LATIN PHRASE-BOOK

BY

C. MEISSNER

TRANSLATED FROM THE SIXTH GERMAN EDITION

WITH THE ADDITION OF

SUPPLEMENTARY PHRASES AND REFERENCES

BY

H. W. AUDEN, M.A.

ASSISTANT MASTER AT FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH; LATE SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND BELL UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR

LONDON

MACMILLAN AND CO.

AND NEW YORK

1894

All rights reserved

PREFACE

Although, ideally speaking, a phrase-book should always be compiled by the pupil himself from his own individual observation, yet in these days, when an extended curriculum tends to curtail considerably the amount of Latin read, it seems to me that anything which may help boys to some knowledge of Latinity in a short time is not wholly useless. Hence this translation. The use of such books as Meissner's Phraseologie involves no new and untried principles, witness the excellent results obtained in Germany, where the book has passed through six editions. It has also been translated into French (the translation is now in its third edition) and Italian.

My best thanks are due to Professor Meissner for his courtesy in allowing me to make this translation, also to Professor Pascal of Reims, to whose admirable translation I am much indebted.

H. W. AUDEN.

FETTES COLLEGE, EDINBURGH,

1894

CONTENTS

I. The World and Nature—

1. The World—Creation
2. The Earth and its Surface
3. Water—Rivers—Sea
4. Fire
5. Air—Sky—Climate—Heavenly Bodies
6. Natural Phenomena

II. Space and Time—

1. Points of the Compass—Situation
2. Boundary—Territory—Distance
3. Road—Travel
4. Coming—Going
5. Riding—Driving
6. Walking—Footsteps—Direction
7. Movement in General
8. Time in General
9. Year—Seasons
10. Day—Divisions of the Day

III. Parts of the Human Body

IV. Properties of the Human Body—

1. Feelings—Sensations—Powers
2. Birth—Life
3. Time of Life
4. Hunger—Thirst
5. Laughter—Tears
6. Health—Sickness
7. Sleep—Dreams
8. Death
9. Burial

V. Human Life; its various Relations and Conditions—

1. Circumstance—Situation—Difficulty
2. Commencement—End—Result
3. Cause—Motive—Origin
4. Regard—Importance—Influence—Power—Inclination
5. Opportunity—Possibilty—Occasion—Chance
6. Success—Good Fortune
7. Misfortune—Fate—Ruin
8. Danger—Risk—Safety
9. Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation
10. Riches—Want—Poverty
11. Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage
12. Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour
13. Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense
14. Merit—Value—Reward
15. Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders
16. Friendship—Enmity—Reconciliation
17. Authority—Dignity
18. Praise—Approval—Blame—Reproach
19. Rumour—Gossip—News—Mention
20. Fame—Reputation
21. Honour—Disgrace—Ignominy
22. Effort—Industry—Labour—Exertion
23. Business—Leisure—Inactivity—Idleness
24. Pleasure—Recreation

VI. The Mind; its Functions—

1. Genius—Talent—Intelligence
2. Imagination—Thought
3. Conceptions—Ideals—Perfection
4. Opinion—Prejudice—Conjecture
5. Truth—Error
6. Choice—Doubt—Scruple
7. Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion
8. Plan—Advice—Deliberation
9. Resolve—Design—Intention
10. Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay
11. Remembrance—Forgetfulness
12. Theory—Practice—Experience

VII. The Arts and Sciences—

1. Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature
2. Learning—Erudition
3. Culture—Civilisation
4. Education—Instruction—School—Profession
5. Example—Pattern—Precedent
6. Philosophy
7. The Parts of Philosophy
8. System—Method—Principles
9. Species—Definition—Classification—Connection
10. Proof—Refutation
11. Conclusion—Hypothesis—Inference
12. Debate—Controversy
13. Agreement—Contradiction
14. Particular Sciences (History—Mythology—Chronology—Geography—Mathematics—Natural Science—Astronomy)
15. Art in General
16. Poetry—Music—Painting—Sculpture
17. The Drama

VIII. Speech and Writing—

1. Speech in General
2. Style—Expression
3. Delivery—Voice
4. Subject-Matter—Argument
5. Question—Answer
6. Humour—Earnest
7. Language—Use of Language—Translation—Grammar
8. Sentence—Period—Words—Proverbs—Syllables
9. Writing—Writers—Books
10. Letters

IX. The Emotions—

1. Disposition—Emotion in General
2. Joy—Pain
3. Vexation—Care—Equanimity—Contentment—Affliction
4. Fear—Terror—Anxiety
5. Courage—Discouragement—Pusillanimity—Pride—Arrogance—Insolence
6. Presence of Mind—Composure—Despair
7. Hope—Expectation
8. Pity—Pardon—Want of Feeling—Cruelty
9. Love—Longing—Admiration—Enthusiasm
10. Belief—Confidence—Loyalty—Protection—Promise—Veracity (fides, fiducia)
11. Suspicion—Presentiment
12. Hatred—Jealousy—Envy
13. Discontent—Anger—Revenge—Fury

X. Virtues and Vices—

1. Virtue—Morality
2. Vice—Crime
3. Desire—Passion—Self-Control
4. Wrong—Insult—Outrage—Offence
5. Violence—Ambuscade—Threats
6. Appearance—Deceit—Falsehood—Derision
7. Duty—Inclinations
8. Reason—Conscience—Remorse
9. Measure—Standard—Limit—Moderation
10. Morals—Immorality—Principles—Character

XI. Religion—

1. God—Worship
2. Religion—Religous Scruple—Oath
3. Belief—Unbelief—Superstition
4. Prayers—Wishes—Vows
5. Sacrifice—Festival
6. Oracle—Prodigies—Auspices—Presage

XII. Domestic Life—

1. The House and its different Parts
2. Domestic Matters—Property
3. Habitation—Clothing
4. Food—Drink
5. Subsistence in General
6. Expenditure—Luxury—Prodigality
7. Hospitality
8. Sociability—Intercourse—Isolation
9. Conversation—Audience—Conference
10. Greeting—Farewell
11. Betrothal—Marriage—Divorce
12. Will—Inheritance
13. Custom—Usage

XIII. Commerce and Agriculture—

1. Commerce in General—Purchase—Price
2. Money—Interest—Loans
3. Money-Matters—Accounts—Audit
4. Rate of Interest
5. Profit—Credit—Debt
6. Building
7. Agriculture—Management of Stock

XIV. The State—

1. Constitution—Administration—Government
2. Civil Rights—Rank
3. Dignity—Position—Honours—Pre-eminence
4. Public Meetings—Suffrage
5. Laws—Bills
6. Popular Favour—Influence—Unpopularity
7. Party-Spirit—Neutrality—Politics—Aristocracy—Democracy
8. Demagogy—Revolution—Rebellion—Anarchy
9. Proscription—Confiscation—Banishment—Amnesty
10. Power—Monarchy—Royalty
11. Slavery—Freedom
12. Revenue—Colonies—Provinces
13. Magistracies—
    1. Candidature—Election
    2. Particular Magistracies
14. The Senate

XV. Law and Justice—

1. Law in General
2. Inquiry—Testimony—Torture
3. Process—Defence
4. Accusation—Verdict—Decision
5. Guilt
6. Punishment—Acquittal

XVI. War—

1. Levies—Military Oath—Armies in General
2. Pay—Service—Commissariat
3. Command—Discipline
4. Weapons
5. War
6. The Army on the March
7. The Camp
8. A Siege
9. Before the Fight
10. The Fight—
    1. The Fight in General
    2. The Attack
    3. Close Quarters
    4. Tactics—Reinforcements
    5. Successful Attack
    6. Retreat—Flight—Pursuit
    7. Defeat—Massacre—Wounds—Losses
11. Victory—Triumph
12. Truce—Peace—Treaties—Alliance
13. Conquest Submission

XVII. Shipping—

1. 1. Naval Affairs in General
2. 2. Voyage—Shipwreck—Landing
3. 3. A Naval Battle

Appendix

I. The World and Nature

1. The World—Creation

rerum or mundi universitas—the universe.

rerum natura or simply natura—creation; nature.

haec omnia, quae videmus—the visible world.

totius mundi convenientia et consensus—the perfect harmony of the universe.

deus mundum aedificavit, fabricatus est, effecit (not creavit)[1]—God made the world.

deus est mundi procreator (not creator), aedificator, fabricator, opifex rerum—God is the Creator of the world.

elementa; initia or principia rerum—the elements.

elementa et tamquam semina rerum—the elements and first beginnings.

nutus et pondus or simply nutus (ῥοπή)—gravity.

[1] Creare is usually employed in the sense of producing, originating, causing, e.g. similitudo creat errorem; periculum alicui creare. It has, however, occasionally the meaning to create, e.g. De Fin. rerum quas creat natura.

2. The Earth and its Surface

orbis terrae, terrarum[1]—the earth; the globe

(terra) continens (B. G. 5. 8. 2)—the continent.

terra (regio) mediterranea—an inland region; the interior.

interior Asia; interiora Asiae—the interior of Asia.

sinus urbis (Sall. Cat. 52. 35)—the heart of the city.

in ipsam or intimam Graeciam penetrare—to penetrate into the heart of Greece.

terra effert (more rarely fert,[2] but not profert) fruges—the earth brings forth fruit, crops.

terra fundit fruges—the earth brings forth fruit abundantly.

animata (animalia) inanimaque (not inanimata)—animate and inanimate nature.

ea, quae terra gignit—the vegetable kingdom.

ea, quae e terra gignuntur—the vegetable kingdom.

ea, quae a terra stirpibus continentur—the vegetable kingdom.

ea quorum stirpes terra continentur (N. D. 2. 10. 26)—the vegetable kingdom.

arbores stirpesque, herbae stirpesque (De Fin. 5. 11. 33)—the vegetable kingdom.

radices agere (De Off. 2. 12. 73)—to take root.

gemmas agere—to bud, blossom.

gemmae proveniunt—the trees are budding.

arbores frondescunt—the trees are coming into leaf.

rami late diffunduntur—the twigs are shooting out, spreading.

montes vestiti silvis—wooded hills.

summus mons—the top of a mountain.

culmina Alpium—the summits of the Alps.

sub radicibus montis, in infimo monte, sub monte—at the foot of the mountain.

superare Alpes, Pyrenaeum, Apenninum[3](both always in the sing.)—to cross the Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines.

altissimis montibus undique contineri—to be shut in on all sides by very high mountains.

prospectus est ad aliquid—one has a view over...; one is able to see as far as...

collis leniter ab infimo acclivis (opp. leniter a summo declivis)—a gentle ascent.

ad extremum tumulum—on the edge of the hill.

loca edita, superiora—heights, high ground.

loca aspera et montuosa (Planc. 9. 22)—rough and hilly ground.

loca plana or simply plana—level country; plains.

saxa praerupta—steep rocks.

loca inculta—uncultivated districts.

loca deserta (opp. frequentia)—deserts.

loca amoena, amoenitas locorum—pleasant districts; charming surroundings.

[1] To the Romans orbis terrarum (more rarely orbis terrae) meant all those countries which made up the Roman Empire.

[2] ferre is also used metaphorically, to produce, e.g. haec aetas perfectum oratorem tulit (Brut. 12. 45).

[3] But Pyrenaei montes, saltus occur (B. G. 1. 1. 7; B.C. 1. 37. 1).

3. Water—Rivers—Sea

summa aqua—the surface of the water.

ex aqua exstare—to stand out of the water.

aqua est umbilīco tenus—the water reaches to the waist.

aqua pectus aequat, superat—the water is up to, is above, the chest.

(se) ex aqua emergere[1]—to come to the surface.

aquam ex flumine derivare—to draw off water from a river.

aquam ducere per hortum—to bring a stream of water through the garden.

aquae ductus (plur. aquarum ductus)[2]—a conduit; an aqueduct.

agros irrigare—to irrigate fields.

aqua viva, profluens (opp. stagnum)—running water.

aqua iugis, perennis—a perpetual spring.

frigidā, calidā lavari (Plin. Ep. 3. 5. 11)—to take a cold, warm, bath.

aquae, aquarum inops—ill-watered.

fluctuare or fluctuari—driven by the waves.

fluctibus iactari—tossed hither and thither by the waves.

fluctibus (undis) obrui,[3]submergi—to be engulfed.

gurgitibus hauriri—to be drowned in the eddies.

flumen citatum fertur—the rivers flows with a rapid current.

flumen imbribus auctum—a river swollen by the rain.

flumen super ripas effunditur—the river is over its banks, is in flood.

flumen extra ripas diffluit—the river is over its banks, is in flood.

flumen agros inundat[4]—the river floods the fields.

flumen vado transire—to wade across, to ford a river.

flumine secundo—with the stream; downstream.

flumine adverso—against the stream; upstream.

Rhenus oritur or profluit ex Alpibus—the Rhine rises in the Alps.

accessus et recessus aestuum—ebb and flow (of tide).

decessus aestus—the ebb.

aestus maritimi mutuo accedentes et recedentes (N. D. 2. 53. 132)—the alternation of tides.

aestus ex alto se incitat (B. G. 3.12)—the tide is coming in.

aestu rursus minuente—when the tide begins to go down.

mare ventorum vi agitatur et turbatur—there is a storm at sea.

mare medium or internum[5]—the Mediterranean Sea.

[1] Also used metaphorically, e.g. (se) emergere ex malis (Nep. Att. 11. 1) to recover from misfortune. So emergere e fluctibus servitutis (Harusp. Resp. 23. 48).

[2] aquae ductio = the action, process of drawing off the water; canalis = the water-pipe, channel, conduit.

[3] So metaphorically, aere alieno obrutum esse, to be over head and ears in debt; nomen alicuius obruere perpetua oblivione, to drown a person's name in oblivion.

[4] Inundation = eluvio, not inundatio which is post-classical.

[5] The Romans called it mare nostrum (B.G. 5.1). Similarly mare Oceanus (B. G. 3. 7), the Atlantic; mare superum, the Adriatic (Att. 8. 16. 1); mare inferum, the Etruscan Sea (Att. 8. 3. 5).

4. Fire

ignem facere, accendere—to light, make a fire.

ignem tectis inferre, subicere—to set fire to houses.

ignem concipere, comprehendere—to take fire.

ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)—to make up, stir up a fire.

ignem alere—to keep up a fire.

accendere, incendere aedificia—to set buildings on fire.

inflammare urbem—to set fire to a city.

flammis corripi—to be devoured by the flames.

incendio flagrare, or simply conflagrare, ardere (Liv. 30. 7)—to be on fire, in flames.

incendio deleri, absūmi—to be burned to ashes.

igni cremari, necari—to perish in the flames.

ignem conclamare—to raise an alarm of fire.

ventus ignem distulit (B. G. 5. 43)—the wind spread the conflagration.

5. Air—Sky—Climate—Heavenly Bodies

aer terrae circumiectus or circumfusus—the atmosphere.

aer qui est terrae proximus—the atmosphere.

suspicere[1](in) caelum—to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky.

oculos tollere, attollere ad caelum—to raise the eyes to heaven; to look up to the sky.

sub divo—in the open air.

orbis finiens (Div. 2. 44. 92)—the horizon.

caelum or natura caeli—climate.

caelum salūbre, salubritas caeli (opp. grave, gravitas)—healthy climate.

caeli temperatio—temperate climate.

aer calore et frigore temperatus—temperate climate.

caeli asperitas—rough climate.

caeli varietas—variable climate.

caelestia—(1) the heavenly bodies, (2) celestial phenomena.

sol oritur, occidit—the sun rises, sets.

ortus, occasus solis—sunrise; sunset.

sol[2](luna) deficit, obscuratur—the sun, moon, is eclipsed.

solis defectio—an eclipse of the sun.

luna crescit; decrescit, senescit—the moon waxes, wanes.

motus stellarum constantes et rati—the regular courses of the stars.

cursum conficere in caelo—to run its course in the sky.

caelum astris distinctum et ornatum—the star-lit sky; the firmament.

nox sideribus illustris—a star-light night.

stellae errantes, vagae—the planets.

stellae inerrantes (N. D. 2. 21. 54)—the fixed stars.

sidera certis locis infixa—the fixed stars.

orbis lacteus—the milky way.

orbis signifer—the zodiac.

vertex caeli, axis caeli, cardo caeli—the pole.

orbis, pars (terrae), cingulus—a zone.

orbis medius—the temperate zone.

[1] suspicere is also used figuratively, to look up to, esteem, honour, e.g. viros, honores. Similarly despicere.

[2] For an account of an eclipse vid. Liv. 44. 37.

6. Natural Phenomena

vocis imago, or simply imago[1]—an echo.

saxa voci respondent or resonant—the rocks re-echo.

ventus remittit (opp. increbrescit)—the wind is falling.

ventus cadit, cessat—the wind dies down, ceases.

ventis secundis, adversis uti—to have favourable, contrary, winds.

ventus se vertit in Africum—the wind is turning to the south-west.

tempestas cooritur—a storm is rising.

imber tenet (Liv. 23. 44. 6)—the rain continues.

imbres repente effusi—a sudden shower.

tempestatem idoneam, bonam nancisci—to meet with good weather.

calor se frangit (opp. increscit)—the heat is abating.

sol ardet, urit—the sun burns, scorches.

ardore solis torreri—to be dried up by the sun's heat.

tanta vis frigoris insecuta est, ut—the frost set in so severely that...

frigore (gelu) rigere, torpere—to be numb with cold.

frigore confici—to freeze to death.

aestus et frigoris patientem esse—to be able to bear heat and cold.

tempestas cum magno fragore (caeli) tonitribusque (Liv. 1. 16)—a storm accompanied by heavy claps of thunder.

caelum tonitru contremit—the heavens are shaken by the thunder.

fulmina[2] micant—the lightning flashes.

fulmen locum tetigit—the lightning has struck somewhere.

fulmine tangi, ici—to be struck by lightning.

de caelo tangi, percuti—to be struck by lightning.

fulmine ictus—struck by lightning.

eruptiones ignium Aetnaeorum—an eruption of Etna.

Vesuvius evomit (more strongly eructat) ignes—Vesuvius is discharging flame.

venti ab ortu solis flant—the east winds are blowing.

[1] Also metaphorically, e.g. gloria virtuti resonat tamquam imago (Tusc. 3. 3), glory is as it were the echo of virtue.

[2] Used sometimes figuratively, e.g. fulmen verborum, fulmina eloquentiae, fulmina fortunae (Tusc. 2. 27), fulmina imperii (Balb. 15. 34).

II. Space and Time

1. Points of the Compass—Situation

spectare in (vergere ad) orientem (solem), occidentem[1] (solem), ad meridiem, in septentriones—to lie to the east, west, south, north.

spectare inter occasum solis et septentriones—to be situate to the north-west.

Germania quae or Germaniae ea pars quae, ad orientem, occidentem vergit—eastern, western Germany.

est a septentrionibus collis—a hill lies to the north.

situs loci—the situation of a place.

natura loci—the natural position of a place.

opportunitas loci (B. G. 3. 14)—the advantageous situation of a place.

opportuno loco situm or positum esse—to be favourably situated.

urbs situ ad aspectum praeclara est—the city is very beautifully situated.

oppidum mari adiacet—the town lies near the sea.

villa tangit viam—the country-house stands near the road.

oppidum colli impositum est—the town stands on rising ground.

oppidum monti subiectum est—the town lies at the foot of a mountain.

promunturium in mare procurrit—a promontory juts out into the sea.

paeninsula in mare excurrit, procurrit—a peninsula projects into the sea.

promunturium superare—to double a cape.

urbs in sinu sita est—the city is situate on a bay.

[1] "The east" and "the west" = orientis, occidentis (solis) terrae, partes, regiones, gentes. The adjectives orientalis, occidentalis are not used in good Latin. The north, i.e. northern countries, is represented by terrae septentrionibus subiectae; the south by terra australis.

2. Boundary—Territory—Distance

tangere, attingere terram—to be contiguous, adjacent to a country.

finitimum[1] esse terrae—to be contiguous, adjacent to a country.

continentem esse terrae or cum terra (Fam. 15. 2. 2)—to have the same boundaries; to be coterminous.

Gallia Rhodano continetur (vid. sect. V. 4., note contineri aliqua re...)—Gaul is bounded by the Rhone.[TR1]

Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit—the Rhone.[TR2] is the frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani.

fines (imperii) propagare, extendere, (longius) proferre—to enlarge the boundaries of a kingdom.

(ex) finibus excedere—to evacuate territory.

in Sequanis—in the country of the Sequani.

in Sequanos proficisci—to invade the territory of the Sequani.

porrigi ad septentriones—to stretch northwards.

haec gens pertinet usque ad Rhenum—the territory of this race extends as far as the Rhine.

in latitudinem, in longitudinem patere—to extend in breadth, in length.

late patere[2] (also metaphorically vid. sect. VIII. 8)—to have a wide extent.

imperium orbis terrarum terminis definitur—the empire reaches to the ends of the world.

longe, procul abesse ab urbe—to be far from town.

prope (propius, proxime) abesse—to be not far away.

paribus intervallis distare—to be equidistant.

tantundem viae est—the road is the same length.

longo spatio, intervallo interiecto—at a great distance.

intervallo locorum et temporum disiunctum esse—to be separated by an immense interval of space and time.

a mille passibus—a mile away.

e longinquo—from a distance.

loca longinqua—distant places.

ultimae terrae—the most distant countries, the world's end.

extremae terrae partes—the most distant countries, the world's end.

longinquae nationes—distant nations.

[1] vicinum esse, to be neighbouring; used of houses, gardens, etc.

[2] patere denotes extension in its widest sense; pertinere, extension from one point to another, e.g. ars et late patet et ad multos pertinet (De Or. 1. 55. 235); ex eo oppido pars ad Helvetios pertinet (B. G. 1. 6. 3).

[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the English original says "Gaul is bounded by the Rhine" which is wrong as can be seen both from the Latin expression and the original German edition.

[TR2] Transcriber's Note: In the original book Auden translates Rhodanus Sequanos ab Helvetiis dividit wrongly as "the Rhine is the frontier between the Helvetii and the Sequani." The French and German versions correctly translate Rhodanus as "le Rhône" and "Rhone".

3. Road—Travel

viam sternere (silice, saxo)—to pave a road.

substruere viam glarea (Liv. 41. 27)—to make a gravel path.

via strata—a street, a made road.

via trita[1]—a well-trodden, much-frequented way.

viam munire[2]—to make a road.

viam patefacere, aperire—to open a route.

ferro viam facere (per confertos hostes)—to cut one's way (through the enemies' ranks).

viam intercludere—to obstruct a road; to close a route.

iter obstruere—to obstruct a road; to close a route.

via fert, ducit aliquo—a road leads somewhere.

in viam se dare—to set out on a journey.

viae se committere—to set out on a journey.

viam ingredi, inire (also metaphorically)—to enter upon a route; to take a road.

rectā (viā)—straight on.

de via declinare, deflectere (also metaphorically)—to turn aside from the right way; to deviate.

(de via) decedere alicui—make way for any one.

Appia via proficisci—to set out by the Appian road.

erranti viam monstrare—to direct a person who has lost his way.

errores Ulixis—the wanderings of Ulysses.

viam persequi (also metaphorically)—to continue one's journey, pursue one's course.

longam viam conficere—to accomplish a long journey.

fessus de via—weary with travelling; way-worn.

Hercules[3] in trivio, in bivio, in compitis—Hercules at the cross-roads, between virtue and vice.

iter facere—(1) to take a journey, (2) to make, lay down a road (rare).

una iter facere—to travel together.

iter ingredi (pedibus, equo, terra)—to begin a journey (on foot, on horseback, by land).

iter aliquo dirigere, intendere—to journey towards a place.

tendere aliquo—to journey towards a place.

longum itineris spatium emetiri—to finish a very long journey.

ex itinere redire[4]—to return from a journey.

in itinere[5]—on a journey; by the way.

iter terrestre, pedestre—travel by land, on foot.

itinera diurna nocturnaque—travelling day and night.

iter unius diei or simply diei—a day's journey.

iter impeditum—an impassable road.

disiunctissimas ultimas terras peragrare (not permigrare)—to travel through the most remote countries.

peregrinatio—a foreign journey.

peregrinari, peregre esse—to be travelling abroad.

peregre proficisci—to go abroad.

aliquem proficiscentem prosequi—to accompany any one when starting; to see a person off.

aliquem proficiscentem votis ominibusque prosequi (vid. sect. VI. 11, note Prosequi...)—to wish any one a prosperous journey.

rus excurrere—to make a pleasure-trip into the country.

ruri vivere, rusticari—to live in the country.

vita rustica—country life (the life of resident farmers, etc.)

rusticatio, vita rusticana—country life (of casual, temporary visitors).

[1] tritus is also used figuratively, e.g. proverbium (sermone) tritum (De Off. 1. 10. 33), vocabulum latino sermone non tritum (Acad. 1. 7. 27).

[2] Cf. in metaphorical sense, viam ad honores alicui munire (Mur. 10. 23).

[3] vid. on this subject De Off. 1. 32. 118; Fam. 5. 12. 3.

[4] reverti means properly to turn back and retrace one's steps, after giving up one's intention of remaining longer in a place, or continuing one's journey, cf. Div. 1. 15. 27, itaque revertit ex itinere, cum iam progressus esset multorum dierum viam. Similarly reditus = return, reversio generally = turning back. Cicero only uses revenire in conjunction with domum.

[5] ex itinere implies that the march was interrupted, thus there is a difference between in itinere aliquem aggredi and ex itinere, etc. In the same way distinguish in fuga and ex fuga, e.g. ex fuga evadere, ex fuga dissipati.

4. Coming—Going

pedibus ire—to go on foot.

discedere a, de, ex loco aliquo—to leave a place.

egredi loco;[1] excedere ex loco—to leave a place.

decedere loco, de, ex loco[2]—to quit a place for ever.

ingredi, intrare urbem, introire in urbem—to enter a city.

portā ingredi, exire—to go in at, go out of a gate.

extra portam egredi—to go outside the gate.

commeare ad aliquem—to go in and out of any one's house; to visit frequently.

Romam venire, pervenire—to come to Rome.

adventus Romam, in urbem—arrival in Rome, in town.

in unum locum convenire, confluere—to collect together at one spot.

Romam concurrere (Mil. 15. 39)—to stream towards Rome.

obviam ire alicui—to meet any one.

obviam venire alicui—to go to meet some one.

obvium or obviam esse, obviam fieri—to meet some one by chance.

incidere in aliquem—to meet, come across a person; to meet casually.

offendere, nancisci aliquem—to meet, come across a person; to meet casually.

obviam alicui aliquem mittere—to send to meet a person.

[1] relinquere, e.g. domum, properly means to give up, renounce the possession or enjoyment of a place.

[2] Cf. especially decedere (ex, de) provincia, used regularly of a magistrate leaving his province on expiry of his term of office. Similarly, where life is compared to a province, decedere (de) vita, or merely decedere = to quit this life, die (cf. De Sen. 20. 73).

5. Riding—Driving

curru vehi, in rheda (Mil. 21. 55)—to drive.

equo vehi—to ride.

sternere equum—to saddle a horse.

conscendere equum—to mount.

ascendere in equum—to mount.

descendere ex equo—to dismount.

in equo sedere; equo insidēre—to be on horseback.

(in) equo haerere—to sit a horse well; to have a good seat.

calcaria subdere equo—to put spurs to a horse.

calcaribus equum concitare—to put spurs to a horse.

equo citato or admisso—at full gallop.

freno remisso; effusis habenis—with loose reins.

equum in aliquem concitare—ride against any one at full speed; charge a person.

habenas adducere—to tighten the reins.

habenas permittere—to slacken the reins.

admittere, permittere equum—to give a horse the reins.

frenos[1] dare equo—to give a horse the reins.

agitare equum—to make a horse prance.

moderari equum—to manage a horse.

equi consternantur—the horses are panic-stricken, run away.

equos incitatos sustinere—to bring horses to the halt when at full gallop.

[1] Cf. frenos, calcaria alicui adhibere, used metaphorically.

6. Walking—Footsteps—Direction

gradum facere—to take a step.

gradum addere (sc. gradui) (Liv. 26. 9)—to increase one's pace.

suspenso gradu—on tiptoe.

gradum sensim referre—to retreat step by step.

vestigia alicuius sequi, persequi or vestigiis aliquem sequi, persequi—to follow in any one's steps.

vestigiis alicuius insistere, ingredi (also metaph.)—to follow in any one's steps.

loco or vestigio se non movere—not to stir from one's place.

recta (regione, via); in directum—in a straight line.

in obliquum—in an oblique direction; sideways.

obliquo monte decurrere—to run obliquely down the hill.

in contrarium; in contrarias partes—in an opposite direction.

in transversum, e transverso—across; transversely.

quoquo versus; in omnes partes—in all directions.

in diversas partes or simply diversi abeunt, discedunt—they disperse in different directions.

huc (et) illuc—hither and thither.

ultro citroque—on this side and on that; to and fro.

longe lateque, passim (e.g. fluere)—far and wide; on all sides; everywhere.

7. Movement in General

se conferre in aliquem locum—to go to a place.

petere locum—to go to a place

quo tendis?—where are you going?

sublimem or sublime (not in sublime or sublimiter) ferri, abire—to fly aloft; to be carried into the sky.

praecipitem ire; in praeceps deferri—to fall down headlong.

in profundum deici—to fall down into the abyss.

se deicere de muro—to throw oneself from the ramparts.

deicere aliquem de saxo Tarpeio—to throw some one down the Tarpeian rock.

Nilus praecipitat[1] ex altissimis montibus—the Nile rushes down from very high mountains.

se proripere ex domo—to rush out of the house.

humi procumbere—to fall on the ground.

humi prosternere aliquem—to throw any one to the ground.

in terram cadere, decidere—to fall to the earth.

in terram demergi—to sink into the earth.

appropinquare urbi, rarely ad urbem—to draw near to a city.

propius accedere ad urbem or urbem—to advance nearer to the city.

longius progredi, procedere—to march further forward.

Romam versus proficisci—to advance in the direction of Rome.

ad Romam proficisci—to set out for Rome.

properat, maturat proficisci—he starts in all haste, precipitately.

consequi, assequi aliquem—to catch some one up.

praecurrere aliquem (celeritate)—to overtake and pass some one.

post se relinquere aliquem—to overtake and pass some one.

multitudo circumfunditur alicui—a crowd throngs around some one.

per totum corpus diffundi—to spread over the whole body.

[1] praecipitare is also transitive, e.g. praecipitare aliquem, to hurl a person down; ruere always intransitive except in poetry.

8. Time in General

tempus praeterit, transit—time passes.

tempus habere alicui rei—to have time for a thing.

tempus mihi deest ad aliquid faciendum—I have no time to do something.

tempus consumere in aliqua re—to pass one's time in doing something.

tempus terere, conterere (in) aliqua re—to waste time on something.

tempus conferre ad aliquid—to employ one's time in...

tempus tribuere alicui rei—to devote time to anything.

tempus non amittere, perdere—to lose no time.

nullum tempus intermittere, quin (also ab opere, or ad opus)—to devote every spare moment to...; to work without intermission at a thing.

tempus ducere—to spend time.

aliquid in aliud tempus, in posterum differre—to put off till another time; to postpone.

nihil mihi longius est or videtur quam dum or quam ut—I cannot wait till...

nihil mihi longius est quam (c. Inf.)—nothing is more tiresome to me than...

tempus (spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere—to require, give, take time for deliberation.

paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare—to give some one a few days for reflection.

tempori servire,[1] cedere—to accommodate oneself to circumstances.

ex quo tempore or simply ex quo—since the time that, since (at the beginning of a sentence).

eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum—at the same moment that, precisely when.

incidunt tempora, cum—occasions arise for...

tempus (ita) fert (not secum)—circumstances demand.

tempus maximum est, ut—it is high time that...

haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, memoria—the present day.

his temporibus, nostra (hac) aetate, nostra memoria, his (not nostris) diebus—in our time; in our days.

nostra aetas multas victorias vidit—our generation has seen many victories.

memoria patrum nostrorum—in our fathers' time.

aetate (temporibus) Periclis—in the time of Pericles.

antiquis[2] temporibus—in old days, in the olden time.

libera re publica—in the time of the Republic.

tempora Caesariana—the imperial epoch.

media quae vocatur aetas—the middle ages.

Pericles summus vir illius aetatis—Pericles, the greatest man of his day.

Pericles, quo nemo tum fuit clarior—Pericles, the greatest man of his day.

Pericles, vir omnium, qui tum fuerunt, clarissimus—Pericles, the greatest man of his day.

vir ut temporibus illis doctus—a man of considerable learning for those times.

tempore progrediente—in process of time.

primo quoque tempore—at the first opportunity.

hoc tempore—at this moment.

puncto temporis—in an instant.

momento[3] temporis—at the important moment.

in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis—just at the critical moment.

temporis causa—on the spur of the moment.

ad tempus[4] adesse—to be there at a given time.

ad exiguum tempus—for a short time.

brevis or exigui temporis—for a short time.

satis longo intervallo—after a fairly long interval.

spatio temporis intermisso—after some time.

in praesentia, in praesens (tempus)—at present; for the moment.

in posterum; in futurum—for the future.

in perpetuum—for ever.

semel atque iterum; iterum ac saepius; identidem; etiam atque etiam—more than once; repeatedly.

futura providere (not praevidere)—to foresee the future.

futura or casus futuros (multo ante) prospicere—to foresee the far distant future.

futura non cogitare, curare—to take no thought for the future.

saeculi[5] consuetudo or ratio atque inclinatio temporis (temporum)—the spirit of the times, the fashion.

his moribus—according to the present custom, fashion.

[1] The verb servire helps to form several phrases, e.g. servire valetudini, to be a valetudinarian; iracundiae, to be unable to restrain one's anger; brevitati, to be concise; communi utilitati, to be devoted to the public good, etc.

[2] antiquitas = the state of affairs in times gone by, not a division of time; so antiquitatis studia, archaeology; veteres or antiqui poetae, populi, the poets, people of antiquity; antiqua monumenta, the relics of antiquity. antiquitates plur. is used for the institutions, usages of times gone by.

[3] momentum (i.e. movimentum) is properly that which sets in motion, which gives a decisive impulse to things, cf. Luc. iv. 819, momentumque fuit mutatus Curio rerum. Livy and later writers employ the word in the sense of a moment of time.

[4] ad tempus also means (1) according to the circumstances of the case, e.g. ad tempus consilium capere, (2) for a short time, temporarily.

[5] The spirit of a thing is usually rendered by such words as natura, proprietas, ratio atque voluntas, e.g. the spirit, genius of a language, natura or proprietas sermonis; the spirit of the laws, voluntas et sententia legum.

9. Year—Seasons

praeterito anno (not praeterlapso)—in the past year.

superiore, priore anno—last year.

proximo anno—(1) last year; (2) next year.

insequenti(e) anno (not sequente)—in the following year.

anno[1] peracto, circumacto, interiecto, intermisso—after a year has elapsed.

anno vertente—in the course of the year.

initio anni, ineunte anno—at the beginning of the year.

exeunte, extremo anno—at the end of the year.

singulis annis, diebus—year by year; day by day.

quinto quoque anno—every fifth year.

ad annum—a year from now.

amplius sunt (quam) viginti anni or viginti annis—it is more than twenty years ago.

viginti anni et amplius, aut plus—twenty years and more.

abhinc (ante) viginti annos or viginti his annis—twenty years ago.

quinque anni sunt or sextus annus est, cum te non vidi—I have not seen you for five years.

quinque annos or sextum (iam) annum abest—he has been absent five years.

anno ab urbe condita quinto—in the fifth year from the founding of the city.

commutationes temporum quadripartitae—the succession of the four seasons.

verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore—in spring, summer, autumn, winter time.

ineunte, primo vere—at the beginning of spring.

ver appetit—spring is approaching.

suavitas verni temporis—the charms of spring.

summa aestate, hieme—in the height of summer, depth of winter.

hiems subest—winter is at hand.

hiemem tolerare—to bear the winter.

anni descriptio—the division of the year (into months, etc.)

annus (mensis, dies) intercalaris—the intercalary year (month, day).

fasti—the calender (list of fasts and festivals).

[1] Unless one is emphasised unus is left out with the following words: annus, mensis, dies, hora, and verbum.

10. Day—Divisions of the Day

ante lucem—before daybreak.

prima luce—at daybreak.

luce (luci)—in full daylight.

ubi illuxit, luxit, diluxit—when it was day.

lucet—it is daylight.

diluculo—in the morning twilight.

advesperascit—evening is drawing on.

die, caelo vesperascente—when it is growing dusk; towards evening.

multus dies or multa lux est—the day is already far advanced.

ad multam noctem—till late at night.

de nocte, de die—while it is still night, day.

multa de nocte—late at night.

intempesta, concubia nocte—in the dead of night; at midnight.

silentio noctis—in the silence of the night.

vicissitudines dierum noctiumque—the succession of day and night.

noctes diesque, noctes et dies, et dies et noctes, dies noctesque, diem noctemque—night and day.

tempus matutīnum, meridianum, vespertinum, nocturnum—morning, noon, evening, night.

tempora matutina—the morning hours.

in dies (singulos)—from day to day.

in diem vivere—to live from day to day.

alternis diebus—every other day.

quattuor dies continui—four successive days.

unus et alter dies—one or two days.

dies unus, alter, plures intercesserant—one, two, several days had passed, intervened.

diem proferre (Att. 13. 14)—to adjourn, delay.

biduo serius[1]—two days late.

horā citius—an hour too soon.

postridie qui fuit dies Non. Sept. (Nonarum Septembrium) (Att. 4. 1. 5)—on the day after, which was September 5th.

hodie qui est dies Non. Sept.; cras qui dies futurus est Non. Sept.—to-day the 5th of September; tomorrow September the 5th.

dies hesternus, hodiernus, crastinus—yesterday, to-day, tomorrow.

diem dicere colloquio—to appoint a date for an interview.

ad diem constitutam—at the appointed time.

diem videre, cum...—to live to see the day when...

dies dolorem mitigabit—time will assuage his grief.

quota hora est?—what time is it?

tertia hora est—it is the third hour (= 9 A.M.)

ad horam compositam—at the time agreed on.

[1] Used absolutely "too late" = sero; if "too late for," "later than," always serius (quam).

III. Parts of the Human Body

omnibus artubus contremiscere—to tremble in every limb.

aures claudere, patefacere (e.g. veritati, assentatoribus)—to turn a deaf ear to, to open one's ears to...

aures praebere alicui—to listen to a person.

aures alicuius obtundere or simply obtundere (aliquem)—to din a thing into a person's ears.

in aurem alicui dicere (insusurrare) aliquid—to whisper something in a person's ears.

ad aures alicuius (not alicui) pervenire, accidere—to come to some one's ears.

aures erigere—to prick up one's ears.

oratio in aures influit—his words find an easy hearing, are listened to with pleasure.

aures elegantes, teretes, tritae (De Or. 9. 27)—a fine, practised ear.

neque auribus neque oculis satis consto—I am losing my eyesight and getting deaf.

caput aperire (opp. operire)—to uncover one's head.

capite aperto (opp. operto)—bare-headed.

capite obvoluto—with head covered.

caput demittere—to bow one's head.

caput praecīdere—to cut off a man's head.

caput[1] parieti impingere—to strike one's head against the wall.

cervices (in Cic. only in plur.) frangere alicui or alicuius—to break a person's neck.

gladius cervicibus impendet—a sword hangs over his neck.

hostis[2] in cervicibus alicuius est—the foe is at our heels, is upon us.

promittere crinem, barbam—to grow one's hair, beard long.

passis crinibus—with dishevelled hair.

capilli horrent—his hair stands on end.

capilli compti, compositi (opp. horridi)—well-ordered, well-brushed hair.

extremis digitis aliquid attingere—to touch with the fingertips.

frontem contrahere (opp. explicare)—to frown.

frontem ferire, percutere—to beat one's brow.

in fronte alicuius inscriptum est—one can see it in his face.

ab alicuius latere non discedere—to be always at a person's side.

a latere regis esse—to belong to the king's bodyguard.

manum (dextram) alicui porrigere—to give one's hand to some one.

manum non vertere alicuius rei causa[3]—to make not the slightest effort; not to stir a finger.

manus inicere, inferre, afferre alicui—to lay violent hands on a person.

manus tollere—to raise one's hands in astonishment.

manus dare—to own oneself conquered, surrender.

manu ducere aliquem—to lead some one by the hand.

manu or in manu tenere aliquid—to hold something in one's hand.

in manibus habere aliquid (also metaphorically)—to have something in one's hands, on hand.

de manu in manus or per manus tradere aliquid—to pass a thing from hand to hand.

ex or de manibus alicui or alicuius extorquere aliquid—to wrest from a person's hand.

e manibus dimittere—to let go from one's hands.

in alicuius manus venire, pervenire—to come into some one's hands.

in alicuius manus incidere—to fall unexpectedly into some one's hands.

in manus(m) sumere aliquid—to take something into one's hands.

in manibus[4] aliquem gestare—to carry in one's arms.

e (de) manibus effugere,[5] elābi—to slip, escape from the hands.

inter manus auferre aliquem—to carry some one away in one's arms.

compressis manibus sedere (proverb.) (Liv. 7. 13)—to sit with folded arms; to be inactive.

mordicus tenere aliquid—to hold fast in the teeth (also metaphorically, obstinately).

oculos conicere in aliquem—to turn one's gaze on; to regard.

oculos circumferre—to look in every direction.

in omnes partes aciem (oculorum) intendere—to gaze intently all around.

omnium oculos (et ora) ad se convertere—to draw every one's eyes upon one.

omnium animos or mentes in se convertere—to attract universal attention.

conspici, conspicuum esse aliqua re—to make oneself conspicuous.

oculos (aures, animum[6]) advertere ad aliquid—to turn one's eyes (ears, attention) towards an object.

oculi in vultu alicuius habitant—his eyes are always fixed on some one's face.

oculos figere in terra and in terram—to keep one's eyes on the ground.

oculos pascere aliqua re (also simply pasci aliqua re)—to feast one's eyes with the sight of...

oculos deicere, removere ab aliqua re—to turn one's gaze away from an object.

oculos operire (morienti)[7]—to close the eyes of a dying person.

oculorum aciem alicui praestringere (also simply praestringere)—to dazzle a person.

oculos, lumina amittere—to lose one's sight.

oculis privare aliquem—to deprive a person of his eyes.

luminibus orbare aliquem—to deprive a person of his eyes.

oculis captum esse[8] (vid. sect. IV. 6., note auribus, oculis...)—to be blind.

ante oculos aliquid versatur—something presents itself to my vision.

oculis, ante oculos (animo) proponere aliquid—to picture a thing to oneself; to imagine.

ante oculos vestros (not vobis) res gestas proponite—picture to yourselves the circumstances.

cernere et videre aliquid—to see clearly, distinctly.

oculis mentis videre aliquid—to see with the mind's eye.

in oculis aliquem ferre—to cherish as the apple of one's eye.

aliquis est mihi in oculis—to cherish as the apple of one's eye.

abire ex oculis, e conspectu alicuius—to go out of sight, disappear.

venire in conspectum alicuius—to come in sight.

se in conspectum dare alicui—to show oneself to some one.

fugere alicuius conspectum, aspectum—to keep out of a person's sight.

in conspectu omnium or omnibus inspectantibus—before every one, in the sight of the world.

omnia uno aspectu, conspectu intueri—to take in everything at a glance.

non apparere—to have disappeared.

pedibus obterere, conculcare—to trample under foot.

ad pedes alicuius accidere—to fall at some one's feet.

ad pedes alicuius se proicere, se abicere, procumbere, se prosternere—to throw oneself at some one's feet.

ad pedes alicuius iacēre, stratum esse (stratum iacēre)—to prostrate oneself before a person.

quod ante pedes est or positum est, non videre—to fail to see what lies before one.

sanguine manare, redundare—to drip blood; to be deluged with blood.

vultum fingere—to dissemble, disguise one's feelings.

vultus ficti simulatique—a feigned expression.

vultum componere ad severitatem—to put on a stern air.

vultum non mutare—to keep one's countenance, remain impassive.

[1] caput has several metaphorical meanings, e.g. capita coniurationis (Liv. 9. 26), the leaders of the conspiracy; caput Graeciae, the capital of Greece; caput cenae, the chief dish; capita legis, the headings, clauses of a law; id quod caput est, the main point; de capite deducere (Liv. 6. 15), to subtract from the capital; capitis periculum, mortal peril; capitis deminutio (maxima, media, minima) (Liv. 22. 60), deprivation of civil rights. caput is often combined with fons = source, origin, e.g. ille fons et caput Socrates (Cic. De. Or. 1. 42); in aegritudine est fons miseriarum et caput (Cic.) By metonymy caput is used with liberum (and noxium) (Verr. 2. 32. 79) with the meaning of a free (guilty) person, individual.

[2] Cf. velut in cervicibus habere hostem (Liv. 44. 39); bellum ingens in cervicibus est (Liv. 22. 33. 6).

[3] Cf. ne digitum quidem porrigere alicuius rei causa.

[4] Notice too liberos de parentum complexu avellere (Verr. 2. 1. 3. 7), to snatch children from their parents' "arms" (not brachium), so in alicuius complexu mori; in alicuius complexu haerere. medium aliquem amplecti, to take to one's arms, embrace; libentissimo animo accipere, to welcome with open arms.

[5] Distinguish effugere aliquid, to escape the touch of, e.g. invidiam, mortem; and effugere ex aliqua re, to escape from a position one is already in, e.g. e carcere, e caede, e praelio. Notice fugit me, it escapes my notice.

[6] animum advertere aliquid = animadvertere aliquid = to notice a thing; animadvertere in aliquem = to punish a person.

[7] To shut one's eyes to a thing, conivere in aliqua re.

[8] Cf. caecatus, occaecatus cupiditate, stultitia.

IV. Properties of the Human Body

1. Feelings—Sensations—Powers

sensus sani, integri, incorrupti—sound, unimpaired senses.

sensibus praeditum esse—to be endowed with sense.

sensu audiendi carere—not to possess the sense of hearing.

sub sensum or sub oculos, sub aspectum cadere—to come within the sphere of the senses.

sensibus or sub sensus subiectum esse—to come within the sphere of the senses.

sensibus percipi—to be perceptible to the senses.

res sensibus or oculis subiectae (De Fin. 5. 12. 36)—the world of sense, the visible world.

res quas oculis cernimus—the world of sense, the visible world.

res externae—the world of sense, the visible world.

sensus movere (more strongly pellere)—to make an impression on the senses.

aliquid sensus suaviter afficit—a thing makes a pleasant impression on the senses.

aliquid sensus iucunditate perfundit—a thing makes a pleasant impression on the senses.

pulsu externo, adventicio agitari—to be affected by some external impulse, by external impressions.

sevocare mentem a sensibus (De Nat. D. 3. 8. 21)—to free one's mind from the influences of the senses.

aliquid a sensibus meis abhorret—something offends my instincts, goes against the grain.

vires corporis or merely vires—bodily strength.

vires colligere—to gain strength.

vires aliquem deficiunt—to lose strength.

dum vires suppetunt—as long as one's strength holds out.

bonis esse viribus—to be robust, vigorous.

pro viribus or pro mea parte—as well as I can; to the best of my ability.

pro virili parte[1] (cf. sect. V. 22.)—as well as I can; to the best of my ability.

[1] pro virili parte is distinct from the other expressions, as implying more assurance and confidence on the part of the speaker.

2. Birth—Life

in lucem edi—to see the light, come into the world.

ei, propter quos hanc lucem aspeximus—those to whom we owe our being.

tollere[1] or suscipere liberos—to accept as one's own child; to make oneself responsible for its nurture and education.

aliquem in liberorum loco habere—to treat as one's own child.

sexus (not genus) virilis, muliebris—the male, female sex.

patre, (e) matre natus—son of such and such a father, mother.

Cato Uticensis ortus erat a Catone Censorio—Cato of Utica was a direct descendant of Cato the Censor.

originem ab aliquo trahere, ducere—to trace one's descent from some one.

Romae natus, (a) Roma oriundus—a native of Rome.

cuias es—what country do you come from?

natione, genere Anglus—an Englishman by birth.

ortus ab Anglis or oriundus ex Anglis—a native of England.

urbs patria or simply patria—native place.

animam, spiritum ducere—to breathe, live.

aera spiritu ducere—to breathe the air.

animam continere—to hold one's breath.

cursu exanimari (B.G. 2. 23. 1)—to run till one is out of breath.

spiritum intercludere alicui—to suffocate a person.

in vita esse—to be alive.

vita or hac luce frui—to enjoy the privilege of living; to be alive.

vitam beatam (miseram) degere—to live a happy (unhappy) life.

vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere—to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning).

dum vita suppetit; dum (quoad) vivo—as long as I live.

si vita mihi suppeditat[2]—if I live till then.

si vita suppetit—if I live till then.

quod reliquum est vitae—the rest of one's life.

vitae cursum or curriculum[3] conficere—to finish one's career.

Homerus fuit[4] multis annis ante Romam conditam—Homer lived many years before the foundation of Rome.

[1] It was the custom for a Roman father to lift up his new-born child, which was laid on the ground at his feet; hence the expression tollere, suscipere.

[2] suppeditare (1) transitive, to supply sufficiently; (2) intrans. to be present in sufficient quantities = suppetere.

[3] vitae (vivendi) cursus or curriculum = life, career—considering its duration, length. Life = biography is not curriculum vitae, but simply vita, vitae descriptio.

[4] To live, speaking chronologically, is esse; vivere denotes to be alive, pass one's life, e.g. laute, in otio.

3. Time of Life

(The terms for the different ages of man are infans, puer, adulescens, iuvenis, senior, senex, grandis natu.)

ea aetate, id aetatis esse—to be of such and such an age.

a puero (is), a parvo (is), a parvulo (is)—from youth up.

a teneris unguiculis (ἐξ ἁπαλων ὀνύχων) (Fam. 1. 6. 2)—from one's cradle, from one's earliest childhood.

ab ineunte (prima) aetate (De Or. 1. 21. 97)—from one's entry into civil life.

ex pueris excedere—to leave one's boyhood behind one, become a man.

flos aetatis—the prime of youthful vigour.

aetate florere, vigere—to be in the prime of life.

integra aetate esse—to be in the prime of life.

adulescentia deferbuit—the fires of youth have cooled.

aetate progrediente—with advancing years.

aetate ingravescente—with the weight, weakness of declining years.

aetas constans, media, firmata, corroborata (not virilis)—manhood.

grandior factus—having reached man's estate.

corroborata, firmata aetate—having reached man's estate.

sui iuris factum esse—to have become independent, be no longer a minor.

aetate provectum esse (not aetate provecta)—to be advanced in years.

longius aetate provectum esse—to be more advanced in years.

grandis natu—aged.

aetate affecta esse—to be infirm through old age.

vires consenescunt—to become old and feeble.

senectute, senio confectum esse—to be worn out by old age.

exacta aetate mori—to die at a good old age.

ad summam senectutem pervenire—to live to a very great age.

senectus nobis obrēpit—old age creeps on us insensibly.

admodum adulescens, senex—still quote a young (old) man.

extrema aetas—the last stage of life, one's last days.

extremum tempus aetatis—the last stage of life, one's last days.

vita occidens—the evening of life.

aequalem esse alicuius—to be a contemporary of a person.

maior (natu)—the elder

aetate alicui antecedere, anteire—to be older than.

quot annos natus es?—how old are you?

qua aetate es?—how old are you?

tredecim annos natus sum—I am thirteen years old.

tertium decimum annum ago—I am in my thirteenth year.

puer decem annorum—a boy ten years old.

decimum aetatis annum ingredi—to be entering on one's tenth year.

decem annos vixisse—to be ten years old.

decimum annum excessisse, egressum esse—to be more than ten years old, to have entered on one's eleventh year.

minorem esse viginti annis—to be not yet twenty.

tum habebam decem annos—I was ten years old at the time.

centum annos complere—to reach one's hundredth year, to live to be a hundred.

vitam ad annum centesimum perducere—to reach one's hundredth year, to live to be a hundred.

accessio paucorum annorum—the addition of a few years.

tertiam iam aetatem videre—to be middle-aged (i.e. between thirty and forty).

in aetatem alicuius, in annum incidere—to happen during a person's life, year of office.

omnium suorum or omnibus suis superstitem esse—to outlive, survive all one's kin.

homines qui nunc sunt (opp. qui tunc fuerunt)—our contemporaries; men of our time.

homines huius aetatis, nostrae memoriae—our contemporaries; men of our time.

posteri—posterity.

scriptores aetate posteriores or inferiores—later writers.

4. Hunger—Thirst

esurire—to be hungry.

fame laborare, premi—to be tormented by hunger, to be starving.

famem tolerare, sustentare—to endure the pangs of hunger.

inediā mori or vitam finire—to starve oneself to death.

fame confici, perire, interire—to die of starvation.

fame necari—to be starved to death (as punishment).

famem, sitim explere—to allay one's hunger, thirst.

famem sitimque depellere cibo et potione—to allay one's hunger, thirst.

siti cruciari, premi—to suffer agonies of thirst.

sitim colligere—to become thirsty.

sitim haustu gelidae aquae sedare—to slake one's thirst by a draught of cold water.

famis et sitis[1] patientem esse—to be able to endure hunger and thirst.

[1] sitis is also used metaphorically—e.g. libertatis sitis (Rep. 1. 43. 66), so sitire—e.g. honores (De Fin. 4. 5. 3), libertatem (Rep. 1. 43. 66), sanguinem (Phil. 2. 7. 20). The participle sitiens takes the Gen.—e.g. sitiens virtutis (Planc. 5. 13).

5. Laughter—Tears

risum edere, tollere[1]—to begin to laugh.

cachinnum tollere, edere—to burst into a roar of laughter.

risum movere, concitare—to raise a laugh.

risum elicere (more strongly excutere) alicui—to make a person laugh.

risum captare—to try and raise a laugh.

risum tenere vix posse—to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter.

risum aegre continere posse—to be scarcely able to restrain one's laughter.

aliquid in risum vertere—to make a thing ridiculous, turn it into a joke.

lacrimas, vim lacrimarum effundere, profundere—to burst into a flood of tears.

in lacrimas effundi or lacrimis perfundi—to be bathed in tears.

lacrimis obortis—with tears in one's eyes.

multis cum lacrimis—with many tears.

magno cum fletu—with many tears.

lacrimas tenere non posse—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.

fletum cohibere non posse—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.

vix mihi tempero quin lacrimem—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.

vix me contineo quin lacrimem—to be hardly able to restrain one's tears.

lacrimas or fletum alicui movere—to move to tears.

prae lacrimis loqui non posse—to be unable to speak for emotion.

gaudio lacrimare—to weep for joy.

hinc illae lacrimae (proverb.) (Ter. And. 1. 1. 99; Cael. 25. 61)—hence these tears; there's the rub.

lacrimula (Planc. 31. 76)—crocodiles' tears.

lacrimae simulatae—crocodiles' tears.

[1] Not in risum erumpere, which only occurs in late Latin. However, risus, vox, fletus erumpit is classical, similarly indignatio (Liv. 4. 50), furor, cupiditates (Cael. 12. 28).

6. Health—Sickness

bona (firma, prospera) valetudine[1] esse or uti (vid. sect. VI. 8., note uti...)—to enjoy good health.

valetudini consulere, operam dare—to take care of one's health.

firma corporis constitutio or affectio—a good constitution.

infirma, aegra valetudine esse or uti—to be ill, weakly.

in morbum incidit—he fell ill.

aegrotare coepit—he fell ill.

morbo tentari or corripi—to be attacked by disease.

morbo afflīgi—to be laid on a bed of sickness.

lecto teneri—to be confined to one's bed.

vehementer, graviter aeogratare, iacēre—to be seriously ill.

gravi morbo affectum esse, conflictari, vexari—to be seriously ill.

leviter aegrotare, minus valere—to be indisposed.

aestu et febri iactari—to have a severe attack of fever.

omnibus membris captum esse[2]—to be affected by disease in every limb; to be paralysed.

ex pedibus laborare, pedibus aegrum esse—to have the gout.

pestilentia (not pestis) in urbem (populum) invadit—the plague breaks out in the city.

animus relinquit aliquem—a man loses his senses, becomes unconscious.

morbus ingravescit[3]—the disease gets worse.

morbo absūmi (Sall. Iug. 5. 6)—to be carried off by a disease.

assidēre aegroto (Liv. 25. 26)—to watch by a sick man's bedside.

aegrotum curare—to treat as a patient (used of a doctor).

curationes—method of treatment.

aegrotum sanare (not curare)—to cure a patient.

ex morbo convalescere (not reconvalescere)—to recover from a disease.

e gravi morbo recreari or se colligere—to recruit oneself after a severe illness.

melius ei factum est—he feels better.

valetudinem (morbum) excusare[4] (Liv. 6. 22. 7)—to excuse oneself on the score of health.

valetudinis excusatione uti—to excuse oneself on the score of health.

[1] valetudo is a neutral term = state of health. sanitas = soundness of mind, reason—e.g. ad sanitatem reverti, to recover one's reason.

[2] Note auribus, oculis, captum esse, to be deaf, blind; mente captum esse, to be mad.

[3] The comparative and superlative of aeger and aegrotus are not used in this connection, they are replaced by such phrases as vehementer, graviter aegrotare, morbus ingravescit, etc.

[4] But se excusare alicui or apud aliquem (de or in aliqua re) = to excuse oneself to some one about a thing.

7. Sleep—Dreams

cubitum ire—to go to bed.

somno or quieti se tradere—to lay oneself down to sleep

somnum capere non posse—to be unable to sleep.

curae somnum mihi adimunt, dormire me non sinunt—I cannot sleep for anxiety.

somnum oculis meis non vidi (Fam. 7. 30)—I haven't had a wink of sleep.

arte, graviter dormire (ex lassitudine)—to sleep soundly (from fatigue).

artus somnus aliquem complectitur (Rep. 6. 10)—to fall fast asleep.

somno captum, oppressum esse—to be overcome by sleep.

sopītum esse—to be sound asleep.

in lucem dormire—to sleep on into the morning.

somno solvi—to awake.

(e) somno excitare, dormientem excitare—to rouse, wake some one.

e lecto or e cubīli surgere—to rise from one's bed, get up.

per somnum, in somnis—in a dream.

per quietem, in quiete—in a dream.

in somnis videre aliquid or speciem—to see something in a dream.

in somnis visus (mihi) sum videre—I dreamed I saw...

species mihi dormienti oblata est—I saw a vision in my dreams.

somnium verum evādit (Div. 2. 53. 108)—my dream is coming true.

somnium interpretari—to explain a dream.

somniorum interpres, coniector—an interpreter of dreams.

somniare de aliquo—to dream of a person.

8. Death

(de) vita decedere or merely decedere—to depart this life.

(ex) vita excedere, ex vita abire—to depart this life.

de vita exire, de (ex) vita migrare—to depart this life.

mortem (diem supremum) obire—to depart this life.

supremo vitae die—on one's last day.

animam edere or efflare—to give up the ghost.

extremum vitae spiritum edere—to give up the ghost.

animam agere—to be at one's last gasp.

mors immatura or praematura—an untimely death.

mature decedere—to die young.

subita morte exstingui—to be cut off by sudden death.

necessaria (opp. voluntaria) morte mori—to die a natural death.

morbo perire, absūmi, consūmi—to die a natural death.

debitum naturae reddere[1] (Nep. Reg. 1)—to die a natural death.

mortem sibi consciscere[2]—to commit suicide.

se vita privare—to take one's own life.

manus, vim sibi afferre—to lay hands on oneself.

vitae finem facere—to put an end to one's life.

talem vitae exitum (not finem) habuit (Nep. Eum. 13)—such was the end of... (used of a violent death).

mortem oppetere—to meet death (by violence).

mortem occumbere pro patria—to die for one's country.

sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere—to shed one's blood for one's fatherland.

vitam profundere pro patria—to sacrifice oneself for one's country.

se morti offerre pro salute patriae—to sacrifice oneself for one's country.

dare venenum in pane—to give a person poison in bread.

venenum sumere, bibere—to take poison.

veneno sibi mortem consciscere—to poison oneself.

poculum mortis (mortiferum) exhaurire (Cluent. 11. 31)—to drain the cup of poison.

potestas vitae necisque—power over life and death.

plagam extremam or mortiferam infligere—to inflict a death-blow.

e or de medio tollere—to remove a person.

perii! actum est de me! (Ter. Ad. 3. 2. 26)—I'm undone! it's all up with me!

[1] sua morte defungi or mori is late Latin, cf. Inscr. Orell. 3453, debitum naturae persolvit.

[2] se interficere, se occidere, se necare are rare. During the classic period, when suicide was not common, ipse is often added—e.g. Crassum se ipsum interemisse (Cic. Scaur. 2. 16), Lucretia se ipsa interemit (Fin. 2. 20. 66); but later, when suicide had become frequent, se interemit; nonnulli semet interemerunt (Suet. Iul. 89), etc., occur commonly.

9. Burial

funere efferri or simply efferri (publice; publico, suo sumptu)—to be interred (at the expense of the state, at one's own cost).

sepultura aliquem afficere—to bury a person.

iusta facere, solvere alicui—to perform the last rites for a person.

supremo officio in aliquem fungi—to perform the last rites for a person.

funus alicui facere, ducere (Cluent. 9. 28)—to carry out the funeral obsequies.

funus alicuius exsequi—to attend a person's funeral.

exsequias alicuius funeris prosequi—to attend a person's funeral.

supremis officiis aliquem prosequi (vid sect. VI. 11., note Prosequi...)—to perform the last offices of affection.

mortuum in sepulcro condere—to entomb a dead body.

aliquem mortuum[1] cremare (Sen. 23. 84)—to burn a corpse.

pompa funebris—a funeral procession.

funus or exsequias celebrare—to celebrate the obsequies.

ludos funebres alicui dare—to give funeral games in honour of a person.

oratio funebris[2]—a funeral oration.

sepulturae honore carere—to be deprived of the rites of burial.

iustis exsequiarum carere—to be deprived of the rites of burial.

elogium in sepulcro incisum—the epitaph.

sepulcro (Dat.) or in sepulcro hoc inscriptum est—this is the inscription on his tomb...

hic situs est...—here lies...

aliquem in rogum imponere—to place on the funeral-pyre.

proiici inhumatum (in publicum)—to be cast out unburied.

[1] "Corpse" usually = corpus mortui or simply corpus. cadaver is a corpse which has begun to decompose.

[2] For eulogy, panegyric, use laudatio funebris or simply laudatio, cf. Mil. 13. 33; Liv. 5. 50.

V. Human Life; its various Relations and Conditions

1. Circumstance—Situation—Difficulty

res humanae or simply res—human life.

haec est rerum humanarum condicio—that is the way of the world; such is life.

sic vita hominum est—that is the way of the world; such is life.

ita (ea lege, ea condicione) nati sumus—this is our natural tendency, our destiny; nature compels us.

res externas or humanas despicere—to despise earthly things.

res humanas infra se positas arbitrari—to feel superior to the affairs of life.

meliore (deteriore) condicione esse, uti—to find one's circumstances altered for the better (the worse).

condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis—the position of the lower classes.

res meae meliore loco, in meliore causa sunt—my position is considerably improved; my prospects are brighter.

meliorem in statum redigor—my position is considerably improved; my prospects are brighter.

aliquem in antiquum statum, in pristinum restituere—to restore a man to his former position.

in tanta rerum (temporum) iniquitate—under such unfavourable circumstances.

res dubiae, perditae, afflictae—a critical position; a hopeless state of affairs.

in angustias adducere aliquem—to place some one in an embarrassing position.

in angustiis, difficultatibus, esse or versari—to be in a dilemma; in difficulties.

angustiis premi, difficultatibus affici—to be in a dilemma; in difficulties.

agitur praeclare, bene cum aliquo—so-and-so is in a very satisfactory position; prospers.

res ita est, ita (sic) se habet—the facts are these; the matter stands thus.

eadem (longe alia) est huius rei ratio—the case is exactly similar (entirely different).

hoc longe aliter, secus est—this is quite another matter.

res (ita) fert—circumstances make this necessary; the exigencies of the case are these.

pro re (nata), pro tempore—according to circumstances.

pro tempore et pro re—according to circumstances.

res eo or in eum locum deducta est, ut...—the matter has gone so far that...; the state of affairs is such that...

quo loco res tuae sunt?—how are you getting on?

eadem est causa mea or in eadem causa sum—my circumstances have not altered.

si quid (humanitus) mihi accidat or acciderit—if anything should happen to me; if I die.

quae cum ita sint—under such circumstances.

utcumque res ceciderit—whatever happens; in any case.

2. Commencement—End—Result

initium capere; incipere ab aliqua re—to begin with a thing.

initium facere, ducere, sumere (alicuius rei)—to commence a thing.

ab exiguis initiis proficisci—to start from small beginnings.

parare with Inf.—to prepare to do a thing.

aggredi ad aliquid faciendum—to prepare to do a thing.

incunabula[1] doctrinae—the origin, first beginnings of learning.

finem facere alicuius rei—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.

finem imponere, afferre, constituere alicui rei—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.

ad finem aliquid adducere—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.

ad exitum aliquid perducere—to finish, complete, fulfil, accomplish a thing.

finem habere—to come to an end.

aliquid (bene, prospere) succedit or procedit (opp. parum procedere, non succedere)—the matter progresses favourably, succeeds.

eventum, exitum (felicem) habere—to turn out (well); to result (satisfactorily).

quorsum haec res cadet or evadet?—what will be the issue, end, consequence of the matter?

ad irritum redigere aliquid—to frustrate, nullify.

res aliter cecidit ac putaveram—the result has surprised me; I was not prepared for this development.

quid illo fiet?—what will become of him?

quid huic homini (also hoc homine) faciam?—what am I to do with this fellow?

[1] incunabula literally swaddling-clothes. cunabula, cradle, is not used in this metaphorical sense except in post-Augustan Latin.

3. Cause—Motive—Origin

causam afferre—to quote as a reason; give as excuse.

iustis de[1] causis—for valid reasons.

magnae (graves) necessariae causae—cogent, decisive reasons.

non sine causa—on good grounds; reasonably.

quid causae fuit cur...?—how came it that...?

causa posita est in aliqua re—the motive, cause, is to be found in...

causa repetenda est ab aliqua re (not quaerenda)—the motive, cause, is to be found in...

multae causae me impulerunt ad aliquid or ut...—I was induced by several considerations to...

causam interponere or interserere—to interpose, put forward an argument, a reason.

praetendere, praetexere aliquid—to make something an excuse, pretext.

causam idoneam nancisci—to find a suitable pretext.

per causam (with Gen.)—under the pretext, pretence of...

causae rerum et consecutiones—cause and effect.

causae extrinsecus allatae (opp. in ipsa re positae)—extraneous causes.

rerum causae aliae ex aliis nexae—concatenation, interdependence of causes.

ex parvis saepe magnarum rerum momenta pendent—important results are often produced by trivial causes.

ex aliqua re nasci, manare—to originate in, arise from.

ab aliqua re proficisci—to originate in, arise from.

ex aliqua re redundare (in or ad aliquid)—to accrue in great abundance.

utilitas efflorescit ex aliqua re—untold advantages arise from a thing.

e fontibus haurire (opp. rivulos consectari or fontes non videre)—to draw from the fountain-head.

haec ex eodem fonte fluunt, manant—these things have the same origin.

fons et caput (vid. sect. III., note caput...)—source, origin.

[1] Notice the order; so regularly ea and qua de causa; but ob eam causam not eam ob causam. For the meaning of iustus cf. xvi. 5 bellum iustum and xvi. 10a praelium iustum.

4. Regard—Importance—Influence—Power—Inclination

rationem habere alicuius rei—to have regard for; take into consideration.

respicere[1] aliquid—to have regard for; take into consideration.

quo in genere—from this point of view; similarly.

multis rebus or locis—in many respects; in many points.

in utraque re—in both cases; whichever way you look at it.

ceteris rebus (not cetera)—as regards the rest; otherwise.

omni ex parte; in omni genere; omnibus rebus—from every point of view; looked at in every light.

aliqua ex parte—to a certain extent.

aliquatenus—to a certain extent.

magni (nullius) momenti esse—to be of great (no) importance.

momentum afferre ad aliquid—to determine the issue of; to turn the scale.

pertinere ad aliquid—to be essentially important to a thing.

hoc nihil ad sapientem pertinet—a wise man is in no way affected by this.

hoc in sapientem non cadit—it is incompatible with the nature of a wise man; the wise are superior to such things.

multum valere ad aliquid—to contribute much towards...; to affect considerably; to be instrumental in...

multum afferre ad aliquid—to contribute much towards...; to affect considerably; to be instrumental in...

magnam vim habere ad aliquid—to have considerable influence on a question.

positum, situm esse in aliqua re—to depend upon a thing.

contineri aliqua re[2]—to depend upon a thing.

consistere in aliqua re—to depend upon a thing.

pendēre ex aliqua re—to depend upon a thing.

in te omnia sunt—everything depends on you.

in ea re omnia vertuntur—all depends on this; this is the decisive point.

constare ex aliqua re—to be composed of; to consist of.

cernitur (in) aliqua re (not ex aliqua re)—it is evident from...

in manu, in potestate alicuius situm, positum esse—to be in a person's power.

penes aliquem esse—to be in a person's power.

res integra[3] est—the matter is still undecided; it is an open question.

res mihi integra est—I have not yet committed myself.

mihi non est integrum, ut...—it is no longer in my power.

integrum (causam integram) sibi reservare—to leave the question open; to refuse to commit oneself.

penes te arbitrium huius rei est—the decision of the question rests with you.

arbitrio alicuius omnia permittere—to put the matter entirely in some one's hands.

omnium rerum arbitrium alicui permittere—to put the matter entirely in some one's hands.

arbitratu, arbitrio tuo—just as you wish.

[1] But respicere ad aliquid (aliquem) = to look round at an object.

[2] contineri aliqua re also means (1) to be bounded by..., e.g. oceano; (2) to be limited, restricted to, e.g. moenibus.

[3] The proper meaning of integer (in-TAG, tango) is untouched, unsullied.

5. Opportunity—Possibility—Occasion—Chance

occasio datur, offertur—a favourable[1] opportunity presents itself.

occasione data, oblata—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs.

per occasionem—when occasion offers; as opportunity occurs.

quotienscunque occasio oblata est; omnibus locis—on every occasion; at every opportunity.

occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei or ad aliquid faciendum—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.

facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei or ut possit...—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.

potestatem,[2] copiam alicui dare, facere with Gen. gerund.—to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing.

occasionem nancisci—to get, meet with, a favourable opportunity.

occasione uti—to make use of, avail oneself of an opportunity.

occasionem praetermittere, amittere (through carelessness), omittere (deliberately), dimittere (through indifference)—to lose, let slip an opportunity.

occasioni deesse[3]—to neglect an opportunity.

occasionem arripere—to seize an opportunity.

facultatem, potestatem alicui eripere, adimere—to deprive a man of the chance of doing a thing.

nulla est facultas alicuius rei—no opportunity of carrying out an object presents itself.

locum dare suspicioni—to give ground for suspicion.

ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis—to give occasion for blame; to challenge criticism.

ansam habere reprehensionis—to contain, afford matter for criticism.

adduci aliqua re (ad aliquid or ut...)—to be induced by a consideration.

nescio quo casu (with Indic.)—by some chance or other.

temere et fortuito; forte (et) temere—quite accidentally, fortuitously.

[1] Not occasio opportuna, bona, pulchra, the notion "favourable" being contained in the word itself. We find, however, occasio praeclara, ampla, tanta, not unfrequently.

[2] Notice potestatem alicui pugnandi facere, to offer battle, and potestatem sui facere alicui, (1) to give opportunity of battle, and also (2) to grant an audience to (cf. sui conveniendi potestatem facere).

[3] In the same way deesse officio, to leave one's duties undone; d. muneri, to neglect the claims of one's vocation; d. rei publicae, to be careless of state interests, to be unpatriotic; d. sibi, not to do one's best.

6. Success—Good Fortune

fortuna secunda uti—to be fortunate, lucky.

fortunae favore or prospero flatu fortunae uti (vid. sect. VI. 8., note uti...)—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in Fortune's smiles.

fortunam fautricem nancisci—to be favoured by Fortune; to bask in Fortune's smiles.

fortuna caecos homines efficit, animos occaecat—Fortune makes men shortsighted, infatuates them.

fortunam tentare, experiri—to try one's luck.

fortunam periclitari (periculum facere)—to run a risk; to tempt Providence.

fortunae se committere—to trust to luck.

fortunam in manibus habere—to have success in one's grasp.

fortunam ex manibus dimittere—to let success slip through one's fingers.

fortuna commutatur, se inclinat—luck is changing, waning.

ludibrium fortunae—the plaything of Fortune.

is, quem fortuna complexa est—Fortune's favourite.

a fortuna desertum, derelictum esse—to be abandoned by good luck.

fortuna aliquem effert—Fortune exalts a man, makes him conspicuous.

rebus secundis efferri—to be puffed up by success; to be made arrogant by prosperity.

ad felicitatem (magnus) cumulus accedit ex aliqua re—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...

aliquid felicitatis cumulum affert—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...

aliquid felicitatem magno cumulo auget—his crowning happiness is produced by a thing; the culminating point of his felicity is...

in rebus prosperis et ad voluntatem fluentibus—when life runs smoothly.

beata vita, beate vivere, beatum esse[1]—happiness, bliss.

ad bene beateque vivendum—for a life of perfect happiness.

peropportune accidit, quod—it is most fortunate that...

[1] beatitas and beatitudo are used by Cicero in one passage only (De Nat. Deorum, 1. 34. 95), but merely as a linguistic experiment.

7. Misfortune—Fate—Ruin

fortuna adversa—misfortune, adversity.

res adversae, afflictae, perditae—misfortune, adversity.

in calamitatem incidere—to be overtaken by calamity.

calamitatem accipere, subire—to suffer mishap.

nihil calamitatis (in vita) videre—to live a life free from all misfortune.

calamitatem haurire—to drain the cup of sorrow.[1]

omnes labores exanclare—to drain the cup of sorrow.

calamitatem, pestem inferre alicui—to bring mishap, ruin on a person.

calamitatibus affligi—to be the victim of misfortune.

calamitatibus obrui—to be overwhelmed with misfortune.

calamitatibus defungi—to come to the end of one's troubles.

calamitate doctus—schooled by adversity.

conflictari (cum) adversa fortuna—to struggle with adversity.

in malis iacere—to be broken down by misfortune.

malis urgeri—to be hard pressed by misfortune.

fortunae vicissitudines—the vicissitudes of fortune.

ancipites et varii casus—the changes and chances of this life.

sub varios incertosque casus subiectum esse—to have to submit to the uncertainties of fortune; to be subject to Fortune's caprice.

multis casibus iactari—to experience the ups and downs of life.

ad omnes casus subsidia comparare—to be prepared for all that may come.

varia fortuna uti—to experience the vicissitudes of fortune; to have a chequered career.

multis iniquitatibus exerceri[2]—to be severely tried by misfortune.

fortunae telis propositum esse—to be exposed to the assaults of fate.

fortunae obiectum esse—to be abandoned to fate.

ad iniurias fortunae expositum esse—to be a victim of the malice of Fortune.

fortunae cedere—to acquiesce in one's fate.

aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare—to bring a man to ruin; to destroy.

praecipitem agi, ire—to be ruined, undone.

ad exitium vocari—to be ruined, undone.

ad interitum ruere—to be ruined, undone.

in perniciem incurrere—to be ruined, undone.

pestem alicui (in aliquem) machinari—to compass, devise a man's overthrow, ruin.

perniciem (exitium) alicui afferre, moliri, parare—to compass, devise a man's overthrow, ruin.

ab exitio, ab interitu aliquem vindicare—to rescue from destruction.

[1] In Latin metaphor the verb only, as a rule, is sufficient to express the metaphorical meaning—e.g. amicitiam iungere cum aliquo, to be bound by the bands of affection to any one; religionem labefactare, to undermine the very foundations of belief; bellum exstinguere, to extinguish the torch of war; cuncta bello ardent, the fires of war are raging all around; libido consedit, the storm of passion has ceased; animum pellere, to strike the heart-strings; vetustas monumenta exederat, the tooth of time had eaten away the monuments.

[2] The first meaning of exercere is to keep in motion, give no rest to. Then, metaphorically, to keep busy, to harass—e.g. fortuna aliquem vehementer exercet. Lastly, exercere is used to express the main activity in any branch of industry, thus, exercere agros, to farm; metalla, to carry on a mining industry; navem, to fit out ships, be a shipowner; vectigalia, to levy, collect taxes, used specially of the publicani; qui exercet iudicium, the presiding judge (praetor).

8. Danger—Risk—Safety

in periculo esse or versari—to be in danger.

res in summo discrimine versatur—the position is very critical.

in vitae discrimine versari—to be in peril of one's life.

in pericula incidere, incurrere—to find oneself in a hazardous position.

pericula alicui impendent, imminent—dangers threaten a man.

pericula in or ad aliquem redundant—many dangers hem a person in; one meets new risks at every turn.

pericula subire, adire, suscipere—to incur danger, risk.

periculis se offerre—to expose oneself to peril.

salutem, vitam suam in discrimen offerre (not exponere)—to risk one's life.

aliquem, aliquid in periculum (discrimen) adducere, vocare[1]—to endanger, imperil a person or thing.

alicui periculum creare, conflare—to endanger, imperil a person or thing.

in periculum capitis, in discrimen vitae se inferre—to recklessly hazard one's life.

salus, caput, vita alicuius agitur, periclitatur, in discrimine est or versatur—a man's life is at stake, is in very great danger.

in ipso periculi discrimine—at the critical moment.

aliquem ex periculo eripere, servare—to rescue from peril.

nullum periculum recusare pro—to avoid no risk in order to...

periculis perfungi—to surmount dangers.

periculum facere alicuius rei—to make trial of; to risk.

periculum hostis facere—to try one's strength with the enemy; to try issue of battle.

res ad extremum casum perducta est—affairs are desperate; we are reduced to extremeties.

ad extrema perventum est—affairs are desperate; we are reduced to extremeties.

in tuto esse—to be in a position of safety.

in tuto collocare aliquid—to ensure the safety of a thing.

[1] vocare helps to form several phrases—e.g. in invidiam, in suspicionem, in dubium, ad exitium, in periculum vocare. It is used in the passive to express periphrastically the passive of verbs which have only an active voice—e.g. in invidiam vocari, to become unpopular, be hated, invideor not being used. Cf. in invidiam venire.

9. Assistance—Deliverance—Consolation

auxilium, opem, salutem ferre alicui—to bring aid to; to rescue.

auxilio alicui venire—to come to assist any one.

alicuius opem implorare—to implore a person's help.

confugere ad aliquem or ad opem, ad fidem alicuius—to fly to some one for refuge.

ad extremum auxilium descendere[1]—to be reduced to one's last resource.

auxilium praesens[2]—prompt assistance.

adesse alicui or alicuius rebus (opp. deesse)—to assist, stand by a person.

salutem alicui afferre—to deliver, rescue a person.

saluti suae consulere, prospicere—to take measures for one's safety; to look after one's own interests.

suis rebus or sibi consulere—to take measures for one's safety; to look after one's own interests.

salutem expedire—to effect a person's deliverance.

solacium praebere—to comfort.

nihil habere consolationis—to afford no consolation.

hoc solacio frui, uti—to solace oneself with the thought...

consolari aliquem de aliqua re—to comfort a man in a matter; to condole with him.

consolari dolorem alicuius—to soothe grief.

consolari aliquem in miseriis—to comfort in misfortune.

hoc (illo) solacio me consōlor—I console myself with...

haec (illa) res me consolatur—I console myself with...

[1] Similarly descendere is frequently used of consenting unwillingly to a thing, condescending. Cf. vi. 9 ad fin. and xvi. 9.

[2] Notice too poena praesens, instant punishment; pecunia praesens, ready money; medicina praesens, efficacious remedy; deus praesens, a propitious deity; in rem praesentem venire, to go to the very spot to make a closer examination.

10. Riches—Want—Poverty

divitiis, copiis abundare—to be rich, wealthy.

magnas opes habere—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.

opibus maxime florere—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.

omnibus opibus circumfluere—to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence.

fortunis maximis ornatum esse—to be in the enjoyment of a large fortune.

in omnium rerum abundantia vivere—to live in great affluence.

aliquem ex paupere divitem facere—to raise a man from poverty to wealth.

inopia alicuius rei laborare, premi—to suffer from want of a thing.

ad egestatem, ad inopiam (summam omnium rerum) redigi—to be reduced to (abject) poverty.

vitam inopem sustentare, tolerare—to earn a precarious livelihood.

in egestate esse, versari—to live in poverty, destitution.

vitam in egestate degere—to live in poverty, destitution.

in summa egestate or mendicitate esse—to be entirely destitute; to be a beggar.

stipem colligere—to beg alms.

stipem (pecuniam) conferre—to contribute alms.

11. Utility—Advantage—Harm—Disadvantage

usui or ex usu esse—to be of use.

utilitatem afferre, praebere—to be serviceable.

multum (nihil) ad communem utilitatem afferre—to considerably (in no way) further the common good.

aliquid in usum suum conferre—to employ in the furtherance of one's interests.

omnia ad suam utilitatem referre—to consider one's own advantage in everything.

rationibus alicuius prospicere or consulere (opp. officere, obstare, adversari)—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.

commodis alicuius servire—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.

commoda alicuius tueri—to look after, guard a person's interests, welfare.

meae rationes ita tulerunt—my interests demanded it.

fructum (uberrimum) capere, percipere, consequi ex aliqua re[1]—to derive (great) profit , advantage from a thing.

fructus ex hac re redundant in or ad me—(great) advantage accrues to me from this.

aliquid ad meum fructum redundat—I am benefited by a thing.

quid attinet? with Infin.—what is the use of?

cui bono?—who gets the advantage from this? who is the interested party?

damnum (opp. lucrum) facere—to suffer loss, harm, damage.[2]

damno affici—to suffer loss, harm, damage.

detrimentum capere, accipere, facere—to suffer loss, harm, damage.

iacturam[3] alicuius rei facere—to throw away, sacrifice.

damnum inferre, afferre alicui—to do harm to, injure any one.

damnum ferre—to know how to endure calamity.

incommodo afficere aliquem—to inconvenience, injure a person.

incommodis mederi—to relieve a difficulty.

damnum or detrimentum sarcire (not reparare)—to make good, repair a loss or injury.

damnum compensare cum aliqua re—to balance a loss by anything.

res repetere—to demand restitution, satisfaction.

res restituere—to give restitution, satisfaction.

[1] Also fructum alicuius rei capere, percipere, ferre, consequi ex aliqua re—e.g. virtutis fructus ex re publica (magnos, laetos, uberes) capere = to be handsomely rewarded by the state for one's high character.

[2] Notice too calamitatem, cladem, incommodum accipere, to suffer mishap, reverse, inconvenience; naufragium facere, to be shipwrecked.

[3] damnum (opp. lucrum) = loss, especially of worldly possessions; detrimentum (opp. emolumentum) = harm inflicted by others; fraus = deceitful injury; iactura (properly "throwing overboard") = the intentional sacrifice of something valuable in order either to avert injury or to gain some greater advantage. "Harmful" = inutilis, qui nocet, etc., not noxius, which is only used absolutely—e.g. homo noxius, the offender, evildoer.

12. Goodwill—Kindness—Inclination—Favour

benevolo animo esse in aliquem—to be well-disposed towards...

benevolentiam habere erga aliquem—to be well-disposed towards...

benevolentiam, favorem, voluntatem alicuius sibi conciliare or colligere (ex aliqua re)—to find favour with some one; to get into their good graces.

benevolentiam alicui praestare, in aliquem conferre—to show kindness to...

benevolentia aliquem complecti or prosequi—to show kindness to...

gratiosum esse alicui or apud aliquem—to be popular with; to stand well with a person.

in gratia esse apud aliquem—to be popular with; to stand well with a person.

multum valere gratia apud aliquem—to be highly favoured by; to be influential with...

florere gratia alicuius—to be highly favoured by; to be influential with...

gratiam inire ab aliquoor apud aliquem—to gain a person's esteem, friendship.

in gratiam alicuius venire—to gain a person's esteem, friendship.

gratiam alicuius sibi quaerere, sequi, more strongly aucupari—to court a person's favour; to ingratiate oneself with...

studere, favere alicui—to look favourably upon; to support.

studiosum esse alicuius—to look favourably upon; to support.

propenso animo, studio esse or propensa voluntate esse in aliquem (opp. averso animo esse ab aliquo)—to look favourably upon; to support.

alicui morem gerere, obsequi—to comply with a person's wishes; to humour.

alicuius causa[1] velle or cupere—to be favourably disposed towards.

gratum (gratissimum) alicui facere—to do any one a (great) favour.

se conformare, se accommodare ad alicuius voluntatem—to accomodate oneself to another's wishes.

alicuius voluntati morem gerere—to accomodate oneself to another's wishes.

se convertere, converti ad alicuius nutum[2]—to take one's directions from another; to obey him in everything.

totum se fingere et accommodare ad alicuius arbitrium et nutum—to be at the beck and call of another; to be his creature.

voluntatemor animum alicuius a se abalienare, aliquem a se abalienare or alienare—to become estranged, alienated from some one.

[1] Probably originally omnia alicuius causa velle = to wish everything (favourable) in some one's behalf.

[2] But se convertere ad aliquem = either (1) to approach with hostile intention, or (2) to turn to some one for sympathy or assistance.

13. Benefit—Gratitude—Recompense

beneficium alicui dare, tribuere—to do any one a service or kindness.

beneficio aliquem afficere, ornare—to do any one a service or kindness.

beneficia in aliquem conferre—to heap benefits upon...

beneficiis aliquem obstringere, obligare, devincire—to lay any one under an obligation by kind treatment.

beneficium remunerari or reddere (cumulate)—to (richly) recompense a kindness or service.

gratus (opp. ingratus) animus[1]—gratitude.

gratiam alicui debere—to owe gratitude to; to be under an obligation to a person.

gratiam alicui habere—to feel gratitude (in one's heart).

gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re—to show gratitude (in one's acts).

gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re—to thank a person (in words).

grates agere (dis immortalibus)—to give thanks to heaven.

gratiam mereri—to merit thanks; to do a thankworthy action.

par pari referre—to return like for like.

paria paribus respondere—to return like for like.

bonam (praeclaram) gratiam referre—to reward amply; to give manifold recompense for.

benefacta maleficiis pensare—to return evil for good.

maleficia benefactis remunerari—to return good for evil.

pro maleficiis beneficia reddere—to return good for evil.

[1] animus is used similarly in several periphrases to express abstract qualities—e.g. animus inexorabilis = inflexibility, severity; animus implacabilis = implacability; animus (fides) venalis = venality. Cf. simplices mores, simplex natura, ratio, genus = simplicity (simplicitas is post-Augustan and usually = frankness, candour). immemor ingenium = forgetfulness (oblivio in this sense is not classical).

14. Merit—Value—Reward

bene, praeclare (melius, optime) mereri[1] de aliquo—to deserve well at some one's hands; to do a service to...

male mereri de aliquo—to deserve ill of a person; to treat badly.

meritum alicuius in or erga aliquem—what a man merits at another's hands.

nullo meo merito—I had not deserved it.

ex, pro merito—according to a man's deserts.

multum (aliquid) alicui rei tribuere—to consider of importance; to set much (some) store by a thing.

multum alicui tribuere—to value, esteem a person.

praemiis (amplissimis, maximis) aliquem afficere[2]—to remunerate (handsomely).

meritum praemium alicui persolvere—to reward a man according to his deserts.

praemium exponere or proponere—(to encourage) by offering a reward.

praemium ponere—to offer a prize (for the winner).

palmam deferre, dare alicui—to award the prize to...

palmam ferre, auferre—to win the prize.

pacta merces alicuius rei—the stipulated reward for anything.

mercede conductum esse—to be hired, suborned.

[1] mereri is a middle verb, and consequently always has an adverb with it.

[2] Notice the numerous phrases of which afficere is a part—e.g. afficere aliquem admiratione, beneficio, exilio, honore, iniuria, laude, poena, supplicio. Especially important is its passive use—e.g. affici admiratione, to admire; gaudio, voluptate, to rejoice, be pleased; dolore, to be pained, vexed; poena, to suffer punishment.

15. Requests—Wishes—Commissions—Orders

orare et obsecrare aliquem—to entreat earnestly; to make urgent requests.

magno opere, vehementer, etiam atque etiam rogare aliquem—to entreat earnestly; to make urgent requests.

precibus aliquem fatigare—to importune with petitions.

supplicibus verbis orare—to crave humbly; to supplicate.

precibus obsequi—to grant a request.

alicui petenti satisfacere, non deesse—to accede to a man's petitions.

magnis (infimis) precibus moveri—to be influenced by, to yield to urgent (abject) entreaty.

negare, more strongly denegare alicui aliquid—to refuse, reject a request.

petenti alicui negare aliquid—to refuse, reject a request.

repudiare, aspernari preces alicuius—to refuse, reject a request.

nihil tibi a me postulanti recusabo—I will refuse you nothing.

aliquid ab aliquo impetrare—to gain one's point with any one.

optata mihi contingunt—my wishes are being fulfilled.

voluntati alicuius satisfacere, obsequi—to satisfy a person's wishes.

ex sententia—as one would wish; to one's mind.

aliquid optimis ominibus prosequi (vid. sect. VI. 11., note Prosequi...)—to wish prosperity to an undertaking.

bene id tibi vertat!—I wish you all success in the matter.

mandatum, negotium alicui dare—to entrust a matter to a person; to commission.

negotium ad aliquem deferre—to entrust a matter to a person; to commission.

mandatum exsequi, persequi, conficere—to execute a commission.

iussa (usually only in plur.), imperata facere—to carry out orders

16. Friendship—Enmity—Reconciliation (cf. xii. 8)

amicitiam cum aliquo jungere, facere, inire, contrahere—to form a friendship with any one.

amicitiam colere—to keep up, foster a connection.

uti aliquo amico—to be friendly with any one.

est or intercedit mihi cum aliquo amicitia—I am on good terms with a person.

sunt or intercedunt mihi cum aliquo inimicitiae[1]—I am on bad terms with a person.

uti aliquo familiariter—to be on very intimate terms with...

artissimo amicitiae vinculo or summa familiaritate cum aliquo coniunctum esse—to be bound by the closest ties of friendship.

vetustate amicitiae coniunctum esse—to be very old friends.

amicitiam alicuius appetere—to court a person's friendship.

in amicitiam alicuius recipi—to gain some one's friendship; to become intimate with.

ad alicuius amicitiam se conferre, se applicare—to gain some one's friendship; to become intimate with.

aliquem (tertium) ad (in) amicitiam ascribere—to admit another into the circle of one's intimates.

amicitiam renuntiare—to renounce, give up a friendship.

amicitiam dissuere, dissolvere, praecīdere—to renounce, give up a friendship.

amicissimus meus or mihi—my best friend.

homo intimus, familiarissimus mihi—my most intimate acquaintance.

inimicitias gerere, habere, exercere cum aliquo—to be at enmity with a man.

inimicitias cum aliquo suscipere—to make a person one's enemy.

inimicitias deponere—to lay aside one's differences.

aequi iniqui—friend and foe.

placare aliquem alicui or in aliquem—to reconcile two people; to be a mediator.

reconciliare alicuius animum or simply aliquem alicui—to reconcile two people; to be a mediator.

in gratiam aliquem cum aliquo reducere—to reconcile two people; to be a mediator.

in gratiam cum aliquo redire—to be reconciled; to make up a quarrel.

sibi aliquem, alicuius animum reconciliare or reconciliari alicui—to be reconciled; to make up a quarrel.

[1] The singular inimicitia is only used to express the abstract idea "enmity".

17. Authority—Dignity (cf. xiv. 3)

magna auctoritate esse—to possess great authority; to be an influential person.

auctoritate valere or florere—to possess great authority; to be an influential person.

magna auctoritas est in aliquo—to possess great authority; to be an influential person.

multum auctoritate valere, posse apud aliquem—to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight.

magna auctoritas alicuius est apud aliquem—to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight.

alicuius auctoritas multum valet apud aliquem—to have great influence with a person; to have considerable weight.

auctoritatem or dignitatem sibi conciliare, parare—to gain dignity; to make oneself a person of consequence.

ad summam auctoritatem pervenire—to attain to the highest eminence.

auctoritatem alicuius amplificare (opp. imminuere, minuere)—to increase a person's dignity.

auctoritati, dignitati alicuius illudere—to insult a person's dignity.

dignitas est summa in aliquo—to be in a dignified position.

summa dignitate praeditum esse—to be in a dignified position.

aliquid alienum (a) dignitate sua or merely a se ducere—to consider a thing beneath one's dignity.

aliquid infra se ducere or infra se positum arbitrari—to consider a thing beneath one's dignity.

18. Praise—Approval—Blame—Reproach

laudem tribuere, impertire alicui—to praise, extol, commend a person.

laude afficere aliquem—to praise, extol, commend a person.

(maximis, summis) laudibus efferre aliquem or aliquid—to praise, extol, commend a person.

eximia laude ornare aliquem—to praise, extol, commend a person.

omni laude cumulare aliquem—to overwhelm with eulogy.

laudibus aliquem (aliquid) in caelum ferre, efferre, tollere—to extol, laud to the skies.

alicuius laudes praedicare—to spread a person's praises.

aliquem beatum praedicare—to consider happy.

omnium undique laudem colligere—to win golden opinions from every one.

maximam ab omnibus laudem adipisci—to win golden opinions from every one.

aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare—to consider a thing creditable to a man.

aliquem coram, in os or praesentem laudare—to praise a man to his face.

recte, bene fecisti quod...—you were right in...; you did right to...

res mihi probatur—a thing meets with my approval.

res a me probatur—I express my approval of a thing.

hoc in te reprehendo (not ob eam rem)—I blame this in you; I censure you for this.

vituperationem subire—to suffer reproof; to be criticised, blamed.

in vituperationem, reprehensionem cadere, incidere, venire—to suffer reproof; to be criticised, blamed.

exprobrare alicui aliquid—to reproach a person with...

aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere—to reproach a person with...

conqueri, expostulare cum aliquo de aliqua re—to expostulate with a person about a thing.

19. Rumour—Gossip—News—Mention

rumor, fama, sermo est or manat—report says; people say.

rumor, fama viget—a rumour is prevalent.

fama serpit (per urbem)—a report is spreading imperceptibly.

rumor increbrescit—a report, an impression is gaining ground.

rumorem spargere—to spread a rumour.

famam dissipare—to spread a rumour.

dubii rumores afferuntur ad nos—vague rumours reach us.

auditione et fama accepisse aliquid—to know from hearsay.

fando aliquid audivisse—to know from hearsay.

ex eo audivi, cum diceret—I heard him say...

vulgo dicitur, pervulgatum est—every one says.

in ore omnium or omnibus (hominum or hominibus, but only mihi, tibi, etc.) esse—to be in every one's mouth.

per omnium ora ferri—to be in every one's mouth.

in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6. 18. 5)—to harp on a thing, be always talking of it.

efferre or edere aliquid in vulgus—to divulge, make public.

foras efferri, palam fieri, percrebrescere, divulgari, in medium proferri, exire, emanare—to become known, become a topic of common conversation (used of things).

in sermonem hominum venire—to be a subject for gossip.

in ora vulgi abire—to be a subject for gossip.

fabulam fieri—to be the talk of the town, a scandal.

nuntio allato or accepto—on receiving the news.

Romam nuntiatum est, allatum est—news reached Rome.

certiorem facere aliquem (alicuius rei or de aliqua re)—to inform a person.

mentionem facere alicuius rei or de aliqua re[1]—to mention a thing.

mentionem inicere de aliqua re or Acc. c. Inf.—to mention a thing incidentally, casually.

in mentionem alicuius rei incidere—to mention a thing incidentally, casually.

mentio alicuius rei incidit—to mention a thing incidentally, casually.

[1] Not commemorare, the fundamental meaning of which is "to make a person mindful of...," and implies an emphatic reference to a definite point.

20. Fame—Reputation

gloriam, famam sibi comparare—to gain distinction.

gloriam (immortalem) consequi, adipisci—to win (undying) fame.

gloriae, laudi esse—to confer distinction on a person; to redound to his credit.

laudem afferre—to confer distinction on a person; to redound to his credit.

gloria, laude florere—to be very famous, illustrious.

summa gloria florere—to have reached the highest pinnacle of eminence.

clarum fieri, nobilitari, illustrari (not the post-classical clarescere or inclarescere—to become famous, distinguish oneself.

gloriam colligere, in summam gloriam venire—to become famous, distinguish oneself.

aliquem immortali gloria afficere—to confer undying fame on, immortalise some one.

aliquem sempiternae gloriae commendare—to confer undying fame on, immortalise some one.

immortalitatem consequi, adipisci, sibi parere—to attain eternal renown.

gloria duci—to be guided by ambition.

laudis studio trahi—to be guided by ambition.

laudem, gloriam quaerere—to be guided by ambition.

stimulis gloriae concitari—to be spurred on by ambition.

gloriae, laudis cupiditate incensum esse, flagrare—to be consumed by the fires of ambition.

de gloria, fama alicuius detrahere—to detract from a person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person.

alicuius gloriae or simply alicui obtrectare—to detract from a person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person.

alicuius famam, laudem imminuere—to detract from a person's reputation, wilfully underestimate a person.

obscurare alicuius gloriam, laudem, famam[1] (not obscurare aliquem)—to render obscure, eclipse a person.

famae servire, consulere—to have regard for one's good name.

famam ante collectam tueri, conservare—to live up to one's reputation.

bene, male audire (ab aliquo)—to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of.

bona, mala existimatio est de aliquo—to have a good or bad reputation, be spoken well, ill of.

famam crudelitatis subire (Catil. 4. 6. 12)—to gain the reputation of cruelty.

infamiam alicui inferre, aspergere—to damage a person's character, bring him into bad odour.

infamem facere aliquem—to damage a person's character, bring him into bad odour.

magnam sui famam relinquere—to leave a great reputation behind one.

opinionem virtutis habere—to have the reputation of virtue.

existimatio[2] hominum, omnium—the common opinion, the general idea.

[1] In the same way, to improve a man, alicuius mores corrigere (not aliquem c.); to understand some one, alicuius orationem or quid dicat intellegere.

[2] existimatio has two uses: (1) active—opinion held by others, criticism; (2) passive—reputation, character, usually in a good sense, consequently = good reputation without the addition of bona, integra, etc.

21. Honour—Disgrace—Ignominy

esse in honore apud aliquem—to be honoured, esteemed by some one.

honorem alicui habere, tribuere—to honour, show respect for, a person.

aliquem honore afficere, augere, ornare, prosequi (vid. sect. VI. 11., note Prosequi...)—to honour, show respect for, a person.

aliquem cupiditate honorum inflammare (or aliquem ad cupiditatem honorum inflammare)—to kindle ambition in some one's mind.

honores concupiscere (opp. aspernari)—to aspire to dignity, high honours.

honoris causa aliquem nominare or appellare—to speak of some one respectfully.

statuam alicui ponere, constituere—to set up a statue in some one's honour.

aliquem colere et observare (Att. 2. 19)—to pay respect to, be courteous to a person.

aliquem ignominia afficere, notare—to inflict an indignity upon, insult a person.

alicui ignominiam inurere—to inflict an indignity upon, insult a person.

infamiam concipere, subire, sibi conflare—to incur ignominy.

vitae splendori(em) maculas(is) aspergere—to sully one's fair fame.

notam turpitudinis alicui or vitae alicuius inurere—to injure a man's character, tarnish his honour.

ignominiam non ferre—to chafe under an indignity, repudiate it.

maculam (conceptam) delere, eluere—to blot out a reproach.

22. Effort—Industry—Labour—Exertion

studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut...—to take great pains in order to...

egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei—to expend great labour on a thing.

operam alicui rei tribuere, in aliquid conferre—to expend great labour on a thing.

operam (laborem, curam) in or ad aliquid impendere—to expend great labour on a thing.

multum operae ac laboris consumere in aliqua re—to exert oneself very energetically in a matter.

studium, industriam (not diligentiam) collocare, ponere in aliqua re—to apply oneself zealously, diligently to a thing.

incumbere in (ad) aliquid—to be energetic about, throw one's heart into a thing.

opus[1] facere (De Senect. 7. 24)—to do work (especially agricultural).

opus aggredi—to take a task in hand, engage upon it.

ad opus faciendum accedere—to take a task in hand, engage upon it.

res est multi laboris et sudoris—the matter involves much labour and fatigue.

desudare et elaborare in aliqua re (De Senect. 11. 38)—to exert oneself very considerably in a matter.

labori, operae non parcere—to spare no pains.

laborem non intermittere—to work without intermission.

nullum tempus a labore intermittere—not to leave off work for an instant.

lucubrare (Liv. 1. 57)—to work by night, burn the midnight oil.

inanem laborem suscipere—to lose one's labour.

operam (et oleum) perdere or frustra consumere—to lose one's labour.

rem actam or simply actum agere (proverb.)—to have all one's trouble for nothing.

labore supersedēre (itineris) (Fam. 4. 2. 4)—to spare oneself the trouble of the voyage.

patiens laboris—capable of exertion.

fugiens laboris—lazy.

operae pretium est (c. Inf.)—it is worth while.

acti labores iucundi (proverb.)—rest after toil is sweet.

contentionem adhibere—to exert oneself.

omnes nervos[2] in aliqua re contendere—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.

omnibus viribusor nervis contendere, ut—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.

omni ope atque opera or omni virium contentione eniti, ut—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.

contendere et laborare, ut—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.

pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut—to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter.

[1] opus always means the concrete work on which one is engaged; labor is the trouble, fatigue, resulting from effort; opera is the voluntary effort, the trouble spent on an object. Thus laborare = not simply to work, but to work energetically, with exertion and consequent fatigue; operari, to be busy with a thing. Terence thus distinguishes opus and opera: quod in opere faciundo operae consumis tuae. Cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 455 operumque laborem miratur = the trouble with such huge works must have cost.

[2] nervi properly = sinews, muscles, not nerves the existence of which was unknown to the ancients. Metaphorically nervi denotes not only strength in general but also specially—(1) vital power, elasticity, e.g. omnes nervos virtutis elidere (Tusc. 2. 11. 27), incīdere, to paralyse the strength of virtue; (2) motive power, mainspring, essence, of a thing, e.g. vectigalia nervi rei publicae sunt (Imp. Pomp. 7. 17), nervi belli pecunia (Phil. 5. 2. 15).

23. Business—Leisure—Inactivity—Idleness

negotium suscipere—to undertake an affair.

negotium obire, exsequi—to execute, manage a business, undertaking.

negotium conficere, expedire, transigere—to arrange, settle a matter.

negotia agere, gerere—to be occupied with business, busy.

multis negotiis implicatum, districtum, distentum, obrutum esse—to be involved in many undertakings; to be much occupied, embarrassed, overwhelmed by business-claims.

negotiis vacare—to be free from business.

occupatum esse in aliqua re—to be engaged upon a matter.

intentum esse alicui rei—to be engaged upon a matter.

negotium alicui facessere (Fam. 3. 10. 1)—to give a person trouble, inconvenience him.

magnum negotium est c. Inf.—it is a great undertaking to...

nullo negotio—without any trouble.

otiosum esse—to be at leisure.

in otio esse or vivere—to be at leisure.

otium habere—to be at leisure.

otio frui—to be at leisure.

otio abundare—to have abundance of leisure.

otium sequi, amplexari—to be a lover of ease, leisure.

otiosum tempus consumere in aliqua re—to spend one's leisure hours on an object.

otio abūti[1] or otium ad suum usum transferre—to use up, make full use of one's spare time.

(in) otio languere et hebescere—to grow slack with inactivity, stagnate.

otio diffluere—to grow slack with inactivity, stagnate.

desidiae et languori se dedere—to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy.

ignaviae[2] et socordiae se dare—to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy.

per luxum et ignaviam aetatem agere—to pass one's life in luxury and idleness.

[1] abuti properly = to consume, make full use of. From this is developed the rarer meaning to use in excess, abuse = perverse, intemperanter, immoderate uti. Abuse, misuse = pravus usus, vitium male utentium, insolens mos. abusus is only found in the Jurists, and abusio is a technical term of rhetoric = κατάχρησις.

[2] The original meaning of ignavia (in-gnavus, cf. navus, navare) is not cowardice but laziness.

24. Pleasure—Recreation

voluptatem ex aliqua re capere or percipere—to derive pleasure from a thing.

voluptate perfundi—to revel in pleasure, be blissfully happy.

voluptatibus frui—to take one's fill of enjoyment.

voluptates haurire—to take one's fill of enjoyment.

se totum voluptatibus dedere, tradere—to devote oneself absolutely to the pursuit of pleasure.

homo voluptarius (Tusc. 2. 7. 18)—a devotee of pleasure; a self-indulgent man.

voluptatis illecebris deleniri—to be led astray, corrupted by the allurements of pleasure.

voluptatis blanditiis corrumpi—to be led astray, corrupted by the allurements of pleasure.

in voluptates se mergere—to plunge into a life of pleasure.

animum a voluptate sevocare—to hold aloof from all amusement.

voluptates (corporis)—sensual pleasure.

voluptatis or animi causa (B. G. 5. 12)—for one's own diversion; to satisfy a whim.

deliciis diffluere—to wanton in the pleasures of sense.

animum relaxare, reficere, recreare or simply se reficere, se recreare, refici, recreari (ex aliqua re)—to recruit oneself, seek relaxation.

animum or simply se remittere—to indulge oneself.

animo or simply sibi indulgere—to indulge oneself.

VI. The Mind; its Functions

1. Genius—Talent—Intelligence

magno animo esse—to be magnanimous, broad-minded.

animum attendere ad aliquid—to turn one's attention to a thing.

diligenter attendere (aliquid)—to attend carefully.

alias res or aliud agere—to be inattentive.

animo adesse[1]—(1) to be attentive; (2) to keep one's presence of mind.

vir magno ingenio, ingeniosus—a man of ability.

vir magno ingenio praeditus—a man of ability.

ingenio valere—to be talented, gifted.

ingenio abundare—to be very talented.

natura et ingenium—natural gifts.

ingenium acuere—to sharpen the wits.

ingenii acumen—penetration; sagacity.

ingenii tarditas (opp. celeritas)—dulness of intellect.

ingenii infirmitas or imbecillitas—weakmindedness.

mentis compotem esse—to be of sane mind.

mente captum esse, mente alienata esse—to be out of one's mind.

sanae mentis esse—to be of sound mind.

mentis quasi luminibus officere (vid. sect. XIII. 6) or animo caliginem offundere—to obscure the mental vision.

intellegentia or mente multum valere[2]—to possess great ability.

ad intellegentiam communem or popularem accommodare aliquid—to accommodate something to the standard of the popular intelligence.

[1] For the second meaning cf. Cicero, ades animo et omitte timorem, Scipio.

[2] captus, in the meaning ability, capacity, only occurs in the phrase ut captus est servorum; while capacitas merely means capacity, content, e.g. vasorum.

2. Imagination—Thought

animo, cogitatione aliquid fingere (or simply fingere, but without sibi), informare—to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive.

animo concipere aliquid—to form an idea of a thing, imagine, conceive.

animo, cogitatione aliquid praecipere (Off 1. 23. 81)—to form a conception of a thing beforehand.

cogitatione sibi aliquid depingere—to picture to oneself.

ingenium, cogitatio—imagination.

ingenii vis or celeritas—vivid, lively imagination.

rerum imagines—creatures of the imagination.

res cogitatione fictae or depictae—creatures of the imagination.

opinionum commenta, ineptiae, monstra, portenta—extravagant fictions of fancy.

animo, mente, cogitatione aliquid comprehendere, complecti—to grasp a thing mentally.

in eam cogitationem incidere—to happen to think of...

haec cogitatio subit animum—an idea strikes me.

illud succurrit mihi—an idea strikes me.

mihi in mentem venit alicuius rei—something comes into my mind.

aliquid animo meo obversatur (cf. sect. III, s. v. oculi)—a vague notion presents itself to my mind.

aliquem ad eam cogitationem adducere ut—to induce a person to think that...

alicuius animum ab aliqua re abducere—to draw away some one's attention from a thing.

cogitationem, animum in aliquid intendere (Acad. 4. 46)—to direct one's attention...

omnes cogitationes ad aliquid conferre—to give all one's attention to a thing.

mentem in aliqua re defigere—to fix all one's thoughts on an object.

in cogitatione defixum esse—to be deep in thought.

cogitationes in res humiles abicere (De Amic. 9. 32) (Opp. alte spectare, ad altiora tendere, altum, magnificum, divinum suspicere)—to study the commonplace.

3. Conceptions—Ideals—Perfection

notiones animo (menti) insitae, innatae—innate ideas.

intellegentiae adumbratae[1] or incohatae (De Leg. 1. 22. 59)—vague, undeveloped ideas.

notionem or rationem alicuius rei in animo informare or animo concipere—to form a conception, notion of a thing.

absolutus et perfectus—absolutely perfect.

omnibus numeris absolutus (N. D. 2. 13)—perfect in every detail.

ad summum perducere—to bring to the highest perfection.

perficere et absolvere—to bring to the highest perfection.

ad perfectionem, (ad summum) pervenire—to attain perfection.

absolutio et perfectio (not summa perfectio)—ideal perfection.

cogitatione, non re—ideally, not really.

undique expleta et perfecta forma—an ideal.

species optima or eximia, specimen, also simply species, forma—an ideal.

comprehensam quandam animo speciem (alicuius rei) habere—to have formed an ideal notion of a thing.

singularem quandam perfectionis imaginem animo concipere—to conceive an ideal.

imaginem perfecti oratoris adumbrare—to sketch the ideal of an orator.

civitas optima, perfecta Platonis—Plato's ideal republic.

illa civitas Platonis commenticia—Plato's ideal republic.

illa civitas, quam Plato finxit—Plato's ideal republic.

[1] adumbrare is a technical term of painting = to make a sketch, outline of an object; then metaphorically, to merely hint at a thing. Its opposite is exprimere, technical term of sculpture, =figuratively, to represent exactly, clearly. It never has the simple meaning "to express."

4. Opinion—Prejudice—Conjecture

in sententia manere, permanere, perseverare, perstare—to abide by, persist in one's opinion.

illud, hoc teneo—I abide by this opinion.

a sententia sua discedere—to give up one's opinion.

de sententia sua decedere—to give up one's opinion.

(de) sententia desistere—to give up one's opinion.

de sententia deici, depelli, deterreri—to be forced to change one's mind.

de sententia aliquem deducere, movere—to make a man change his opinion.

aliquem ad suam sententiam perducere or in suam sententiam adducere—to win a man over to one's own way of thinking.

ad alicuius sententiam accedere, sententiam alicuius sequi—to adopt some one's opinion.

idem sentire (opp. dissentire ab aliquo)—to hold the same views.

sententiam suam aperire[1]—to freely express one's opinions.

sententiam fronte celare, tegere—not to betray one's feelings by one's looks.

dic quid sentias[2]—give me your opinion.

in hac sum sententia, ut...putem—I think that...

plura in eam sententiam disputare—to discuss a subject more fully on the same lines.

ut mea fert opinio—according to my opinion.

ut mihi quidem videtur—according to my opinion.

mea (quidem) sententia—according to my opinion.

quot homines, tot sententiae—many men, many minds.

opiniones falsas animo imbibere—to be imbibing false opinions.

opinionibus falsis imbui—to be imbibing false opinions.

opinionis error—erroneous opinion.

opinio praeiudicata, also simply opinio (not praeiudicium = a preliminary decision)—prejudice.

opinio confirmata, inveterata—a rooted opinion.

opinionum pravitate infici—to be filled with absurd prejudices.

opinionum commenta (N. D. 2. 2. 5)—chimeras.

monstra or portenta—marvellous ideas; prodigies.

coniectura assequi, consequi, aliquid coniectura colligere—to conjecture.

quantum ego coniectura assequor, auguror—as far as I can guess.

coniecturam alicuius rei facere or capere ex aliqua re—to infer by comparison, judge one thing by another.

de se (ex se de aliis) coniecturam facere—to judge others by oneself.

aliquid in coniectura positum est—it is a matter of conjecture, supposition.

aliquid coniectura nititur, continetur (Div. 1. 14. 24)—it is a matter of conjecture, supposition.

probabilia coniectura sequi—to try to conjecture probabilities.

aliquid mihi nec opinanti, insperanti accidit—a thing has happened contrary to my expectation.

[1] se aperire = to betray oneself; cf. se indicare (Liv. 2. 12).

[2] Not sententiam dicere, which is used of senators giving their vote; cf. suffragium ferre.

5. Truth—Error

verum dicere, profiteri—to speak the truth, admit the truth.

omnia ad veritatem[1] dicere—to be truthful in all one's statements.

veritatis amans, diligens, studiosus—truthful; veracious.

a vero aversum esse (Catil. 3. 1. 29)—to be averse to truth.

a veritate deflectere, desciscere—to swerve from the truth.

veri videndi, investigandi cupiditas—love of truth.

veri inquisitio atque investigatio—zealous pursuit of truth.

a vero abduci—to be led away from the truth.

proxime ad verum accedere—to be very near the truth.

a vero non abhorrere—to be probable.

veri simile esse—to be probable.

haec speciosiora quam veriora sunt—this is more plausible than true.

vera et falsa (a falsis) diiudicare—to distinguish true and false.

vera cum falsis confundere—to confuse true with false.

veritas—veracity.

re (vera), reapse (opp. specie)—in truth; really.

in errore versari—to be mistaken.

magno errore teneri—to be in gross error, seriously misled.

in magno errore versari—to be in gross error, seriously misled.

vehementer errare—to be in gross error, seriously misled.

erroribus implicari (Tusc. 4. 27. 58)—to fall into error.

per errorem labi, or simply labi—to take a false step.

aliquem in errorem inducere, rapere—to lead a person into error.

errorem animo imbibere—to get a mistaken notion into the mind.

errorem cum lacte nutricis sugere (Tusc. 3. 1. 2)—to imbibe error from one's mother's breasts.

error longe lateque diffusus—a wide-spread error.

errorem tollere—to banish an error, do away with a false impression.

errorem amputare et circumcīdere—to banish an error, do away with a false impression.

errorem stirpitus extrahere—to totally eradicate false principles.

errorem deponere, corrigere—to amend, correct one's mistake.

alicui errorem demere, eripere, extorquere—to undeceive a person.

nisi fallor—if I am not mistaken.

nisi (animus) me fallit—if I am not mistaken.

nisi omnia me fallunt—unless I'm greatly mistaken.

[1] verum = the truth, concrete; veritas = truth in the abstract.

6. Choice—Doubt—Scruple

optionem alicui dare (Acad. 2. 7. 19)—to give a person his choice.

optionem alicui dare, utrum...an—to offer a person the alternative of... or...

in dubium vocare—to throw doubt upon a thing.

in dubio ponere—to throw doubt upon a thing.

in dubium venire—to become doubtful.

quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet (Leg. Agr. 1. 4. 11)—a thing which is rather (very) dubious.

dubitatio mihi affertur, inicitur—a doubt arises in my mind.

dubitationem alicui tollere—to relieve a person of his doubts.

aliquid in medio, in dubio relinquere (Cael. 20. 48)—to leave a thing undecided.

aliquid dubium, incertum relinquere—to leave a thing undecided.

sine dubio (not sine ullo dubio)—without doubt, beyond all doubt.

sine ulla dubitatione—without any hesitation; without the least scruple.

scrupulum ex animo alicuius evellere (Rosc. Am. 2. 6)—to relieve a man of his scruple.

unus mihi restat scrupulus (Ter. Andr. 5. 4. 37) (cf. too religio, sect. XI. 2)—one thing still makes me hesitate.

7. Knowledge—Certainty—Persuasion

certo (certe) scio[1] (Arch. 12. 32)—I know for a fact.

probe scio, non ignoro—I know very well.

non sum ignarus, nescius (not non sum inscius)—I know very well.

me non fugit, praeterit—I am not unaware.

quantum scio—as far as I know.

quod sciam—as far as I know.

hoc (not tantum) certum est—this much is certain.

aliquid compertum habere—to know a thing for certain.

illud pro certo affirmare licet—this much I can vouch for.

mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo—I am quite certain on the point.

inter omnes constat—it is a recognised fact.

mihi persuasum est[2]—I am persuaded, convinced.

mihi persuasi—I am persuaded, convinced.

sic habeto—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.

persuade tibi—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.

velim tibi ita persuadeas—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.

sic volo te tibi persuadere—convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point.

addūcor, ut credam—I am gradually convinced that...

non possum adduci, ut (credam)—I cannot make myself believe that...

ex animi mei sententia (vid. sect. XI. 2)—according to my strong conviction.

suo iudicio uti—to act in accordance with one's convictions.

[1] With certe scio, which is the form Cicero usually employs, the certitude lies in our knowledge, certum est me scire; with certo scire the certitude lies in the object of our knowledge. certo rarely occurs except with scio.

[2] Caesar occasionally uses persuasum sibi habere.

8. Plan—Advice—Deliberation

consilium capere, inire (de aliqua re, with Gen. gerund., with Inf., more rarely ut)—to form a plan, make a resolution.

consilio desistere—to give up a project, an intention.

consilium abicere or deponere—to let a plan fall through.

a consilio deterreri aliqua re—to be deterred from one's intention by something.

mediocribus consiliis uti—to adopt half-measures.

consilium, sententiam mutare—to alter one's views, intentions.

suo consilio uti[1]—to go one's own way, proceed independently.

magna moliri—to be busy with ambitious projects.

consilia cum aliquo communicare[2]—(1) to communicate one's plans to some one; (2) to make common cause with a person. Similarly c. causam, rationem.

consilia inter se communicare—to take common counsel.

aliquem in or ad consilium adhibere—to consult a person, take his advice.

consilium habere (de aliqua re)—to deliberate together (of a number of people).

consultare or deliberare (de aliqua re)—to deliberate, consider (of individuals).

consiliis arcanis interesse (Liv. 35. 18)—to be present at secret consultations.

consilium dare alicui—to give a person advice.

auctorem esse alicui, ut—to give a person advice.

aliquem consilio (et re) iuvare—to give a person the advantage of one's advice (and actual support).

consilii mei copiam facio tibi—I put myself at your disposal as regards advice.

consilium petere ab aliquo—to apply to a person for advice.

consilii inopem esse—to be perplexed.

omnia consilia frigent (Verr. 2. 25)—advice is useless in this case; the situation is very embarrassing.

nullo consilio, nulla ratione, temere—without reflection; inconsiderately; rashly.

secum (cum animo) reputare aliquid—to think over, consider a thing.

considerare in, cum animo, secum aliquid—to think over, consider a thing.

agitare (in) mente or (in) animo aliquid—to think over, consider a thing.

aliquid cadit in deliberationem (Off. 1. 3. 9)—a subject becomes matter for reflection.

re diligenter considerata, perpensa—after mature deliberation.

omnibus rebus circumspectis—after mature deliberation.

inita subductaque ratione—after mature deliberation.

[1] uti is similarly used in several phrases, especially with the meaning of having, showing, enjoying, practising, proving, etc., e.g. uti ventis secundis, adversis; praesenti animo uti, to show presence of mind; perpetua felicitate, to enjoy...; prudentia, severitate, crudelitate, to show...; bona valetudine, prospero fortunae flatu, to enjoy...; cf. sect. V. 6.

[2] communicare (aliquid cum aliquo) means properly to share a thing with some one. From this are developed the two senses—1. to give some one something, e.g. consilia, laudem, gloriam alicuius rei; 2. to receive a share of a thing, e.g. pericula, paupertatem. "To communicate," i.e. to announce, inform, is represented by dicere, tradere, narrare, exponere, certiorem facere, etc.

9. Resolve—Design—Intention

in animo habeo or mihi est in animo c. Inf.—I am resolved; it is my intention.

certum (mihi) est—I am determined.

certum deliberatumque est—I am firmly resolved.

stat mihi sententia (Liv. 21. 30.)—I am firmly resolved.

incertus sum, quid consilii capiam—I am undecided...

mihi non constat (with indirect question)—I have not made up my mind.

propositum est mihi c. Inf.—I intend, propose to...

propositum, consilium tenere (opp. a proposito deterreri)—to abide by one's resolution.

propositum[1] assequi, peragere—to carry out one's plan.

magna sibi proponere or magna spectare—to have a high object in view; to be ambitious.

in incepto or conatu perstare—to persevere in one's resolve.

in proposito susceptoque consilio permanere—to persevere in one's resolve.

incepto or conatu desistere—to give up one's project.

parare aliquid—to take measures for...

animum inducere c. Inf. (not in animum inducere)—to persuade oneself to...

a me impetrare non possum, ut—I cannot bring myself to...

descendere ad aliquid, ad omnia (vid. sect. V. 9, note Similarly descendere...)—to consent to..., lend oneself to...

descendere ad extrema consilia (Fam. 10. 33. 4)—to have recourse to extreme measures.

[1] In classical prose propositum is still semi-adjectival and has not yet acquired all the functions of a substantive; consequently it cannot be joined to a genitive, an adjective, or a pronoun. Cf. the treatment of factum, dictum, etc., in Augustan Latin.

10. Object—Aim—Hesitation—Delay

consilium est c. Inf. or ut—my intention is...

id sequor, ut—my intention is...

spectare aliquid or ad aliquid—to have an object in view.

res eo spectat, ut—the matter tends towards..., has this object.[1]

res spectat ad vim (arma)—there seems a prospect of armed violence; things look like violence.

id quod voluit consecutus est—he attained his object.

ad id quod voluit pervenit—he attained his object.

quid tibi vis?—what do you mean to do?

quid hoc sibi vult?—what is the meaning of this?

quid hoc rei est?—what is the meaning of this?

eo consilio, ea mente, ut—with the intention of...

de industria, dedita opera (opp. imprudens)—designedly; intentionally.

ad id ipsum[2]—with this very object.

infecta re (Liv. 9. 32)—to no purpose; ineffectually.

moram alicui rei afferre, inferre, facere—to retard, delay a thing.

in mora alicui esse—to detain a person.

nullam moram interponere, quin (Phil. 10. 1. 1)—to make all possible haste to...

sine mora or nulla mora interposita—without delay.

diem ex die ducere, differre—to put off from one day to another.

[1] Note Athenae a Persis petutuntur, the object of the Persian invasion is Athens (Nep. Them. 2. 6).

[2] The aim, tendency of a writing or a poem is consilium, quo liber scriptus est, quo carmen compositum est, or quod quis in libro scribendo secutus est, not consilium libri.

11. Remembrance—Forgetfulness

memoriā tenere aliquid—to remember a thing perfectly.

memoriam alicuius rei tenere—to remember a thing perfectly.

recenti memoria tenere aliquid—to have a vivid recollection of a thing.

memoriā (multum) valere (opp. memoriā vacillare)—to have a good memory.

memorem esse (opp. obliviosum esse)—to have a good memory.

memoria tanta fuit, ut—he had such an extraordinary memory that...

memoriā labi—to make a slip of the memory.

memoriae mandare aliquid[1]—to impress on the memory.

ex memoria (opp. de scripto)—from memory; by heart.

memoriter—(1) with good memory; (2) from personal recollection.

memoria custodire—to keep in mind.

memoriam alicuius rei renovare, revocare (redintegrare)—to recall a thing to one's recollection.

memoriam alicuius rei repetere—to recall to mind a thing or person.

in memoriam alicuius redire—to recall to mind a thing or person.

in memoriam alicuius redigere, reducere aliquid (not revocare)—to recall a thing to a person's mind.

memoria et recordatio—vivid recollection.

grata memoria aliquem prosequi[2]—to show a thankful appreciation of a person's kindness.

nomen alicuius grato animo prosequi—to think of a person with a grateful sense of his goodness.

memoriam alicuius rei repraesentare (opp. memoriam alicuius rei deponere, abicere)—to picture to oneself again.

memoriam alicuius rei conservare, retinere—to retain the recollection of a thing.

memoriam alicuius pie inviolateque servare—to show an affectionate regard for a person's memory.

gratam (gratissimam) alicuius memoriam retinere—to retain a (most) pleasant impression of a person.

numquam ex animo meo memoria illius rei discedet—the memory of this will never fade from my mind.

aliquid in memoria nostra penitus insidet—a thing has been vividly impressed on our[TR1] memory.

memoriam eius nulla umquam delebit (obscurabit) oblivio (Fam. 2. 1)—nothing will ever make me forgetful of him.

semper memoria eius in (omnium) mentibus haerebit—nothing will ever make me forgetful of him.

nomen suum posteritati aliqua re commendare, propagare, prodere—to win renown amongst posterity by some act.

memoriam nominis sui immortalitati tradere, mandare, commendare—to immortalise one's name.

post hominum memoriam—within the memory of man.

post homines natos—within the memory of man.

memoriae causa, ad (not in) memoriam[3] (Brut. 16. 62)—in memory of...

oblivio alicuius rei me capit—I forget something.

aliquem in oblivionem alicuius rei adducere (pass. in oblivionem venire)—to make a person forget a thing.

aliquid excidit e memoria, effluit, excidit ex animo—a thing escapes, vanishes from the memory.

memoria alicuius rei excidit, abiit, abolevit—the recollection of a thing has been entirely lost.

obliterari[4] (Liv. 26. 41)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

memoria alicuius rei obscuratur, obliteratur, evanescit—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

oblivioni esse, dari—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

in oblivionem adduci—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

oblivione obrui, deleri, exstingui—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

in oblivione iacēre (of persons)—to be forgotten, pass into oblivion.

aliquid ab oblivione vindicare—to rescue from oblivion.

mementote with Acc. c. Inf.—do not forget.

[1] Distinguish this expression from ediscere which = to learn by heart; also from memoriae prodere, tradere = to hand down as tradition (vid. sect. VII. 14).

[2] Prosequi used figuratively, with an ablative, occurs in several phrases—e.g. prosequi aliquem honore; verbis honorificis; beneficiis, officiis, studiis suis; ominibus, votis, lacrimis.

[3] One can also say monumenti causa—e.g. aliquid alicui momenti causa relinquere. Cf. such turnings as alicuius memoriam aliqua re prosequi, celebrare, renovare.

[4] This and the following expressions are useful to express the passive of oblivisci.

[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has "my", which is wrong, however, because the Latin phrase uses nostra. The French edition uses "notre mémoire".

12. Theory—Practice—Experience

ratione, doctrina (opp. usu) aliquid cognitum habere—to have a theoretical knowledge of a thing.

ad artem, ad rationem revocare aliquid (De Or. 2. 11. 44)—to reduce a thing to its theoretical principles; to apply theory to a thing.

doctrinam ad usum adiungere—to combine theory with practice.

in rebus atque in usu versatum esse—to have had practical experience.

usu[1] praeditum esse—to possess experience.

magnum usum in aliqua re habere—to have had great experience in a thing.

multarum rerum usus—varied, manifold experience.

usu rerum (vitae, vitae communis) edocti sumus—we know from experience.

experti scimus, didicimus—we know from experience.

usu cognitum habemus—we know from experience.

res ipsa, usus rerum (cotidie) docet—everyday experience tells us this.

(rerum) imperitum esse—to have had no experience of the world.

multa acerba expertus est[2]—he has had many painful experiences.

usus me docuit—experience has taught me.

[1] Not experientia, which in classical prose means attempt, proof.

[2] experiri is only used of personal experience.

VII. The Arts and Sciences

1. Scientific Knowledge in General—Literature

optima studia, bonae, optimae, liberales, ingenuae artes, disciplinae—the sciences; the fine arts.

litterarum[1] studium or tractatio (not occupatio)—the study of belles-lettres; literary pursuits.

homines litterarum studiosi—learned, scientific, literary men.

homines docti—learned, scientific, literary men.

artium studia or artes vigent (not florent)—learning, scientific knowledge is flourishing.

litterae iacent, neglectae iacent[2]—scholarship, culture, literature is at a low ebb.

litteras colere—to be engaged in the pursuit of letters.

litteras amplecti—to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters.

litteras adamasse (only in perf. and plup.)—to be an enthusiastic devotee of letters.

in studio litterarum versari—to be engaged in literary pursuits.

in aliquo litterarum genere versari—to be engaged in any branch of study.

summo studio in litteris versari—to be an ardent student of...

se totum litteris tradere, dedere—to devote oneself entirely to literature.

se totum in litteras or se litteris abdere—to be quite engrossed in literary studies.

in litteris elaborare (De Sen. 8. 26)—to apply oneself very closely to literary, scientific work.

in litteris acquiescere or conquiescere—to find recreation in study.

aetatem in litteris ducere, agere—to devote one's life to science, study.

omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere—to devote all one's leisure moments to study.

omne studium in litteris collocare, ad litteras conferre—to employ all one's energies on literary work.

optimarum artium studio incensum esse—to be interested in, have a taste for culture.

litterarum studio trahi—to feel an attraction for study.

trahi, ferri ad litteras—to feel an attraction for study.

litterarum studia remittere—to relax one's studies.

intermissa studia revocare—to resume one's studies.

primis (ut dicitur)[3] or primoribus labris gustare or attingere litteras—to have a superficial knowledge, a smattering of literature, of the sciences.

litterae—literature.

litterae ac monumenta or simply monumenta—written records; documents.

litterae latinae[4]—Roman literature.

clarissima litterarum lumina—shining lights in the literary world.

graecis litteris studere—to study Greek literature.

multum (mediocriter) in graecis litteris versari—to be well (slightly) acquainted with Greek literature.

[1] littera in sing. = letter of the alphabet, e.g. litteram nullam ad me misit. In plur. = 1. letters of the alphabet, characters (cf. viii. 9); 2. a letter (epistola); 3. writings, books, e.g. graecae de philosophia litterae; 4. literature, graecas litteras discere; 5. literary pursuits; 6. science; 7. culture, erudition, learning, erant in eo plurimae litterae, neque eae vulgares, sed interiores quaedam et reconditae.

[2] iacēre metaphorically is used not only of things neglected and abandoned, but of persons (cf. frigere) who have lost all their political influence.

[3] Cf. Pro Caelio 12, 28 extremis ut dicitur digitis attingere.

[4] latinus is only used of language and literature, Romanus of nationality.

2. Learning—Erudition

vir or homo doctus, litteratus—a man of learning; a scholar; a savant.

vir doctissimus—a great scholar.

vir perfecte planeque eruditus—a man of profound erudition.

vir omni doctrina eruditus—a man perfect in all branches of learning.

multi viri docti, or multi et ii docti (not multi docti)—many learned men; many scholars.

omnes docti, quivis doctus, doctissimus quisque—all learned men.

nemo doctus—no man of learning.

nemo mediocriter doctus—no one with any pretence to education.

latinis litteris or latine doctus—acquainted with the Latin language.

bene[1] latine doctus or sciens—a good Latin scholar.

doctrina abundare (De Or. 3. 16. 59)—to be a man of great learning.

a doctrina mediocriter instructum esse—to have received only a moderate education.

doctrina exquisita, subtilis, elegans[2]—sound knowledge; scholarship.

doctrina recondita—profound erudition.

studia, quae in reconditis artibus versantur (De Or. 1. 2. 8)—abstruse studies.

magnam doctrinae speciem prae se ferre—to pass as a man of great learning.

vita umbratilis (vid. sect. VII. 4)—the contemplative life of a student.

litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere—to possess literary knowledge.

scientiam alicuius rei consequi—to acquire knowledge of a subject.

scientia comprehendere aliquid—to acquire knowledge of a subject.

penitus percipere et comprehendere aliquid (De Or. 1. 23. 108)—to have a thorough grasp of a subject.

scientia augere aliquem—to enrich a person's knowledge.

multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse—to be well-informed, erudite.

multarum rerum cognitione imbutum esse (opp. litterarum or eruditionis expertem esse or \[rerum\] rudem esse)—to be well-informed, erudite.

[1] For the use of adverbs to modify adjectives and other adverbs vid. Nägelsbach Lat. Stil. p. 278; cf. bene multi, bene mane, bene penitus (Verr. 2. 70. 169), impie ingratus (Tusc. 5. 2. 6) etc. Such combinations are especially frequent in Tacitus, Velleius, Seneca, and Quintilian. For latine by itself cf. Cic. Opt. Gen. 4 latine, id est pure et emendate, loqui. If the style is to be criticised, adverbs can be added—e.g. bene, perbene, pessime, eleganter, etc., cf. vii. 7.

[2] Not solida, which means properly entire, massive—e.g. marmor solidum, crateres auro solidi, then metaph. e.g.—solida laus, utilitas.

3. Culture—Civilisation

animum, ingenium excolere (not colere)—to cultivate the mind.

animi, ingenii cultus (not cultura)—mental culture.

optimis studiis or artibus, optimarum artium studiis eruditum esse—to have received a liberal education.

litteras scire—to have received a liberal education.

litterae interiores et reconditae, artes reconditae—profound scientific education.

sunt in illo, ut in homine Romano, multae litterae (De Sen. 4. 12)—for a Roman he is decidedly well educated.

litteris leviter imbutum or tinctum esse—to have received a superficial education.

omni vita atque victu excultum atque expolitum esse (Brut. 25. 95)—to have attained to a high degree of culture.

omnis cultus et humanitatis expertem esse[1]—to be quite uncivilised.

ab omni cultu et humanitate longe abesse (B. G. 1. 1. 3)—to be quite uncivilised.

homines, gentem a fera agrestique vita ad humanum cultum civilemque deducere (De Or. 1. 8. 33)—to civilise men, a nation.

[1] Not incultum esse, which refers only to external appearance.

4. Education—Instruction—School—Profession

liberaliter, ingenue, bene educari—to receive a liberal education.

severa disciplina contineri—to be brought up under strict discipline.

aliquem ad humanitatem informare or instituere—to teach a person refinement.

mores alicuius corrigere—to improve a person.

in viam reducere aliquem—to bring a person back to the right way.

in viam redire—to return to the right way.

litteras discere ab aliquo—to be educated by some one.

institui or erudiri ab aliquo—to receive instruction from some one.

disciplina alicuius uti, magistro aliquo uti—to receive instruction from some one.

e disciplina alicuius profectum esse—to be brought up in some one's school.

puerum alicui erudiendum or in disciplinam tradere—to entrust a child to the tuition of...

operam dare or simply se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem—to become a pupil, disciple of some one.

multum esse cum aliquo (Fam. 16. 21)—to enjoy close intercourse with... (of master and pupil).

ludus (discendi or litterarum)—an elementary school.

schola—a school for higher education.

scholam frequentare—to go to a school.

disciplina (institutio) puerilis (not liberorum)—the teaching of children.

pueros elementa (prima) docere—to teach children the rudiments.

primis litterarum elementis imbui—to receive the first elements of a liberal education.

doctrinae, quibus aetas puerilis impertiri solet (Nep. Att. 1. 2)—the usual subjects taught to boys.

artes, quibus aetas puerilis ad humanitatem informari solet—the usual subjects taught to boys.

erudire aliquem artibus, litteris (but erudire aliquem in iure civili, in re militari)—to teach some one letters.

natum, factum esse ad aliquid (faciendum)—to be born for a thing, endowed by nature for it.

adversante et repugnante natura or invitā Minervā (ut aiunt) aliquid facere (Off. 1. 31. 110)—to do a thing which is not one's vocation, which goes against the grain.

crassa or pingui Minerva (proverb.)—with no intelligence or skill.

calcaria alicui adhibere, admovere; stimulos alicui admovere—to spur, urge a person on.

frenos adhibere alicui—to restrain some one.

bona indole (always in sing.) praeditum esse—to be gifted, talented (not praeditum esse by itself).

ingenio valere—to be gifted, talented.

summo ingenio praeditum esse—to possess rich mental endowments.

in aliqua re progressus facere, proficere, progredi—to make progress in a subject.

aliquid efficere, consequi in aliqua re (De Or. 1. 33. 152)—to obtain a result in something.

adulescens alios bene de se sperare iubet, bonam spem ostendit or alii de adulescente bene sperare possunt—he is a young man of great promise.

adulescens bonae (egregiae) spei—a promising youth.

magna est exspectatio ingenii tui—we expect a great deal from a man of your calibre.

desudare in scholae umbra or umbraculis[1]—to exert oneself in the schools.

genus vitae (vivendi) or aetatis degendae deligere[2]—to choose a career, profession.

viam vitae ingredi (Flacc. 42. 105)—to enter upon a career.

philosophiam, medicinam profiteri—to be a philosopher, physician by profession.

se philosophum, medicum (esse) profiteri—to be a philosopher, physician by profession.

qui ista profitentur—men of that profession.

[1] Cf. umbra, umbracula (-orum), and umbratilis (vid. vii. 2, vita umbratilis), used of the retired life of a savant as opposed to sol, lux fori[TR1] or forensis. Cf. De Legg. 3. 6. 14 Phalereus ille Demetrius mirabiliter doctrinam ex umbraculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem atque in pulverem sed in ipsum discrimen aciemque produxit.

[2] The locus classicus on the choice of a profession is De Officiis 1. 32. 115-122.

[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text indeed has sol, lux ori. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using sol, lux fori.

5. Example—Pattern—Precedent

exemplum clarum, praeclarum—a good,[1] brilliant example; a striking example.

exemplum luculentum—a good, brilliant example; a striking example.

exemplum illustre—a good, brilliant example; a striking example.

exemplum magnum, grande—a weighty example, precedent.

exemplum afferre—to quote an example.

exemplo uti—to quote an example.

aliquem (aliquid) exempli causa[2] ponere, proferre, nominare, commemorare—to cite a person or a thing as an example.

aliquid exemplis probare, comprobare, confirmare—to quote precedents for a thing.

aliquid exemplis ostendere—to demonstrate by instances.

exempla petere, repetere a rerum gestarum memoria or historiarum (annalium, rerum gestarum) monumentis—to borrow instances from history.

exempla a rerum Romanarum (Graecarum) memoria petita—examples taken from Roman (Greek) history.

multa exempla in unum (locum) colligere—to collect, accumulate instances.

ex infinita exemplorum copia unum (pauca) sumere, decerpere (eligere)—to choose one from a large number of instances.

a Socrate exemplum virtutis petere, repetere—to quote Socrates as a model of virtue.

similitudines afferre—to cite parallel cases.

auctore aliquo uti ad aliquid—to have as authority for a thing.

auctorem aliquem habere alicuius rei—to have as authority for a thing.

auctoritatem alicuius sequi—to be guided by another's example.

auctoritas et exemplum (Balb. 13. 31)—standard and pattern.

sibi exemplum alicuius proponere ad imitandum or simply sibi aliquem ad imitandum proponere—to set up some one as one's ideal, model.

sibi exemplum sumere ex aliquo or exemplum capere de aliquo—to take a lesson from some one's example.

ad exemplum alicuius se conformare—to shape one's conduct after another's model.

exemplum edere, prodere—to set an example.

exemplo esse—to set an example.

exemplum in aliquo or in aliquem statuere—to inflict an exemplary punishment on some one.

exemplum (severitatis) edere in aliquo (Q. Fr. 1. 2. 2. 5)—to inflict an exemplary punishment on some one.

bene (male) praecipere alicui—to inculcate good (bad) principles.

praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re—to give advice, directions, about a matter.

ad praecipiendi rationem delābi (Q. Fr. 1. 1. 6. 18)—to adopt a didactic tone.

aliquid in animo haeret, penitus insedit or infixum est—a thing is deeply impressed on the mind.

aliquid animo mentique penitus mandare (Catil. 1. 11. 27)—to impress a thing on one's memory, mind.

demittere aliquid in pectus or in pectus animumque suum—to take a thing to heart.

hoc verbum alte descendit in pectus alicuius—what he said made a deep impression on...

[1] Not bonum exemplum, which means an example morally good for us to follow.

[2] "For example" must not be translated by exempli causa, which is only used in complete sentences with such verbs as ponere, afferre, proferre, nominare. verbi causa (gratia) = "for instance," "we will say," usually refers to a single expression, e.g. quid dicis igitur? miserum fuisse verbi causa M. Crassum? (Tusc. 1. 4. 12). Often examples are introduced by such words as ut, velut, in his, etc., e.g. bestiae quae gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili (N. D. 2. 48. 124).

6. Philosophy

se conferre ad philosophiam, ad philosophiae or sapientiae studium (Fam. 4. 3. 4)—to devote oneself to philosophy.

animum appellere or se applicare ad philosophiam—to apply oneself to the study of philosophy.

philosophiae (sapientiae) studio teneri (Acad. 1. 2. 4)—to be enamoured of philosophy.

in portum philosophiae confugere—to take refuge in philosophy.

in sinum philosophiae compelli—to be driven into the arms of philosophy.

philosophia (neglecta) iacet (vid. sect. VII. 1, note iacēre...)—philosophy is neglected, at low ebb.

philosophiam latinis litteris illustrare (Acad. 1. 1. 3)—to write expositions of philosophy in Latin.

Ciceronis de philosophia libri—Cicero's philosophical writings.

decreta, inventa philosophorum—the tenets, dogmas of philosophers.

quae in philosophia tractantur—philosophical subjects.

praecepta philosophorum (penitus) percepta habere—to be well acquainted with the views of philosophers.

illae sententiae evanuerunt—those views are out of date.

illae sententiae iam pridem explosae et eiectae sunt (Fin. 5. 8. 23)—those ideas have long ago been given up.

schola, disciplina, familia; secta—a sect, school of thought.

sectam alicuius sequi (Brut. 31. 120)—to be a follower, disciple of some one.

disciplinam alicuius profiteri—to be a follower, disciple of some one.

qui sunt a Platone or a Platonis disciplina; qui profecti sunt a Platone; Platonici—disciples of Plato, Platonists.

Solo, unus de septem (illis)—Solon, one of the seven sages.

Pythagorae doctrina longe lateque fluxit (Tusc. 4. 1. 2)—Pythagoras' principles were widely propagated.

scholas habere, explicare (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to give lectures.

scholis interesse—to attend lectures.

tradere (aliquid de aliqua re)—to teach

audire Platonem, auditorem esse Platonis—to attend Plato's lectures.

7. The Parts of Philosophy

physica[1] (-orum) (Or. 34. 119); philosophia naturalis—physics; natural philosophy.

dialectica (-ae or -orum) (pure Latin disserendi ratio et scientia)—logic, dialectic.

disserendi praecepta tradere—to teach logic.

disserendi elegantia—logical minuteness, precision.

disserendi subtilitas (De Or. 1. 1. 68)—dialectical nicety.

disserendi spinae (Fin. 4. 28. 79)—subtleties of logic; dilemmas.

disserendi peritus et artifex—an accomplished dialectician.

homo in dialecticis versatissimus—an accomplished dialectician.

disserendi artem nullam habere—to know nothing of logic.

dialecticis ne imbutum[2] quidem esse—to be ignorant of even the elements of logic.

ratione, eleganter (opp. nulla ratione, ineleganter, confuse) disponere aliquid—to arrange on strictly logical principles.

philosophia, quae est de vita et moribus (Acad. 1. 5. 19)—moral science; ethics.

philosophia, in qua de bonis rebus et malis, deque hominum vita et moribus disputatur—moral science; ethics.

philosophia, quae in rerum contemplatione versatur, or quae artis praeceptis continetur—theoretical, speculative philosophy.

philosophia,[3] quae in actione versatur—practical philosophy.

omnes philosophiae loci—the whole domain of philosophy.

[1] Cf. Acad. 1. 5. 19 philosophandi ratio triplex; una de vita et moribus, altera de natura et rebus occultis, tertia de disserendo.

[2] imbuere is properly to give the first touch to, tinge, bathe, e.g. gladii sanguine imbuti. Metaph. it = (1) to fill with, e.g. religione, pietate, superstitione, crudelitate; (2) to teach, initiate, e.g. animum honestis artibus, and is used especially of a superficial knowledge.

[3] Cf. Sen. Ep. 25. 10 philosophia activa.

8. System—Method—Principles

ratio; disciplina, ratio et disciplina; ars—system.

ad artem redigere aliquid—to systematise.

ad rationem, ad artem et praecepta revocare aliquid (De Or. 1. 41)—to systematise.

arte conclusum esse—to have been reduced to a system.

ratio et doctrina—systematic, methodical knowledge.

artificio et via tradere aliquid—to give a scientific explanation of a thing.

artificiose redigere aliquid—to treat with scientific exactness; to classify.

ad rationis praecepta accommodare aliquid—to treat with scientific exactness; to classify.

totam rationem evertere (pass. iacet tota ratio)—to upset the whole system.

ratione et via, via et ratione progredi, disputare (Or. 33. 116)—to proceed, carry on a discussion logically.

novam rationem ingredi—to enter on a new method.

a certa ratione proficisci—to be based on a sound principle.

a falsis principiis proficisci—to start from false premises.

ad philosophorum or philosophandi rationes revocare aliquid—to deal with a subject on scientific principles.

perpetuitas et constantia (Tusc. 5. 10. 31)—logical consistency.

9. Species—Definition—Classification—Connection

partes[1] generibus subiectae sunt—the species is subordinate the genus.

genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere (Or. 33. 117)—to analyse a general division into its specific parts.

genere, non numero or magnitudine differre—to differ qualitatively not quantitatively.

spinae partiendi et definiendi (Tusc. 5. 8. 22)—minute, captious subdivisions and definitions.

rem (res) definire—to define a thing.

a definitione proficisci—to start from a definition.

involutae rei notitiam definiendo aperire (Or. 33. 116)—to make an obscure notion clear by means of definition.

sub metum subiectum esse—to be comprised under the term "fear."

constituere, quid et quale sit, de quo disputetur—to determine the nature and constitution of the subject under discussion.

in ordinem redigere aliquid—to systematise, classify a thing.

conexum et aptum esse inter se—to be closely connected with each other.

cohaerere, coniunctum esse cum aliqua re—to be closely connected with a thing.

arte (artissime) coniunctum esse—to be very intimately related.

apte (aptissime) cohaerere—to be very intimately related.

continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alia ex alia nexa et omnes inter se aptae colligataeque sint (N. D. 1. 4. 9)—systematic succession, concatenation.

diffusum, dissipatum esse—to have no coherence, connection.

confusum, perturbatum esse—to be confused.

rem dissolutam conglutinare, coagmentare—to reunite disconnected elements.

[1] Cf. Cic. De Or. 1. 42 for the definition. genus autem id est, quod sui similes communione quadam, specie autem differentes, duas aut plures complectitur partes. partes autem sunt, quae generibus eis ex quibus manant subiciuntur; omniaque quae sunt vel generum vel partium nomina, definitionibus, quam vim habeant, est exprimendum. est enim definitio rerum earum, quae sunt eius rei propriae, quam definire volumus, brevis et circumscripta quaedam explicatio.

10. Proof—Refutation

argumentum[1] firmum, magnum—a strong, striking proof.

argumentum afferre—to bring forward a proof.

argumentum immortalitatis afferre (not pro)—to quote an argument in favour of immortality.

argumentum afferre, quo animos immortales esse demonstratur—to bring forward a proof of the immortality of the soul.

argumento huic rei est, quod—a proof of this is that...

aliquid planum facere (Ad Herenn. 2. 5)—to demonstrate, make a thing clear.

aliquid alicui probare (or c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to prove one's point to a person's satisfaction.

argumentis confirmare, comprobare, evincere aliquid (or c. Acc. c. Inf.)—to prove a thing indisputably.

argumentum ducere, sumere ex aliqua re or petere ab aliqua re—to derive an argument from a thing.

argumentum premere (not urgere)—to persist in an argument, press a point.

loci (τόποι) argumentorum (De Or. 2. 162)—the points on which proofs are based; the grounds of proof.

argumenta refellere, confutare—to refute arguments.

rationem[2] afferre (Verr. 3. 85. 195)—to bring forward an argument (based on common-sense).

[1] argumentum = a proof resting on facts; ratio = an argument drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition.

[2] argumentum = a proof resting on facts; ratio = an argument drawn from the general reasonableness of the proposition.

11. Conclusion—Hypothesis—Inference

concludere, colligere, efficere, cogere ex aliqua re—to draw a conclusion from a thing.

acute, subtiliter concludere—to draw a subtle inference.

ratio or rationis conclusio efficit—the conclusion proves that...

ratiocinatio, ratio—the syllogism; reasoning.

prima[1] (superiora); consequentia (Fin. 4. 19. 54)—premises; consequences.

conclusiuncula fallax or captio—a fallacious argument; sophism.

positum est a nobis primum (c. Acc. c. Inf.)—we start by presupposing that...

hoc posito—on this supposition, hypothesis.

hoc probato consequens est—it follows from what we have shown.

sequitur (not ex quo seq.) ut—it follows from this that...

ex quo, unde, hinc efficitur ut—it follows from this that...

[1] In a syllogism the technical term for the major premise is propositio or propositio major; for the minor, propositio minor; for the conclusion, conclusio.

12. Debate—Controversy

disputatio, quaestio—systematic, scientific discussion.

disputare[1] (de aliqua re, ad aliquid)—to discuss, investigate a subject scientifically.

subtiliter disputare—to thoroughly discuss.

in utramque partem, in contrarias partes disputare (De Or. 1. 34)—to discuss both sides of a question.

in nullam partem disputare—to say nothing either for or against an argument.

non repugno—I have nothing to say against it.

pertinacem (opp. clementem) esse in disputando—to be dogmatic; positive.

opponere alicui aliquid—to object, to adduce in contradiction.

dare, concedere aliquid—to grant, admit a thing.

sumere (opp. reicere) aliquid—to assume a thing.

tenere aliquid; stare in aliqua re—to insist on a point.

obtinere aliquid—to maintain one's assertion, prove oneself right.

in controversia (contentione) esse, versari—to be at variance with.

in controversiam cadere—to be at variance with.

in controversiam vocare, adducere aliquid—to make a thing the subject of controversy.

in controversiam vocari, adduci, venire (De Or. 2. 72. 291)—to be contested, become the subject of debate.

in controversia relinquere aliquid—to leave a point undecided.

controversiam (contentionem) habere cum aliquo—to maintain a controversy with some one.

in contentione ponitur, utrum...an—it is a debated point whether... or...

id, de quo agitur or id quod cadit in controversiam—the point at issue.

controversiam sedare, dirimere, componere, tollere—to put an end to, settle a dispute.

controversiam diiudicare—to decide a debated question.

transigere aliquid cum aliquo—to come to an understanding with a person.

res mihi tecum est—I have a point to discuss with you.

sine (ulla) controversia—indisputably; incontestably.

hoc est a (pro) me—this goes to prove what I say.

res ipsa docet—the very facts of the case show this.

res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur—the matter speaks for itself.

res confecta est—the question is settled, finished.

[1] disputare = to discuss, considering the arguments pro and con, used of a number of people with different opinions. disserere de aliqua re = to discourse on a matter for the benefit of those present; but in both cases the substantive is disputatio.

13. Agreement—Contradiction

consentire, idem sentire cum aliquo—to agree with a person.

dissentire, dissidere ab or cum aliquo—to disagree with a person.

omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt—all agree on this point.

una et consentiens vox est—all are unanimous.

una voce; uno ore—unanimously.

uno, communi, summo or omnium consensu (Tusc. 1. 15. 35)—unanimously.

re concinere, verbis discrepare—to agree in fact but not in word.

hoc convēnit inter nos—we have agreed on this point.

hoc mihi tecum convēnit (Att. 6. 1. 14)—I agree with you there.

quī convenit?—how is this consistent? how are we to reconcile this...?

summa est virorum doctissimorum consensio (opp. dissensio)—the learned men are most unanimous in...

constantia (opp. inconstantia) (Tusc. 5. 11. 32)—consistency.

inter se pugnare or repugnare—to be mutually contradictory.

secum pugnare (without sibi); sibi repugnare (of things)—to contradict oneself, be inconsistent.

a se dissidere or sibi non constare (of persons)—to contradict oneself, be inconsistent.

pugnantia loqui (Tusc. 1. 7. 13)—to make contradictory, inconsistent statements.

dicere contra aliquem or aliquid (not contradicere alicui)—to contradict some one.

14. Particular Sciences (History—Mythology—Chronology—Geography—Mathematics—Natural Science—Astronomy)

res Romanae[1]—Roman history (i.e. the events in it).

res gestae Romanorum—Roman history (i.e. the events in it).

historia—history (as a science).

historia Romana[2] or rerum Romanarum historia—Roman history (i.e. the exposition, representation of it by writers).

memoria rerum Romanarum—Roman history (as tradition).

historiam (-as) scribere—to write a history.

res populi Romani perscribere—to write a history of Rome.

rerum scriptor[3]—an historian.

rerum auctor (as authority)—an historian.

evolvere historias, litterarum (veterum annalium) monumenta—to study historical records, read history.

memoriae traditum est, memoriae (memoria) proditum est (without nobis)—tradition, history tells us.

tradunt, dicunt, ferunt—they say; it is commonly said.

accepimus[4]—we know; we have been told.

historiae prodiderunt (without nobis)—history has handed down to us.

apud rerum scriptores scriptum videmus, scriptum est—we read in history.

duplex est memoria de aliqua re—a twofold tradition prevails on this subject.

rerum veterum memoria—ancient history.

memoria vetus (Or. 34. 120)—ancient history.

veterum annales—ancient history.

veterum annalium monumenta—ancient history.

antiquitatis memoria—ancient history.

recentioris aetatis memoria—modern history.

memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum)—the history of our own times; contemporary history.

nostra memoria (Cael. 18. 43)—the history of our own times; contemporary history.

omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum or omnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria—universal history.

memoriam annalium or temporum replicare—to consult history.

aetas heroica[5] (Tusc. 5. 3. 7)—the mythical period, the heroic age.

tempora heroica (N. D. 3. 21. 54)—the mythical period, the heroic age.

fabulae, historia fabularis—mythology.

repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab heroicis temporibus—to go back to the remote ages.

ut a fabulis ad facta veniamus—to pass from myth to history.

historicorum fide contestata memoria—historic times.

historiae, rerum fides—historic truth.

narrare aliquid ad fidem historiae—to give a veracious and historic account of a thing.

res historiae fide comprobata—an acknowledged historical fact.

incorrupta rerum fides—genuine historical truth.

ad historiam (scribendam) se conferre or se applicare—to devote oneself to writing history.

homo in historia diligens—a conscientious historian.

memoriam rerum gestarum (rerum Romanarum) tenere—to be well versed in Roman history.

domestica (externa) nosse—to be acquainted with the history of one's own land.

temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo—chronology.

temporum ordinem servare—to observe the chronological order of events.

servare et notare tempora—to observe the chronological order of events.

res temporum ordine servato narrare—to narrate events in the order of their occurrence.

temporibus errare (Phil. 2. 9. 23)—to make a chronological mistake.

ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare—to calculate the date of an event.

diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus—to be exact in calculating dates.

terrarum or regionum descriptio (geographia)—geography.

Africae situm paucis exponere—to give a brief exposition of the geography of Africa.

regionum terrestrium aut maritimarum scientia—geographical knowledge.

mathematica (-ae) or geometria (-ae), geometrica (-orum) (Tusc. 1. 24. 57)—mathematics.

mathematicorum ratione concludere aliquid—to draw a mathematical conclusion.

formas (not figuras) geometricas describere—to draw geometrical figures.

se conferre ad naturae investigationem—to devote oneself to the study of a natural science.

astrologia (pure Latin sidera, caelestia)—astronomy.

spectator siderum, rerum caelestium or astrologus[6]—an astronomer.

arithmetica[7] (-orum)—arithmetic.

numeri (-orum)—arithmetic.

bis bina quot sint non didicisse—to be absolutely ignorant of arithmetic.

[1] But res Romana = the Roman power, Rome.

[2] historia has several different senses. (1) The narration, exposition of the facts (res gestae, res), cf. rerum exemplum, historic precedent; res facta, historic fact. (2) Historical composition, e.g. historiam scribere, historia graeca = either a history written in Greek or a history of Greece (rerum graecarum historia); historia latina, history written in Latin; historia romana or rerum romanarum historia = a history of Rome. (3) A place famous in history, e.g. quacunque ingredimur, in aliqua historia pedem ponimus. In the plural historiae means specially histories, anecdotes (narratiunculae), memoirs, e.g. Taciti historiae.

[3] historicus means an erudite student of history, one engaged on historical research. As an adjective its use in Cicero is limited, being only used when opposed to oratorius, e.g. genus historicum, historic style (Brut. 83. 286).

[4] scimus, cognovimus (= we know by experience) are not used of historical knowledge.

[5] heroicus only of time. herous = epic, e.g. versus herous (De Or. 3. 49. 191) = a dactylic hexameter; pes herous a dactyl; "epic" of other things is usually epicus, e.g. carmen epicum; poetae epici, or epici alone. For "heroic" of an action, cf. praeclarum atque divinum factum; factum illustre et gloriosum, etc.

[6] It is only in later Latin after astrologus had acquired the meaning of astrologer, magician, that astronomus came to be used (= astronomer).

[7] In Cicero always neut. plur., e.g. in arithmeticis satis versatus; later writers use the fem. sing. The pure Latin word is numeri, cf. De Fin. 1. 21. 72 an ille se, ut Plato, in musicis, geometria, numeris, astris contereret? So De Fin. 5. 29. 87 cur Plato Aegyptum peragravit, ut a sacerdotibus barbaris numeros et caelestia acciperet? Cf. Nägelsb. Lat. Stil. p. 46.

15. Art in General

artis opus; opus arte factum or perfectum—a work of art.

opus summo artificio[TR1] factum—a master-piece of classical work.

opus omnibus numeris absolutum—a master-piece of classical work.

artem exercere—to follow an artistic profession, practise an art.

artem tradere, docere—to teach an art.

artem profiteri—to profess an art.

artium (liberalium) studium, or simply studium—a taste for the fine arts.

artis praecepta, or also simply ars—the rules of art; aesthetics.

(artis, artium) intellegens, peritus[1] (opp. idiota, a layman)—a connoisseur; a specialist.

existimator (doctus, intellegens, acerrimus)—a (competent, intelligent, subtle) critic.

in existimantium arbitrium venire (Brut. 24. 92)—to come before the tribunal of the critics.

iudicium facere—to criticise.

sensum, iudicium habere—to be a man of taste.

elegantia in illo est—he possesses sound judgment in matters of taste.

iudicium subtile, elegans, exquisitum, intellegens—good taste; delicate perception.

iudicium acuere—to cultivate one's powers of criticism.

abhorrere ab artibus (opp. delectari artibus)—to have no taste for the fine arts.

veritatem[2] imitari (Div. 1. 13. 23)—(1) to make a lifelike natural representation of a thing (used of the artist); (2) to be lifelike (of a work of art).

in omni re vincit imitationem veritas—in everything nature defies imitation.

aliquid ad verum exprimere—to make a copy true to nature.

morum ac vitae imitatio—a lifelike picture of everyday life.

aliquid e vita ductum est—a thing is taken from life.

[1] idiota = properly uninitiated, not the same as rudis, indoctus, imperitus.

[2] veritas means not merely truth (opp. mendacium), but also reality (opp. opinio, imitatio). Thus we often find the combination res et veritas ipsa (Tusc. 5. 5. 13), natura rerum et ipsa veritas.

[TR1] Transcriber's Note: the original text has opus summo artifico factum. But that is wrong as can be seen from the French edition using opus summo artificio factum.

16. Poetry—Music—Painting—Sculpture

poema condere, facere, componere—to write poetry.

versus facere, scribere—to write poetry.

carmina , versus fundere (De Or. 3. 50)—to write poetry with facility.

carmen epicum—epic poetry.

poeta epicus—an epic, heroic poet.

poesis scaenica—dramatic poetry.

poeta scaenicus—a dramatic poet.

scriptor tragoediarum, comoediarum, also (poeta) tragicus, comicus[1]—a writer of tragedy, comedy.

scriptor fabularum[2]—a writer of fables.

divino quodam instinctu concitari, ferri (Div. 1. 31. 66)—to feel inspired.

divino quodam spiritu inflatus or tactus—inspired.

carmen, versum agere—to recite a poem, line with appropriate action.

carmen recitare—to read a piece of verse with expression.

carmen pronuntiare—to recite a piece of verse (without gestures).

carmen inconditum—a rough poem; an extempore effusion.

se conferre ad poesis studium—to devote oneself to poetry.

poetica laude florere—to be distinguished as a poet.

poesis genus ad Romanos transferre—to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poesy.

alicuius laudes versibus persequi—to sing the praises of some one (not canere aliquem)

alicuius laudes (virtutes) canere—to sing the praises of some one (not canere aliquem)

alicuius res gestas versibus ornare, celebrare—to celebrate some one's exploits in song.

ut ait Homerus—as Homer sings (not canit).

numerus poetice vinctus—poetical rhythm.

artem musicam[3] discere, tractare—to learn, study music.

nervorum et tibiarum cantus—instrumental music.

vocum et fidium (nervorum) cantus—vocal and instrumental music.

docere aliquem fidibus—to teach some one to play a stringed instrument.

fidibus discere (De Sen. 8. 26)—to learn to play a stringed instrument.

fidibus canere—to play on the lyre.

pellere nervos in fidibus—to strike the strings of the lyre.

tibias inflare—to play the flute.

tibiis or tibiā canere—to play the flute.

ad tibiam or ad tibicinem canere—to sing to a flute accompaniment.

(homo) symphoniacus—a singer, member of a choir.

symphōnīa canit (Verr. 3. 44. 105)—the orchestra is playing.

acroāma[4]—a professional performer.

modi (De Or. 1. 42. 187)—the melody.

modos facere—to compose, put to music.

numerus, numeri—the tune; rhythm.

numerose cadere—to have a rhythmical cadence.

ars pingendi, pictura (De Or. 2. 16. 69)—the art of painting.

ars fingendi—the art of sculpture.

signa et tabulae (pictae)—statues and pictures.

simulacrum e marmore facere—to make a marble statue.

statuas[5] inscribere (Verr. 2. 69. 167)—to put an inscription on statues.

[1] tragicus, comicus as adjectives = occurring in tragedy, comedy—e.g. Orestes tragicus; senes comici. Comic in the ordinary sense = ridiculus, c.f. homo ridiculus.

[2] Not fabulator, which = a gossip, teller of anecdotes.

[3] musica (-orum) is also used for music, cf. in musicis se conterere.

[4] acroama = originally anything performed to give pleasure, then a performer. The Greeks applied the term to music; the Romans used it of any professional performer who entertained guests while at table.

[5] statua is not used of statues of the gods, but signum, simulacrum.

17. The Drama

ars ludicra (De Or. 2. 20. 84)—the dramatic art.

fabula, ludus scaenicus—the piece; the play.

argumentum—the plot of the piece.

actio—the treatment of the piece.

actus—an act.

fabulam docere (διδάσκειν) (of the writer) (opp. fabulam discere—to study a piece, of the actor)—to get a piece played, rehearse it.

fabulam agere—to act a play (said of the actors).

fabulam edere—to bring out a play, put it on the stage (used of the man who finds the money).

fabulam dare—to produce a play (of the writer).

in scaenam producere aliquem—to introduce a character on the stage.

in scaenam prodire—to come upon the stage.

in scaenam redire—to reappear on the stage.

de scaena decedere—to retire from the stage.

in scaenam aliquid inducere—to bring a thing upon the stage.

familia, grex, caterva histrionum—a theatrical company.

dominus gregis—the manager.

theatrum[1]—the playhouse.

theatra reclamant—the spectators protest.

populum facilem, aequum habere—to have an appreciative audience.

plaudere (not applaudere)—to applaud, clap a person.

plausum dare (alicui)—to applaud, clap a person.

clamores (coronae) facere, excitare—to elicit loud applause.

saepius revocatur (Liv. 7. 2. 9)—he is encored several times.

fabulam exigere (Ter. Andr. Pol.)—to hiss a play.

fabula cadit—a piece is a failure, falls flat.

histrionem exsibilare, explodere, eicere, exigere—to hiss an actor off the stage.

histrioni acclamare[2]—to interrupt an actor by hooting him.

partes agere alicuius[3]—to play the part of some one.

agere servum, lenonem—to act the rôle of a slave, pander.

actor primarum (secundarum, tertiarum) partium—the actor who plays the leading part.

tragoedia or fabula Antigona (not Antigona trag. or fab.)—the Antigone.

in Sophoclis (not Sophoclea) Aiace or apud Sophoclem in Aiace—in Sophocles' Ajax.

caterva, chorus—the Chorus in Tragedy.

carmen chori, canticum—a choric ode in a tragedy.

loci melici—the lyric portions of a tragedy.

diverbium—stage dialogue.

canticum—a choric ode.

ludi circenses, scaenici—performances in the circus; theatrical perfomances.

ludos apparare—to institute games.

ludos facere, edere (Iovi)—to give public games in honour of Jupiter.

ludos instaurare—to revive public games.

munus gladiatorium edere, dare (or simply munus edere, dare)—to give a gladiatorial show.

gladiatores dare—to give a gladiatorial show.

familia[4] gladiatoria (Sest. 64. 134)—a band, troupe of gladiators under the management of a lanista.

ludus gladiatorius—a school for gladiators.

gladiatoribus (Att. 2. 19. 3)—at the gladiatorial games.

celebritas ludorum—crowded games.

magnificentia ludorum—sumptuous public games.

ludi apparatissimi—sumptuous public games.

ludi Olympia (not ludi Olympici), Pythia—the Olympian, Pythian games.

Olympia vincere (Ολύμπια νικαν)—to win a prize at the Olympian games.

ludi gymnici—gymnastic contests.

certamina gymnica—gymnastic contests.

stadium currere (Off. 3. 10. 42)—to run a foot-race.

[1] theatrum = (1) the playhouse, theatre; (2) the audience, house. It is used metaphorically for the sphere of activity, theatre, scene, e.g. theatrum magnum habet ista provincia (Cic.); nullum theatrum virtuti conscientia majus (ibid.)

[2] Livy is the first writer who uses acclamare in a good sense.

[3] Also used metaphorically of the part played in life, e.g. partes suscipere, sustinere, dare, tribuere, defendere, tueri. Similarly persona (properly mask) is used in several phrases, e.g. personam alicuius agere, ferre, tenere; personam suscipere or induere; personam tueri (Phil. 8. 10); personam alicui imponere (Sull. 3. 8). persona thus got the meaning of personality, individuality, character, and lastly in a concrete sense a personage of distinction. N.B.—It never represents our "person," cf. many persons were present, multi (homines) aderant.

[4] Hence familiam ducere, metaphorically to be at the head of a movement, to play the leading part, e.g. in iure civili (Cic.) For other phrases drawn from the wrestling-school vid. ix. 6.

VIII. Speech and Writing

1. Speech in General

ars dicendi—the art of speaking; oratory.

ad dicendum se conferre—to devote oneself to oratory.

dicendi[1] praecepta tradere—to teach rhetoric.

rhetor, dicendi magister—a teacher of rhetoric.

facultas dicendi—oratorical talent.

natum, factum esse ad dicendum—to be a born orator.

facilem et expeditum esse ad dicendum (Brut. 48. 180)—to be a ready, fluent speaker.

rudem, tironem ac rudem (opp. exercitatum) esse in dicendo—to be an inexperienced speaker.

disertum esse (De Or. 1. 21. 94)—to be fluent.

eloquentem esse (De Or. 1. 21. 94)—to be a capable, finished speaker.

eloquentia valere—to be very eloquent.

dicendi arte florere—to be very eloquent.

eloquentiae laude florere—to be a distinguished orator.

vis dicendi—oratorical power.

multum dicendo valere, posse—to have great weight as a speaker.

eloquentiae principatum tenere—to be considered the foremost orator.

primum or principem inter oratores locum obtinere—to be considered the foremost orator.

oratorum principem esse—to be considered the foremost orator.

orationem conficere—to compose a speech.

orationem commentari (Fam. 16. 26)—to prepare, get up a speech.

oratio meditata (Plin. 26. 3. 7)—a prepared speech.

subito, ex tempore (opp. ex praeparato) dicere—to speak extempore.

oratio subita—an extempore speech.

oratio perpetua—a continuous discourse.

oratio accurata[2] et polita—a carefully prepared speech.

oratio composita—an elaborate speech.

contentio (opp. sermo) (Off. 2. 48)—pathetic address; emotional language.

copiose dicere—to speak very fluently.

ornate dicere—to speak well, elegantly.

libere dicere (Verr. 2. 72. 176)—to speak frankly, independently.

plane, aperte dicere—to speak openly, straightforwardly.

perspicue, diserte dicere—to speak in clear, expressive language.

missis ambagibus dicere—to speak without circumlocution.

accommodate ad persuadendum dicere—to be a persuasive speaker.

aggredi ad dicendum[3]—to come forward to make a speech; to address the house.

verba facere apud[4] populum, in contione—to address a meeting of the people.

in contionem (in rostra) escendere[5] (only of Romans)—to mount the rostra.

orationem habere (Tusc. 5. 33. 94)—to make a speech.

initium dicendi facere—to begin to speak.

finem dicendi facere—to cease speaking.

perorare—(1) to make one's peroration; (2) to deliver the closing speech (in a case where several speeches have been made).

animos audientium permovere, inflammare—to make an impression on one's audience.

animos tenere—to rivet the attention of...

audientiam sibi (orationi) facere—to obtain a hearing.

solutum et expeditum esse ad dicendum—to be never at a loss for something to say.

lingua promptum esse—to have a ready tongue.

celeritas in respondendo—readiness in debate, in repartee.

bonis lateribus[6] esse—to have good lungs.

linguae solutio—volubility.

[1] Note the way in which the Latin language prefers a concrete expression in the plural to represent our abstract "rhetoric," cf. musica (-orum), astra, numeri, soni = music, astronomy, arithmetic, acoustics (vid. vii. 14).

[2] accuratus is only used of things, never of persons.

[3] surgere ad dicendum is only used of some one who has been till now seated (De Or. 2. 78. 316).

[4] apud is used of appearing before an official assembly, e.g. apud populum, apud senatum, apud iudices. coram is used of an informal casual meeting.

[5] escendere is more common than ascendere, cf. in contionem escendere (Cic. Att. 4. 2. 3; Liv. 2. 7. 7, etc. etc.) Similarly in rostra escendere (Cic. Liv.), in tribunal escendere (Liv.) Later suggestum, rostra escendere (Tac. Ann. 15. 59; ibid. 13. 5.).

[6] latus is never used in the singular in good Latin with the meaning "lungs,", "breath," "vigour," cf. Cic. iam me dies, vox, latera deficient si... In a somewhat similar way lacerti is used of oratorical vigour, e.g. ipse hastas...oratoris lacertis viribusque torquebit (De Or. 1. 57. 242).

2. Style—Expression

genus dicendi (scribendi); oratio[1]—style.

genus dicendi grave or grande, medium, tenue[2] (cf. Or. 5. 20; 6. 21)—elevated, moderate, plain style.

fusum orationis genus—a running style.

inconditum dicendi genus (Brut. 69. 242)—a rough, unpolished style.

inflatum orationis genus—a bombastic style.

oratio altius exaggerata—a bombastic style.

elatio atque altitudo orationis—the exalted strain of the speech.

exsurgere altius or incitatius ferri—to take a higher tone (especially of poets and orators).

magnifice loqui, dicere—(1) to speak vehemently, passionately; (2) to speak pompously, boastfully.

magniloquentia, granditas verborum—pathos; passion.

tragoediae—tragic pathos.

expedita et facile currens oratio—an easy, fluent style.

oratio aequabiliter fluens—an easy, fluent style.

flumen[3] orationis (De Or. 2. 15. 62)—flow of oratory.

siccitas, sanitas orationis—the plain style.

verborum tenuitias, oratio subtilis—the plain style.

oratio exilis, ieiuna, arida, exsanguis—the dry, lifeless style.

ornatus orationis, verborum—well-chosen language, grace of style.

elegantia orationis—tasteful description.

oratio pura, pura et emendata—pure, correct language.

integritas, sinceritas orationis (not puritas)—purity of style.

oratio inquinata[4] (De Opt. Gen. Or. 3. 7)—incorrect language.

orationes Catonis antiquitatem redolent (Brut. 21. 82)—Cato's speeches sound archaic.

ex illius orationibus ipsae Athenae redolent—there is a flavour of Atticism about his discourse.

oratio soluta (not prosa) or simply oratio—prose.

oratio numerose cadit—his style has a well-balanced cadence.

numeris orationem astringere, vincire—to make a speech rhythmical.

lumina, flores dicendi (De Or. 3. 25. 96)—flowers of rhetoric; embellishments of style.

sententias (verbis) explicare, aperire—to explain one's sentiments.

sententiae reconditae ex exquisitae (Brut. 97. 274)—profound sentiments.

ubertas (not divitiae) et copia orationis—a full and copious style of speech.

crebritas or copia (opp. inopia) sententiarum or simply copia—richness of ideas.

sententiis abundans[5] or creber (opp. sententiis inanis)—rich in ideas.

adumbrare aliquid (Or. 14. 43)—to roughly sketch a thing.

exprimere aliquid verbis or oratione (vid. sect. VI. 3, note adumbrare...)—to express clearly, make a lifelike representation of a thing.

exponere aliquid or de aliqua re—to give an account of a thing (either orally or in writing).

sententiae inter se nexae—the connection.

perpetuitas verborum—the connection.

contextus orationis (not nexus, conexus sententiarum)—the connection.

ratio sententiarum—the connection of thought.

ratio, qua sententiae inter se excipiunt.—the connection of thought.

vitam alicuius exponere—to give an account of a man's life.

vitam alicuius depingere—to make a sketch of a man's life.

de ingenio moribusque alicuius exponere—to make a character-sketch of a person.

summo colore aliquid illustrare—to depict a thing in lively colours.

ante oculos ponere aliquid—to bring a thing vividly before the eyes.

oculis or sub oculos, sub aspectum subicere aliquid—to represent a thing vividly.

rerum sub aspectum paene subiectio (De Or. 3. 53. 202)—graphic depiction.

perlustrare, lustrare oculis aliquid—to scrutinise, examine closely.

sic exponere aliquid, quasi agatur res (non quasi narretur)—to represent a thing dramatically.

aliquem disputantem facere, inducere, fingere (est aliquid apud aliquem disputans)—to introduce a person (into a dialogue) discoursing on...

in uno conspectu ponere aliquid—to give a general idea of a thing.

sub unum aspectum subicere aliquid—to give a general idea of a thing.

in brevi conspectu ponere aliquid—to make a short survey of a thing.

uno conspectu videre aliquid—to have a general idea of a thing.

breviter tangere, attingere aliquid—to touch briefly on a thing.

strictim, leviter tangere, attingere, perstringere aliquid—to make a cursory mention of a thing; to mention by the way (not obiter or in transcursu).

quasi praeteriens, in transitu attingere aliquid—to make a cursory mention of a thing; to mention by the way (not obiter or in transcursu).

res summas attingere—to dwell only on the main points.

summatim aliquid exponere—to dwell only on the main points.

multa verba facere—to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully.

multum, nimium esse (in aliqua re) (De Or. 2. 4. 17)—to go deeply into a matter, discuss it fully.

pluribus verbis, copiosius explicare, persequi[6] aliquid—to give a full, detailed account of a thing.

fusius, uberius, copiosius disputare, dicere de aliqua re—to speak at great length on a subject, discuss very fully.

breviter, paucis explicare aliquid—to explain a matter briefly, in a few words (not paucis verbis).

rem paucis absolvere (Sall. Iug. 17. 2)—to explain a matter briefly, in a few words (not paucis verbis).

rebus ipsis par est oratio—the circumstances are described in language worthy of them.

rebus verba respondent—the circumstances are described in language worthy of them.

copiam quam potui persecutus sum—I have exhausted all my material.

verbis non omnia exsequi posse—to be unable to say all one wants.

in medium proferre aliquid—to bring a subject forward into discussion.

in medio ponere (proponere)—to publish, make public.

silentio praeterire (not praetermittere) aliquid—to pass over in silence.

significare aliquem or aliquid—to allude to a person or thing (not alludere).

significatione appellare aliquem—to allude to a person or thing (not alludere).

describere aliquem (Cael. 20. 50)—to allude to a person or thing (not alludere).

leviter significare aliquid—to hint vaguely at a thing.

ordine narrare, quomodo res gesta sit—to detail the whole history of an affair.

dicendo ornare aliquid—to embellish a narrative.

rhetorice, tragice ornare aliquid (Brut. 11. 43)—to add rhetorical, dramatic embellishments to a subject.

digressus, digressio, egressio—a digression, episode.

quod ornandi causa additum est—a digression, episode.

includere in orationem aliquid—to interpolate, insert something.

inserere orationi aliquid—to interpolate, insert something.

interponere aliquid (De Am. 1. 3)—to interpolate, insert something.

dicendo augere, amplificare aliquid (opp. dicendo extenuare aliquid)—to lend lustre to a subject by one's description.

in maius ferre, in maius extollere aliquid—to exaggerate a thing.

in maius accipere aliquid—to overestimate a thing.

digredi (a proposito) (De Or. 2. 77. 311)—to digress, deviate.

studio alicuius rei provectus sum—my zeal for a thing has led me too far.

longe, alte (longius, altius) repetere (either absolute or ab aliqua re)—to go a long way back (in narrative).

oratio longius repetita (De Or. 3. 24. 91)—a rather recondite speech.

accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus—to adopt the language of everyday life.

ad vulgarem sensum or ad communem opinionem orationem accommodare (Off. 2. 10. 35)—to express oneself in popular language.

[1] Not stilus, which means the writing instrument, the stylus, hence the expression stilum vertere (Verr. 2. 3. 41), to erase what has been written. Metaphorically it denotes—(1) the action of writing, e.g. stilus optimus est et praestantissimus dicendi effector et magister; (2) the manner of writing, mode of composition, e.g. unus enim sonus est totius orationis et idem stilus.

[2] Speeches belong according to their subject-matter to genus deliberativum (συμβουλευτικόν), genus iudicale (δικανικόν), or genus demonstrativum (ἐπιδεικτικόν), cf. Cic. de Inv. 1. 5. 7; Arist. Rhet. bk. iii.

[3] On the other hand, oratio fluit (De Or. 3. 49. 190) = the language has no rhythm.

[4] Not impura, which means unchaste, obscene.

[5] Not dives which Cicero uses only absolutely and almost always of persons, cf. however animus hominis dives (Parad. 6. 44), divitior mihi et affluentior videtur esse vera amicitia (De Am. 16. 58).

[6] persequi is often used in the meaning to expound, treat of either orally or in writing, e.g. alicuius vitam, alicuius laudes versibus, res Hannibalis.

3. Delivery—Voice

actio (Brut. 38)—delivery.

pronuntiatio[1] c. Gen.—artistic delivery; declamation.

actio paulum claudicat[2]—the delivery is rather halting, poor.

haerere, haesitare (Catil. 2. 6. 13)—to stop short, hesitate.

perturbari, permoveri—to be nervous, embarrassed.

de scripto orationem[3] habere, dicere (opp. sine scripto, ex memoria)—to read a speech.

interpellare aliquem (dicentem)—to interrupt.

vox magna, clara (Sulla 10. 30)—a strong, loud voice.

vox gravis, acuta, parva, mediocris—a deep, high, thin, moderate voice.

vox canōra (Brut. 63. 234)—a melodious, ringing voice.

vox lenis, suppressa, summissa—a gentle, subdued voice.

vocem mittere (sonitum reddere of things)—to speak, utter a sound.

vocem summittere—to lower one's voice.

contentio, remissio vocis—raising, lowering the voice.

vocem intercludere (Just. 11. 8. 4)—to prevent some one from speaking.

nulla vox est ab eo audita—no sound passed his lips.

magna voce clamare—to shout at the top of one's voice.

clamorem tollere (Liv. 3. 28)—to raise a shout, a cry.

gestum (always in the sing.) agere—to gesticulate.

[1] Not declamatio which = an oratorical exercise. Distinguish pronuntiare (De Or. 1. 59. 251), to declaim a thing according to the rules of rhetoric; and declamare = to go through rhetorical exercises as a practice in speaking.

[2] claudicare often metaph. of things which are unequal, weak, e.g. amicitia claudicat (Fin. 1. 69).

[3] But to read a speech orationem legere (Brut. 51. 191); to read with expression, recitare (Phil. 10.2. 5).

4. Subject-Matter—Argument

non habeo argumentum scribendi—I have nothing to write about.

deest mihi argumentum ad scribendum (Att. 9. 7. 7)—I have nothing to write about.

non habeo, non est quod scribam—I have nothing to write about.

res (opp. verba) mihi suppetit—I have abundance to say.

materia mihi crescit—my subject grows as I write.

res componere ac digerere—to arrange and divide the subject-matter.

dispositio rerum (De Inv. 1. 7. 9)—the arrangement of the subject-matter.

materia rerum et copia uberrima—abundance of material.

infinita et immensa materia—abundance of material.

materiem ad ornatum praebere—to afford matter for elaboration, embellishment.

id quod (mihi) propositum est—a theme, subject proposed for discussion.

res proposita—a theme, subject proposed for discussion.

id quod quaerimus (quaeritur)—a theme, subject proposed for discussion.

institutum or id quod institui—a theme, subject proposed for discussion.

a proposito aberrare, declinare, deflectere, digredi, egredi—to digress from the point at issue.

ad propositum reverti, redire—to come back to the point.

ad rem redire—to come back to the point.

sed redeat, unde aberravit oratio—but to return from the digression we have been making.

sed ad id, unde digressi sumus, revertamur—but to return from the digression we have been making.

verum ut ad id, unde digressa est oratio, revertamur—but to return from the digression we have been making.

mihi propositum est c. Inf. (or mihi proposui, ut)—the task I have put before myself is...

ponere—to propose, set a theme.

ponere alicui, de quo disputet—to set some one a theme for discussion.

ponere iubere, qua de re quis audire velit (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to let those present fix any subject they like for discussion.

5. Question—Answer

quaestionem ponere, proponere—to propose a subject of debate, put a question.

quaestionem poscere (Fin. 2. 1. 1)—to get a question submitted to one.

hoc loco exsistit quaestio, quaeritur—at this point the question arises.

nunc id quaeritur, agitur—the question now is...

res, de qua nunc quaerimus, quaeritur—the question at issue.

magna quaestio est (followed by an indirect question)—it is a difficult point, disputed question.

quaerendum esse mihi visum est—the question has forced itself on my mind.

quaestionem solvere—to decide, determine a question.

quaestio ad exitum venit—the question has been settled.

ad interrogata respondere[1]—to answer questions.

bene interrogare—to cross-examine cleverly, put leading questions.

percontanti non deesse (De Or. 1. 21. 97)—to answer every question.

responsum ab aliquo ferre, auferre—to extract an answer from some one.

respondere in hanc sententiam[2]—to answer to this effect.

[1] Note to answer (a thing) respondere ad aliquid or alicui rei; to answer (a person) always alicui. So dicere alicui to speak to a person, but scribere ad aliquem.

[2] responsum dare only of answers given by oracles or lawyers.

6. Humour—Earnest

ioco uti (Off. 1. 29. 103)—to make a joke.

haec iocatus sum, per iocum dixi—I said it in jest.

animo prompto esse ad iocandum—to be humorously inclined.

extra iocum, remoto ioco (Fam. 7. 11. 3)—joking apart.

facete dicere—to be witty.

facetiis uti, facetum esse—to make witty remarks.

facete et commode dicere —to indulge in apt witticisms.

breviter et commode dictum—a short, pointed witticism.

facete dictum—a witticism, bon mot.

arcessitum dictum (De Or. 2. 63. 256)—a far-fetched joke.

dicta dicere in aliquem—to make jokes on a person.

aspergere sales orationi (Or. 26. 87)—to intersperse one's speech with humorous remarks.

aliquid ad ridiculum convertere—to make a joke of a thing.

(homo) ridiculus (Plaut. Stich. 1. 3. 21)—a wit; a joker.

lepos in iocando—humour.

iucunde esse (Deiot. 7. 19)—to be in a good temper.

se dare iucunditati—to let oneself be jovial.

sibi displicere (opp. sibi placere)—to be in a bad temper.

ioca et seria agere—to be now jesting, now in earnest.

serio dicere (Plaut. Bacch. 1. 1. 42)—to say in earnest...

severitatem adhibere—to show that one is serious.

ineptum esse (De Or. 2. 4. 17)—to be silly, without tact.

nimium diligentem esse[1]—to be pedantic.

[1] Such words as "pedantry," "pedant" can be expressed very variously in Latin, cf. N. D. 3. 31. 71 posse acerbos e Zenonis schola exire; Pro Mur. 9. 19 multorum difficultatem exsorbuit; Brut. 38. 143 erat in Crasso latine loquendi sine molestia diligens elegantia.

7. Language—Use of Language—Translation—Grammar

lingua graeca latinā locupletior (copiosior, uberior) est—the Greek language is a richer one than the Latin.

commercium linguae—intercourse of speech.

volubilitas, solutio linguae—volubility.

vitium orationis, sermonis or simply vitium—a mistake, solecism.

saepe (crebro, multa) peccavit, erravit, lapsus est—he has made several mistakes.

eiusdem linguae societate coniunctum esse cum aliquo (De Or. 3. 59. 223)—to be united by having a common language.

orationis expertem esse—to be unable to express one's ideas.

sermo patrius (Fin. 1. 2. 4)—native tongue; vernacular.

consuetudo sermonis, loquendi—to usage of language.

cotidiani sermonis usus—the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech.

communis sermonis consuetudo—the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech.

sermo familiaris et cotidianus—the ordinary usage of language, everyday speech.

aliquid a consuetudine sermonis latini abhorret, alienum est—the expression is not in accordance with Latin usage.

consuetudo vitiosa et corrupta (opp. pura et incorrupta) sermonis—incorrect usage.

incorrupta latini sermonis integritas[1] (Brut. 35. 132)—pure, correct Latin.

sermo latinus (opp. sermo parum latinus) (cf. sect. VII. 2., note For the use of adverbs...)—good Latin.

latine loqui (Brut. 45. 166)—(1) to speak Latin, (2) to speak good Latin (also bene latine), (3) to express oneself clearly.

graece or graeca lingua loqui—to speak the Greek language.

latinam linguam scire or didicisse—to know Latin.

latine scire—to know Latin.

latine commentari—to write treatises in Latin.

aliquid e graeco in latinum (sermonem) convertere, vertere, transferre—to translate from Greek into Latin.

Platonem vertere, convertere—to translate Plato.

ab or de (not ex) Platone vertere, convertere, transferre—to translate from Plato.

ex Platonis Phaedone haec in latinum conversa sunt—what follows has been translated into Latin from Plato's Phaedo.

aliquid (graeca) latine reddere or sermone latino interpretari—to render something into Latin.

ad verbum transferre, exprimere—to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus).

verbum e verbo exprimere—to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus).

verbum pro verbo reddere—to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus).

totidem verbis transferre—to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus).

his fere verbis, hoc fere modo convertere, transferre—to translate freely.

liber (scriptoris) conversus, translatus—the work when translated; translation (concrete).

interpretatio, translatio (not versio or conversio)—the process of translation.

interpres—the translator.

leges dicendi—the rules of speech, grammar.

praecepta[2] grammaticorum—the rules of speech, grammar.

grammaticus[3] (De Or. 1. 3. 10)—a linguist, philologian.

emendate scribere—to write correctly, in faultless style.

latine scribere[4] (Opt. Gen. Or. 2. 4)—to write good Latin.

[1] Cf. Cic. ad Herenn. 4. 12. 17 latinitas est quae sermonem purum conservat ab omni vitio remotum.

[2] Not regula, which means a level, standard, e.g. regula ad quam iudicia rerum diriguntur (Cic.)