne wole I wende,

Til I have dyned bi this day,

4360

And y-dronke bothe."

"I have no peny," quod Piers,

"Pulettes to bugge,

Ne neither gees ne grys,

But two grene cheses,

A fewe cruddes and creme,

And an haver cake,

And two loves of benes and bran

Y-bake for my fauntes;

And yet I seye, by my soule!

4370

I have no salt bacon,

Ne no cokeney, by Crist!

Coloppes for to maken.

"Ac I have percile and porettes,

And manye cole plauntes,

And ek a cow and a calf,

And a cart mare

To drawe a-feld my donge,

The while the droghte lasteth;

And by this liflode we mote lyve

4380

Til Lammesse tyme.

And by that, I hope to have

Hervest in my crofte,

And thanne may I dighte thi dyner,

As me deere liketh."

Al the povere peple tho

Pescoddes fetten,

Benes and baken apples

Thei broghte in hir lappes,

Chibolles and chervelles,

4390

And ripe chiries manye,

And profrede Piers this present

To plese with Hunger.

Al Hunger eet in haste,

And axed after moore.

Thanne povere folk, for fere,

Fedden Hunger yerne,

With grene poret and pesen,

To poisone hym thei thoghte.

By that it neghed neer hervest,

4400

And newe corn cam to chepyng;

Thanne was folk fayn,

And fedde Hunger with the beste,

With goode ale, as Gloton taghte,

And garte Hunger go slepe.

And tho wolde Wastour noght werche,

But wandren aboute,

Ne no beggere ete breed

That benes inne were,

But of coket and cler-matyn,

4410

Or ellis of clene whete;

Ne noon halfpeny ale

In none wise drynke,

But of the beste and of the brunneste

That in burghe is to selle.

Laborers that have no land

To lyve on but hire handes,

Deyned noght to dyne a day

Nyght-olde wortes;

May no peny ale hem paye,

4420

Ne no pece of bacone,

But if it be fresshe flessh outher fisshe,

Fryed outher y-bake,

And that chaud and plus chaud,

For chillynge of hir mawe;

And but if he be heighliche hyred;

Ellis wole he chide,

And that he was werkman wroght

Waille the tyme,

Ayeins Catons counseil

4430

Comseth he to jangle.

=

Paupertatis onus patienter ferre memento.

He greveth hym ageyn God,

And gruccheth ageyn Reson,

And thanne corseth he the kyng,

And al his counseil after,

Swiche lawes to loke

Laborers to greve.

Ac whiles Hunger was hir maister,

4440

Ther wolde noon of hem chide,

Ne stryven ayeins his statut,

So sterneliche he loked.

Ac I warne yow, werkmen,

Wynneth whil ye mowe,

For Hunger hiderward

Hasteth hym faste.

He shal a-wake with water

Wastours to chaste;

Er fyve be fulfilled,

4450

Swich famyn shal a-ryse,

Thorugh flodes and thorugh foule wedres

Fruytes shul faille,

And so seide Saturne,

And sente yow to warne.

Whan ye se the sonne a-mys,

And two monkes heddes,

And a mayde have the maistrie,

And multiplie by eighte,

Thanne shal deeth with-drawe,

4460

And derthe be justice,

And Dawe the dykere

Deye for hunger;

But God of his goodnesse

4464

Graunte us a trewe.

Passus Septimus de Visione, ut supra.

4465

REUTHE herde telle her

And to Piers he sente,

To maken his teme

And tilien the erthe,

And purchaced hym a pardone

4470

A pœna et a culpa,

For hym and for hise heires,

For evere moore after,

And bad hym holde hym at home,

And erien hise leyes.

And alle that holpen hym to erye,

To sette or to sowe,

Or any oother mestier

That myghte Piers availle,

Pardon with Piers Plowman

4480

Truthe hath y-graunted.

Kynges and knyghtes,

That kepen holy chirche,

And rightfully in remes

Rulen the peple,

Han pardon thorugh purgatorie

To passen ful lightly,

With patriarkes and prophetes

In paradis to be felawe.

Bysshopes y-blessed,

4490

If thei ben as thei sholde,

Legistres of bothe lawes,

The lewed therwith to preche,

And in as muche as thei mowe

Amenden alle synfulle,

Arn peres with the Apostles,

This pardon Piers sheweth,

And at the day of dome

At the heighe deys sitte.

Marchauntz in the margyne

4500

Hadde manye yeres,

Ac noon a pœna et a culpa

The pope nolde hem graunte,

For thei holde noght hir hali-dayes

As holy chirche techeth,

And for thei swere by hir soule,

And so God moste hem helpe,

Ayein clene Conscience,

Hir catel to selle.

Ac under his secret seel

4510

Truthe sente hem a lettre,

That thei sholde buggen boldely

That hem best liked,

And sithenes selle it ayein,

And save the wynnyng,

And amende meson-dieux thermyd,

And mys-eise folk helpe,

And wikkede weyes

Wightly amende,

And do boote to brugges

4520

That to-broke were,

Marien maydenes,

Or maken hem nonnes,

Povere peple and prisons

Fynden hem hir foode,

And sette scolers to scole,

Or to som othere craftes,

Releve religion,

And renten hem bettre;

"And I shal sende yow myselve

4530

Seint Michel myn archangel,

That no devel shal yow dere,

Ne fere yow in youre deying,

And witen yow fro wanhope,

If ye wol thus werche,

And sende youre soules in saufté

To my seintes in joye."

Thanne were marchauntz murie,

Manye wepten for joye,

And preiseden Piers the Plowman,

4540

That purchaced this bulle.

Men of lawe leest pardon hadde,

That pleteden for Mede;

For the Sauter saveth hem noght,

Swiche as take giftes,

And nameliche of innocentz

That noon yvel ne konneth.

=

Super innocentem munera non accipies.

Pledours sholde peynen hem

4550

To plede for swiche and helpe;

Princes and prelates

Sholde paie for hire travaille.

=

A regibus et principibus erit merces eorum.

Ac many a justice and jurour

Wolde for Johan do moore

Than pro Dei pietate,

Leve thow noon oother.

Ac he that spendeth his speche,

4560

And speketh for the povere

That is innocent and nedy,

And no man apeireth,

Conforteth hym in that caas

Withouten coveitise of giftes,

And sheweth lawe for oure Lordes love,

As he it hath y-lerned,

Shal no devel at his deeth day

Deren hym a myte,

That he ne worth saaf and his soule,

4570

The Sauter bereth witnesse:

=

Domine, quis habitabit in tabernaculo tuo?

Ac to bugge water, ne wynd,

Ne wit, ne fir the ferthe,

Thise foure the fader of hevene

Made to this foold in commune.

Thise ben Truthes tresores

Trewe folk to helpe,

That nevere shul wexe ne wanye,

4580

Withouten God hymselve.

Whan thei drawen on to deye,

And indulgences wolde have,

Hir pardon is ful petit

At hir partyng hennes,

That any mede of mene men

For hir motyng taketh.

Ye legistres and lawieres,

Holdeth this for truthe,

That if that I lye,

4590

Mathew is to blame,

For he bad me make yow this,

And this proverbe me tolde,

Quodcunque vultis ut faciant vobis

homines, facite eis.

Alle libbynge laborers

That lyven with hir hondes,

That treweliche taken,

And treweliche wynnen,

And lyven in love and in lawe,

4600

For hir lowe hertes

Haveth the same absolucion

That sent was to Piers.

Beggeres ne bidderes

Ne beth noght in the bulle,

But if the suggestion be sooth

That shapeth hem to begge.

For he that beggeth or bit,

But if he have nede,

He is fals with the feend,

4610

And defraudeth the nedy;

And also he bi-gileth the gyvere,

Ageynes his wille;

For if he wiste he were noght nedy,

He wolde gyve that another

That were moore nedy than he,

So the nedieste sholde be holpe.

Caton kenneth me thus,

And the clerc of stories;

Cui des videto,

4620

Is Catons techyng.

And in the stories he techeth

To bistowe thyn almesse.

Sit elemosina tua in manu tua,

donec studes cui des.

Ac Gregory was a good man,

And bad us gyven alle

That asketh for his love

That us al leneth.

Non eligas cui miserearis, ne forte

4630

prætereas illum qui meretur

accipere. Quia incertum est

pro quo Deo magis placeas.

For wite ye nevere who is worthi,

Ac God woot who hath nede;

In hym that taketh is the trecherie,

If any treson walke.

For he that yeveth, yeldeth,

And yarketh hym to reste;

And he that biddeth, borweth,

4640

And bryngeth hymself in dette.

For beggeres borwen evere mo,

And hir borgh is God almyghty,

To yelden hem that yeveth hem,

And yet usure moore.

Quare non dedisti pecuniam meam

ad mensam, ut ego veniam cum

usuris exigere?

For-thi biddeth noght, ye beggeres,

But if ye have gret nede;

4650

For who so hath to buggen hym breed,

The book bereth witnesse,

He hath y-nough that hath breed y-nough,

Though he have noght ellis.

Satis dives est, qui non indiget pane.

Lat usage be youre solas,

Of seintes lyves redyng,

The book banneth beggerie,

And blameth hem in this manere:

Junior fui, et jam senui, et non vidi

4660

justum derelictum, nec semen

ejus, etc.

For ye lyve in no love,

Ne no lawe holde;

Manye of yow ne wedde noght

The womman that ye with deele,

But as wilde bestes with 'wehee!'

Worthen uppe and werchen,

And bryngen forth barnes,

That bastardes men calleth;

4670

Or the bak or som boon

He breketh in his youthe,

And siththe goon faiten with youre fauntes

For evere moore after.

Ther is moore mys-shapen peple

Amonges thise beggeres,

Than of alle manere men

That on this moolde walketh.

And thei that lyve thus hir lif,

Mowe lothe the tyme

4680

That evere thei were men wroght,

Whan thei shal hennes fare.

Ac olde men and hore,

Than help-lees ben of strengthe,

And wommen with childe

That werche ne mowe,

Blynde and bed-reden,

And broken hire membres,

That taken thise myschiefs mekeliche,

As mesels and othere,

4690

Han as pleyn pardon

As the plowman hymselve.

For love of hir lowe hertes,

Oure Lord hath hem graunted

Hir penaunce and hir purgatorie

Here on this erthe.

"Piers," quod a preest thoo,

"Thi pardon moste I rede;

For I wol construe ech clause,

And kenne it thee on Englisshe."

4700

And Piers at his preiere

The pardon unfoldeth;

And I by-hynde hem bothe

Biheld al the bulle,

And in two lynes it lay,

And noght a leef more,

And was writen right thus,

In witnesse of Truthe:

=

Et qui bona egerunt, ibunt in vitam eternam.

4710

Qui vero mala, in ignem eternum.

"Peter," quod the preest thoo,

"I kan no pardon fynde,

But do wel and have wel,

And God shal have thi soule,

And do yvel and have yvel,

Hope thow noon oother,

But after thi deeth-day

The devel shal have thi soule."

And Piers for pure tene

4720

Pulled it a-tweyne,

And seide Si ambulavero in medio

umbræ mortis, non timebo mala,

quoniam tu mecum es.

=

"I shal cessen of my sowyng," quod Piers,

"And swynke noght so harde,

Ne aboute my bely joye

So bisy be na-moore;

Of preieres and of penaunce

4730

My plough shal ben herafter,

And wepen whan I sholde slepe,

Though whete-breed me faille.

"The prophete his payn eet

In penaunce and in sorwe,

By that the Sauter seith,

So dide othere manye;

That loveth God lelly,

His liflode is ful esy.

Fuerunt mihi lacrimæ meæ panes

4740

die ac nocte.

"And but if Luc lye,

He lereth us by foweles,

We sholde noght be to bisy

Aboute the worldes blisse;

Ne soliciti sitis,

He seith in the Gospel,

And sheweth us by ensamples

Us selve to wisse.

The foweles in the feld,

4750

Who fynt hem mete at wynter?

Have thei no gerner to go to,

But God fynt hem alle."

"What!" quod the preest to Perkyn,

"Peter! as me thynketh,

Thow art lettred a litel:—

Who lerned thee on boke?"

"Abstynence the abbesse," quod Piers,

"Myn a.b.c. me taughte;

And Conscience cam afterward,

4760

And kenned me muche moore."

"Were thow a preest," quod he,

"Thou myghtest preche where thou sholdest,

As divinour in divinité,

With Dixit insipiens to thi teme."

"Lewed lorel!" quod Piers,

"Litel lokestow on the Bible;

On Salomons sawes

Selden thow biholdest:

Ejice derisores et jurgia cum eis, ne

4770

crescant, etc."

The preest and Perkyn

Opposeden either oother.

And I thorugh hir wordes a-wook,

And waited aboute,

And seigh the sonne in the south

Sitte that tyme,

Mete-lees and monei-lees

On Malverne hulles,

Musynge on this metels,

4780

And my wey ich yede.

M

ANY tyme this metels

Hath maked me to studie

Of that I seigh slepynge,

If it so be myghte,

And also for Piers the Plowman

Ful pencif in herte,

And which a pardon Piers hadde

Al the peple to conforte,

And how the preest impugned it

4790

With two propre wordes.

Ac I have no savour in songewarie,

For I se it ofte faille;

Caton and canonistres

Counseillen us to leve

To sette sadnesse in songewarie,

For sompnia ne cures.

Ac for the book Bible

Bereth witnesse

How Daniel divined

4800

The dreem of a kyng,

That was Nabugodonosor

Nempned of clerkes.

Daniel seide, "Sire kyng,

Thi dremels bitokneth

That unkouthe knyghtes shul come

Thi kyngdom to cleyme;

Amonges lower lordes

Thi lond shal be departed."

And as Daniel divined,

4810

In dede it fel after;

The kyng lees his lordshipe,

And lower men it hadde.

And Joseph mette merveillously

How the moone and the sonne

And the ellevene sterres

Hailsed hym alle.

Thanne Jacob jugged

Josephes swevene.

"Beau fitz," quod his fader,

4820

"For defaute we shullen,

I myself and my sones,

Seche thee for nede."

It bifel as his fader seide,

In Pharaoes tyme,

That Joseph was justice

Egipte to loke;

It bifel as his fader tolde,

Hise frendes there hym soughte,

And al this maketh me

4830

On this metels to thynke.

And how the preest preved

No pardon to Do-wel,

And demed that Do-wel

Indulgences passed,

Biennals and triennals,

And bisshopes lettres;

And how Do-wel at the day of dome

Is digneliche underfongen,

And passeth al the pardon

4840

Of seint Petres cherche.

Now hath the pope power

Pardon to graunte the peple,

Withouten any penaunce

To passen into hevene;

This is oure bileve,

As lettred men us techeth:

Quodcumque ligaveris super terram,

=

erit ligatum et in cœlis, etc.

4850

And so I leve leelly,

Lordes forbode ellis!

That pardon and penaunce

And preieres doon save

Soules that have synned

Seven sithes dedly;

Ac to truste to thise triennals,

Trewely me thynketh,

Is noght so siker for the soule,

Certes, as is Do-wel.

4860

For-thi I rede yow, renkes,

That riche ben on this erthe,

Upon trust of youre tresor

Triennals to have,

Be ye never the bolder

To breake the .x. hestes;

And namely ye maistres,

Meires and jugges,

That have the welthe of this world

And for wise men ben holden,

4870

To purchace yow pardon

And the popes bulles.

At the dredful dome,

Whan dede shulle rise,

And comen alle to-fore Crist

Acountes to yelde,

How thow laddest thi lif here,

And hise lawes keptest,

And how thow didest day by day,

The doom wole reherce.

4880

A poke ful of pardon there,

Ne provincials lettres,

Theigh ye be founde in the fraternité

Of alle the foure ordres,

And have indulgences double-fold,

But if Do-wel yow helpe,

I sette youre patentes and youre pardon

At one pies hele.

For-thi I counseille alle Cristene

To crie God mercy,

4890

And Marie his moder

Be oure meene bitwene,

That God gyve us grace here,

Er we go hennes,

Swiche werkes to werche

While we ben here,

That after oure deeth-day

Do-wel reherce

At the day of dome,

4899

We dide as he highte.

Passus Octavus de Visione, et incipit Do-wel.

4900

HUS y-robed in russet

I romed aboute

Al a somer seson

For to seke Do-wel;

And frayned ful ofte

Of folk that I mette,

If any wight wiste

Wher Do-wel was at inne;

And what man he myghte be

Of many man I asked.

4910

Was nevere wight, as I wente,

That me wisse kouthe

Where this leode lenged,

Lasse ne moore;

Til it bi-fel on a Friday

Two freres I mette,

Maistres of the menours,

Men of grete witte.

I hailsed hem hendely,

As I hadde y-lerned,

4920

And preide hem par charité,

Er thei passed ferther,

If thei knewe any contree

Or costes, as thei wente,

"Where that Do-wel dwelleth

Dooth me to witene."

For thei be men of this moolde

That moost wide walken,

And knowen contrees and courtes,

And many kynnes places,

4930

Bothe princes paleises

And povere mennes cotes,

And Do-wel and Do-yvele

Wher thei dwelle bothe.

"Amonges us," quod the Menours,

"That man is dwellynge,

And evere hath, as I hope,

And evere shal herafter."

"Contra," quod I as a clerc,

And comsed to disputen,

4940

And seide hem soothly,

"Septies in die cadit justus.

Sevene sithes, seith the book,

Synneth the rightfulle;

And who so synneth," I seide,

"Dooth yvele, as me thynketh;

And Do-wel and Do-yvele

Mowe noght dwelle togideres.

Ergo he nys noght alwey

Amonges yow freres;

4950

He is outher while ellis where

To wisse the peple."

"I shal seye thee, my sone,"

Seide the frere thanne,

"How seven sithes the sadde man

On a day synneth;

By a forbisne," quod the frere,

"I shal thee faire shewe.

Lat brynge a man in a boot

Amydde the brode watre,

4960

The wynd and the water

And the boot waggyng

Maketh the man many a tyme

To falle and to stonde;

For stonde he never so stif,

He stumbleth if he meve,

Ac yet is he saaf and sound,

And so hym bihoveth.

For if he ne arise the rather,

And raughte to the steere,

4970

The wynd wolde with the water

The boot over throwe;

And thanne were his lif lost,

Through lachesse of hymselve.

"And thus it falleth," quod the frere,

"By folk here on erthe;

The water is likned to the world

That wanyeth and wexeth;

The goodes of this grounde arn lik

To the grete wawes,

4980

That as wyndes and wedres

Walketh aboute;

The boot is likned to oure body

That brotel is of kynde,

That thorugh the fend and the flesshe

And the frele worlde

Synneth the sadde man

A day seven sithes.

"Ac dedly synne doth he noght,

For Do-wel hym kepeth;

4990

And that is charité the champion,

Chief help ayein synne;

For he strengheth men to stonde,

And steereth mannes soule,

And though the body bowe

As boot dooth in the watre,

Ay is thi soule saaf,

But if thow wole thiselve

Do a deedly synne,

And drenche so thi soule,

5000

God wole suffre wel thi sleuthe,

If thiself liketh.

For he yaf thee a yeres-gyve,

To yeme wel thiselve,

And that is wit and free-wil,

To every wight a porcion,

To fleynge foweles,

To fisshes and to beestes;

Ac man hath moost therof,

And moost is to blame,

5010

But if he werche wel therwith,

As Do-wel hym teacheth."

"I have no kynde knowyng," quod I,

"To conceyven alle youre wordes;

Ac if I may lyve and loke,

I shal go lerne bettre."

"I bikenne thee Crist," quod he,

"That on cros deyde!"

And I seide, "The same

Save yow fro myschaunce,

5020

And gyve yow grace on this grounde

Goode men to worthe!"

A

ND thus I wente wide wher

Walkyng myn one,

By a wilde wildernesse,

And by a wodes side;

Blisse of the briddes

Broughte me a-slepe,

And under a lynde upon a launde

Lened I a stounde,

5030

To lythe the layes

Tho lovely foweles made.

Murthe of hire mouthes

Made me ther to sleple;

The marveillouseste metels

Mette me thanne

That ever dremed wight

In world, as I wene.

A muche man, as me thoughte,

And lik to myselve,

5040

Cam and called me

By my kynde name.

"What artow?" quod I tho,

"That thow my name knowest."

"That thou woost wel," quod he,

"And no wight bettre."

"Woot I what thow art?"

"Thought," seide he thanne;

"I have sued thee this seven yeer,

Seye thow me no rather."

5050

"Artow Thought," quod I thoo,

"Thow koudest me wisse,

Where that Do-wel dwelleth,

And do me that to knowe."

"Do-wel and Do-bet,

And Do-best the thridde," quod he,

"Arn thre fair vertues,

And ben noght fer to fynde.

Who so is trewe of his tunge,

And of his two handes,

5060

And thorugh his labour, or thorugh his land,

His liflode wynneth,

And is trusty of his tailende,

Taketh but his owene,

And his noght dronklewe ne dedeynous,

Do-wel hym folweth.

"Do-bet dooth right thus:

Ac he dooth muche moore;

He is as lowe as a lomb,

And lovelich of speche,

5070

And helpeth alle men

After that hem nedeth.

The bagges and the bigirdles,

He hath to-broke hem alle,

That the erl Avarous

Heeld and hise heires.

And thus with Mammonaes moneie

He hath maad hym frendes,

And is ronne to religion,

And hath rendred the Bible,

5080

And precheth to the peple

Seint Poules wordes:

Libenter suffertis insipientes, cum

sitis ipsi sapientes.

"And suffreth the unwise

With yow for to libbe;

And with glad wille dooth hem good,

For so God yow hoteth.

"Do-best is above bothe,

And bereth a bisshopes crosse,

5090

Is hoked on that oon ende

To halie men fro helle;

A pik is on that potente,

To putte a-down the wikked

That waiten any wikkednesse

Do-wel to tene.

And Do-wel and Do-bet

Amonges hem han ordeyned,

To crowne oon to be kyng

To rulen hem bothe;

5100

That if Do-wel or Do-bet

Dide ayein Do-best,

Thanne shal the kyng come

And casten hem in irens,

And but if Do-best bede for hem,

Thei to be ther for evere.

"Thus Do-wel and Do-bet,

And Do-best the thridde,

Crouned oon to the kyng

To kepen hem alle,

5110

And to rule the reme

By hire thre wittes,

And noon oother wise

But as thei thre assented."

I thonked Thoght tho,

That he me thus taughte.

"Ac yet savoreth me noght thi seying;

I coveite to lerne

How Do-wel, Do-bet, and Do-best

Doon among the peple."

5120

"But Wit konne wisse thee," quod Thoght,

"Wher tho thre dwelle,

Ellis woot I noon that kan

That now is alyve."

Thoght and I thus

Thre daies we yeden,

Disputyng upon Do-wel

Day after oother;

And ere we were war,

With Wit gonne we mete.

5130

He was long and lene,

Lik to noon other;

Was no pride on his apparaille,

Ne poverte neither;

Sad of his semblaunt,

And of softe chere.

I dorste meve no matere

To maken hym to jangle,

But as I bad Thoght thoo

Be mene bitwene,

5140

And pute forth som purpos

To preven hise wittes,

What was Do-wel fro Do-bet,

And Do-best from hem bothe.

Thanne Thoght in that tyme

Seide thise wordes:

"Where Do-wel, Do-bet,

And Do-best ben in londe,

Here is Wil wolde wite,

If Wit koude teche hym;

And wheither he be man or womman

This man fayn wolde aspie,

And werchen as thei thre wolde,

5153

Thus is his entente."

Passus Nonus de Visione, ut supra, et Primus de Do-wel

"

5154

IRE Do-wel dwelleth," quod Wit,

"Noght a day hennes,

In a castel that Kynde made

Of four kynnes thynges;

Of erthe and of eyr it is maad,

Medled togideres,

5160

With wynd and with water

Witterly enjoyned.

Kynde hath closed therinne

Craftily withalle

A lemman that he loveth

Lik to hymselve;

Anima she hatte.

Ac envye hir hateth,

A proud prikere of Fraunce,

Princeps hujus mundi,

5170

And wolde wynne hire awey

With wiles, and he myghte.

"Ac Kynde knoweth this wel,

And kepeth hire the bettre,

And dooth hire with sire Do-wel,

Is duc of thise marches.

"Do-bet is hire damyselle,

Sire Do-weles doughter,

To serven this lady leelly

Bothe late and rathe.

5180

"Do-best is above bothe,

A bisshopes peere;

That he bit moot be do,

He ruleth hem alle.

Anima, that lady,

Is lad by his leryng.

Ac the constable of that castel,

That kepeth al the wacche,

Is a wis knyght withalle,

Sire Inwit he hatte,

5190

And hathe fyve faire sones

Bi his firste wyve;

Sire Se-wel, and Sey-wel,

And Here-wel the hende,

Sire Werch-wel-with-thyn-hand,

A wight man of strengthe,

And sire Godefray Go-wel;

Grete lordes, for sothe.

Thise fyve ben set

To kepe this lady Anima,

5200

Til Kynde come or sende

To saven hire for evere."

"What kynnes thyng is Kynde?" quod I,

"Kanstow me telle?"

"Kynde," quod Wit, "is a creatour

Of alle kynnes thynges,

Fader and formour

Of al that evere was maked;

And that is the grete God

That gynnyng hadde nevere,

5210

Lord of lif and of light,

Of lisse and of peyne.

Aungeles and alle thyng

Arn at his wille;

Ac man is hym moost lik

Of marc and of shafte;

For thorugh the word that he spak

Woxen forth beestes.

Dixit et facta sunt.

"And made man likkest

5220

To hymself one,

And Eve of his ryb-bon,

Withouten any mene,

For he was synguler hymself;

And seide faciamus,

As who seith moore moot herto

Than my word oone,

My myght moot helpe

Forth with my speche.

Right as a lord sholde make lettres,

5230

And hym lakked parchemyn,

Though he koude write never so wel,

If he hadde no penne,

The lettre, for al the lordshipe,

I leve were nevere y-maked.

"And so it semeth by hym,

As the Bible telleth,

There he seide Dixit et facta sunt,

He moste werche with his word,

And his wit shewe.

5240

And in this manere was man maad,

Thorugh myght of God almighty,

With his word and werkmanshipe,

And with lif to laste.

And thus God gaf hym a goost,

Thorugh the godhede of hevene,

And of his grete grace

Graunted hym blisse,

And that is lif that ay shal laste

To al his lynage after.

5250

And that is the castel that Kynde made,

Caro it hatte,

And is as muche to mene

As man with a soule;

And that he wroghte with werk,

And with word bothe,

Thorgh myght of the magesté

Man was y-maked.

"Inwit and alle wittes

Closed ben therinne,

5260

For love of the lady Anima,

That lif is y-nempned;

Over al in mannes body

He walketh and wandreth.

And in the herte is hir hoom

And hir mooste reste.

"Ac Inwit is in the heed,

And to the herte he loketh;

What Anima is leef or looth,

He lat hire at his wille;

5270

For after the grace of God,

The gretteste is Inwit.

"Muche wo worth that man

That mys-ruleth his Inwit;

And that ben glotons glubberes,

Hir God is hire wombe.

Quorum deus venter est.

"For thei serven Sathan,

Hir soules shal he have.

That lyven synful lif here,

5280

Hir soule is lich the devil;

And alle that lyven good lif

Are lik to God almyghty,

=

Qui manet in caritate, in Deo manet, etc.

"Alas! that drynke shal for-do

That God deere boughte,

And dooth God forsaken hem

That he shoop to his liknesse.

Amen dico vobis, nescio vos. Et alibi:

5290

Et dimisi eos secundum desideria

eorum.

"Fools that fauten Inwit,

I fynde that holy chirche

Sholde fynden hem that hem fauted,

And fader-lese children,

And widewes that han noght wherwith

To wynnen hem hir foode,

Madde men, and maydenes

That help-lese were,

5300

Alle thise lakken Inwit,

And loore bihoveth.

"Of this matere I myghte

Make a long tale,

And fynde fele witnesses

Among the foure doctours;

And that I lye noght of that I lere thee,

Luc bereth witnesse.

"God-fadres and god-modres,

That seen hire god-children

5310

At mys-eise and at myschief,

And mowe hem amende,

Shul have penaunce in purgatorie

But thei hem helpe.

For moore bilongeth to the litel barn,

Er he the lawe knowe,

Than nempnynge of a name,

And he never the wiser.

Sholde no cristene creature

Cryen at the yate,

5320

Ne faille payn ne potage,

And prelates dide as thei sholden.

A Jew wolde noght se a Jew

Go janglyng for defaute,

For alle the mebles on this moolde,

And he amende it myghte.

"Alas! that a cristene creature

Shal be unkynde til another;

Syn Jewes, that we jugge

Judas felawes,

5330

Eyther of hem helpeth oother

Of that that hem nedeth.

Whi nel we cristene

Of Cristes good be as kynde

As Jewes, that ben oure lores-men?

Shame to us alle!

The commune for hir unkyndenesse,

I drede me, shul abye.

"Bisshopes shul be blamed

For beggeres sake.

5340

He is wors than Judas,

That gyveth a japer silver,

And biddeth the beggere go,

For his broke clothes.

Proditor est prælatus cum Juda,

qui patrimonium Christi mimis

distribuit. Et alibi: Perniciosus

dispensator est, qui res

pauperum Christi inutiliter

consumit.

5350

"He dooth noght wel that dooth thus,

Ne drat noght God almyghty;

He loveth noght Salomons sawes,

That sapience taughte.

Initium sapientiæ, timor Domini.

"That dredeth God, he dooth wel;

That dredeth him for love,

And noght for drede of vengeaunce,

Dooth therfore the bettre.

"He dooth best that with-draweth hym

5360

By daye and by nyghte,

To spille any speche

Or any space of tyme.

=

Qui offendit in uno, in omnibus est reus.

"Lesynge of tyme,

Truthe woot the sothe,

Is moost y-hated upon erthe

Of hem that ben in hevene;

And siththe to spille speche,

5370

That spicerie is of grace,

And Goddes gle-man,

And a game of hevene.

Wolde nevere the feithful fader

This fithele were un-tempred,

Ne his gle-man a gedelyng,

A goere to tavernes.

"To alle trewe tidy men

That travaille desiren,

Oure Lord loveth hem and lent

5380

Loude outher stille

Grace to go to hem,

And of-gon hir liflode.

Inquirentes autem Dominum non

minuentur omni bono.

"Trewe wedded libbynge folk

In this world is Do-wel,

For thei mote werche and wynne,

And the world sustene.

For of hir kynde thei come

5390

That confessours ben nempned,

Kynges and knyghtes,

Kaysers and cherles,

Maidenes and martires,

Out of o man come.

The wif was maad the weye

For to helpe werche;

And thus was wedlok y-wroght

With a mene persone,

First, by the fadres wille,

5400

And the frendes conseille;

And sithenes by assent of hemself,

As thei two myghte acorde.

And thus was wedlok y-wroght,

And God hymself it made

In erthe and in hevene,

Hymself bereth witnesse.

"Ac fals folk feyth-lees,

Theves and lyeres,

Wastours and wrecches,

5410

Out of wedlok, I trowe,

Conceyved ben in yvel tyme,

As Caym was on Eve;

Of swiche synfulle sherewes

The Sauter maketh mynde:

=

Concepit in dolore, et peperit iniquitatem, etc.

"And alle that come of that Caym,

Come to yvel ende.

And God sente to Seem,

5420

And seide by an aungel,

'Thyn issue in thyn issue

I wol that thei be wedded,

And noght thi kynde with Caymes

Y-coupled nor y-spoused.'

"Yet some, ayein the sonde

Of oure Saveour of hevene,

Caymes kynde and his kynde

Coupled togideres,

Til God wrathed for hir werkes,

5430

And swich a word seide,

'That I makede man

It me for-thynketh.'

Pœnitet me fecisse hominem.

"And com to Noe anon,

And bad hym noght lette:

'Swith go shape a ship

Of shides and of bordes;

Thyself and thi sones,

And sithen youre wyves,

5440

Busketh yow to that boot,

And bideth ye therinne,

Til fourty daies be fulfild,

That the flood have y-wasshen

Clene awey the corsed blood

That Caym hath y-maked.

"'Beestes that now ben

Shul banne the tyme

That evere that cursed Caym

Coom on this erthe;

5450

Alle shul deye for hise dedes,

By dales and by hulles,

And the foweles that fleen

Forth with othere beestes,

Excepte oonliche

Of ech kynde a couple,

That in thi shyngled ship

Shul ben y-saved.'

Here a-boughte the barn

The bel-sires giltes,

5460

And alle for hir fadres

Thei ferden the werse;

The Gospel is her ayein,

In o degré, I fynde:

Filius non portabit iniquitatem patris,

et pater non portabit iniquitatem

filii, etc.

"Ac I fynde if the fader

Be fals and a sherewe,

That som del the sone

5470

Shal have the sires tacches.

"Impe on an ellere,

And if thyn appul be swete,

Muchel merveille me thynketh;

And moore of a sherewe

That bryngeth forth any barn,

But if he be the same,

And have a savour after the sire;

Selde sestow oother.

Nunquam colligitur de spinis uva,

5480

nec de tribulis ficus.

"And thus thorugh cursed Caym

Cam care upon erthe;

And al for thei wroghte wedlokes

Ayein Goddes wille.

For-thi have thei maugré of hir mariages

That marie so hir children.

For some, as I se now,

Sooth for to telle,

For coveitise of catel

5490

Un-kyndely ben wedded;

As careful concepcion

Cometh of swiche mariages,

As bi-fel of the folk

That I bifore of tolde,

Therfore goode sholde wedde goode,

Though thei no good hadde;

'I am via et veritas,' seith Crist,

'I may avaunce yow alle.'

"It is an uncomly couple,

5500

By Crist! as me thynketh,

To yeven a yong wenche

To an old feble,

Or wedden any wodewe

For welthe of hir goodes,

That nevere shal barn bere

But if it be in hir armes.

Many a peire, sithen the pestilence,

Han plight hem togideres,

The fruyt that brynge forth

5510

Arn foule wordes,

In jelousie joye-lees,

And janglynge on bedde,

Have thei no children but cheeste,

And clappyng hem bitwene.

And though thei do hem to Dunmowe,

But if the devel helpe,

To folwen after the flicche,

Fecche thei it nevere;

And but thi bothe be for-swore,

5520

That bacon thei tyne.

"For-thei I counseille alle cristene

Coveite noght be wedded

For coveitise of catel,

Ne of kyn-rede riche;

Ac maidenes and maydenes

Macche yow togideres,

Wodewes and wideweres

Wercheth the same;

For no londes, but for love,

5530

Loke ye be wedded,

And thanne gete ye the grace of God,

And good y-nough to lyve with.

"And every maner seculer

That may noght continue,

Wisely goo wedde,

And ware hym fro synne;

For lecherie in likynge

Is lyme-yerd of helle.

Whiles thow art yong,

5540

And thi wepene kene,

Wreke thee with wyvyng,

If thow wolt ben excused.

Dum sis vir fortis,

Ne des tua robora scortis;

Scribitur in portis,

Meretrix est janua mortis.

"Whan ye han wyved, beth war

And wercheth in tyme;

Noght as Adam and Eve,

5550

Whan Caym was engendred.

For in un-tyme, trewely,

Bitwene man and womman,

Ne sholde no bourde or bedde be;

But if thei bothe were clene

Bothe of lif and of soule,

And in perfit charité,

That ilke derne dede do

No man ne sholde.

And if thei leden thus hir lif,

5560

It liketh God almyghty;

For he made wedlok first,

And hymself it seide:

Bonum est ut unusquisque uxorem

suam habeat, propter

fornicationem.

"And thei that other gates ben geten

For gedelynges arn holden,

As fals folk fondlynges,

Faitours and lieres,

5570

Ungracious to gete good

Or love of the peple,

Wandren and wasten

What thei cacche mowe,

Ayeins Do-wel thei doon yvel,

And the devel serve;

And after hir deeth day

Shul dwelle with the same,

But God gyve hem grace here

Hemself to amende.

5580

"Do-wel my frend is,

To doon as lawe techeth;

To love thi frend and thi foo,

Leve me, that is Do-bet;

To gyven and to yemen

Bothe yonge and olde,

To helen and to helpen,

Is Do-best of alle.

"And Do-wel is to drede God,

And Do-bet to suffre,

5590

And so cometh Do-best of bothe,

And bryngeth adoun the mody,

And that is wikked wille

That many a werk shendeth,

And dryveth awey Do-wel

5595

Thorugh dedliche synnes."

Passus Decimus de Visione, et Secundus de Do-wel.

5596

HANNE hadde Wit a wif,

Was hote dame Studie,

That lene was of lere,

And of liche bothe;

5600

She was wonderly wroth

That Wit me thus taughte;

And al starynge dame Studie

Sterneliche loked.

"Wel artow wis," quod she to Wit,

"Any wisdomes to telle

To flatereres or to fooles,

That frenetike ben of wittes."

And blamed hym and banned hym,

And bad hym be stille,

5610

With swiche wise wordes

To wissen any sottes.

And seide, "Noli mittere, man,

Margery perles

Among hogges, that han

Hawes at wille;

Thei doon but dryvele theron,

Draf were hem levere

Than al the precious perree

That in paradis wexeth.

5620

I seye it by swiche," quod she,

"That sheweth by hir werkes,

That hem were levere lond

And lordshipe on erthe,

Or richesse, or rentes,

And reste at hir wille,

Than alle the sooth sawes

That Salomon seide evere.

"Wisdom and wit now

Is noght worth a kerse,

5630

But if it be carded with coveitise,

As clotheres kemben hir wolle.

Who so can contreve deceites

And conspire wronges,

And lede forth a love-day

To lette with truthe,

He that swiche craftes can

To counseil is cleped.

Thei lede lordes with lesynges,

And bi-lieth Truthe.

5640

"Job the gentile

In his gestes witnesseth,

That wikked men thei welden

The welthe of this worlde;

And that thei ben lordes of ech a lond

That out of lawe libbeth.

Quare impii vivunt, bene est omnibus

qui prævaricantur et inique

agunt.

"The Sauter seith the same

5650

By swiche that doon ille:

Ecce ipsi peccatores abundantes in

sæculo obtinuerunt divitias.

"Lo! seith holy lettrure,

Whiche beth thise sherewes?

Thilke that God gyveth moost,

Leest good thei deleth;

And moost un-kynde to the commune

That moost catel weldeth.

Quæ perfecisti destruxerunt, justus

5660

autem, etc.

"Harlotes for hir harlotrie

May have of hir goodes,

And japeris and jogelours,

And jangleris of gestes.

"Ac he that hath holy writ

Ay in his mouthe,

And kan telle of Tobye,

And of twelve apostles,

Or prechen of the penaunce

5670

That Pilat wikkedly wroghte

To Jhesu the gentile,

That Jewes to-drowe;

Litel is he loved

That swich a lesson sheweth,

Or daunted or drawe forth,

I do it on God hymselve.

"But thoo that feynen hem foolis,

And with faityng libbeth,

Ayein the lawe of oure Lord,

5680

And lyen on hemselve,

Spitten and spuen,

And speke foule wordes,

Drynken and drevelen,

And do men fer to gape,

Likne men, and lye on hem,

That leneth hem no giftes;

Thei konne na-moore mynstralcie

Ne musik men to glade,

Than Munde the millere

5690

Of Multa fecit Deus.

Ne were hir vile harlotrye,

Have God my trouthe!

Sholde nevere kyng ne knyght,

Ne chanon of seint Poules,

Gyve hem to hir yeres-gyve

The gifte of a grote.

"Ac murthe and mynstralcie

Amonges men is nouthe

Lecherie, losengerye,

5700

And losels tales,

Glotonye and grete othes,

This murthe thei lovyeth.

"Ac if thei carpen of Crist,

Thise clerkes and thise lewed

At mete in hir murthe,

Whan mynstrals beth stille,

Thanne telleth thei of the Trinité

A tale outher tweye,

And bryngen forth a balled reson,

5710

And taken Bernard to witnesse,

And putten forth a presumpcion

To preve the sothe.

Thus thei dryvele at hir deys

The Deitee to knowe,

And gnawen God with the gorge,

Whanne hir guttes fullen.

"Ac the carefulle may crie

And carpen at the yate,

Bothe a-fyngred and a-furst,

5720

And for chele quake;

Is ther noon to nyme hym neer,

His anoy to amende,

But hunten hym as an hound,

And hoten hym go thennes.

Litel loveth he that Lord

That lent hym al that blisse,

That thus parteth with the povere

A percell whan hym nedeth.

Ne were mercy in meene men

5730

Moore than in riche,

Mendinauntz mete-lees

Myghte go to bedde.

God is muche in the gorge

Of thise grete maistres,

Ac amonges meene men

His mercy and hise werkes.

And so seith the Sauter,

I have seighen it ofte:

Ecce audivimus eam in Effrata, invenimus

5740

eam in campis silvæ.

"Clerkes and othere kynnes men

Carpen of God faste,

And have hym muche in the mouth;

Ac meene men in herte.

"Freres and faitours

Han founde swiche questions,

To plese with proude men,

Syn the pestilence tyme;

And prechen at seint Poules

5750

For pure envye of clerkes;

That folk is noght fermed in the feith,

Ne free of hire goodes,

Ne sory for hire synnes;

So is pride woxen,

In religion and in al the reme,

Amonges riche and povere,

That preieres have no power

The pestilence to lette.

And yet the wrecches of this world

5760

Is noon y-war by oother;

Ne for drede of the deeth

With-drawe noght hir pride;

Ne beth plentevouse to the povere,

As pure charité wolde;

But in gaynesse and in glotonye

For-glutten hir good hemselve,

And breketh noght to the beggere

As the Book techeth:

Frange esurienti panem tuum, etc.

5770

And the moore he wynneth and welt

Welthes and richesse,

And lordeth in londes,

The lasse good he deleth.

"Tobye telleth yow noght so,

Taketh hede, ye riche,

How the book Bible

Of hym bereth witnesse.

Si tibi sit copia, abundanter tribue.

Si autem exiguum, illud impertiri

5780

stude libenter.

"Who so hath muche, spende manliche,

So seith Tobye;

And who so litel weldeth,

Rule hym therafter.

For we have no lettre of oure lif,

How longe it shal dure,

Swiche lessons lordes sholde

Lovye to here,

And how he myghte moost meynee

5790

Manliche fynde.

"Nought to fare as a fithelere or a frere,

For to seke festes

Homliche at othere mennes houses,

And hatien hir owene.

Elenge is the halle

Ech day in the wike,

Ther the lord ne the lady

Liketh noght to sitte.

Now hath ech riche a rule

5800

To eten by hymselve

In a pryvee parlour,

For povere mennes sake,

Or in a chambre with a chymenee,

And leve the chief halle

That was maad for meles,

Men to eten inne,

And al to spare to spende

That spille shal another.

"I have y-herd heighe men,

5810

Etynge at the table,

Carpen, as thei clerkes were,

Of Crist, and of hise myghtes;

And leyden fautes upon the fader

That formede us alle,

And carpen ayein clerkes

Crabbede wordes,

Why wolde oure Saveour suffre

Swich a worm in his blisse,

That bigiled the womman,

5820

And the man after,

Thorugh whiche wiles and wordes

Thei wente to helle,

And al hir seed for hir synne

The same deeth suffrede.

"Here lyeth youre lore,

Thise lordes gynneth dispute,

Of that the clerkes us kenneth

Of Crist by the Gospel:

Filius non portabit iniquitatem patris,

5830

etc.

"Why sholde we that now ben,

For the werkes of Adam,

Roten and to-rende?

Reson wolde it nevere.

Unusquisque portabit onus suum, etc.

"Swiche motyves thei mene,

Thise maistres in hir glorie,

And maken men in mys-bileve

That muse muche on hire wordes,

5840

Ymaginatif herafterwarde

Shal answere to hir purpos.

"Austyn to swiche argueres

Telleth this teme:

Non plus sapere quam oportet.

"Wilneth nevere to wite

Why that God wolde

Suffre Sathan

His seed to bigile;

Ac bileveth lelly

5850

In the loore of holy chirche,

And preie hym of pardon

And penaunce in thi lyve,

And for his muche mercy

To amende yow here.

For alle that wilneth to wite

The weyes of God almyghty,

I wolde his eighe were in his ers,

And his fynger after,

That evere wilneth to wite

5860

Why that God wolde

Suffre Sathan

His seed to bigile,

Or Judas to the Jewes

Jhesu bitraye.

Al was as thow woldest,

Lord, y-worshiped be the!

And al worth as thow wolt,

What so we dispute.

"And tho that useth thise hanylons

5870

To blende mennes wittes,

What is Do-wel fro Do-bet,

That deef mote he worthe,

Siththe he wilneth to wite

Whiche thei ben bothe,

But if he lyve in the lif

That longeth to Do-wel.

For I dar ben his bolde borgh,

That do-bet wole he nevere,

Theigh Do-best drawe on hym

5880

Day after oother."

And whan that Wit was y-war

What dame Studie tolde,

He bicom so confus,

He kouthe noght loke,

And as doumb as deeth,

And drough hym arere;

And for no carpyng I kouthe after,

Ne knelyng to the grounde,

I myghte gete no greyn

5890

Of his grete wittes.

But al laughynge he louted,

And loked upon Studie

In signe that I sholde

Bi-sechen hire of grace.

And whan I was war of his wille,

To his wif gan I loute,

And seide, "Mercy, madame,

Youre man shal I worthe

As longe as I lyve,

5900

Bothe late and rathe,

For to werche youre wille

The while my lif dureth,

With that ye kenne me kyndely

To knowe what is Do-wel."

"For thi mekenesse, man," quod she,

"And for thi mylde speche,

I shal kenne thee to my cosyn

That Clergie is hoten.

He hath wedded a wif

5910

Withinne thise sixe monthes,

Is sib to seven artz,

Scripture is hir name.

They two, as I hope,

After my techyng,

Shullen wissen thee to Do-wel,

I dar it undertake."

Thanne was I al so fayn,

As fowel of fair morwe,

And gladder than the gle-man

5920

That gold hath to gifte;

And asked hire the heighe wey

Where that Clergie dwelte,

"And tel me som tokene," quod I,

"For tyme is that I wende."

"Aske the heighe wey," quod she,

"Hennes to Suffre-

Both-wele-and-wo,

If that thow wolt lerne,

And ryd forth by Richesse,

5930

Ac rest thow noght therinne;

For if thow couplest thee therwith,

To Clergie comestow nevere.

"And also the likerouse launde

That Lecherie hatte,

Leve it on thi left half

A large myle or moore,

Til thow come to a court,

Kepe-wel-thi-tunge-

Fro-lesynges-and-lither-speche-

5940

And-likerouse-drynkes.

"Thanne shaltow se Sobretee,

And Sympletee-of-speche,

That ech wight be in wille

His wit thee to shewe;

And thus shaltow come to Clergie,

That kan manye thynges.

"Seye hym this signe,

I sette hym to scole,

And that I grete wel his wif,

5950

For I wroot hire manye bokes,

And sette hire to Sapience,

And to the Sauter glose;

Logyk I lerned hire,

And manye othere lawes,

And alle musons in musik

I made hire to knowe.

"Plato the poete

I putte first to boke,

Aristotle and othere mo

5960

To argue I taughte.

"Grammer for girles

I garte first to write,

And bette hem with a baleys,

But if thei wolde lerne,

"Of alle kynne craftes

I contreved tooles,

Of carpentrie, of kerveres,

And compased masons,

And lerned hem level and lyne,

5970

Though I loke dymme.

"Ac Theologie hath tened me

Ten score tymes;

The moore I muse therinne

The mystier it seemeth,

And the depper I devyne

The derker me it thynketh.

It is no science, for sothe,

For to sotile inne;

A ful lethi thyng it were,

5980

If that love nere;

Ac for it leteth best bi-love,

I love it the bettre.

For there that love is ledere,

Ther lakked nevere grace.

Loke thow love lelly,

If thee liketh Do-wel;

For Do-bet and Do-best

Ben of Loves kynne.

"In oother science it seith,

5990

I seigh it in Caton:

Qui simulat verbis, nec corde est fidus amicus,

Tu quoque fac simile, sic ars deluditur arte.

"Who so gloseth as gylours doon,

Go me to the same;

And so shaltow fals folk

And feith-lees bigile.

This is Catons kennyng

To clerkes that he lereth.

"Ac Theologie techeth noght so,

6000

Who so taketh yeme;

He kenneth us the contrarie,

Ayein Catons wordes.

For he biddeth us be as bretheren,

And bidde for our enemys.

And loven hem that lyen on us,

And lene hem whan hem nedeth,

And do good ayein yvel,

God hymself it hoteth.

Dum tempus habemus, operemur

6010

bonum ad omnes, maxime autem

ad domesticos fidei.

Poul preched the peple

That perfitnesse lovede,

To do good for Goddes love,

And gyven men that asked,

And namely to swiche

As suwen oure bileve,

And alle that lakketh us, or lyeth,

Oure Lord techeth us to lovye.

6020

And noght to greven hem that greveth us,

God hymself forbad it,

Mihi vindictam, et ego retribuam.

"For-thi loke thow lovye,

As longe as thow durest;

For is no science under sonne

So sovereyn for the soule.

"Ac astronomye is an hard thyng,

And yvel for to knowe;

Geometrie and geomesie,

6030

So gynful of speche,

Who so thynketh werche with tho two

Thryveth ful late,

For sorcerie is the sovereyn book

That to tho sciences bilongeth.

"Yet ar ther fibicches in forceres

Of fele mennes makyng,

Experimentz of alkenamye

The peple to deceyve;

If thow thynke to do-wel,

6040

Deel therwith nevere.

"Alle thise sciences I myself

Sotilede and ordeynede,

And founded hem formest

Folk to deceyve.

Tel Clergie this tokene,

And Scripture after,

To counseille thee kyndely

To knowe what is Do-wel."

I seide, "Graunt mercy, madame,"

6050

And mekely hir grette;

And wente wightly awey

Withoute moore lettyng,

And til I com to Clergie

I koude nevere stynte;

And grette the goode man,

As Studie me taughte,

And afterwardes the wif,

And worshiped hem bothe,

And tolde hem the tokenes

6060

That me taught were.

Was nevere gome upon this ground,

Sith God made the worlde,

Fairer under-fongen,

Ne frendlier at ese,

Than myself, soothly,

Soone so he wiste

Than I was of Wittes hous,

And with his wif, dame Studie.

I seide to hem soothly

6070

That sent was I thider,

Do-wel and Do-bet

And Do-best to lerne.

"It is a commune lyf," quod Clergie,

"On holy chirche to bileve,

With alle the articles of the feith

That falleth to be knowe;

And that is to bileve lelly,

Bothe lered and lewed,

On the grete God

6080

That gynnyng hadde nevere,

And on the soothfast Sone

That saved mankynde

Fro the dedly deeth

And devel's power,

Thorugh the help of the Holy Goost,

The which goost is of bothe,

Thre persones, ac noght

In plurel nombre;

For al is but oon God,

6090

And ech is God hymselve.

=

Deus pater, Deus filius, Deus spiritus sanctus.

God the fader, God the sone,

God holy goost of bothe,

Makere of mankynde,

And of beestes bothe.

"Austyn the olde

Herof made bokes,

And hymself ordeyned

6100

To sadde us in bileve.

Who was his auctour?

Alle the foure euvangelistes,

And Crist cleped hymself so,

The euvangelistes bereth witnesse.

"Alle the clerkes under Crist

Ne koude this assoille;

But thus it bi-longeth to bileve

To lewed that willen do-wel.

For hadde nevere freke fyn wit

6110

The feith to dispute,

Ne man hadde no merite,

Myghte it ben y-preved.

Fides non habet meritum, ubi humana

ratio præbet

experimentum.

"Thanne is Do-bet to suffre

For the soules helthe,

Al that the book bit

Bi holi cherches techyng;

6120

And that is, man, bi thy myght,

For mercies sake.

Loke thow werche it in werk,

That thi word sheweth,

Swich as thow semest in sighte

Be in assay y-founde.

=

Appare quod es, vel esto quod appares.

"And lat no body be

By thi beryng bigiled,

6130

But be swich in thi soule

As thow semest withoute.

"Thanne is Do-best to be boold

To blame the gilty,

Sythenes thow seest thiself

As in soule clene;

Ac blame thow nevere body,

And thow be blame worthy.

Si culpare velis,

Culpabilis esse cavebis;

6140

Dogma tuum sordet,

Cum te tua culpa remordet.

"God in the Gospel

Grevously repreveth

Alle that lakketh any lif,

And lakkes han hemselve.

Qui consideras festucam in oculo

=

fratris tui, trabem in oculo tuo, etc.

"Why menestow thi mood for a mote

6150

In thi brotheres eighe,

Sithen a beem in thyn owene

A-blyndeth thiselve.

=

Ejice primo trabem in oculo tuo, etc.

Which letteth thee to loke

Lasse outher more.

"I rede ech a blynd bosarde

Do boote to hymselve,

For abbotes and for priours,

6160

And for alle manere prelates,

As persons and parisshes preestes

That preche sholde and teche

Alle maner men to amenden

Bi hire myghtes.

"This text was told yow,

To ben y-war, er ye taughte,

That ye were swiche as ye seye,

So salve with othere;

For Goddes word wolde noght be lost,

6170

For that wercheth evere;

If it availled noght the commune,

It myghte availle yowselve.

"Ac it semeth now soothly

To the worldes sighte,

That Goddes word wercheth noght

On lered ne on lewed,

But in swich a manere

As Marc meneth in the gospel:

Dum cæcus ducit cæcum, ambo in

6180

foveam cadunt.

"Lewed men may likne yow thus,

That the beem lith in youre eighen;

And the festu is fallen

For youre defaute,

In alle maner men,

Thorugh mansede preestes.

The Bible bereth witnesse

That the folk of Israel

Bittre a-boughte the giltes

6190

Of two badde preestes,

Offyn and Fynes,

For hir coveitise,

Archa Dei mys-happed,

And Ely brak his nekke.

"For-thi ye corectours claweth heron.

And corecteth first yowselve

And thanne mowe ye safly seye,

As David made in the Sauter,

Existimasti inique quod ero tui

6200

similis, arguam te, et statuam

contra faciem tuam.

"And thanne shul burel clerkes ben abasshed

To blame yow or to greve,

And carpen noght as thei carpe now,

Ne calle yow doumbe houndes.

Canes non valentes latrare.

And drede to wrathe yow in any word,

Youre werkmanshipe to lette,

And be prester at youre preiere,

6210

Than for a pound of nobles.

And al for youre holynesse,

Have ye this in herte.

"In scole there is scorn,

But if a clerk wol lerne,

And gret love and likyng,

For ech of hem loveth oother.

"Ac now is Religion a rydere,

A romere aboute,

A ledere of love-dayes,

6220

And a lond-buggere,

A prikere on a palfrey

Fro manere to manere,

An heepe of houndes at his ers

As he a lord were.

And but if his knave knele

That shal his coppe brynge,

He loureth on hym, and asketh hym

Who taughte hym curteisie.

"Litel hadde lordes to doon,

6230

To gyve lond from hire heires

To religiouse, that han no routhe,

Though it reyne on hir auters.

"In many places ther thei ben persons,

By hemself at ese

Of the povere have thei no pité;

And that is hir charité.

Ac thei leten hem as lordes

Hire londes lyen so brode.

"Ac ther shal come a kyng,

6240

And confesse yow religiouses,

And bete yow as the Bible telleth

For brekynge of youre rule;

And amende monyals,

Monkes and chanons,

And puten to hir penaunce

Ad pristinum statum ire;

And barons with erles beten hem,

Thorugh Beatus-virres techyng,

That hir barnes claymen

6250

And blame yow foule.

Hi in curribus et hi in equis ipsi

obligati sunt, etc.

"And thanne freres in hir fraytour

Shul fynden a keye

Of Costantyns cofres,

In which is the catel

That Gregories god-children

Han yvele despended.

=

"And thanne shal the abbot of Abyngdone

6261

And al his issue for evere,

Have a knok of a kyng,

And incurable the wounde.

"That this worth sooth, seke ye

That ofte over-se the Bible:

Quomodo cessavit exactor, quievit

tributum, contrivit Dominus

baculum impiorum et virgam

dominantium cædentium plaga

6270

insanabili.

"Ac er that kyng come,

Caym shal awake.

But Do-wel shal dyngen hym adoun,

And destruye his myghte."

"Thanne is Do-wel and Do-bet," quod I,

"Dominus and knyghthode."

"I nel noght scorne," quod Scripture,

"But if scryveynes lye;

Kynghod ne knyghthod,

6280

By noght I kan a-wayte,

Helpeth noght to hevene-ward

Oone heris ende;

Ne richesse right noght,

Ne reautee of lordes.

Poul preveth it impossible

Riche men to have hevene.

Salomon seith also

That silver is worst to lovye:

Nihil iniquius quam amare

6290

pecuniam.

And Caton kenneth us to coveiten it

Naught but as nede techeth,

=

Dilige denarium, sed parce dilige formam.

And patriarkes and prophetes,

And poetes bothe,

Writen to wissen us

To wilne no richesse,

And preiseden poverte with pacience;

6300

The apostles bereth witnesse

That thei han eritage in hevene,

And by trewe righte;

Ther riche men no right may cleyme,

But of ruthe and grace."

"Contra," quod I, "by Crist!

That kan I repreve,

And preven it by Peter,

And by Poul bothe,

That is baptized beth saaf,

6310

Be he riche or povere."

"That is in extremis," quod Scripture,

"Amonges Sarzens and Jewes,

They mowen be saved so,

And that is oure bileve,

That an un-cristene in that caas

May cristen an hethen;

And for his lele bileve,

Whan he the lif tyneth,

Have the heritage of hevene

6320

As any man cristene.

"Ac cristene men withoute moore

Maye noght come to hevene;

For that Crist for cristene men

Deide and confermed the lawe,

That who so wolde and wilneth

With Crist to arise,

Si cum Christo surexistis, etc.

He sholde lovye and leve,

And the lawe fulfille.

6330

That is, love thi lord God

Levest aboven alle;

And after, alle cristene creatures

In commune, ech man oother;

And thus bi-longeth to lovye,

That leveth be saved.

And but we do thus in dede,

At the day of dome

It shal bi-sitten us ful soure

The silver that we kepen;

6340

And oure bakkes that mothe-eten be,

And seen beggeris go naked;

Or delit in wyn and wilde fowel,

And wite any in defaute.

For every cristene creature

Sholde be kynde til oother,

And sithen hethen to helpe,

In hope of amendement.

"God hoteth heighe and lowe

That no man hurte oother;

6350

And seith, 'Slee noght that semblable is

To myn owene liknesse,

But if I sende thee som tokene;'

And seith 'Non mœchaberis.

Is slee noght, but suffre,

And al for the beste;

For I shal punysshe hem in purgatorie

Or in the put of helle,

Ech man for hise mysdedes,

But mercy it lette.'"

"

T

6360

HIS is a long lesson," quod I,

"And litel am I the wiser;

Where Do-wel is or Do-bet,

Derkliche ye shewen.

Manye tales ye tellen

That Theologie lerneth;

And that I man maad was,

And my name y-entred

In the legende of lif

Longe er I were,

6370

Or ellis un-writen for som wikkednesse,

As Holy Writ witnesseth:

Nemo ascendit ad cœlum, nisi qui

de cœlo descendit.

"I leve it wel," quod I, "by oure Lord!

And on no lettrure bettre.

For Salomon the sage,

That Sapience taughte,

God gat hym grace of wit,

And alle hise goodes after;

6380

He demed wel and wisely,

As Holy Writ telleth.

Aristotle and he,

Who wissed men bettre?

Maistres that of Goddes mercy

Techen men and prechen,

Of hir wordes thei wissen us

For wisest as in hir tyme,

And al holy chirche

Holdeth hem bothe y-dampned.

6390

"And if I sholde werche by hir werkes

To wynne me hevene,

That for hir werkes and wit

Now wonyeth in pyne,

Thanne wroughe I un-wisly,

What so evere ye preche.

"Ac of fele witty, in feith,

Litel ferly I have,

Though hir goost be un-gracious

God for to plese.

6400

For many men on this moolde

Moore setten hir hertes

In good than in God;

For-thi hem grace failleth

At hir mooste meschief,

Whan thei shal lif lete.

As Salomon dide, and swiche othere

That shewed grete wittes;

Ac hir werkes, as holy writ seith,

Were evere the contrarie.

6410

For-thi wise witted men,

And wel y-lettrede clerkes,

As thei seyen hemself,

Selde doon therafter.

Super cathedra Moysi, etc.

"Ac I wene it worth of manye,

As was in Noes tyme,

Tho he shoop that shipe

Of shides and of bordes;

=

Was nevere wrighte saved that wroghte theron,

6421

Ne oothir werkman ellis,

But briddes, and beestes,

And the blissed Noe,

And his wif with hise sones,

And also hire wyves;

Of wightes that it wroghte

Was noon of hem y-saved.

"God leve it fare noght so bi folk

That the feith techeth

6430

Of holi chirche, that herberwe is,

And Goddes hous to save,

And shilden us from shame therinne,

As Noes ship dide beestes;

And men that maden it

A-mydde the flood a-dreynten.

The culorum of this clause

Curatours is to mene,

That ben carpenters holy kirk to make

For Cristes owene beestes:

=

Homines et jumenta salvabis, Domine, etc.

6442

"On Good Friday I fynde

A felon was y-saved,

That hadde lyved al his lif

With lesynges and with thefte;

And for he beknede to the cros,

And to Crist shrof him,

He was sonner y-saved

Than seint Johan the Baptist;

6450

And or Adam or Ysaye,

Or any of the prophetes,

That hadde y-leyen with Lucifer

Many longe yeres,

A robbere was y-raunsoned

Rather than thei alle,

Withouten any penaunce of purgatorie,

To perpetuel blisse.

"Than Marie Maudeleyne

What womman dide werse?

6460

Or who worse than David,

That Uries deeth conspired?

Or Poul the apostle,

That no pité hadde

Muche cristene kynde

To kille to dethe?

And now ben thise as sovereyns

With seintes in hevene,

Tho that wroughte wikkedlokest

In world tho thei were.

6470

And tho that wisely wordeden,

And writen manye bokes

Of wit and of wisedom,

With dampned soules wonye.

That Salomon seith, I trowe be sooth

And certein of us alle:

Sunt justi atque sapientes et opera

eorum in manu Dei sunt, etc.

"Ther are witty and wel libbynge,

Ac hire werkes ben y-hudde

6480

In the hondes of almyghty God,

And he woot the sothe,

Wherfore a man worth allowed there,

And hise lele werkes,

Or ellis for his yvel wille,

And for envye of herte,

And be allowed as he lyved so;

For by the luthere men knoweth the goode.

"And wherby wiste men which were whit,

If alle thyng blak were?

6490

And who were a good man,

But if ther were som sherewe?

For-thi lyve we forth with othere men,

I leve fewe ben goode;

For quant oportet vient en place,

Il n'y ad que pati.

And he that may al amende,

Have mercy on us alle!

For sothest word that ever God seide

Was tho he seide Nemo bonus.

6500

"Clergie tho of Cristes mouth

Comended was it litel;

For he seide to seint Peter,

And to swiche as he lovede,

=

Cum steteritis ante reges et præsides, etc.

Though ye come bifore kynges

And clerkes of the lawe,

Beth noght abasshed,

For I shal be in youre mouthes,

6510

And gyve yow wit and wille,

And konnyng to conclude

Hem alle that ayeins yow

Of Cristendom disputen.

"David maketh mencion,

He spak amonges kynges,

And myghte no kyng over-comen hym

As by konnynge of speche,

But wit and wisedom

Wan nevere the maistrie,

6520

Whan man was at meschief,

Withoute the moore grace.

"The doughtieste doctour

And devinour of the Trinitee

Was Austyn the olde,

And heighest of the foure,

Seide thus in a sermon,

I seigh it writen ones:

Ecce ipsi idiotæ vi rapiunt cœlum, ubi

nos sapientes in inferno

6530

mergimur.

"And is to mene to men,

Moore ne lesse,

Arn none rather y-ravysshed

Fro the righte bileve,

Than are thise konnynge clerkes

That konne manye bokes.

"Ne none sonner saved,

Ne sadder of bileve,

Than plowmen and pastours,

6540

And othere commune laborers;

Souteres and shepherdes,

And othere lewed juttes,

Percen with a pater-noster

The paleys of hevene,

And passen purgatorie penaunce-lees

At her hennes partyng

Into the blisse of paradis,

For hir pure bileve,

That imparfitly here knewe,

6550

And ek lyvede.

"Ye men knowe clerkes,

That han corsed the tyme

That evere thei kouthe or knewe moore

Than Credo in Deum patrem;

And principally hir pater-noster

Many a persone hath wisshed.

"I se ensamples myself,

And so may manye othere,

That servauntz that serven lordes

6560

Selde fallen in arerage,

And tho that kepen the lordes catel,

Clerkes and reves.

"Right so lewed men,

And of litel knowyng,

Selden falle thei so foule

And so fer in synne,

As clerkes of holy chirche

That kepen Cristes tresor,

The which is mannes soule to save,

As God seith in the Gospel:

6571

Ite vos in vineam meam."

Passus Undecimus.

6572

HANNE Scripture scorned me

And a skile tolde,

And lakked me in Latyn,

And light by me she sette,

And seide "Multi multa sciunt

Et seipsos nesciunt."

Tho wepte I for wo

And wrathe of hir speche;

6580

And in a wynkynge wrathe

Weex I a-slepe.

A merveillous metels

Mette me thanne,

That I was ravysshed right there,

And Fortune me fette,

And into the lond of longynge

Allone she me broughte,

And in a mirour that highte middel-erthe

She made me to biholde.

6590

"Sone," she seide to me,

"Here myghtow se wondres,

And knowe that thow coveitest,

And come therto, peraunter."

Thanne hadde Fortune folwynge hire

Two faire damyseles;

Concupiscentia-carnis

Men called the elder mayde,

And Coveitise-of-eighes

Y-called was that oother.

6600

Pride-of-parfit-lyvynge

Pursued hem bothe,

And bad me for my contenaunce

Acounten Clergie lighte.

Concupiscentia-carnis

Colled me aboute the nekke,

And seide, "Thow art yong and yeepe,

And hast yeres y-nowe

For to lyve longe,

And ladies to lovye;

6610

And in this mirour thow myght se

Myghtes ful manye,

That leden thee wole to likynge

Al thi lif tyme."

The secounde seide the same,

"I shal sewe thi wille;

Til thow be a lord and have lond,

Leten thee I nelle,

That I ne shal folwe thi felawshipe,

If Fortune it like."

6620

"He shal fynde me his frend,"

Quod Fortune therafter;

"The freke that folwede my wille

Failled nevere blisse."

Thanne was ther oon that highte Elde,

That hevy was of chere;

"Man," quod he, "if I mete with thee,

By Marie of hevene!

Thow shalt fynde Fortune thee faille

At thi mooste nede,

6630

And Concupiscentia-carnis

Clene thee forsake.

Bittrely shaltow banne thanne

Bothe dayes and nyghtes

Coveitise-of-eighe,

That evere thow hir knewe,

And Pride-of-parfit-lyvynge

To muche peril thee brynge."

"Ye, recche thee nevere," quod Rechelesnesse,

Stood forthe in raggede clothes,

6640

"Folwe forth that Fortune wole,

Thow hast wel fer til Elde;

A man may stoupe tyme y-nogh,

Whan he shal tyne the crowne.

"Homo proponit quod a poete,

And Plato he highte,

And Deus disponit quod he,

Lat God doon his wille.

If Truthe wol witnesse it be wel do

Fortune to folwe,

6650

Concupiscentia-carnis,

Ne Coveitise-of-eighes,

Ne shal noght greve thee gretly,

Ne bigile, but if thow wolt thiselve."

"Ye, fare wel Phippe and Faunteltee,"

And forth gan me drawe,

Til Concupiscentia-carnis

Acorded alle my werkes.

"Alas! eighe," quod Elde

And Holynesse bothe,

6660

"That wit shal torne to wrecchednesse,

For wil to have his likyng."

Coveitise-of-eighes

Conforted me anoon after,

And folwed me fourty wynter

And a fifte moore,

That of Do-wel ne Do-bet

Ne deyntee me thoughte.

I hadde no likyng, leve me if thee list,

Of hem ought to knowe.

6670

Coveitise-of-eighes

Com ofter in mynde

Than Do-wel or Do-bet,

Among my dedes alle.

Coveitise-of-eighes

Conforted me ofte,

And seide, "Have no conscience

How thow come to goode.

Go confesse thee to som frere,

And shewe hym thi synnes;

6680

For whiles Fortune is thi frend

Freres wol thee lovye,

And fecche thee to hir fraternitee,

And for the biseke

To hir priour provincial

A pardon for to have,

And preien for thee pol by pol,

If thow be pecuniosus."

Sed pœna pecuniaria non sufficit pro

spiritualibus delictis.

6690

By wissynge of this wenche I wroughte,

Hir wordes were so swete,

Til I for-yat youthe,

And yarn into elde.

And thanne was Fortune my foo,

For al hir faire speche;

And poverte pursued me,

And putte me lowe.

And tho fond I the frere a-fered,

And flittynge bothe

6700

Ayeins oure firste for-warde;

For I seide I nolde

Be buried at hire hous,

But at my parisshe chirche.

For I herde ones

How Conscience it tolde,

That there a man were cristned

Be kynde he sholde be buryed;

Or where he were parisshen,

Right there he sholde be graven.

6710

And for I seide thus to freres,

A fool thei me helden,

And loved me the lasse

For my lele speche.

Ac yet I cryde on my confessour,

That heeld hymself so konnyng;

"By my feith! frere," quod I,

"Ye faren lik thise woweris

That wedde none widwes

But for to welden hir goodes.

6720

Right so, by the roode!

Roughte ye nevere

Where my body were buryed,

By so ye hadde my silver.

"Ich have muche merveille of yow,

And so hath many another,

Whi youre covent coveiteth

To confesse and to burye,

Rather than to baptize barnes

That ben catecumelynges.

6730

Baptizynge and buryinge

Bothe beth ful nedefulle;

Ac muche moore meritorie,

Me thynketh it is to baptize.

For a baptized man may,

As thise maistres telleth,

Thorugh contricion come

To the heighe hevene.

Sola contritio, etc.

Ac barn withouten bapteme

6740

May noght so be saved.

Nisi quis renatus fuerit.

Loke ye, lettred men,

Wheither I lye or do noght."

And Lewté loked on me,

And I loured after.

"Wherfore lourestow?" quod Lewtee,

And loked on me harde.

"If I dorste," quod I, "amonges men

This metels avowe!"

6750

"Yis, by Peter and by Poul!" quod he,

And took hem bothe to witnesse.

"Non oderis fratres secrete in corde

tuo, sed publice argue illos."

"They wole aleggen also," quod I,

"And by the Gospel preven:

Nolite judicare quemquam."

"And wherof serveth lawe?" quod Lewtee,

"If no lif undertoke it,

Falsnesse ne faiterie,

6760

For som what the apostle seide,

Non oderis fratrem.

And in the Sauter also

Seith David the prophete,

=

Existimasti inique quod ero tui similis, etc.

"It is licitum for lewed men

To sigge the sothe,

If hem liketh and lest,

Ech a lawe it graunteth;

6770

Excepte persons and preestes,

And prelates of holy chirche,

It falleth noght for that folk

No tales to telle,

Though the tale be trewe,

And it touche synne.

"Thyng that al the world woot,

Wherfore sholdestow spare

To reden it in retorik

To a-rate dedly synne?

6780

Ac be nevere moore the firste

Defaute to blame;

Though thow se yvel, seye it noght first,

Be sory it nere amended.

No thyng that is pryvé,

Publice thow it nevere;

Neither for love preise it noght,

Ne lakke it for envye.

Parum lauda, vitupera parcius."

"He seith sooth," quod Scripture tho,

6790

And skipte an heigh, and preched.

Ac the matere that she meved,

If lewed men it knewe,

The lasse, as I leve,

Lovyen it thei wolde.

This was hir teme and hir text,

I took ful good hede;

Multi to a mangerie

And to the mete were sompned;

And whan the peple was plener comen,

6800

The porter unpynned the yate,

And plukked in Pauci pryveliche,

And leet the remenaunt go rome.

Al for tene of hir text

Trembled myn herte;

And in a weer gan I wexe,

And with myself to dispute

Wheither I were chosen or noght chosen.

On holi chirche I thoughte,

That under-fonged me atte font

6810

For oon of Goddes chosene.

For Crist cleped us alle,

Come if we wolde,

Sarzens and scismatikes,

And so he dide the Jewes.

O vos omnes sitientes, venite, etc.

And bad hem souke for synne

Safly at his breste,

And drynke boote for bale,

Brouke it who so myghte.

=

"Thanne may alle cristene come, quod I,"

6822

"And cleyme there entree

By the blood that he boughte us with

And thorugh bapteme after.

=

Qui crediderit et baptizatus fuerit, etc.

For though a cristen man coveited

His cristendom to reneye,

Rightfully to reneye

6830

No reson it wolde.

"For may no cherl chartre make,

Ne his catel selle,

Withouten leve of his lord;

No lawe wol it graunte.

Ac he may renne in arerage,

And rome so fro home,

And as a reneyed caytif

Recchelesly rennen aboute.

And Reson shal rekene with hym,

6840

And casten hym in arerage,

And putten hym after in a prison

In purgatorie to brenne,

For hise arerages rewarden hym there

To the day of dome;

But if Contricion wol come,

And crye, by his lyve,

Mercy for hise mysdedes,

With mouthe and with herte,"

"That is sooth," seide Scripture;

6850

"May no synne lette

Mercy al to amende,

And mekenesse hir folwe.

For thei beth, as oure bokes telleth,

Above Goddes werkes."

=

Misericordia ejus super omnia opera ejus.

"Ye, baw for bokes," quod oon

Was broken out of helle,

Highte Trojanus, hadde ben a trewe knyght,

6860

Took witnesse at a pope,

How he was ded and dampned

To dwellen in pyne,

For an uncristene creature;

"Clerkes wite the sothe,

That al the clergie under Crist

Ne myghte me cracche fro helle,

But oonliche love and leautee,

And my laweful domes.

"Gregorie wiste this wel,

6870

And wilned to my soule

Savacion for soothnesse

That he seigh in my werkes;

And after that he wepte,

And wilned me were graunted

Grace; withouten any bene biddyng

His boone was under-fongen,

And I saved, as ye see,

Withouten syngynge of masses.

By love and by lernyng

6880

Of my lyvynge, in truthe,

Broughte me fro bitter peyne

Ther no biddyng myghte."

Lo! ye lordes, what leautee dide

By an emperour of Rome,

That was an uncristene creature,

As clerkes fyndeth in bokes.

Nought thorugh preiere of a pope,

But for his pure truthe,

Was that Sarsen saved.

6890

As seint Gregorie bereth witnesse.

Wel oughte ye, lordes, that lawes kepe,

This lesson to have in mynde,

And on Trojanus truthe to thenke,

And do truthe to the peple.

"Lawe, withouten love," quod Trojanus,

"Ley ther a bene,

Or any science under sonne,

The sevene artz and alle,

But thei ben lerned for oure Lordes love,

6900

Lost is al the tyme;"

For no cause to cacche silver therby,

Ne to be called a maister,

But al for love of oure Lord,

And the bet to love the peple,

For seint Johan seide it,

And sothe arn hise wordes.

Qui non diligit, manet in morte.

Who so loveth noght, leve me,

He lyveth in deep deyinge;

6910

And that alle manere men,

Enemyes and frendes,

Love hir eyther oother,

And leve hem, as hemselve,

Who so leveth noght, he loveth noght,

God woot the sothe!

Crist comaundeth ech a creature

To conformen hym to lovye,

And sovereynly the povere peple,

And hir enemyes after.

6920

For hem that haten us

Is oure merite to lovye,

And povere peple to plese,

Hir preieres maye us helpe.

And oure joye and oure heele

Jhesu Crist of hevene

In a povere mannes apparaille

Pursued us evere;

And loketh on us in hir liknesse,

And that with lovely chere,

6930

To knowen us by oure kynde herte

And castynge of oure eighen,

Wheither we love the lordes here

Bifore the Lord of blisse;

And exciteth us by the Euvangelie

That whan we maken festes,

We sholde noght clepe oure kyn therto,

Ne none kynnes riche.

=

Cum facitis convivia, nolite invitare amicos.

6940

"Ac calleth the carefulle therto,

The croked and the povere.

For youre frendes wol feden yow,

And fonde yow to quyte

Youre festynge and youre faire gifte;

Ech frend quyteth so oother.

"Ac for the povere I shal paie,

And pure wel quyte hir travaille,

That gyveth hem mete or moneie,

Or loveth hem for my sake."

6950

For the beste ben som riche,

And some beggeres and povere.

For alle are we Cristes creatures,

And of his cofres riche,

And bretheren as of oo blood,

As wel beggeres as erles.

For on Calvarie of Cristes blood

Cristendom gan sprynge,

And blody bretheren we bicomen there

Of o body y-wonne,

6960

As quasi modo geniti,

And gentil-men echone;

No beggere ne boye amonges us,

But if it synne made.

Qui facit peccatum, servus est peccati.

"In the olde lawe,

As holy lettre telleth,

Mennes sones

Men callen us echone,

Of Adames issue and Eve,

6970

Ay til God man deide;

And after his resurexcion

Redemptor was his name,

And we hise bretheren thorugh hym y-brought,

Bothe riche and povere.

"For-thi love we as leve bretheren,

And ech man laughe of oother;

And of that ech man may forbere

Amende there it nedeth;

And every man helpe oother,

6980

For hennes shul we alle.

Alter alterius onera portate.

=

"And be we noght un-kynde of oure catel,

Ne of oure konnyng neither.

For woot no man how neigh it is

To ben y-nome fro bothe.

For-thi lakke no lif oother,

Though he moore Latyn knowe;

Ne under-nyme noght foule;

6990

For is noon withoute defaute.

For what evere clerkes carpe

Of cristendom or ellis,

Crist to a commune womman seide,

In commune at a feste,

That fides sua sholde saven hire,

And salven hire of synnes.

"Thanne is bileve a lele help,

Above logyk or lawe.

Of logyk or of lawe

7000

In Legenda Sanctorum

Is litel alowaunce maad,

But if bileve hem helpe.

For it is over longe er logyk

Any lesson assoille;

And lawe is looth to lovye,

But if he lacche silver.

Bothe logyk and lawe,

That loveth noght to lye,

I conseille alle cristene

7010

Clyve noght theron to soore;

For some wordes I fynde writen,

That were of feithes techyng,

That saved synful men,

As seint Johan bereth witnesse.

Eadem mensura qua mensi fueritis,

remetietur vobis.

"For-thi lerne we the lawe of love,

As oure Lord taughte,

And as seint Gregorie seide

7020

For mannes soule helthe:

Melius est scrutari scelera nostra,

quam naturas rerum.

"Why I meve this matere,

Is moost for the povere;

For in hir liknesse oure Lord

Ofte hath ben y-knowe.

Witnesse in the Pask wyke

Whan he yede to Emaüs;

Cleophas ne knew hym noght

7030

That he Crist were,

For his povere apparaille,

And pilgrymes wedes,

Til he blessede and brak

The breed that thei eten;

So bi hise werkes thei wisten

That he was Jhesus,

Ac by clothyng thei knewe hym noght,

Ne by carpynge of tunge.

And al was in ensample

7040

To us synfulle here,

That we sholde be lowe

And loveliche of speche,

And apparaille us noght over proudly,

For pilgrymes are we alle.

"And in the apparaille of a povere man,

And pilgrymes liknesse,

Many tyme God hath ben met

Among nedy peple,

Ther nevere segge hym seigh

7050

In secte of the riche.

"Seint Johan and othere seintes

Were seyen in poore clothyng,

And as povere pilgrymes

Preyed mennes goodes.

"Jhesu Crist on a Jewes doghter lighte,

Gentil womman though she were,

Was a pure povere maide,

And to a povere man y-wedded.

"Martha on Marie Maudeleyne

7060

An huge pleynt made,

And to oure Saveour self

Seide thise wordes:

Domine, non est tibi curæ quod

soror mea reliquit me solam

ministrare.

"And hastily God answerde,

And eitheres wille folwed,

Bothe Marthaes and Maries,

As Mathew bereth witnesse;

7070

Ac poverte God putte bifore,

And preised that the bettre.

=

Maria optimam partem elegit, quæ non, etc.

"And alle the wise that evere were,

By aught I kan aspye,

Preiseden poverte for best lif,

If pacience it folwed,

And bothe bettre and blesseder

By many fold than richesse.

7080

For though it be sour to suffre,

Therafter cometh swete;

As on a walnote withoute

Is a bitter barke,

And after that bitter bark,

Be the shelle aweye,

Is a kernel of confort

Kynde to restore.

"So is after poverte or penaunce

Paciently y-take;

7090

For it maketh a man to have mynde

In God, and a gret wille

To wepe and to wel bidde,

Wherof wexeth mercy,

Of which Crist is a kernelle

To conforte the soule.

And wel sikerer he slepeth,

The man that is povere,

And lasse he dredeth deeth,

And in derke to ben y-robbed,

7100

Than he that is right riche,

Reson bereth witnesse.

=

Pauper ego ludo, dum tu dives meditaris.

"Al though Salomon seide,

As folk seeth in the Bible,

Divitias nec paupertates, etc.

Wiser than Salomon was

Bereth witnesse and taughte

That parfit poverte was

7110

No possession to have,

And lif moost likynge to God,

As Luc bereth witnesse:

Si vis perfectus esse, vade et vende.

"And is to mene to men

That on this moolde lyven,

Who so wole be pure parfit

Moot possession forsake,

Or selle it, as seith the Book,

And the silver dele

7120

To beggeris that goon and begge

And bidden good for Goddes love.

For failed nevere man mete

That myghtful God serveth,

As David seith in the Sauter

To swiche that ben in wille

To serve God goodliche,

Ne greveth hym no penaunce:

Nihil inpossibile volenti.

Ne lakketh nevere liflode,

7130

Lynnen ne wollen.

Inquirentes autem Dominum non

minuentur omni bono.

"If preestes weren parifite,

Thei wolde ne silver take

For masses ne for matyns,

Noght hir mete of usureres,

Ne neither kirtel ne cote,

Theigh thei for cold sholde deye,

And thei hir devoir dide,

7140

As David seith in the Sauter:

=

Judica me, Deus, et decerne causam meam.

"Spera-in-Deo speketh of preestes

That have no spendyng silver,

That if thei travaille truweliche

And truste in God almyghty,

Hem sholde lakke no liflode,

Neyther lynnen ne wollen.

And the title that ye take ordres by

7150

Telleth ye ben avaunced;

Thanne nedeth yow noght to take silver

For masses that ye syngen.

For he that took yow youre title,

Sholde take yow youre wages,

Or the bisshop that blessed yow,

If that ye ben worthi.

"For made nevere kyng no knyght,

But he hadde catel to spende

As bifel for a knyght,

7160

Or foond hym for his strengthe.

It is a careful knyght,

And of a caytif kynges makyng,

That hath no lond ne lynage riche,

Ne good loos of hise handes.

"The same I segge, for sothe,

By alle swiche preestes

That han neither konnynge ne kyn,

But a crowne one,

And a title, a tale of noght,

7170

To his liflode at his meschief.

He hath moore bileve, as I leve,

To lacche through his croune

Cure, than for konnyng,

Or knowen for clene berynge.

I have wonder for why

And wherefore the bisshope

Maketh swiche preestes,

That lewed men bitrayen.

"A chartre is chalangeable

7180

Bifore a chief justice;

If fals Latyn be in the lettre,

The lawe it impugneth,

Or peynted parentrelynarie,

Or percelles over-skipped;

The gome that gloseth so chartres

For a goky is holden.

"So is it a goky, by God!

That in his gospel failleth,

Or in masse or in matyns

7190

Maketh any defaut.

=

Qui offendit in uno, in omnibus est reus.

"And also in the Sauter

Seith David to over-skipperis,

Psallite Deo nostro, psallite, quoniam

rex terræ Deus Israel,

psallite sapienter.

"The bisshop shal be blamed

Bifore God, as I leve,

7200

That crouneth swiche Goddes knyghtes

That konneth noght sapienter

Synge, ne psalmes rede,

Ne seye a masse of the day.

And never neither is blame-lees

The bisshope ne the chapeleyn;

For hir either is endited,

And that is, ignorantia

Non excusat episcopos

Nec idiotes preestes.

7210

"This lokynge on lewed preestes

Hath doon me lepe from poverte,

The which I preise ther pacience is

Moore perfit than richesse."

A

C muche moore in metynge thus

With me gan oon dispute;

And slepynge I seigh al this.

And sithen cam Kynde,

And nempned me by my name,

And bad me nymen hede,

7220

And thorugh the wondres of this world

Wit for to take.

And on a mountaigne that myddel-erthe

Highte, as me thoughte,

I was fet forth

By ensamples to knowe

Thorugh ech a creature and kynde

My creatour to lovye.

I seigh the sonne and the see,

And the sond after;

7230

And where that briddes and beestes

By hir makes yeden;

Wilde wormes in wodes,

And wonderful foweles

With fleckede fetheres

And of fele colours.

Man and his make

I myghte bothe biholde;

Poverte and plentee;

Bothe pees and werre;

7240

Blisse and bale bothe

I seigh al at ones;

And how men token mede,

And mercy refused.

Reson I seigh soothly

Sewen alle beestes,

In etynge, in drynkynge,

And in engendrynge of kynde;

And after cours of concepcion,

Noon took kepe of oother

7250

As whan thei hadde ryde in rotey tyme,

Anoon right therafter

Males drowen hem to males

A-morwenynges by hemselve,

And in evenynges also

The males ben fro femelles.

Ther ne was cow ne cow-kynde

That conceyved hadde,

That wolde belwe after boles,

Ne boor after sowe;

7260

Bothe hors and houndes,

And alle othere beestes,

Medled noght with hir makes

That with fole were.

Briddes I biheld

That in buskes made nestes,

Hadde nevere wye wit

To werche the leeste.

I hadde wonder at whom

And wher the pye lerned

7270

To legge the stikkes

In whiche she leyeth and bredeth.

Ther nys wrighte, as I wene,

Sholde werche hir nestes to paye;

If any mason made a molde therto,

Muche wonder it were.

Ac yet me merveilled moore,

How many othere briddes

Hidden and hileden

Hir egges ful derne

7280

In mareys and moores,

For men sholde hem noght fynde;

And hidden hir egges,

Whan thei therfro wente,

For fere of othere foweles,

And for wilde beestes.

And some troden hir makes,

And on trees bredden,

And broughten forth hir briddes so

Al above the grounde;

7290

And some briddes at the bile

Thorugh brethyng conceyved;

And some caukede; and took kepe

How pecokkes bredden.

Muche merveilled me

What maister hem made,

And who taughte hem on trees

To tymbre so heighe,

Ther neither burn ne beest

May hir briddes rechen.

7300

And sithen I loked upon the see,

And so forth upon the sterres;

Manye selkouthes I seigh,

Ben noght to seye nouthe.

I seigh floures in the fryth,

And hir faire colours;

And how among the grene gras

Growed so manye hewes,

And some soure and some swete,

Selkouth me thoughte;

7310

Of hir kynde and hir colour

To carpe it were to longe.

Ac that moost meved me

And my mood chaunged,

That Reson rewarded

And ruled alle beestes,

Save man and his make;

Many tyme and ofte

No reson hem folwede.

And thanne I rebukede

7320

Reson, and right

Til hymselven I seyde:

"I have wonder of thee," quod I,

"That witty art holden,

Why thow ne sewest man and his make,

That no mysfeet hem folwe."

And Reson a-rated me,

And seide, "Recche thee nevere;

Why I suffre or noght suffre,

Thiself hast noght to doone.

7330

Amende thow it, if thow myght,

For my tyme is to abide.

Suffraunce is a soverayn vertue,

And a swift vengeance.

Who suffrede moore than God?" quod he;

"No gome, as I leeve.

He myghte amende in a minute while

Al that mys-standeth;

Ac he suffreth for som mannes goode,

And so it is oure bettre,

7340

The wise and the witty

Wroot thus in the Bible:

De re quæ te non molestat, noli certare.

=

"For be a man fair or foul,

It falleth noght for to lakke

The shap ne the shaft

That God shoop hymselve;

For al that he dide was wel y-do,

As holy writ witnesseth:

7350

Et vidit Deus cuncta quæ fecerat, et

erant valde bona.

"And bad every creature

In his kynde encreesse;

Al to murthe with man,

That moste wo tholie

In fondynge of the flessh,

And of the fend bothe.

For man was maad of swich a matere,

He may noght wel a-sterte

7360

That ne som tyme hym bitit

To folwen his kynde.

Caton a-cordeth therwith,

Nemo sine crimine vivit."

Tho caughte I colour anoon,

And comsed to ben ashamed,

And awaked therwith.

Wo was me thanne,

That I in metels ne myghte

Moore have y-knowen.

7370

And thanne seide I to myself,

And chidde that tyme,

"Now I woot what Do-wel is," quod I,

"By deere God! as me thynketh."

And as I caste up myne eighen,

Oon loked on me and asked

Of me, what thynge it were:

"Y-wis, sire," I seide,

"To se muche and suffre moore,

Certes," quod I, "is Do-wel."

7380

"Haddestow suffred," he seide,

"Slepynge tho thow were,

Thow sholdest have knowen that Clergie kan,

And contreved moore thorugh reson.

For Reson wolde have reherced thee

Right as Clergie seide.

Ac for thyn entre-metynge,

Here artow forsake.

Philosophus esses, si tacuisses.

"Adam, whiles he spak noght,

7390

Hadde paradis at wille;

Ac whan he mamelede aboute mete,

And entre-metede to knowe

The wisedom and the wit of God,

He was put fram blisse.

"And right so ferde Reson bi thee;

Thow with thi rude speche

Lakkedest and losedest thyng

That longed the noght to doone.

Tho hadde he no likyng

7400

For to lere the moore.

"Pryde now and presumpcion

Peraventure wol thee appele,

That Clergie thi compaignye

Kepeth noght to suwe.

Shal nevere chalangynge ne chidynge

Chaste a man so soone,

As shal shame, and shenden hym,

And shape hym to amende.

For lat a dronken daffe

7410

In a dyk falle,

Lat hym ligge, loke noght on hym,

Til hym liste aryse.

For though Reson rebuked hym thanne,

It were but pure synne.

Ac whan nede nymeth hym up

For doute lest he sterve,

And shame shrapeth hise clothes,

And hise shynes wassheth.

Thanne woot the dronken daffe

7420

Wherfore he is to blame."

"Ye siggen sooth," quod I;

"Ich have y-seyen it ofte,

Ther smyt no thyng so smerte,

Ne smelleth so soure,

As shame, there he sheweth hym;

For every man hym shonyeth.

Why ye wisse me thus," quod I,

"Was for I rebuked Reson."

"Certes," quod he, "that is sooth;"

7430

And shoop hym for to walken.

And I aroos up right with that,

And folwed hym after,

And preyde hym of his curteisie

7434

To telle me his name.

Passus Duodecimus, etc.

"

7435

AM Ymaginatif," quod he,

"Ydel was I nevere,

Though I sitte by myself,

In siknesse nor in helthe.

I have folwed thee, in feith!

7440

Thise fyve and fourty wynter,

And manye tymes have meved thee

To thynke on thyn ende,

And how fele fernyeres are faren,

And so fewe to come;

And of thi wilde wantownesse

Tho thow yong were,

To amende it in thi middel age,

Lest myght the failled

In thyn olde elde,

7450

That yvele kan suffre

Poverte or penaunce,

Or preyeres to bidde.

=

Si non in prima vigilia, nec in secunda, etc.

"Amende thee, while thow myght;

Thow hast ben warned ofte

With poustees of pestilences,

With poverte and with angres;

And with thise bittre baleises

7460

God beteth his deere children.

Quem diligo, castigo.

"And David in the Sauter seith

Of swiche that loveth Jhesus:

=

Virga tua et baculus tuus ipsa me consolati sunt.

"Al though thow strike me with thi staf,

With stikke or with yerde,

It is but murthe as for me,

To amende my soule.

7470

And thow medlest thee with makynges,

And myghtest go seye thi Sauter,

And bidde for hem that gyveth thee breed,

For ther are bokes y-knowe

To telle men what Do-wel is,

Do-bet and Do-best bothe,

And prechours to preven what it is

Of many a peire freres."

I seigh wel he seide me sooth;

And som what me to excuse,

7480

Seide Caton conforted me his sone,

That clerk though he were,

To solacen hym som tyme,

As I do whan I make:

Interpone tuis interdum gaudia curis.

=

"And of holy men I herde, quod I,"

"How thei outher while

Pleyden the parfiter,

To ben in manye places,

7490

Ac if ther were any wight

That wolde me telle

What were Do-wel and Do-bet

And Do-best at the laste,

Wolde I nevere do werk,

But wende to holi chirche,

And ther bidde my bedes,

But whan ich ete or slepe."

"Poul in his pistle," quod he,

"Preveth what is Do-wel:

=

Fides, spes, caritas, et major horum, etc.

7502

Feith, hope, and charité;

And alle ben goode,

And saven men sondry tymes;

Ac noon so soone as charité.

For he dooth wel withouten doute,

That dooth as lewté techeth;

That is, if thow be man maryed,

Thi make thow lovye,

7510

And lyve forth as lawe wole,

While ye lyven bothe.

"Right so if thow be religious,

Ren thow nevere ferther

To Rome ne to Rochemador,

But as thi rule techeth;

And hold thee under obedience,

That heigh wey is to hevene.

"And if thow be maiden to marye,

And myght wel continue,

7520

Seke thow nevere seint ferther

For no soule helthe.

For what made Lucifer

To lese the heighe hevene?

Or Salomon his sapience,

Or Sampson his strengthe?

Job the Jew his joye

Ful deere a-boughte;

Aristotle and othere mo,

Ypocras and Virgile;

7530

Alisaundre, that al wan,

Elengliche ended.

Catel and kynde wit

Was combraunce to hem alle.

"Felice hir fairnesse

Fel hire al to sclaundre;

And Rosamounde right so,

Reufulliche to bileve,

The beauté of hir body

In baddenesse she despended.

7540

Of manye swiche I may rede,

Of men and of wommen,

That wise wordes wolde shewe,

And werche the contrarie.

=

Sunt homines nequam bene de virtute loquentes.

"And riche renkes right so

Gaderen and sparen,

And tho men that thei moost haten

Mynistren it at the laste.

7550

And for thei suffren and see

So manye nedy folkes,

And love hem noght as oure Lord bit,

Thei lesen hir soules.

Date et dabitur vobis.

"And richesse right so,

But if the roote be trewe.

Ac grace is a gras therof

Tho grevaunces to abate.

Ac grace ne groweth noght

7560

But amonges lowe;

Pacience and poverte

The place highte ther it groweth,

And in lele lyvynge men,

And in lif holy,

And thorugh the gifte of the Holy Goost,

As the Gospel telleth.

Spiritus ubi vult spirat.

"Clergie and kynde wit

Cometh of sighte and techyng;

7570

As the book bereth witnesse

To burnes that kan rede.

=

Quod scimus loquimur, quod vidimus testamur.

"Of quod scimus cometh clergie

And konnynge of hevene;

And of quod vidimus cometh kynde wit,

Of sighte of diverse peple.

Ac grace is a gifte of God,

And of greet love spryngeth;

7580

Knew nevere clerk how it cometh forth,

Ne kynde wit the weyes.

=

Nescit aliquis unde venit, aut quo vadit, etc.

"Ac yet is clergie to comende,

And kynde wit bothe;

And namely clergie, for Cristes love

That of clergie is roote.

For Moyses witnesseth that God wroot

For to wisse the peple

7590

In the olde lawe, as the lettre telleth,

That was the lawe of Jewes,

That what womman were in avoutrye taken,

Were she riche or poore,

With stones men sholde hir strike,

And stone hire to dethe.

"A womman, as I fynde,

Was gilty of that dede.

Ac Crist of his curteisie

Thorugh clergie hir saved;

7600

And thorugh caractes that Crist wroot,

The Jewes knewe hemselve

Giltier as a-fore God,

And gretter in synne,

Than the womman that there was,

And wenten awey for shame.

"The clergie that there was,

Conforted the womman.

Holy kirke knoweth this,

That Cristes writyng saved hire.

7610

So clergie is confort

To creatures that repenten,

And to mansede men

Meschief at hire ende.

"For Goddes body myghte noght ben

Of breed, withouten clergie;

The which body is bothe

Boote to the rightfulle,

And deeth and dampnacion

To hem that deyeth yvele,

7620

As Cristes caracte confortede,

And bothe coupable shewed,

The womman that the Jewes broughte,

That Jhesus thoughte to save.

Nolite judicare, et non judicabimini.

Right so Goddes body, bretheren,

But if it be worthili taken,

Dampneth us at the day of dome,

As the caractes dide the Jewes.

"For-thi I counseille thee, for Cristes sake,

7630

Clergie that thow lovye.

For kynde wit is of his kyn,

And neighe cosynes bothe

To oure Lord, leve me;

For-thi love hem, I rede.

For bothe ben as mirours

To amenden oure defautes,

And lederes for lewed men

And for lettred bothe.

"For-thi lakke thow nevere logik,

7640

Lawe ne hise custumes;

Ne countreplede clerkes,

I counseille thee for evere.

For as a man may noght see,

That mysseth hise eighen;

Na-moore kan no clerk,

But if he caughte it first thorugh bokes.

Al though men made bokes,

God was the maister,

And seint spirit the samplarie,

7650

And seide what men sholde write.

"Right so ledeth lettrure

Lewed men to reson;

And as a blynd man in bataille

Bereth wepne to fighte,

And hath noon hap with his ax

His enemy to hitte,

Na-moore kan a kynde witted man,

But clerkes hym teche,

Come for al his kynde wit

7660

To cristendom, and be saved.

Which is the cofre of Cristes tresor,

And clerkes kepe the keyes

To unloken it at hir likyng,

And to the lewed peple

Gyve mercy for hire mysdedes,

If men it wolde aske

Buxomliche and benigneliche,

And bidden it of Grace.

"Archa Dei in the olde lawe

7670

Levytes it kepten;

Hadde nevere lewed man leve

To leggen hond on that cheste,

But he were preest or preestes sone,

Patriark or prophete.

For clergie is kepere

Under Crist of hevene.

Was ther nevere no knyght,

But clergie hym made.

Ac kynde wit cometh

7680

Of alle kynnes syghtes,

Of briddes and of beestes,

Of tastes of truthe and of deceites.

"Lyveris to-forn us

Useden to marke

For selkouthes that thei seighen,

Hir sones for to teche;

And helden it an heigh science

Hir wittes to knowe.

Ac thorugh hir science soothly

7690

Was nevere no soule y-saved,

Ne broght by hir bokes

To blisse ne to joye;

For alle hir kynde knowynges

Come but of diverse sightes.

"Patriarkes and prophetes

Repreveden hir science,

And seiden hir wordes and hir wisdomes

Nas but a folye;

And to the clergie of Crist

7700

Counted it but a trufle.

=

Sapientia hujus mundi stultitia est apud Deum.

"For the heighe Holy Goost

Hevene shal to-cleve,

And love shall lepen out after

Into the lowe erthe;

And clennesse shal cacchen it,

And clerkes shullen it fynde.

Pastores loquebantur ad invicem.

7710

"He speketh there of riche men right noght,

Ne of right witty,

Ne of lordes that were lewed men,

But of the hyeste lettred oute.

Ibant magi ab oriente.

"If any frere were founde there,

I gyve thee fyve shillynges;

Ne in none burgeises cote

Was that barn born;

But in a burgeises place

7720

Of Bethlem the beste.

Sed non erat ei locus in diversorio, et

pauper non habet diversorium.

"To pastours and to poetes

Appered the aungel,

And bad hem go to Bethlem

Goddes burthe to honoure;

And songe a song of solas,

Gloria in excelsis Deo!

"Clerkes knewen it wel,

7730

And comen with hir presentz,

And diden homage honurably

To hym that was almyghty.

"Why I have tolde al this,

I took ful good hede

How thow contrariedest Clergie

With crabbede wordes,

How that lewde men lightloker

Than lettrede were saved,

Than clerkes or kynde witted men

7740

Of cristene peple;

And thow seidest sooth of somme,

Ac se in what manere.

"Tak two stronge men,

And in Themese cast hem,

And bothe naked as a nedle,

Her noon sikerer than oother;

That oon hath konnynge and kan

Swymmen and dyven;

That oother is lewed of that labour,

7750

That lerned nevere swymme;

Which trowestow of tho two

That is in moost drede?

He that nevere ne dyved,

Ne noght kan of swymmyng?

Or the swymmere that is saaf

By so hymself like,

Ther his felawe fleteth forth

As the flood liketh,

And is in drede to drenche,

7760

That nevere dide swymme?"

"That swymme kan noght," I seide,

"It semeth to my wittes."

"Right so," quod the renk.

"Reson it sheweth,

That he that knoweth clergie

Kan sonner arise

Out of synne, and be saaf,

Though he synne ofte,

If hym liketh and lest,

7770

Than any lewed leelly.

For if the clerk be konnynge,

He knoweth what is synne,

And how contricion withoute confession

Conforteth the soule;

As thow seest in the Sauter,

In Salmes oon or tweyne,

How contricion is comended,

For it cacheth awey synne.

Beati quorum remissæ sunt iniquitates,

7780

et quorum tecta sunt, etc.

"And this conforteth ech a clerk,

And covereth hym fro wanhope.

In which flood the fend

Fondeth a man hardest.

Ther the lewed lith stille,

And loketh after lente,

And hath no contricion er he come to shrifte,

And thanne kan he litel telle,

But as his lores-man lereth hym

7790

Bileveth and troweth;

And that is after person or parissh preest,

The whiche ben peraventure

Unkonnynge to lere lewed men,

As Luc bereth witnesse:

Dum cæcus ducit cæcum, etc.

"Wo was hym marked

That wade moot with the lewed!

Wel may the barn blesse that man

That hym to book sette,

7800

That lyvynge after lettrure

Saveth hym lif and soule.

Dominus pars hereditatis meæ,

Is a murye verset,

That hath take fro Tybourne

Twenty stronge theves;

Ther lewed theves ben lolled up,

Loke how thei be saved.

"The thef that hadde grace of God

On Good-friday, as thow spekest,

7810

Was for he yald hym creaunt to Crist on the cros,

And knewliched hym gilty,

And grace asked of God,

That to graunten it is redy

To hem that buxomliche biddeth it,

And ben in wille to amenden.

Ac though that theef hadde hevene,

He hadde noon heigh blisse,

As seint Johan and othere seintes

That deserved hadde bettre.

7820

"Right as som man yeve me mete,

And a-mydde the floor sette me,

And hadde mete moore than y-nough,

Ac noght so muche worshipe

As tho that seten at the syde table,

Or with the sovereynes of the halle;

But sete as a beggere bord-lees

By myself on the grounde.

So it fareth by that felon

That a Good-friday was saved.

7830

He sit neither with seint Johan,

Symond ne Jude,

Ne with maydenes ne with martires,

Confessours ne wydewes;

But by hymself as a soleyn,

And served on erthe.

For he that is ones a thef

Is evere moore in daunger,

And, as lawe liketh,

To lyve or to deye.

=

De peccato propitiato, noli esse sine metu.

7842

And for to serven a seint

And swich a thef togideres,

It were neither reson ne right

To rewarde hem bothe y-liche.

"And right as Trojanus the trewe knyght

Dwelte noght depe in helle,

That oure Lord ne hadde hym lightly out,

So leve I the thef be in hevene.

7850

For he is in the loweste of hevene,

If oure bileve be trewe;

And wel loselly he lolleth there,

By the lawe of holy chirche.

=

Qui reddit unicuique juxta opera sua, etc.

"And why that oon theef on the cros

Creaunt hym yald

Rather than that oother theef,

Though thow woldest appose,

7860

Alle the clerkes under Crist

Ne kouthe the skile assoille.

Quare placuit, quia voluit.

"And so I seye by thee

That sekest after the whyes,

And a-resonedest Reson

A rebukynge as it were;

And of the floures in the fryth,

And of hire faire hewes,

Wherof thei cacche hir colours

7870

So clere and so brighte;

And willest of briddes and of beestes,

And of hir bredyng, to knowe,

Why some be a-lough and some a-loft,

Thi likyng it were;

And of the stones and of the sterres

Thow studiest, as I leve;

How evere beest outher brid

Hath so breme wittes.

"Clergie ne kynde wit

7880

Ne knew nevere the cause;

Ac kynde knoweth the cause hymself,

And no creature ellis.

He is the pies patron,

And putteth it in hir ere

There the thorn is thikkest

To buylden and brede.

And kynde kenned the pecok

To cauken in swich a kynde;

And kenned Adam

7890

To knowe his pryvé membres,

And taughte hym and Eve

To helien hem with leves.

"Lewed men many tymes

Maistres thei apposen,

Why Adam ne hiled noght first

His mouth that eet the appul,

Rather than his likame a-logh;

Lewed asken thus clerkes.

"Kynde knoweth whi he dide so,

7900

Ac no clerk ellis,

Ac of briddes and of beestes

Men by olde tyme

Ensamples token and termes,

As telleth the poetes;

And that the faireste fowel

Foulest engendreth,

And feblest fowel of flight is

That fleeth or swymmeth;

And that the pecok and the pehen

7910

Proude riche men bitokneth;

For the pecok, and men pursue hym,

May noght flee heighe,

For the trailynge of his tail

Overtaken is he soone,

And his flessh is foul flessh,

And his feet bothe,

And un-lovelich of ledene,

And looth for to here.

"Right so the riche,

7920

If he his richesse kepe,

And deleth it noght til his deeth-day,

The tail of alle sorwe

Right so as the pennes of the pecok

Peyneth hym in his flight.

So is possession peyne

Of pens and of nobles,

To alle hem that it holdeth,

Til hir tail be plukked.

"And though the riche repente thanne

7930

And bi-rewe the tyme

That evere he gadered so grete,

And gaf therof so litel;

Though he crye to Crist thanne

With kene wil, I leve,

His ledene be in oure Lordes ere

Like a pies chiteryng.

And whan his caroyne shal come

In cave to be buryed,

I leve it flawme ful foule

7940

The fold al aboute,

And alle the othere ther it lith

Envenymeth thorugh his attre.

"By the po feet is understande,

As I have lerned in Avynet,

Executours false frendes

That fulfille noght his wille

That was writen and thei witnesse

To werche right as it wolde.

Thus the poete preveth that the pecok

7950

For hise fetheres is reverenced,

Right so is the riche

By reson of hise goodes.

"The larke, that is a lasse fowel,

Is moore lovelich of ledene,

And wel a wey of wynge

Swifter than the pecok,

And of flessh by fele fold

Fatter and swetter;

To lowe libbynge men

7960

The larke is resembled.

"Aristotle the grete clerk

Swiche tales he telleth.

Thus he likneth in his logik

The leeste fowel oute,

And wheither he be saaf or noght saaf

The sothe woot no clergie,

Ne of Sortes ne of Salomon

No scripture kan telle.

Ac God is so good, I hope,

7970

That siththe he gaf hem wittes

To wissen us weyes therwith

That wissen us to be saved,

And the bettre for hir bokes

To bidden we ben holden,

That God for his grace

Gyve hir soules reste.

For lettred men were lewed men yet,

Ne were loore of hir bokes."

"Alle thise clerkes," quod I tho,

7980

"That in Crist leven,

Seyen in hir sermons

That neither Sarsens ne Jewes

Ne no creature of Cristes liknesse

Withouten cristendom worth saved."

"Contra," quod Ymaginatif thoo,

And comsed for to loure;

And seide "Salvabitur

Vix justus in die judicii.

Ergo salvabitur," quod he,

7990

And seide na-moore Latyn.

"Trojanus was a trewe knyght,

And took nevere Cristendom,

And he is saaf, so seith the book,

And his soule in hevene.

For ther is fullynge of font,

And fullynge in blood shedyng,

And thorugh fir is fullyng,

And that is ferme bileve.

Advenit ignis divinus non comburens,

8000

sed illuminans, etc.

"Ac Truthe that trespased nevere,

Ne traversed ayeins his lawe,

But lyveth as his lawe techeth,

And leveth ther be no bettre;

And if ther were, he wolde amende,

And in swich wille deieth,

Ne wolde nevere trewe god,

But truthe were allowed,

And wheither it be worth or noght worth,

8010

The bileve is gret of truthe,

And an hope hangynge therinne

To have a mede for his truthe.

For Deus dicitur quasi dans vitam

æternam suis, hoc est fidelibus.

Et alibi: Si ambulavero in

medio umbræ mortis.

"The glose graunteth upon that vers

A greet mede to Truthe,

And wit and wisdom," quod that wye,

8020

"Was som tyme tresor

To kepe with a commune,

No catel was holde bettre,

And muche murthe and manhod;"

8024

And right with that he vanysshed.

Passus Decimus Tertius, etc.

8025

ND I awaked therwith

Wit-lees ner-hande,

And as a freke that fre were

Forth gan I walke

In manere of a mendinaunt

8030

Many a yer after,

And of this metyng many tyme

Muche thought I hadde.

First how Fortune me failed

At my mooste nede;

And how that Elde manaced me,

Myghte we evere mete;

And how that freres folwede

Folk that was riche,

And folk that was povere

8040

At litel pris thei sette;

And no corps in hir kirk-yerde

Nor in his kirk was buryed,

But quik he biquethe aught

To quyte with hir dettes;

And how this Coveitise over-com

Clerkes and preestes;

And how that lewed men ben lad,

But oure Lord hem helpe,

Thorugh un-konnynge curatours,

8050

To incurable peynes.

And how that Ymaginatif

In dremels me tolde

Of Kynde and of his konnynge,

And how curteis he is to bestes,

And how lovynge he is to briddes

On londe and on watre.

Leneth he no lif

Lasse ne moore.

The creatures that crepen

8060

Of kynde ben engendred.

And sithen how Ymaginatif seide,

Vix salvabitur;

And whan he hadde seid so,

How sodeynliche he passed.

I lay doun longe in this thoght,

And at the laste I slepte.

And as Crist wolde, ther com Conscience

To conforte me that tyme,

And bad me come to his court,

8070

With Clergie sholde I dyne;

And for Conscience of Clergie spak,

I com wel the rather.

And there I seigh a maister,

What man he was I nyste,

That lowe louted

And loveliche to Scripture.

Conscience knew hym wel,

And welcomed hym faire.

Thei wesshen and wipeden,

8080

And wenten to the dyner.

And Pacience in the paleis stood

In pilgrymes clothes,

And preyde mete par charité

For a povere heremyte.

Conscience called hym in,

And curteisliche seide,

"Welcome! wye; go and wasshe;

Thow shalt sitte soone."

This maister was maad sitte,

8090

As for the mooste worthi.

And thanne Clergie and Conscience

And Pacience cam after.

Pacience and I

Were put to be macches,

And seten bi oureselve

At the side borde.

Conscience called after mete;

And thanne cam Scripture,

And served hem thus soone

8100

Of sondry metes manye,

Of Austyn, of Ambrose,

And of the foure Euvangelistes,

=

Edentis et bibentis quæ apud eos sunt.

Ac this maister nor his man

No maner flesshe eten;

Ac thei eten mete of moore cost,

Mortrews and potages

Of that men mys-wonne

8110

Thei made hem wel at ese.

Ac hir sauce was over sour,

And unsavourly grounde

In a morter post mortem

Of many a bitter peyne,

But if thei synge for tho soules,

And wepe salte teris.

Vos qui peccata hominum comeditis,

nisi pro eis lacrimas et orationes

effunderitis, ea quæ in

8120

deliciis comeditis, in tormentis

evometis.

Conscience ful curteisly tho

Comaunded Scripture

Bifore Pacience breed to brynge

And me that was his macche.

He sette a sour loof to-forn us,

And seide, "agite pænitentiam."

"As longe," quod I, "as I lyve,

And lycame may dure."

8130

"Here is propre service," quod Pacience,

"Ther fareth no prince bettre,"

And thanne he broughte us forth a mees of oother mete,

Of Miserere mei, Deus,

And he broughte us of Beati quorum,

Of Beatus-virres makyng.

Et quorum tecta sunt peccata in a disshe,

Of derne shrifte Dixi et confitebor tibi.

"Bryng Pacience som pitaunce,"

Pryveliche quod Conscience.

8140

And thanne hadde Pacience a pitaunce.

Pro hac orabit ad te omnis sanctus

in tempore oportuno.

And Conscience conforted us,

And carped us murye tales.

=

Cor contritum et humiliatum Deus non despicies.

Pacience was proud

Of that propre service,

And made hym murthe with his mete;

8150

Ac I mornede evere,

For this doctour on the heighe dees

Drank wyn so faste.

=

Væ vobis qui potentes estis ad bibendum vinum!

He eet manye sondry metes,

Mortrews and puddynges,

Wombe-cloutes and wilde brawen,

And egges y-fryed with grece.

Thanne seide I to myself so

8160

Pacience it herde,

"It is noght foure dayes that this freke

Bifore the deen of Poules

Preched of penaunces

That Poul the apostle suffrede,

In fame et frigore

And flappes of scourges."

Ter cæsus sum, et a Judeis quinquies

quadragenas, etc.

Ac o word thei over-huppen

8170

At ech a tyme that thei preche,

That Poul in his Pistle

To al the peple tolde:

Periculum est in falsis fratribus.

Holi writ bit men be war,

I wol noght write it here

In Englisshe, on aventure

It sholde be reherced to ofte,

And greve therwith goode men,

Ac gramariens shul redde.

8180

Unusquisque a fratre se custodiat,

quia, ut dicitur, periculum est

in falsis fratribus.

Ac I wiste nevere freke that as a frere yede

Bifore men on Englisshe

Taken it for his teme,

And telle it withouten glosyng.

They prechen that penaunce is

Profitable to the soule,

And what meschief and male ese

8190

Crist for man tholede.

"Ac this Goddes gloton," quod I,

"With hise grete chekes,

Hath no pité on us povere,

He perfourneth yvele;

That he precheth he preveth noght,"

To Pacience I tolde,

And wisshed ful witterly,

With wille ful egre,

That disshes and doublers

8200

Bifore this ilke doctour

Were molten leed in his mawe,

And Mahoun amyddes.

"I shal jangle to this jurdan

With his juste wombe,

To telle me what penaunce is,

Of which he preched rather."

Pacience perceyved what I thoughte,

And wynked on me to be stille,

And seide, "Thow shalt see thus soone,

8210

Whan he may na-moore,

He shal have a penaunce in his paunche,

And puffe at ech a worde;

And thanne shullen his guttes gothele,

And he shal galpen after.

For now he hath dronken so depe,

He wole devyne soone,

And preven it by hir Pocalips

And passion of seint Avereys,

That neither bacon ne braun,

8220

Blancmanger ne mortrews,

Is neither fissh nor flesshe,

But fode for a penaunt

And thanne shal he testifie of the Trinité,

And take his felawe to witnesse,

What he fond in a frayel,

After a freres lyvyng;

And but he first lyve be lesyng,

Leve me nevere after.

And thanne is tyme to take,

8230

And to appose this doctour

Of Do-wel and Do-bet,

And if Do-wel be any penaunce."

And I sat stille, as Pacience seide,

And thus soone this doctour,

As rody as a rose,

Rubbede hise chekes,

Coughed and carped;

And Conscience hym herde,

And tolde hym of a Trinité,

8240

And toward us he loked.

"What is Do-wel, sire doctour?" quod I,

"Is it any penaunce?"

"Do-wel," quod this doctour,

And took the cuppe and drank,

"Is do noon yvel to thyn even-cristen

Nought by thi power."

"By this day! sire doctour," quod I,

"Thanne be ye noght in Do-wel;

For ye han harmed us two,

8250

In that ye eten the puddyng,

Mortrews and oother mete,

And we no morsel hadde.

And if ye fare so in youre fermerye,

Ferly me thynketh,

But cheeste be ther charité sholde be.

And yonge children dorste pleyne,

I wolde permute my penaunce with youre,

For I am in point to Do-wel."

Thanne Conscience curteisly

8260

A contenaunce made,

And preynte upon Pacience

To preie me to be stille;

And seide hymself, "Sire doctour,

And it be youre wille,

What is Do-wel and Do-bet,

Ye dyvynours knoweth."

"Do-wel," quod this doctour,

"Do as clerkes techeth;

And Do-bet is he that techeth,

8270

And travailleth to teche othere;

And Do-best doth hymself so,

As he seith and precheth."

Qui facit et docuerit, magnus vocabitur

in regno cœlorum.

"Now thow, Clergie," quod Conscience,

"Carpest what is Do-wel.

I have sevene sones," he seide,

"Serven in a castel,

Ther the lord of lif wonyeth,

8280

To leren what is Do-wel;

Til I se tho sevene

And myself acorde,

I am un-hardy," quod he,

"To any wight to preven it.

For oon Piers the Plowman

Hath impugned us alle,

And set alle sciences at a sope,

Save love one;

And no text ne taketh

8290

To mayntene his cause,

But Dilige Deum,

And Domine quis habitabit.

And seith that Do-wel and Do-bet

Arn two infinités,

Whiche infinités, with a feith!

Fynden out Do-best,

Which shal save mannes soule;

Thus seith Piers the Plowman."

"I kan noght heron," quod Conscience,

8300

"Ac I knowe wel Piers;

He wol noght ayein holy writ speken,

I dar wel undertake.

Thanne passe we over til Piers come,

And preve this in dede.

Pacience hath be in many place,

And peraunter mouthed

That no clerk ne kan,

As Crist bereth witnesse:

Patientes vincunt, etc."

8310

"Ac youre preiere," quod Pacience tho,

"So no man displese hym.

Disce," quo he, "Doce,

Dilige inimicos.

Disce, and Do-wel;

Doce, and Do-bet;

Dilige, and Do-best;

Thus taughte me ones

A lemman that I lovede,

Love was hir name:

8320

"With wordes and with werkes," quod she,

"And wil of thyn herte,

Thow love leelly thi soule

Al thi lif tyme,

And so thow lere the to lovye,

For oure Lordes love of hevene,

Thyn enemy in alle wise

Evene forth with thiselve.

Cast coles on his heed

Of alle kynde speche,

8330

Bothe with werkes and with wordes

Fonde his love to wynne;

And leye on him thus with love,

Til he laughe on the.

And but he bowe for this betyng,

Blynd mote he worthe.

"Ac for to fare thus with thi frend,

Folie it were.

For he that loveth thee leelly,

Litel of thyne coveiteth.

8340

Kynde love coveiteth noght

No catel but speche.

With halfe a laumpe lyne,

In Latyn, Ex vi transitionis,

I bere therinne aboute

Faste y-bounde Do-wel,

In a signe of the Saterday

That sette first the kalender,

And al the wit of the Wodnesday

Of the nexte wike after,

8350

The myddel of the moone,

As the nyght of bothe,

And herwith am I welcome

Ther I have it with me,

"Undo it, lat this doctour deme

If Do-wel be therinne.

For, by hym that me made!

Myghte nevere poverte

Misese ne meschief,

Ne no man with his tonge,

8360

Coold ne care,

Ne compaignye of theves,

Ne neither hete ne hayl,

Ne noon helle pouke,

Ne fuyr ne flood,

Ne feere of thyn enemy,

Tene thee any tyme,

And thow take it with the.

Caritas nihil timet, etc."

"It is but a dido," quod this doctour,

8370

"A disours tale;

Al the wit of this world,

And wight mennes strengthe,

Kan noght conformen a pees

Bitwene and hise enemys,

Ne bitwene two cristene kynges

Kan no wight pees make

Profitable to either peple;"

And putte the table fro hym,

And took Clergie and Conscience

8380

To conseil, as it were,

That Pacience thow most passe,

For pilgrymes konne wel lye.

Ac Conscience carped loude,

And curteisliche seide,

"Frendes, fareth wel;"

And faire spak to Clergie,

"For I wol go with this gome,

If God wol yeve me grace,

And be pilgrym with Pacience,

8390

Til I have preved moore."

"What!" quod Clergie to Conscience,

"Ar ye coveitous nouthe

After yeres-geves, or giftes,

Or yernen to rede redels?

I shal brynge yow a Bible,

A book of the olde lawe,

And lere yow, if yow like,

The leeste point to knowe,

That Pacience the pilgrym

8400

Parfitly knew nevere."

"Nay, by Crist!" quod Conscience

To Clergie, "God thee for-yelde;

For al that Pacience me profreth

Proud am I litel.

Ac the wil of the wye,

And the wil of folk here,

Hath meved my mood

To moorne for my synnes.

The goode wil of a wight

8410

Was nevere bought to the fulle.

For ther nys no tresour, for sothe,

To a trewe wille.

"Hadde noght Maudeleyne moore

For a box of salve,

Than Zacheus for he seide

=

Dimidium bonorum meorum do pauperibus?

And the poore widewe

For a peire of mytes,

8420

Than alle tho that offrede

Into gazophilacium?"

Thus curteisliche Conscience

Congeyed first the frere,

And sithen softeliche he seide

In Clergies ere,

"Me were levere, by oure Lord!

And I lyve sholde,

Have pacience perfitliche,

Than half thi pak of bokes."

8430

Clergie of Conscience

No congie wolde take,

But seide ful sobreliche,

"Thow shalt se the tyme

Whan thow art wery of-walked,

Wille me to counseille."

"That is sooth," quod Conscience,

"So me God helpe!

If Pacience be oure partyng felawe,

And pryvé with us bothe,

8440

Ther nys wo in this world

That we ne sholde amende,

And conformen kynges to pees,

And alle kynnes londes;

Sarsens and Surré,

And so forth alle the Jewes,

Turne into the trewe feith,

And intil oon bileve."

"That is sooth," quod Clergie,

"I se what thow menest;

8450

I shal dwelle as I do,

My devoir to shewe,

And confermen fauntekyns,

And oother folk y-lered,

Til Pacience have preved thee,

And parfit thee maked."

Conscience tho with Pacience passed,

Pilgrymes as it were.

Thanne hadde Pacience, as pilgrymes han,

In his poke vitailles,

8460

Sobretee and symple speche,

And soothfast bileve,

To conforte hym and Conscience,

If thei come in place

There un-kyndenesse and coveitise is,

Hungry contrees bothe.

And as the wente by the weye,

Of Do-wel thei carped;

Thei mette with a mynstral,

As me tho thoughte.

8470

Pacience apposed hym first.

And preyde he sholde hem telle

To Conscience what craft he kouthe,

And to what contree he wolde.

"I am a mynstrall," quod that man,

"My name is Activa-vita;

Al ydelnesse ich hatie,

For of actif is my name;

A wafrer, wol ye wite,

And serve manye lordes,

8480

And fewe robes I fonge,

Or furrede gownes.

Couthe I lye to do men laughe,

Thanne lacchen I sholde

Outher mantel or moneie

Amonges lordes or mynstrals.

Ac for I kan neither taboure ne trompe,

Ne telle no gestes,

Farten ne fithelen

At festes, ne harpen,

8490

Jape ne jogele,

Ne gentilliche pipe,

Ne neither saille ne saute,

Ne synge with the gyterne,

I have no goode giftes

Of thise grete lordes.

For no breed that I brynge forth,

Save a benyson on the Sonday

Whan the preest preieth the peple

Hir pater-noster to bidde

8500

For Piers the Plowman,

And that hym profit waiten;

And that am I actif,

That ydelnesse hatie;

For alle trewe travaillours

And tiliers of the erthe,

Fro Mighelmesse to Mighelmesse

I fynde hem with my wafres.

"Beggeris and bidderis

Of my breed craven,

8510

Faitours and freres,

And folk with brode crounes.

I fynde payn for the pope,

And provendre for his palfrey;

And I hadde nevere of hym,

Have God my trouthe!

Neither provendre ne personage

Yet of popes gifte,

Save a pardon with a peis of leed

And two polles amyddes.

8520

Hadde ich a clerc that couthe write,

I wolde caste hym a bille,

That he sente me under his seel

A salve for the pestilence,

And that his blessynge and hise bulles

Bocches myghte destruye.

In nomine meo dæmonia ejicient, et

super ægros manus imponent, et

bene habebunt.

"And thanne wolde I be prest to the peple

8530

Paast for to make,

And buxom and busy

Aboute breed and drynke

For hym and for alle hise,

Founde I that his pardon

Mighte lechen a man,

As I bileve it sholde.

For sith he hath the power

That Peter hymself hadde,

He hath the pot with the salve,

8540

Soothly as me thynketh.

Argentum et aurum non est mihi;

quod autem habeo tibi do: in

nomine Domini surge et

ambula.

"Ac if myght of myracle hym faille,

It is for men ben noght worthi

To have the grace of God,

And no gilt of pope.

For may no blessynge doon us boote,

8550

But if we wile amende,

Ne mannes masse make pees

Among cristene peple,

Til pride be pureliche for-do,

And thorugh payn defaute.

For er I have breed of mele,

Oft moot I swete;

And er the commune have corn y-nough,

Many a cold morwenyng.

So er my wafres be y-wroght,

8560

Muche wo I tholye.

"At Londone, I leve,

Liketh wel my wafres;

And louren whan thei lakken hem.

It is noght long y-passed,

There was a careful commune,

Whan no cart com to towne

With breed fro Stratforde;

Tho gonnen beggeris wepe,

And werkmen were agast a lite;

8570

This wole be thought longe.

In the date of oure Drighte,

In a drye Aprille,

A thousand and thre hundred

Twies twenty and ten,

My wafres there were gesene

Whan Chichestre was maire."

I took good kepe, by Crist!

And Conscience bothe,

Of Haukyn the actif man,

8580

And how he was y-clothed.

He hadde a cote of Cristendom,

As holy kirke bileveth;

Ac it was moled in many places

With manye sondry plottes;

Of pride here a plot,

And there a plot of unbuxome speche,

Of scornyng and of scoffyng,

And of unskilful berynge,

As in apparaill and in porte

8590

Proud amonges the peple,

Oother wise than he hym hath

With herte or sighte shewynge,

Hym willyng that alle men wende

He were that he is noght.

For-why he bosteth and braggeth

With manye bolde othes,

And inobedient to ben undernome

Of any lif lyvynge;

And noon so singuler by hymself,

8600

Ne so pomp holy,

Y-habited as an heremyte,

An ordre by hymselve,

Religion saunz rule

Or resonable obedience,

Lakkynge lettrede men

And lewed men bothe

In likynge of lele lif,

And a liere in soule,

With inwit and with outwit

8610

Ymagynen and studie,

As best for his body be

To have a badde name,

And entremetten hym over al

Ther he hath noght to doone,

Willynge that men wende

His wit were the beste.

And if he gyveth ought to povere gomes,

Telle what he deleth,

Povere of possession in purs

8620

And in cofre bothe.

And as a lyoun on to loke,

And lordlich of speche,

Boldest of beggeris,

A bostere that noght hath,

In towne and in tavernes

Tales to telle,

And segge thyng that he nevere seigh,

And for sothe sweren it,

Of dedes that he nevere dide

8630

Demen and bosten

And of werkes that he wel dide

Witnesse, and siggen—

"Lo! if ye leve me noght,

Or that I lye wenen,

Asketh at hym or at hym,

And he yow kan telle

What I suffrede and seigh

And som tymes hadde,

And what I kouthe and knew,

8640

And what kyn I com of."

Al he wolde that men wiste

Of werkes and of wordes

Which myghte plese the peple,

And preisen hymselve.

Si hominibus placerem, Christi

servus non essem. Et alibi:

Nemo potest duobus dominis

servire.

"By Crist!" quod Conscience tho,

8650

"Thi beste cote, Haukyn,

Hath manye moles and spottes,

It moste ben y-wasshe."

"Ye, who so toke hede," quod Haukyn,

"Bihynde and bifore,

What on bak and what on body half,

And by the two sydes,

Men sholde fynde manye frounces,

And manye foule plottes."

And he torned hym as tyd,

8660

And thanne took I hede,

It was fouler bi fele fold

Than it first semed.

It was bi-dropped with wrathe

And wikkede wille,

With envye and yvel speche,

Entisynge to fighte,

Liynge and laughynge,

And leve tonge to chide,

Al that he wiste wikked

8670

By any wight tellen it,

And blame men bihynde hir bak,

And bidden hem meschaunce,

And that he wiste by Wille

Tellen it Watte,

And that Watte wiste

Wille wiste it after,

And make of frendes foes

Thorugh a fals tonge,

Or with myght or with mouth,

8680

Or thorugh mennes strengthe

Avenge me fele tymes,

Other frete myselve

Withinne as a shepsteres shere,

Y-sherewed man and cursed.

Cujus maledictione os plenum est

et amaritudine, sub lingua ejus

labor et dolor. Et alibi: Filii

hominum, dentes eorum arma

et sagittæ, et lingua eorum

8690

gladius acutus.

"Ther is no lif that me loveth

Lastynge any while;

For tales that I telle,

No man trusteth to me.

And whan I may noght have the maistrie,

Swich malencolie I take,

That I cacche the crampe,

And the cardiacle som tyme,

Or an ague in swich an angre,

8700

And som tyme a fevere

That taketh me al a twelve monthe,

Til that I despise

Lechecraft of oure Lord,

And leve on a wicche,

And seye that no clerc ne kan,

Ne Crist, as I leve,

To the soutere of Southwerk,

Or of Shordyche dame Emme;

And seye that no Goddes word

8710

Gaf me nevere boote,

But thorugh a charme hadde I chaunce

And my chief heele."

I waitede wisloker,

And thanne was it soilled

With likynge of lecherie,

As by lokynge of his eighe.

For ech a maide that he mette

He made hire a signe

Semynge to synne-warde,

8720

And some tyme he gan taste

Aboute the mouth, or bynethe

Bigynneth to grope,

Til eitheres wille wexeth kene,

And to the werke yeden,

As wel in fastyng dayes and Fridaies

As forboden nyghtes,

And as wel in Lente as out of Lente,

Alle tymes y-liche.

Swiche werkes with hem

8730

Were nevere out of seson,

Til thei myghte na-moore;

And thanne murye tales,

And how that lecchours lovye

Laughen and japen,

And of hir harlotrye and horedom

In hir elde tellen.

Thanne Pacience perceyved

Of pointes of this cote,

That were colomy thorugh coveitise

8740

And unkynde desiryng;

Moore to good than to God

The gome his love caste,

And ymagynede how

He it myghte have

With false mesures and met,

And with fals witnesse;

Lened for love of the wed,

And looth to do truthe;

And awaited thorugh which

8750

Wey to bigile,

And menged his marchaundise,

And made a good moustre;

"The worste withinne was,

A greet wit I let it,

And if my neghebore hadde any hyne,

Or any beest ellis,

Moore profitable than myn,

Manye sleightes I made

How I myghte have it,

8760

Al my wit I caste.

And but I it hadde by oother wey,

At the laste I stale it;

Or priveliche his purs shook,

And unpikede hise lokes;

Or by nyghte or by daye

Aboute was ich evere,

Thorugh gile to gaderen

The good that ich have.

"If I yede to the plowgh,

8770

I pynched so narwe,

That a foot lond or a forow

Fecchen I wolde

Of my nexte neghebore,

And nymen of his erthe.

And if I repe, over-reche,

Of yaf hem reed that ropen

To seise to me with hir sikel

That I ne sew nevere.

"And who so borwed of me,

8780

A-boughte the tyme

With presentes prively,

Or paide som certeyn;

So he wolde or noght wolde,

Wynnen I wolde,

And bothe to kith and to kyn

Unkynde of that ich hadde.

"And who so cheped my chaffare,

Chiden I wolde,

But he profrede to paie

8790

A peny or tweyne

Moore than it was worth;

And yet wolde I swere

That it coste me muche moore,

And swoor manye othes.

"On holy daies at holy chirche

Whan ich herde masse,

Hadde I nevere wille, woot God,

Witterly to biseche

Mercy for my mysdedes,

8800

That I ne moorned moore

Nor losse of good, leve me,

Than for my likames giltes.

As if I hadde dedly synne doon,

I dredde noght that so soore,

As when I lened, and leved it lost,

Or longe er it were paied.

So if I kidde any kyndenesse

Myn even cristen to helpe,

Upon a cruwel coveitise

8810

Myn herte gan hange.

"And if I sente over see

My servauntz to Brugges,

Or into Pruce-lond my prentis,

My profit to waiten,

To marchaunden with moneie,

And maken hire eschaunges,

Mighte nevere me conforte.

In the mene while

Neither masse ne matynes,

8820

No none maner sightes;

Ne nevere penaunce perfournede,

Ne pater-noster seide,

That my mynde ne was moore

On my good in a doute,

Than in the grace of God,

And hise grete helpes.

Ubi thesaurus tuus, ibi et cor tuum.

"Whiche ben the braunches

That bryngen a man to sleuthe?

8830

He that moorneth noght for hise mysdedes,

Ne maketh no sorwe,

And penaunce that the preest enjoyneth

Perfourneth yvele,

Dooth noon almesse,

Dred hym of no synne,

Lyveth ayein the bileve,

And no lawe holdeth,

Ech day is holy day with hym,

Or an heigh ferye;

8840

And, if he aught wole here,

It is an harlotes tonge.

Whan men carpen of Crist,

Or of clennesse of soules,

He wexeth wroth and wol noght here

But wordes of murthe;

Penaunce of povere men,

And the passion of seintes,

He hateth to here therof,

And alle that it telleth.

8850

Thise ben the braunches, beth war,

That bryngen a man to wanhope.

"Ye lordes and ladies,

And legates of holy chirche,

That fedeth fooles sages,

Flatereris and lieris,

And han likynge to lithen hem

To do yow to laughe,

Væ vobis qui ridetis, etc.

And gyveth hem mete and mede,

8860

And povere men refuse;

In youre deeth deyinge,

I drede me ful soore

Lest tho thre manner men

To muche sorwe yow brynge.

=

Consentientes et agentes pari pœna punientur.

"Patriarkes and prophetes,

And prechours of Goddes wordes,

Saven thorugh hir sermons

8870

Mannes soule fro helle.

Right so flatereris and fooles

Arn the fendes disciples

To entice men thorugh hir tales

To synne and to harlotrie.

Ac clerkes, that knowen holy writ,

Sholde kenne lordes

What David seith of swiche men,

As the Sauter telleth.

Non habitabit in medio domus meæ,

8880

qui facit superbiam, et qui

loquitur iniqua.

"Sholde noon harlot have audience

In halle nor in chambre,

Ther wise men were,

Witnesseth Goddes wordes,

Ne no mys-proud man

Amonges lordes ben allowed.

"Ac flaterers and fooles

Thorugh hir foule wordes

8890

Leden tho that loven hem

To Luciferis feste,

With Turpiloquio, a lady of sorwe,

And Luciferis fithele."

Thus Haukyn the actif man

Hadde y-soiled his cote,

Til Conscience acouped hym therof

In a curteis manere,

Why he ne hadde whasshen it,

8899

Or wiped it with a brusshe.

PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE, HANSON AND CO.

EDINBURGH AND LONDON.

Notes

[1] See the "Apocalypsis Goliæ" and other pieces in the poems of Walter Mapes; the Order of Fair Ease in the Political Songs, and the Poems of Rutebeuf; and, in English, the remarkable "Poem on the Evil Times of Edward II." in the appendix to the Political Songs. The Poem entitled the Order of Fair Ease bears some resemblance to the Abbaye de Theleme of Rabelais.

[2] This sentiment was perpetuated in a numerous class of ballads, in which the monarch is represented as thrown incognito among the lower classes, as listening to their expressions of loyalty and to the tale of their sufferings. See the "Tale of King Edward and the Shepherd" in Hartshorne's Ancient Metrical Tales; "The King and the Barker," in Ritson's Pieces of Ancient Popular Poetry; "The King and the Miller," and "King Edward IV. and the Tanner of Tamworth," in Percy's Reliques; &c. The earliest known form of this tale is the story of "Henry II. and the Cistercian Abbot," printed from Giraldus Cambrensis in the Reliquiæ Antiquiæ, vol. ii. p. 147.

[3] It was at least a tradition early in the sixteenth century (for we have no means now of ascertaining whether there were any substantial grounds for the statement), that the author was named Robert Longlande (or Langlande), that he was born at Cleobury Mortimer in Shropshire, and that (after receiving his education at Oxford) he became a monk of Malvern. I do not think, with Tyrwhitt and Price, that the name Wil, given in the poem to the dreamer, necessarily shows that the writer's name was William; and still less that the mention of "Kytte my wif" and "Calote my doghter" (p. 395 of the present volume), and of the dreamer's having resided at Cornhill, refer to the family and residence of the author of the poem. If he were a monk (as appears probable by his intimate acquaintance with the Scriptures and the Fathers), he would not be married. Sir Frederick Madden discovered a very important entry in a hand of the fifteenth century on the fly-leaf of a manuscript of Piers Ploughman in the library of Trinity College, Dublin, to the following effect—"Memorandum, quod Stacy de Rokayle, pater Willielmi de Langlond, qui Stacius fuit generosus, et morabatur in Schiptone under Whicwode, tenens domini Le Spenser in comitatu Oxon., qui prædictus Willielmus fecit librum qui vocatur Perys Ploughman."—It would perhaps be not impossible to trace the name and history of this Stacy de Rokayle; but till that be done, I do not think this memorandum ought to be considered as overthrowing the old tradition relating to Robert Longlande. It may be mentioned as a remarkable specimen of the patriotism of David Buchanan, that he lays claim to the author of Piers Ploughman as a Scotchman:—"Robertus Langland, natione Scotus, professione sacerdos, vir ex obscuris ortus parentibus, pius admodum et ingeniosus et zelo divinæ gloriæ plenus; inter monachos Benedictinos educatus in civitate Aberdonensi, vir æque erat in omni humaniore literatura insigniter doctus, et in medicina admodum clarus, pium opus sermone vulgare scripsit cui imposuit, || Visionem Petri Aratoris, lib. 1. || Pro conjugio sacerdotum. lib. 1. || Claruit anno Christi Redemptoria, 1369. Regnante Davide Secundo in Scotia."—Dav. Buchanan, de Scriptoribus Scotis. MS. Bibl. Univ. Edin.

[4] We may mention another historical allusion in Piers Ploughman, which seems to involve a chronological difficulty; the dry April in the mayoralty of John Chichester, 1. 8567. It appears clear that this is an allusion to a remarkable drought in the year 1351, which answers precisely to a calculation of the date given in the text, in which all the manuscripts that I have consulted agree. But the only year in which Chichester is said to have been mayor was 1368-9 according to some, or 1369-70 according to others. Stowe (as quoted in the note on this passage) has altered the text of Piers Ploughman to suit the year in which Chichester is known to have been mayor: yet there can be little doubt (even from the allusion to the treaty of Bretigny) that the poem itself was composed before that date, and therefore the same or another Chichester had probably been mayor before.

[5] Political Songs, p. 240.

[6] This terrible calamity was said by the astrologers to have been brought about by an extraordinary conjunction of Saturn with the other planets, which happened scarcely once in a thousand years. An astrologer and physician, who witnessed its effects, Symon de Covino, has left a Latin poem on the subject under the title De Judicio Solis in Conviviis Saturni, in which he describes Saturn as indulging his malevolence towards the human race by obtaining a judgment against men for their sins. This opinion is alluded to in Piers Ploughman, l. 4453,

"And so seide Saturne,

And sente yow to warne."

The influence of this planet was represented by astrologers as being peculiarly noxious, as is expressed in the following old distich:—

"Jupiter atque Venus boni, Saturnusque malignus,

Sol et Mercurius cum Luna sunt mediocres."

[7]

"Qui male pastus erat fragili virtute ciborum,

Labitur exiguo percussus flamine cladis:

Indeque Saturni vulgus, pauperrima turba,

Grata morte cadunt, quia vivere talibus est mors.

Post quos lunares pereunt et mercuriales.

Et sic debilior succumbit in ordine primo:

Post alii tandem pestem secuntur eamdem.

Sed dea principibus et nobilibus, generosis,

Militibus, seu judicibus fera Parca pepercit.

Raro cadunt tales, quia talibus est data vita

Dulcis in hoc mundo, quam gloria laudat inanis."

Symon de Covino, in the Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des

Chartes, tom. ii. p 236.

[8] We have a very remarkable proof of the popularity of Piers Ploughman with the lower orders (among whom probably parts of it were repeated by memory), and of its influence on the insurrections of the peasantry in the reign of Richard II., in the seditious letter of John Ball to the commons of Essex, preserved by Thomas Walsingham (Hist. Angl. p. 275). I am not sure if "John Schep" may not contain an allusion to the opening of the poem; but the second passage, here printed in Italics, refers evidently to Passus VI. and VII., and the third is an allusion to the characters of Do-well and Do-best.

"John Schep sometime Seint Mary priest of Yorke, and now of Colchester, graeteth well John Namelesse, and John the Miller, and John Carter, and biddeth them that they beware of guyle in borough, and stand together in Gods name, and biddeth Piers Plowman goe to his werke, and chastise well Hob the robber, and take with you John Trewman, and all his fellows, and no moe. John the Miller hath y-ground, smal, small, small. The kings sonne of heaven shal pay for all. Beware or ye be woe, know your frende fro your foe. Have ynough, and say hoe: And do well and better, and flee sinne, and seeke peace and holde you therin, and so biddeth John Trewman and all his fellowes."

[9] The mention of Wycliffe and of Walter Brute and other circumstances, fix the date of Piers Ploughman's Creed with tolerable certainty in the latter years of the reign of Richard II. It was probably written very soon after the year 1393, the date of the persecution of Walter Brute at Hereford; and from the particular allusion to that person we may perhaps suppose that like the Vision it was written on the Borders of Wales.

[10] Different circumstances connected with this poem (which also appears to have been proscribed, for we have no early manuscript of it) lead me to suppose that it was written in the reign of Henry IV., when the burning of heretics came into fashion, which is alluded to in the following stanza:—

"Were Christ on earth here, eftsoone

These would damne him to die:

All his hestes they han for-done,

And saine his sawes ben heresie:

And ayenst his commaundements they crie,

And damne all his to be brende;

For it liketh not hem such losengerie,

God almighty hem amend!"

In another passage, the writer of this poem alludes to the Creed of Piers Ploughman as though he were the author of it, and as a piece then known to everybody.

"And all such other counterfaitours,

Chanons, canons, and such disguised,

Been Gods enemies and traitours,

His true religion han foule despised.

Of freres I have told before,

In a making of a Crede;

And yet I could tell worse and more,

But men would werien it to rede."

Perhaps, however, the writer only claims the authorship of the Creed in his allegorical character, as the representative of that class of satirical writers who were then attacking the monastic orders.

[11] We may enumerate the following as specimens of such works published in the sixteenth century. Several similar publications appeared in the century following.

"Pyers Plowmans Exortation vnto the lordes, knights, and burgoysses of the parlyament house." 8vo. printed by Anthony Scholoker, in the reign of Edward VI.

"Newes from the North, Otherwise called the Conference between Simon Certain, and Pierce Plowman, faithfully collected and gathered by T. F. Student." 4to. London, John Allde, 1579.

"The Plowmans complaint of sundry wicked livers, and especially of the bad bringing vp of children; written in verse by R. B. printed for Hugh Corne, 1580." 8vo.

"A goodlye Dialogue and dysputacion between Pyers Ploweman and a Popish Preest, cōcernynge the Supper of the Lorde." 8vo, without date.

[12] Printed in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol i. pp. 170-188. On the date of this poem, see the Biographia Britannica Literaria (by the editor of the present work), Anglo-Saxon period, pp. 395, 396.

[13] Printed in the Altdeutsche Blätter von Moriz Haupt und Heinrich Hoffmann, vol. ii. pp. 99-120, and in the Reliquiæ Antiquæ, vol. i. pp. 208-227.

[14] Discovered in a MS. at Worcester by Sir Thomas Phillipps, who published a small edition of it, in folio.

[15] Edited by Sir Frederick Madden, for the Society of Antiquaries.

[16] Many instances of this will be found in my Specimens of Lyric Poetry, composed in England in the reign of Edward the First (Percy Society Publication).

[17] Such as William and the Werwolf, edited by Sir Frederick Madden; the Romance of Jerusalem; that of Alexander; &c.

[18] MS. Harl. 2253. In this manuscript, and in several others which I have seen the rhyming poems in short lines, whether in English, Latin, or French, are arranged in this manner; and I have met with instances in which part of a poem has been arranged in this way, and other parts of the same poem have been arranged in short lines, to suit the scribe's convenience. I have a strong impression of having met with an early English manuscript in which a fragment of alliterative verse was written in short couplets.

[19] Text I. is from the edition now offered to the public: Text II. from that edited by Dr. Whitaker.

[20] The title of the second impression is, "The Vision of Pierce Ploughman, nowe the seconde time imprinted by Roberte Crowley, dwellynge in Elye rentes in Holburne. Whereunto are added certayne notes and cotations in the mergyne gevynge light to the Reader, &c. Imprinted at London by Roberte Crowley, dwellyng in Elye rentes in Holburne. The yere of our Lord M.D.L. Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum." 4to, 125 leaves.

[21] The title consists merely of the words "Pierce the Ploughman's Crede," upon a tablet in the midst of a wood-cut which had evidently been brought from the continent. A fac-simile of the most important part of the cut is given in Mr. Payne Collier's Bibliographical Catalogue of the Library of Lord Francis Egerton, p. 235. The colophon, on a separate leaf, is "Imprinted at London. By Reynold Wolfe. Anno Domini M.D.L.III." It consists of 16 leaves in 4to.

[22] The title of this edition is, "The Vision of Pierce Plowman, newlye imprynted after the authours olde copy, with a brefe summary of the principall matters set before every part called Passus. Wherevnto is also annexed the Crede of Pierce Plowman, neuer imprinted with the booke before. ¶ Imprynted at London, by Owen Rogers, dwellyng neare vnto great Saint Bartelmewes gate, at the sygne of the spred Egle. ¶ The yere of our Lord God, a thousand, fyve hundred, thre score and one. The xxi. daye of the Moneth of Februarye. Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum." 4to. This edition is not foliated, or paged; and it is remarkable that it is as frequently found without the Creed, as with it. This edition of the Creed is also sometimes found separate.

[23] Whitaker's edition bears the following title,—"Visio Willielmi de Petro Plouhman, Item Visiones ejusdem de Dowel, Dobet, et Dobest. Or, The Vision of William concerning Piers Plouhman, and The Visions of the same concerning the Origin, Progress, and Perfection of Christian Life, &c. By Thomas Dunham Whitaker, LL.D., &c." 4to. London. Murray, 1813.

[24] This manuscript was bought at Heber's sale for the British Museum, where it is classed as Additional MS. No. 10,574.

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