The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Tour of Historic Richmond This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: A Tour of Historic Richmond Author: Frances Leigh Williams Release date: September 6, 2019 [eBook #60247] Language: English Credits: Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TOUR OF HISTORIC RICHMOND *** Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net _A Tour of Historic Richmond_ ALL ILLUSTRATIONS COPYRIGHT 1940 BY WHITTET & SHEPPERSON [Illustration: Richmond] _Broad Street Station_ HOTEL WILLIAM BYRD HOTEL JOHN MARSHALL HOTEL RICHMOND HOTEL KING CARTER _Capital Square_ _Richmond--Her Story and Her Spirit_ Richmond--Capital of the Cavaliers--a city that is mellow and yet modern, where the rustle of the past may still be heard amid the bustle of the present. To appreciate Richmond one must, before all else, remember that this old town has roots planted deep in the history of our country. Richmond was founded in 1737 by William Byrd II, of Westover on the James, forefather of two of Virginia's illustrious sons of today, Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd and Senator Harry Flood Byrd. But even before Father Byrd laid off his lots and established Richmond, this site at the falls of the James River had held a certain degree of importance. Just a few weeks after the Virginia settlers landed at Jamestown on May 13, 1607, to found the first permanent English settlement in America, Captain Newport pushed off up the James to find the route to the gold of the Indies. The barrier of rocks, known as the falls of the James, must have been an unwelcome sight to the eyes of that little band of intrepid explorers as it shattered their dream of easy passage to their expected El Dorado. Captain Newport, however, was the first of the Virginians to believe that no hoped-for golden future should stop a man from doing the sensible, practical things of the moment. Before very long, Captain Francis West had established a frontier post at the point where the falls interrupted further navigation of the river. It is hard to realize that Richmond was once on the western frontier of our country, but such was the case until about 1660, when settlers began that westward push that only ended when the Pacific was reached. Richmond has seen much of the thrilling history of our country unfold. She was a promising village when George Washington and the son of her founder, Colonel Byrd, successfully led Virginia's two regiments with the troops of her sister colonies and the British regulars in the French and Indian war. She was hostess to that brilliant group of patriots who gathered in St. John's Church in 1775 to discuss what methods could be taken to avert war with England, only to have Patrick Henry, grown sick of futile measures which obtained no justice for the colonists, rise to advocate the arming of the Virginia militia and utter those words which made him the embodiment of man's immortal will to freedom: "Give me liberty or give me death." She was the capital of the State from which Thomas Jefferson, Governor of Virginia, had to flee to prevent capture when Benedict Arnold swooped down on Richmond in 1781 and occupied the city for the British in America's war for independence. Cornwallis visited it later in the same year. She was a thriving center of commerce in 1812 when the city was often alarmed by the news that the British were coming again, and in 1846 when her "Grays" were accepted for service in the Mexican War. She was the capital of the Confederate States of America from 1861-65, the hope of the South and the despair of the North for those four long, bloody, heart-breaking years. The best commanders, the most immense armies the Federal government could furnish, hammered, hammered at Richmond, while the South's bravest hearts and keenest minds stood with their backs often at the very walls of the city, but would not let them pass. No city in America ever has or ever will be again so completely the goal of the whole American people. Those years and the ones that followed taught Richmond something that as a city she will never forget--that courage can rise above everything. The incredible sacrifices of Richmond people in that time knit the citizens together with bonds that even time cannot sunder. She was again prompt to the call of duty in 1898 when the country was challenged with outside danger, and once more poured forth her sons and funds in World War I; also in World War II she gave liberally of her sons and daughters and resources. Those wars through which Richmond has lived are but distressing landmarks on the long trail our country has traveled. Her contribution has been equally as great in times of peace. In fact, probably her greatest contribution has been her way of life--a way based on the belief that the best of the old must be kept and adapted to fit in with the best of the new. The city has grown steadily; has been rebuilt after three destructions by fire. Today Richmond is a commercial, industrial, financial, medical and educational center of the South, and one of the fastest growing industrial centers in the nation. Richmond's industry has been stable and resistant to wide fluctuations in business cycle. Cities, after all, are but larger patterns of individual people. People who have been tested by time and tribulation and yet come out smiling, full of faith and courage, never fail to command our admiration. That Richmond has done this, we submit as our plea for your appreciation of our old city. The people of Richmond have made the city and in turn been made by it. No one can long live in the mellowness of Richmond without feeling that here is a calm that is not dead but gay, an ease and a friendliness that is real and not assumed, a determination to build always for the future but never to forget the heritage of the past which is our inspiration, a will to be of such a quality that we cannot fail to give strength to the nation, going always forward in the spirit of those who would surmount the obstacles of the present in order to attain goals inspired by ideals of right and justice. A Tour of Historic Richmond Happily, Richmond has preserved much of her charm of a bygone day, despite the fact that she has kept step with the times. Innumerable shrines remain to remind the visitor of the dramatic part played by the city in the making of the nation. In virtually every quarter of the town will be found reminders of the past--public buildings, homes and gardens, memorials to her sons and daughters; in short, showplaces of wide interest to those who would acquaint themselves with the history of a section visited by Englishmen soon after the establishment of a settlement at Jamestown. The tour has been planned on a geographic basis to permit as much as possible to be seen. It is almost impossible to sightsee chronologically in Richmond, as our forefathers built where they wished and not according to a city plan. The result is that the old buildings of Richmond are scattered quite widely. Leaving the heart of the city, we drive to the intersection of Third and Main streets and proceed south on Third to the end of the street, where we come to Gamble's Hill Park. Gamble's Hill Park Below you rolls "the mighty James," the father of Virginia's history, along the banks of which Richmond had her beginning. In 1645 Fort Charles was erected here at the falls of the James to protect the Tidewater settlers from the incursions of the Indians. The cross, planted on rugged boulders or river-jacks from the James, was erected here by the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities in memory of the valiant little group of explorers, who landed on an island below this point on May 24, 1607. Across the ravine on the extreme right is the State penitentiary, ably run along modern lines. Bringing your eyes along the crest of the same hill sloping down towards the river, you will see Hollywood Cemetery, where lie buried two Presidents of the United States, James Monroe and John Tyler; the President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis; General J. E. B. Stuart, Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury, "the pathfinder of the seas;" Fitzhugh Lee (General R. E. Lee is buried in Lexington, Virginia); George E. Pickett and some 18,000 Confederate soldiers, including the Virginians who fell in Pickett's charge at Gettysburg. Immediately beneath Gamble's Hill curve are the remains of the once vital Kanawha Canal, Virginia's earliest great westward transportation system, of which George Washington was the first president in 1785. Across the canal is the Tredegar Company, iron manufacturers, which has rounded out more than a century of service, having furnished munitions in the country's last four wars. Here was rolled the armor-plate for the "Merrimac," which, with the "Monitor," made history in Hampton Roads in the first battle between iron-clads. Leaving the park we pass on our left a remarkable structure, known as Pratt's castle, constructed in the 1850's. ¶ _Proceed on Fourth Street to Canal, right on Canal to Fifth, left on Fifth to Main._ Old Homes Here on Fifth Street, between Cary and Main, are several examples of the stately houses which made life in Richmond in the nineteenth century the gracious thing that it was. On your right are two old homes which have passed from the hands of the families that built and loved them. At the southeast corner of Main and Fifth Streets used to stand the Allan home where Edgar Allan Poe lived to young manhood with his foster parents. On the northwest corner of Fifth and Main Streets is an interesting octagonal house, built prior to 1814 by an early mayor of Richmond. ¶ _Proceed on Fifth to Franklin, right on Franklin to 707 East Franklin._ General Lee's Home This upright house, typical of many built by the wealthier Richmonders in the early nineteenth century, was lent to General Robert E. Lee as a home for himself when he could be in Richmond and for his family during the latter years of the War Between the States. It is now the home of the Virginia Historical Society, which has built a fireproof structure in the rear for its priceless collection of papers. Many interesting things on view here merit a visit. ¶ _Proceed east on Franklin to Ninth Street._ Federal Reserve Bank On your left, from Eighth to Ninth on Franklin Street, is situated the Federal Reserve Bank for the Fifth District, which embraces Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, the District of Columbia, and part of West Virginia. ¶ _Intersection of Franklin and Ninth._ Old Bell Tower [Illustration: _Old Bell Tower_] Here you get your first view of the State Capitol and its grounds, but at this time confine your interest to the quaint structure directly ahead. It is the old Bell Tower, built in 1824 to replace the wooden tower from which had pealed forth the call to colors for regular and volunteer troops to defend Richmond from expected attacks. ¶ _Right on Ninth to Main Street._ Financial District You are now in the heart of Richmond's financial district. Many banking houses, however, are situated in other parts of the city. Post Office One block to your left, on Main Street is the Federal building in which are located the United States Post Office and customs house. A part of this building was erected before the War Between the States and housed the executive offices of President Jefferson Davis and several members of his cabinet. Next to it is the city's parcel post building. ¶ _Proceed south on Ninth Street across Main to Canal, left on Canal to Fourteenth, right on Fourteenth to Bridge, halt._ Site of John Smith Landing Before you stretches one of the four bridges connecting Richmond's north and south sides of the James River. Beyond the bridge, near the huge grain elevator, is where Capt. John Smith first landed in Richmond. The land was originally purchased from Chief Powhatan. ¶ _Back (north) on Fourteenth to Main and right on Main to Fifteenth._ Southern Literary Messenger The southeast corner on your right is the site of the _Southern Literary Messenger_ Building, where Edgar Allan Poe edited that magazine to enduring fame. Across the street is the site of Bell Tavern, one of the famous places of rendezvous in early Richmond and recruiting station during the War of 1812. ¶ _Continue east on Main to Seventeenth._ Old First Market Passing the Main Street Station (C. & O. and Seaboard) on the left, you come to the Old Market. On this site, from the earliest days, the farmers would gather to sell their produce to the city folk. To the left of the market, Negro washerwomen used to spread their wash on the grassy bank of Shockoe Creek, the frequent floods of which were the chief excitement of the old town. The women chatted and lightened their work by singing. The darkies' melodious voices, blending with the cries of the food hawkers, must have made the market the gayest spot in Richmond. ¶ _Continue on Main, halting three-fourths of the way between Nineteenth and Twentieth._ Poe Shrine On your left is the oldest house in Richmond, erected about 1686. On the front wall may be seen the letters "J.R.," supposed to signify "Jacobus Rex," James II, who was then King of England. The building is now a part of the Edgar Allan Poe Foundation, which includes also the small buildings on the left and right, in the three of which are housed much Poe material and many articles relating to his residence in Richmond. In the rear is an "enchanted garden" which leads to a classical loggia, built chiefly of material from the former _Southern Literary Messenger_ building. ¶ _Turn right on Twentieth to Cary._ [Illustration: _Poe Shrine_] Libby Prison On the southeast corner of Cary stood Libby Prison, where thousands of Federal prisoners were confined during the War Between the States. The old warehouse-prison building was torn down and taken to Chicago to be rebuilt for the World's Fair of 1893. You are now in the heart of the tobacco district of Richmond. For blocks may be seen Richmond's famous "Tobacco Row." ¶ _Turn left on Cary to Twenty-first, left on Twenty-first to Main, left on Main to Eighteenth Street; right on Eighteenth one block to Franklin._ Oldest Masonic Hall The wooden building on the right is the oldest Masonic hall in continuous use in the United States which was built originally for Masonic purposes. Governor Edmund Randolph was among the many prominent Virginia Masons who participated in the corner-stone laying in 1785. Lafayette was given a reception here in 1824 on his triumphal return visit to the scenes where he had served in the American Revolution. ¶ _Proceed east on Franklin, halting briefly between Twenty-first and Twenty-second._ At the top of the hill to your left, you can see a typical old galleried home of early Richmond, now incorporated in the buildings of Monte Maria Roman Catholic Convent. ¶ _Turn right on Franklin at Twenty-third, go to Main, turn right, then proceed to Twenty-first Street, turn right and continue north to Broad, turn right on Broad, continue to Twenty-fourth._ You are now entering Church Hill, Richmond's oldest residential section. ¶ _Stop at Twenty-fourth and Broad, location of St. John's Church._ St. John's Church (_Front Cover_) St. John's Episcopal Church, built in 1741, the oldest in the city, will forever be famous as the place where Patrick Henry uttered his ringing challenge for "Liberty or Death" to the American colonists. The second Virginia convention met in St. John's, because it was the largest hall in Richmond, in March, 1775, and even at that, the original was not half the size of the enlarged present-day structure. It is worth your while to get out here and let the sexton show you the church and tell you briefly of its story. On the left, as you face the church, you will see the grave of Elizabeth Arnold Poe, the tiny actress-mother of America's great imaginative writer. Young Edgar Poe is said to have been found more than once lying sobbing on his mother's grave. ¶ _Proceed east on Broad to Twenty-eighth; right on Twenty-eighth two blocks to Franklin._ Soldiers and Sailors Monument Here, at Libby Hill Park, is the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, erected in 1894 as a memorial to the soldiers and sailors of the Confederacy. The figure on the top is by William L. Sheppard. ¶ _Return to Broad Street; turn left on Broad, halting between Thirteenth and Twelfth._ Monumental Church This unusual-looking Episcopal church structure was built in 1812 as a memorial to more than seventy persons, including the Governor of Virginia, who lost their lives in a fire which destroyed a theatre on this site on December 26, 1811. In this theatre Edgar Allan Poe's mother had acted a few short months before, and in this same theatre the Virginia Convention of 1788 had ratified the Federal Constitution. ¶ _Proceed west on Broad (Passing Medical College of Virginia Hospital Building) to Twelfth, turn right on Twelfth to Marshall, turn right on Marshall to center of block._ [Illustration: _The Egyptian Building · Medical College of Virginia_] Medical College of Virginia You are now in the center of the buildings of the Medical College of Virginia which cover several city blocks. Particularly notable is the concrete building on your right at the end of the block which is stated to be "the most perfect example of Egyptian architecture in America." Erected in 1845, it is the earliest in the Medical College group. This is one of the oldest medical schools in the South and the only one to remain open during the War Between the States. The buildings now composing the Medical College group afford not only an imposing sight but with their facilities contribute greatly to the importance of Richmond as one of the leading medical centers of the country. ¶ _Circle block to right, returning to Twelfth. Proceed north on Twelfth two blocks to Clay, turn right on Clay._ Confederate Museum [Illustration: _Confederate Museum (White House of the Confederacy)_] This building, now the Confederate Museum, was the White House of the Confederacy from 1861-65. Here lived President Jefferson Davis. Here came the generals to confer, the couriers bearing news of the various battles. Most fittingly, the women of the South have made this a treasure-house of things Confederate. In the museum you may now see the uniforms, swords, camp chest and multitudinous relics of Generals Robert E. Lee, Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson, Joseph E. Johnston, J. E. B. Stuart and most of the other Confederate heroes. The student of that phase of our history finds here invaluable historical papers and files. ¶ _Make a U-turn and proceed west on Clay to Eleventh._ Valentine Museum This Museum of the Life and History of Richmond, founded by Mann S. Valentine and opened in 1898, now includes four 19th century buildings. The Wickham-Valentine House, designed by Robert Mills in 1812, is a notable example of late Georgian architecture, with furnishings of that period and of 1853, and with a walled garden that is restful and beautiful in all seasons. The adjoining Museum building contains a growing collection of permanent Richmond exhibits and the largest costume department in the south. The Indian collection emphasizes archaeological material from Virginia and North Carolina. Changing exhibitions illustrate past and present city activities and interests. Facing the garden is the Studio of the sculptor, Edward V. Valentine. The Bransford-Cecil Memorial House, in the Greek Revival style of the 1840's, contains a gallery-lecture room; a Research Library, with extensive pictorial material illustrating Richmond's history; and the School Services' office and workrooms, where two staff members carry on an organized statewide program of lectures, loans, and special projects for children. ¶ _Proceed west on Clay to Eighth, turn left Eighth to Marshall, turn left on Marshall._ [Illustration: _Wickham-Valentine House_] John Marshall House On the northwest corner of Ninth and Marshall is John Marshall House. This house, severely simple on the exterior, boasts a classic dignity inside which proves that John Marshall, as well as his politically different cousin, Thomas Jefferson, could design homes. The eminent jurist himself designed this home. The house is now the property of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, the first of such societies in America. It is furnished with some of Marshall's original furniture. You may see here the robe which Marshall wore as Chief Justice of the United States. The large structure to the rear of the house is John Marshall High School, one of Richmond's two public high schools. ¶ _Continue on Marshall to Tenth, turn right on Tenth. Continue on Tenth to Broad._ [Illustration: _John Marshall House_] City Hall The large gray stone structure on the southeast corner of Broad Street is the City Hall. Dedicated in 1894, it was built on the site of the old City Hall, erected in 1816 and condemned in 1874. This building contains the offices of the Mayor, the City Manager and various municipal departments. ¶ _Cross Broad and continue on Tenth to Capitol Street. Turn right on Capitol one block to Ninth. Turn left on Ninth to entrance of Capitol Square._ Capitol Square Commanding the driveway stands the equestrian statue of Washington, executed by Thomas Crawford and cast in Munich at a cost of $100,000. Chief Justice John Marshall headed the committee to raise the subscriptions, beginning the work in 1817 when the city boasted less than 6,000 white inhabitants. The monument was unveiled in 1858. Around the central figure of Washington are statues of some of Virginia's famous sons, builders of the nation as well as of their state: Patrick Henry, George Mason, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Nelson, John Marshall, and Andrew Lewis. It was at the base of this statue that the second inauguration of Jefferson Davis as President of the Confederate States of America took place, February 22, 1862. [Illustration: _Washington Monument_] Capitol Building The central part of the Capitol was designed after the Maison Carrée at Nimes by Thomas Jefferson while minister to France from the United States. The original part was commenced in 1785 and finished about 1792, and the wings were added, to give the legislators much-needed space, in 1905. In the rotunda in the old central part, you will see the most celebrated work of the great French sculptor, Houdon--the life-size statue of Washington, the only one posed from life which is in existence today. It was placed here in 1788. Here also is a head of Lafayette by Houdon. Virginia has made this rotunda her Hall of Presidents by placing here busts of her other seven native sons who have become chief executives of the United States. Opening off the rotunda is the old hall of the House of Delegates, where Aaron Burr, in 1807, was tried for treason before Chief Justice Marshall. In this hall occurred a great tragedy in 1870, when the balcony gave way because too large a crowd of people had packed every inch to hear a trial of deep local interest. Sixty-three were killed and two hundred and sixty injured. The hall has been restored to its original appearance. Where his statue now stands, Robert E. Lee, on April 23, 1861, accepted the command of Virginia's forces. Here met the Confederate House of Representatives from 1861-65. The present Virginia Senate and House of Delegates meet in modern chambers in the two wings. [Illustration: _State Capitol Building_] State Buildings Leaving the Capitol by the main door, you see on the left the modern State office building and the Finance Building on the terrace. In the basement at the South end of the Finance Building is an interesting museum containing exhibits of Virginia's natural resources, agricultural products and wild life. Governor's Mansion Swinging around the Capitol, you come to the Federal-style Governor's Mansion, erected in 1811-13. From 1788 to 1811 the governors of Virginia had to live in a two-story wooden structure, ironically called "The Palace," located on the same site as the present building. Just outside the Capitol Square, to the north, you will see the new State Library and Supreme Court of Appeals building. ¶ _Leave Capitol Square by same gate through which you entered, stopping on Grace just across Ninth._ [Illustration: _Governor's Mansion_] St. Paul's Church Situated here at Ninth and Grace is St. Paul's Episcopal Church. General Robert E. Lee worshipped here whenever he was in Richmond during the War Between the States, as did President Jefferson Davis regularly. Up an aisle to this church on Sunday, April 2, 1865, strode a messenger to President Davis' pew. Davis quietly left the church. The message told him that Petersburg had fallen, that Richmond must be evacuated. The church is filled with memorials of many kinds, and is referred to by some as "The Westminster of Richmond." ¶ _Proceed westward on Grace to Seventh Street._ [Illustration: _St. Paul's Church_] Grace Street, for several blocks west, is one of Richmond's newest downtown retail shopping centers. Once a residential section, it now takes its place with Broad Street (one block to the right) as a major business thoroughfare. ¶ _Turn right on Seventh three blocks to Clay. Turn left on Clay to Sixth._ Sixth Street Market Country produce and Negro flower-sellers combine to make this a colorful sight in the vicinity of Marshall and Sixth Streets. ¶ _Continue on Sixth three blocks to Grace. Turn right at Grace. Proceed west on Grace to end of 1100 block and turn left on Lombardy one block to Monument Avenue. Turn right; halt._ Monument Avenue Here begins Monument Avenue, the continuation of Franklin Street, the newer section of the thoroughfare that has long been a main residential street of the city. This avenue takes its name from monuments to Confederate leaders. J. E. B. Stuart Monument This statue by Fred Moynihan shows General Stuart, the great cavalry leader, in a typically dashing pose. Stuart was one of the most colorful men in the Confederacy, once riding his men eighty miles in 27 hours, another time riding around McClellan's whole army--always courageous, always gay. ¶ _Proceed westward one block on Monument to Allen Avenue._ Lee Monument Only three letters mark this monument--Lee. The South felt no more were needed. This marvelous likeness of General Lee on "Traveller" was sculptured by the French artist, Jean Antoine Mercie, and was unveiled by Lee's West Point classmate and friend, General Joseph E. Johnston, on May 30, 1890. Arrived in Richmond, the statue was drawn to its location by schoolchildren. ¶ _Proceed westward on Monument four blocks to Davis Avenue._ [Illustration: _Lee Monument_] Davis Monument The monument to Jefferson Davis, sculptured by E. V. Valentine, shows the President of the Confederacy in the posture of oratory. Around the monument are excerpts from this most notable speeches. ¶ _Proceed westward on Monument three blocks to the Boulevard._ [Illustration: _Jefferson Davis Monument_] First Baptist Church On your left, at Monument Avenue and the Boulevard, is First Baptist Church, one of Richmond's numerous large churches. Jackson Monument This monument to Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson, the sculpture for which is the work of F. William Sievers, shows him mounted on "Sorrel," facing north, because he so resolutely opposed the Northern army. Jackson, whose brilliant strategy is studied today by soldiers the world over, was a stern, Cromwellian type of commander in strange contrast to the dashing Stuart. Lee called him his "right arm," and no one has ever been able to estimate the severity of the blow his death dealt the Southern cause. ¶ _Continue westward on Monument to Belmont._ Maury Monument Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury (F. William Sievers was the sculptor for this monument), is not as well known to the average citizen as he deserves to be, but sailors on all the seas know his work and are grateful for it. He is known as "The Pathfinder of the Seas" because he charted the oceans with such accuracy that even today the Pilot Charts issued by the Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department are founded on his researches. In the house which still stands close to the present Valentine Museum, Maury, seeking ways that would enable his pathetically small Confederate Navy to be effective against the Union gunboats, invented the submarine electrical torpedo. ¶ _U-turn around the monument; proceed eastward on Monument one block to Sheppard; right on Sheppard three blocks to Kensington; proceed left on Kensington to the Boulevard; turn right._ [Illustration: _Battle Abbey, Confederate Memorial Institute_] Battle Abbey The Battle Abbey, or Confederate Memorial Institute, houses a large collection of portraits of Confederate officers, and collections of Confederate battle flags, arms and equipment, but is chiefly distinguished for its very beautiful series of mural paintings of Confederate scenes by the French artist, Charles Hoffbauer. The artist had done much of his preliminary work when he was called back to fight for France in 1914. When he returned to Richmond after the war, Hoffbauer painted out all he had previously done and painted war as only one who had been through it could. Since 1946 the Abbey has been the property of the Virginia Historical Society. ¶ _Proceed on the Boulevard to Grove._ Virginia Museum of Fine Arts [Illustration: _Virginia Museum of Fine Arts_] This State institution, opened in January, 1936, houses the famous John Barton Payne collections of paintings and prints; the T. Catesby Jones collection of twentieth century European paintings, the Glasgow collection of European Renaissance art, and the fabulous Lillian Thomas Pratt collection of Russian jewelry. The Museum and collections are valued at more than $5,000,000. In addition to its collections, it conducts a regular program of specially assembled exhibitions, lectures and concerts. The museum is the largest art museum in the South and has gained a national reputation because of its biennial exhibitions of contemporary American paintings as well as many other special exhibitions. ¶ _Proceed on the Boulevard two blocks to Ellwood Avenue, turn right on Ellwood six blocks to Nansemond. Turn left on Nansemond one block to Cary Street. Turn right on Cary to central entrance of Windsor Farms residential area. (Street is marked Windsor Way). Proceed through Windsor Farms to Virginia House on Sulgrave Road at Wakefield Road._ Virginia House [Illustration: _Virginia House_] Virginia House, home of the late Ambassador and Mrs. Alexander W. Weddell, is built of materials they brought from Warwick Priory, Warwick, England, in 1925. The central section is a reproduction of the Tudor portion of Warwick Priory, founded by the first Earl of Warwick; the right-hand section is an exact replica of the only portion of Sulgrave Manor which remains as it was at the time Lawrence Washington occupied it as his manor house. The royal coat of arms may be seen over a second-story window to your right. The arms were conferred to show that the house had given shelter to Queen Elizabeth in 1572. The house is now the property of the Virginia Historical Society. ¶ _Pull up about 100 yards._ Agecroft Hall Agecroft was originally built in Lancashire, England, about 1393, brought to Richmond and faithfully rebuilt here in 1925. The old plaster and timber house was the seat of the Langleys, a branch of the royal Plantagenets. Some of its most beautiful features are an oriel window and the great hall with gallery for minstrels, paneled with oak and lighted by stained glass windows. The house is eventually to go to the city as a generously endowed art museum. ¶ _Return to Cary Street Road, turn left, proceed westward to Wilton Road, turn left, proceed to entrance to Wilton (marked) at end of thoroughfare._ [Illustration: _Country Club of Virginia_] Wilton This stately house was built in 1753 for William Randolph III on a site overlooking the James about six miles below Richmond. The Colonial Dames of America in the State of Virginia bought it several years ago to save the beautiful paneling from being sold out of Virginia, and had it faithfully rebuilt here on another site overlooking the James. ¶ _Return to Cary Street Road, turn left and proceed westward to intersection of Cary Street Road and Three Chopt Road._ Country Club of Virginia This is Richmond's largest country club, although there are other private clubs and public golf courses. The Country Club of Virginia boasts one eighteen-hole golf course and one short course at this club, and a very fine eighteen-hole course up the James River, where the Club has another smaller clubhouse, skeet shooting traps and river sports. ¶ _Continue out Three Chopt Road to Towana Road, which leads to the University of Richmond._ University of Richmond [Illustration: _Social Center and Gymnasium · University of Richmond_] The University of Richmond includes Richmond College, a college of liberal arts and sciences for men; Westhampton College, offering the same courses to women; the T. C. Williams School of Law for professional study; and the Evening School of Business Administration. We pass through the men's college, and across the lake to the women's college. ¶ _Proceed on out of Westhampton College to River Road, turn left on River Road back to Cary Street Road, right on Cary back to Boulevard, right on Boulevard to Columbus Monument, Byrd Park._ Columbus Monument This monument was erected by the Italians of Richmond. The park includes tennis courts, playgrounds, acres of woodland, and a small boating lake to your left. Southeast of this point lies Shields Lake, the mecca of Richmond swimmers in the summer, and beyond that "Maymont," the city's most beautiful park. ¶ _Turn right, proceed around reservoir._ World War I Memorial This carillon is Virginia's memorial to her dead of World War I. The bells were imported from England. A museum containing relics of that costly European struggle is located in a room at the base of the tower. ¶ _Return north on Boulevard to Monument Avenue, turn right on Monument, which becomes Franklin Street upon reaching Stuart Circle. Continue east to Laurel Street._ [Illustration: _World War I Memorial · The Carillon_] Monroe Park [Illustration: _Richmond's Civic Center (The Mosque)_] On the right is one of the many municipal parks, most of which are located outside the heavily built-up part of the city. Looking through the park you can see Richmond's Civic Center, The Mosque, where conventions, exhibitions, concerts and other events are held. It contains an auditorium seating 5,000 persons. ¶ _Proceed eastward on Franklin, halting between Madison and Henry Streets._ Commonwealth Club Here at "The Commonwealth," the mid-town men's club of the city, the Richmond German Club gives the "Germans," which are the most formal and unusual features of Richmond's social life, somewhat comparable to the Philadelphia Assemblies and Charleston's St. Cecilias. ¶ _Continue eastward on Franklin to First Street._ City Library The modern building on the southeast corner is the main City Library, a gift to the city, of the late James H. Dooley. It was built in 1930 on the site of the birthplace of James Branch Cabell, Virginia author. The library has nearly 200,000 catalogued volumes, pamphlets, periodicals, recordings and sheet music. ¶ _Continue eastward on Franklin, halting briefly between Second and Third Streets._ [Illustration: _City Library_] Woman's Club The Woman's Club has preserved this comfortable nineteenth century home by adding a larger auditorium at the back and making it their clubhouse, where are heard many of the distinguished lecturers and artists of today. * * * * * * * Richmond Battlefield Parks It is interesting to tour Richmond's Battlefield Park, which embraces the fields covered during the Seven Days' Campaign (June 26-July 2, 1862) and at Second Cold Harbor, May 31-June 3, 1864. The battlefields of Fort Harrison, Malvern Hill, Frayser's Farm, Savage Station, Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, Cold Harbor, Gaines' Mill, and Mechanicsville may be toured. Fort Harrison, six miles east of the city is Park Headquarters. An interesting museum is located there. Richmond Ideal for Conventions Historical shrines of world-wide interest, excellent transportation service, splendid modern hotels, and every facility available for successful meetings have made Richmond one of the outstanding convention centers of America. Delegates attending conventions here have a wide choice of selecting their entertainment programs. Some enjoy trips to Williamsburg, Jamestown, Yorktown, historic Hampton Roads and Fort Monroe, the beautiful Skyline Drive, the battlefields surrounding the city and the many diversified industrial plants, while others participate in their favorite sport or seek diversions in the many forms of entertainment to be had. Proximity to the centers of the population, coupled with other numerous advantages, has resulted in record-breaking attendance at meetings here. In Richmond, Capital of the Old South, an industrial, commercial, educational and financial center of the new, nothing is left undone to make every convention meeting in this city successful and enjoyable. * * * * * * * RICHMOND TODAY! _POPULATION_ of approximately 360,000 in the metropolitan area with an average increase 7,000 per year since 1940. _INDUSTRIAL RANK_ of 5th in the nation in relative gain in net value of manufactured products from 1929 to 1947. _CIGARETTE CAPITAL_ of the Nation, with annual output of more than 110 billion cigarettes--enough to reach the moon and back 10 times, or encircle the earth 180 times. _PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES_ in order of employment rank: cigarettes and other tobacco products, chemical products including rayon and cellophane, food and kindred products, furniture and wood products, metals and metal products, apparel and textile products, paper and paper products, printing and publishing. _TRADE CENTER_ of the South Atlantic region, ranking 35th in retail sales, 29th in wholesale sales, among principal cities of the Nation. _FINANCIAL CENTER_ and headquarters of the 5th Federal Reserve District; 11 other banks and trust companies; home office of 32 insurance companies. _TRANSPORTATION GATEWAY_ with 6 trunk-line railroads, 5 air lines, 6 inter-city bus lines, 50 motor freight carriers, and water freight service on the James River. _BALANCED ECONOMY_ with employment widely diversified and strong consumer goods industries result in unusual economic stability and resistance to fluctuations in the national business cycle. _RECREATIONAL:_ 1 public and 5 private golf courses, 30 theatres, a stadium for athletics, municipal swimming pool, a Civic Center for opera, large conventions, etc., seating 5,000; 18 parks and 43 playgrounds. _CLIMATE:_ Equable climate with average temperature, 57.9 degrees F.; mean annual rainfall, 42.02 inches. _EDUCATIONAL:_ University of Richmond, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond Professional Institute of College of William and Mary, Union Theological Seminary, Presbyterian Training School, Virginia Union University (Colored), 16 private and 14 parochial schools, 4 business colleges, 52 public school buildings, state and municipal libraries, numerous museums, etc. _MEDICAL CENTER:_ Institutions and specialists of wide renown. Medical College of Virginia--with schools of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and nursing; 17 hospitals with 3,527 beds. The Williamsburg-Yorktown-Jamestown Area [Illustration: _The Governor's Palace at Williamsburg_] Only an hour's drive southeast of Richmond on Route 60 is the most historic area to be found anywhere in America. Here is Williamsburg, the former center of English culture in the new world, almost completely restored to its eighteenth century appearance. Here you will see the historic Colonial Capitol, The Governor's Palace and its beautiful grounds, the famous Raleigh Tavern, the Public Gaol, the famed Sir Christopher Wren Building of the College of William and Mary and many other colonial structures restored through the beneficence of Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Seven miles from Williamsburg is Jamestown Island where in 1607 the first permanent settlement of English speaking people in the New World was established. A ruined tower of an early Colonial church still stands here, and many interesting relics are on display in the grounds which are under the supervision of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. Yorktown is only fifteen miles from Williamsburg. This famous little town which saw a great nation come into being bears a great heritage. It was here that proud Lord Cornwallis was forced to surrender to General George Washington and his continental forces in 1781. The original fortifications erected during the great siege of Yorktown have been restored. Historic buildings and relics of the Revolution make Yorktown a spot which every American citizen should visit. Less than an hour's drive from the Colonial Williamsburg area is Hampton Roads, an important channel through which the waters of three rivers pass into the Chesapeake Bay. Fort Monroe, on Old Point Comfort, and Fort Wool, on an island in the channel, defend the entrance from the Bay. It was in Hampton Roads that the first battle between iron-clad vessels, the _Monitor_ and the _Merrimac_, took place on March 9, 1862. President Lincoln, Secretary Seward and Confederate commissioners held their "Hampton Roads Conference" on a steamer near Fort Monroe on February 3, 1865. Be sure to visit Williamsburg, Jamestown, Yorktown and the Hampton Roads area during your visit to Richmond, for nowhere else may you cover as much historic and hallowed ground in a single day. This famous area may be reached quickly and conveniently. Ask for information which will facilitate your trip there. [Illustration: _Jamestown Tower_] THE JEFFERSON [Illustration: The Jefferson] Whether you're traveling on business or pleasure, you'll enjoy every minute of your stay at the Hotel Jefferson in Richmond. Long a center of social and cultural life in Virginia, this famous recently-restored hotel merges the traditions of the past with present-day beauty, convenience and hospitality. Among the things which will make your visit enjoyable are the Jefferson's world-famous Lobby ... the luxurious Empire Room ... Jefferson Court with its renowned statue of Thomas Jefferson ... the new Fountain Room and the efficient, beautifully-appointed Coffee Shop ... the handsome, spacious Auditorium and Banquet Rooms ... the lovely Guest Rooms and the Jefferson's traditional hospitality and service. The Jefferson is located just outside the noisy section of the city, yet within easy walking distance of theatres, shopping district and financial section. It is convenient to all forms of transportation. Free parking space is provided. Rates range from $3.50. _For further information communicate with_ THE HOTEL JEFFERSON JAMES M. POWELL, _Manager_ Richmond, Virginia Transcriber's Notes --Silently corrected a few typos. --Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication. --In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_. *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TOUR OF HISTORIC RICHMOND *** Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that: • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.” • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate. While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate. Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org. This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.